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For  the  OXFORD  DBMOCKAT. 
THANKSGIVING  DAYS. 
President     Cleveland's     thanksgiving 
proclamation  issued  on  the  1st  inst.,  is 
the  24th  annual  Presidential  proclama- 
tion of  this  kind  that  has  been  issued. 
The  first  Presidential  appointment  of  a 
thanksgiving  day   was  by  Washington, 
,who  issued  a  proclamation  Oct.  3,  1789, 
•appointing  Thursday,  Nov.  26,  a  day  of 
thanksgiving.      Jan.  1,  1795,  after  the 
suppression  of  the  Whiskey  Insurrection, 
in     Western     Pennsylvania,     President 
Washington  issued  another  thanksgiving 
proclamation,  appointing  Thursday,  Feb. 
19,  as  the  day  to  be  observed.     Jefferson 
issued  neither  fast  nor  thanksgiving  proc- 
lamations, being  from  principle  opposed 
to  so  doing  (see  Jefferson's  letter  of  Jan. 
1,  l$(T2,  to  Levi  Lincoln  ;  also  Henry  S. 
Randall's  Life  of  Jtfferson,  Vol.  HI,  p. 
2  )     March  4,  1815,  after  the  conclusion 
of  our  second  war  with  Great  Britain, 
President  Madison  issued  a  proclamation 
appointing  Thursday,  April  13,  a  day  of 
Thanksgiving.       April  10,  1862,  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  issued  a  proclamation  rec- 
ommending that  the  people  should,  at 
their  next  weekly  assemblages  for  public 
worship  after  the  receipt  of   the  procla- 
mation,  render  thanks  for   the  victories 
which  had  been  achieved  over  the  rebels. 
July  15,  1863,  President  Lincoln  issued 
another  thanksgiving  proclamation,  ap- 
pointing Thursday,   Aug.    6,    a   day ^  of 
thanksgiving  for  victories  won  by  Union 
forces;  and  on  Dec.  7,  1863,  he  issued 
still   another  thanksgiving  proclamation 
in  consequence  of  Union  successes,  rec- 
ommending that  the  people,  on  receipt 
of  the  proclamation,  should  assemble   at 
their  places  of  worship  and  render  special 
homage  and   gratitude  for  the   victories 
which  had  been  achieved.     Oct.  3,  1863, 
President  Lincoln  issued  a  proclamation 
appointing   Thursday,   Nov.    26,  a  day 
of  thanksgiving,  and    thiswas  the  first  of 
the    annual    Presidential   proclamations 
of    this    kind,  a   national    thanksgiving 
having  since   that  time   been    appointed 
every    )"»*»•    by    the  incumbent  of    the 
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ANNALS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


BEING 

A  CONCISE  ACCOUNT  OF  THE    IMPORTANT   EVENTS  IN  THE 

UNITED  STATES,  THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES, 

AND   MEXICO, 

FROM  THEIR  DISCOVERY  DOWN  TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME, 

[1492  —  1877.] 

SHOWING 

THE  STEPS  IN  THEIR  POLITICAL,  RELIGIOUS,  SOCIAL,  LEGISLATIVE, 
AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS. 


BY 

EDWARD  ROWLAND,  A.  M, 

Chief  Author  of  the  old  "  Pkilobiblion  ;  "  "  Progress  of  Industry  in  the  United  Slates  ;  " 

the  standard  "  Life  of  Grant ;"  "  Banks  and  Banking  ;"  treatise  on  "Railroads 

in  Europe  and America  ;"  "The  Treasury:  and  Modern  and  Antique 

Financial  Methods ;  "  etc.,  etc. 


With  Illustrations,  and  a  Carefully  Prepared  Index  for  Reference. 


HARTFORD: 
THE  J.  B.  BURR  PUBLISHING  COMPANY. 

1877. 


COPYRIGHTED. 

THE   J.  B.  BURR  PUBLISHING  Co. 
1877- 


ILLUSTEATIONS. 


1.  LANDING  OF  COLUMBUS  IN  AMERICA,  OCTOBER  12,  1492,     .      Frontispiece. 

2.  THE  COMPACT  IN  THE  MAYFLOWER,  NOVEMBER  21,  1620,    ...      29 

3.  DEATH  OF  GENERAL  WOLFE,  SEPTEMBER  13,  1759,       .       .       .       .253 

4.  THE  DESTRUCTION  OF  TEA  IN  BOSTON  HARBOR,  DECEMBER  16,  1773,     297 

5.  FIRST  BLOW  FOR  LIBERTY,  APRIL  19,  1775, 320 

6.  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  JULY  4,  1776,    .       .       .       .352 

7.  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  AT  THE  FRENCH  COURT,  1776,     ....    356 

8.  WASHINGTON  CROSSING  THE  DELAWARE,  DECEMBER  26,  1776,     .       .    360 

9.  THE  SURRENDER  OF  CORNWALLIS  AT  YORKTOWN,  VA., 

OCTOBER  19,  1781, 403 

10.  MARTHA  WASHINGTON'S  RECEPTION, 440 

11.  GENERAL  JACKSON  AT  THE  BATTLE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS,  JANUARY  8,  1815,    531 

12.  GENERAL  SCOTT  ENTERING  THE  CITY  OF  MEXICO,  SEPTEMBER  14,  1847,    598 

13.  LANDING  THE  FIRST  ATLANTIC  CABLE,  AUGUST,  1857 613 

14.  SIGNING  THE  EMANCIPATION  PROCLAMATION,  JANUARY  i,  1863,  .       .635 

15.  ADMIRAL  FARRAGUT  AT  THE  BATTLE  OF  MOBILE  BAY,  AUGUST  23,  1864,    648 

16.  SURRENDER  OF  GENERAL  LEE  AT  APPOMATTOX  COURT  HOUSE,  VA., 

APRIL  9,  1865, 654 


INTRODUCTORY. 


THE  value  of  the  history  of  America,  and  particularly  that 
of  the  United  States,  as  affording  an  epitome  of  the  history 
of  the  development  of  the  human  race,  is  hardly  yet  realized 
by  even  the  Americans  themselves. 

There  has  been  so  much  to  be  done  —  a  continent  to  be 
cleared  and  brought  under  cultivation  ;  while  the  new  methods 
of  transportation  and  intercommunication  —  the  railroad,  the 
telegraph,  the  steam  printing-press,  and  the  marvellous  results 
of  scientific  methods  for  the  investigation  of  phenomena,  and 
their  application  to  industry  of  every  description,  have  so 
occupied  attention,  that  the  leisure  to  calmly  review  our  history, 
as  a  whole,  has  been  scarcely  possible  ;  and  the  desire  to  do  so, 
had  we  the  leisure,  has  hardly  been  excited.  The  new  has 
seemed  to  swallow  up  the  old,  and  to-morrow,  rather  than 
yesterday,  or  even  to-day,  has  seemed  to  be  all  there  was  of 
interest  or  importance. 

The  advent,  therefore,  of  the  centennial  anniversary  of  our 
birth  as  a  nation,  as  it  serves  to  forcibly  recall  our  attention 
to  the  consideration  of  our  past,  to  the  recognition  of  the 
labors,  the  aspirations,  the  successes  and  the  failures  of  the 
generations  which  have  preceded  ours,  is  of  vast  importance 
to  us,  as  a  nation. 

A  brief  consideration  of  the  progress  which  society  has 
made  upon  this  continent  during  the  past  two  centuries,  will 
make  this  plainly  evident  to  every  one.  It  is  hardly  realized 
that  at  the  settlement  of  this  country,  the  form  of  society 
known  as  feudalism  was  introduced  among  the  various  settle- 
ments. The  Dutch  and  the  French,  as  well  as  many  of  the 
English  settlements,  were  based  upon  this  system  of  -class 
privilege,  by  which  an  aristocracy,  supported  by  the  taxation 

5 


6  INTRODUCTORY. 

of  labor,  was  to  have  the  entire  political  control  and  manage- 
ment. 

It  was  the  overthrow  of  this  system  which  occupied  the 
political  attention  of  the  people  during  the  early  colonial  times, 
and  the  constant  discontent  they  manifested  through  their 
assemblies  and  in  other  ways,  can  be  intelligently  explained 
only  by  keeping  constantly  in  mind  this  fact.  Unconsciously, 
in  a  great  measure,  but  none  the  less  persistently,  they  were 
tending  towards  political  independence. 

One  by  one,  in  some  colonies  more  rapidly  than  in  others,  the 
adventitious  distinctions  which,  socially  of  politically,  repressed, 
for  the  benefit  of  one  class,  the  development  in  freedom  of 
all  others,  were  removed  as  the  culture  of  the  people  led  them 
to  respect  themselves  and  become  conscious  of  their  dignity 
as  members  of  the  body  politic.  The  measure  for  the  social 
and  political  culture  thus  reached  can  be  seen  by  a  comparison 
of  the  struggles  required  in  some  of  the  older  colonies  to  attain 
manhood  suffrage,  with  the  prompt  recognition  of  this  funda- 
mental principle  of  political  liberty  in  the  organization  of  the 
more  recent  political  commonwealths. 

Nor  was  political  liberty  the  only  liberty  sought  through 
long  and  persistent  struggles  by  the  people  of  the  colonies. 
Religious  liberty,  as  now  understood,  was  equally  unknown 
to  them.  Though  the  first  settlers  in  several  of  the  colonies 
came  over  to  this  country  to  escape  persecution  for  their 
religious  opinions,  yet  in  none  of  them,  with  the  exception  of 
Rhode  Island,  was  the  same  liberty  they  claimed  for  themselves 
accorded  to  all  others.  And  further,  though  the  separation 
of  church  and  state  has  been  frequently  claimed  as  the  merit 
of  the  settlers  in  Massachusetts,  yet  not  only  there,  but  in 
the  majority  of  the  other  colonies,  a  church  establishment 
was  considered  absolutely  necessary,  and  that,  by  the  authority 
of  the  state,  taxes  should  be  raised  for  its  support.  That  men 
should  be  free  to  follow  their  own  convictions  of  duty  in  this 
respect,  even  though  their  opinions  should  seem  to  be  wrong 
to  those  who  differ  from  them,  we  can  receive  as  an  axiom 
to-day.  But  the  culture  by  which  we  of  this  generation  are 
enabled  to  do  this,  as  the  simple  dictate  of  common  sense 
applied  to  the  organization  of  social  harmony,  has  been  gained 
through  a  long  and  arduous  struggle  by  the  generations  which 
have  preceded  ours.  That  the  state  is  stronger,  that  its 


INTRODUCTORY.  7 

political  union  is  firmer,  and  that  the  interests  of  religion  are 
strengthened  rather  than  weakened,  in  the  direct  ratio  in  which 
the  individuals  of  the  community  comprising  the  state  are  them- 
selves strengthened  and  educated  by  the  culture  of  responsi- 
bility in  freedom,  has  been  so  manifestly  demonstrated  by  the 
experience  of  this  country,  that  to  deny  it  is  as  absurd  as  it 
would  be  to  deny  at  mid-day  that  the  sunlight  was  about  us, 
and  to  justify  the  denial  by  closing  our  eyes. 

Industrially,  also,  the  power  developed  by  organized  coopera- 
tion has  been  most  triumphantly  indicated  by  the  career  of  the 
United  States.  From  such  feeble  beginnings  as  made  the 
construction  of  a  grist-mill  the  great  event  of  the  year  for 
isolated  communities,  who  depended  upon  pounding  in  mortars 
the  grain  they  had  raised  before  it  became  possible  to  use  it, 
up  to  the  celebration  of  our  first  centennial  anniversary  by 
an  industrial  exhibition  to  which  the  whole  world  gathers, 
the  progress  has  been  one  constant  series  of  demonstrations 
of  the  possibilities  of  cooperation. 

BuF  this  end  was  not  reached  without  strenuous  efforts  to 
remove  the  obstacles  in  the  way.  Not  only  did  the  mother 
country,  by  restrictions,  injunctions,  duties,  and  all  the  appli- 
ances of  the  red  tape  that  forms  so  important  a  part  in  what 
has  been  called  "  the  science  of  government,"  attempt  to  repress 
and  destroy  the  growing  enterprise  of  the  colonies;  but  the 
colonies  themselves  were  jealous  and  afraid  of  each  other. 
Scattered  in  isolated  communities,  fringed  along  the  sea-coast, 
the  various  settlements  made  up  of  different  nationalities,  and 
frequently  bringing  with  them  across  the  ocean  the  prejudices 
and  hatreds  of  each  other  resulting  from  the  wars  of  Europe, 
it  seemed  impossible  that  they  should  ever  unite  so  harmoni- 
ously as  to  form  a  single  state. 

That  in  a  little  over  a  century  a  nation  should  arise  from 
such  apparently  discordant  and  ill-assorted  materials,  is  an 
evidence  that  the  progress  of  mankind  towards  the  organization 
of  harmony  and  peace,  has  all  the  force  of  natural  law,  and  that 
the  activity  of  national  life  depends  upon  the  atmosphere  of 
liberty  in  which  that  life  is  passed. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  century  from  the  settlement  of  the 
country,  the  colonies,  having  achieved  their  political  indepen- 
dence, met  to  organize  their  government,  and  in  the  preamble 
of  the  constitution  then  formed  they  gave  to  the  world  their 


8  INTRODUCTORY. 

conception  of  the  objects  and  purposes  of  government.  This 
matchless  statement  forms  an  era  in  the  history  of  mankind. 
For  the  first  time  the  people  uttered  their  conception  of  what 
they  felt  was  needed  for  their  own  development  in  freedom. 
This  golden  sentence,  which  cannot  be  too  often  repeated,  read : 
"We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more 
perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity, 
provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote  the  general  welfare, 
and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  pos- 
terity, do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the  United 
States  of  America." 

A  century  has  passed  since  the  promulgation  of  this  docu- 
ment. Within  that  time  the  fringe  of  settlements  that  bordered 
the  Atlantic  has  become  a  series  of  settled  states  stretching  to 
the  Pacific.  A  population  of  not  quite  three  millions  has 
become  nearly  forty  millions.  The  railroad  and  the  telegraph 
have  stretched  across  the  continent,  and  a  distance  of  thousands 
of  miles  is  less  of  a  separation  than  a  few  hundreds  were  a 
century  ago.  What  shall  be  the  result  of  the  nation's  life  and 
labors  at  the  close  of  the  next  hundred  years? 

That  it  can  be  foretold  with  accuracy  is  manifestly  impos- 
sible. But,  judging  from  the  past,  it  can  with  confidence  be 
predicted,  that  the  immediate  task  within  this  centurjr,  is  for 
America  to  illustrate  to  the  nations  the  need  and  the  method 
for  attaining  industrial  independence  from  the  domination  of 
the  money  power,  which  threatens  the  world  with  the  re  estab- 
lishment of  a  worse  feudalism  than  that  of  the  sword ;  and 
that  this  result  is  to  be  attained,  as  our  political  independence 
was  gained,  by  the  establishment  of  a  more  perfect  union ;  by 
the  further  extension  of  justice  in  the  industrial  relations  of 
society;  by  the  insurance  of  domestic  tranquillity,  and  the 
guaranty  of  the  common  defence,  so  that  the  general  welfare 
will  be  promoted  and  the  blessings  of  industrial  liberty  pre- 
served for  ourselves  and  our  posterity. 

E.  H. 

HAMHONTOH,  NEW  JEESKT,  1876. 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


THE  pre-historic  discovery  of  America  by  the  Northmen  of 
Europe  is  unquestioned,  but  the  details  of  their  voyages  are 
generally  considered  to  be  of  too  mythical  a  character  to  be  re- 
lied upon. 

Henry  "Wheaton,  the  United  States  minister  to  Denmark,  consulted  the  docu- 
ments at  Copenhagen,  and  in  1831  published  a  History  of  the  Northmen.  Pro- 
fessor Rafn's  Antiquitates  Americanae,  1834,  contains  much  of  the  documentary 
evidence.  There  are  various  other  publications  in  which  the  matter  is  treated, 
but  our^information  upon  the  subject  is  still  too  vague  to  be  called  history. 

THE  history  of  the  original  settlers  of  the  American  continent 
is  purely  a  modern  subject  of  study,  and  even  the  methods  of 
investigation  are  hardly  yet  formulated  into  a  consistent  sys- 
tem. That  in  some  far  distant  past  the  continent  was  the  abode 
of  numerous  races,  who  have  left  their  only  records  in  their 
works,  we  know,  but  of  the  details  of  their  history  we  shall  prob- 
ably remain  ever  ignorant. 

In  his  Ancient  America,  J.  D.  Baldwin  has  given  a  condensed  account  of  the 
chief  remains  we  have  of  the  labors  of  the  lost  nations  who  lived  on  this  continent. 
Herbert  Howe  Bancroft,  in  his  work  The  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States,  still 
in  course  of  publication,  gives  the  fullest  and  completest  account,  based  upon  a 
personal  examination,  of  the  ruins  themselves,  and  a  study  of  all  that  has  been 
written  about  them. 

THE  European  settlers  of  this  country  found  it  in  possession  of 
various  races.  From  the  general  opinion  held  at  the  discovery  of 
the  country,  that  it  was  the  east  coast  of  Asia,  or  India,  they  were 
called  Indians.  In  Mexico,  the  natives  found  in  possession  had 
made,  comparatively,  great  progress  in  political  and  industrial 
development,  being  in  many  respects  in  advance  of  their  Spanish 
conquerors.  In  North  America,  the  various  tribes  had  hardly 
emerged  from  the  condition  of  savages.  They  may  almost  be 
said  to  have  had  neither  government  nor  law,  and  they  certainly 
had  no  settled  industry.  That  the  Mexicans  had  a  method  of 
recording  events,  we  know,  and  that  they  kept  such  records  is 

(9) 


10  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1492-7. 

also  known,  though  most  of  them  were  destroyed  by  the  Span- 
iards. The  Indians  of  North  America  had  made  the  first  step 
towards  recording  events,  but  only  the  first  step. 

The  literature  upon  this  subject,  both  for  Mexico  and  North  America,  is  very 
large.  For  Mexico,  Prescott's  History,  Lord  Kingsborough's  Antiquities,  Hum- 
boldt's  works ;  and  for  the  North  American  Indians,  Schoolcraft's,  Parkman's, 
and  Catlin's  works.  There  is  an  Indian  Bibliography  by  T.  \V.  Field. 

1492,  OCTOBER  12.  —  Christopher  Columbus  discovered  land,  in 
his  western  voyage  from  Palos,  in  Spain. 

He  had  set  sail  Friday,  August  3,  1492,  a  half  hour  before  midnight,  and 
discovered  land  at  two  in  the  morning.  Palos  is  now  several  miles  from  the  sea- 
coast.  The  land  was  some  island,  whether  one  of  the  Turks  Islands,  or  Watling 
Island,  or  San  Salvador  Grande,  or  Cat  Island,  is  not  known.  Columbus  himself 
believed  it  to  be  the  western  coast  of  China,  or  Cathay,  as  it  was  then  called. 
Having  also  discovered  Cuba  and  Hayti,  he  set  sail  again  for  Spain,  and  arrived 
at  Palos  March  15,  1493. 

1493,  MAY  3.  —  The  Pope  Alexander  VI.  granted  the  right  to 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  their  successors,  to  all  the  lands 
they  had  discovered  or  should  discover. 

A  somewhat  similar  grant  having  been  made  to  the  Crown  of  Portugal,  the 
Pope  ordered  an  imaginary  line  to  be  drawn  from  pole  to  pole,  one  hundred 
leagues  west  of  the  Azores.  All  east  of  this  line,  not  in  possession  of  a  Chris- 
tian prince,  to  belong  to  the  Portuguese,  and  all  west  to  the  Spaniards.  The 
Portuguese  and  Spaniards,  not  quite  satisfied  with  this,  referred  it  to  a  commis- 
sion of  three  from  eacli  nation,  who,  on  the  7th  of  June,  1493,  modified  it  by 
removing  the  imaginary  line  two  hundred  and  twenty  leagues  farther  to  the  west. 
The  king  of  Spain  signed  this  agreement  July  2,  1493,  and  the  king  of  Portugal 
February  27,  1494. 

1493,  SEPTEMBER  25.  —  Columbus  sailed  from  Cadiz,  in  his  sec- 
ond voyage  to  the  New  World. 

He  had  three  ships,  fourteen  caravels,  and  an  ample  supply  of  stores.  On 
this  voyage  he  is  said  to  have  brought  the  first  domestic  cattle  to  the  New 
World.  He  made  a  settlement  at  Isabella,  a  town  founded  by  him  in  Hayti,  or 
Hispaniola.  The  natives  were  reduced  to  slavery,  and  exterminated  by  the 
enforced  labor  in  the  mines,  under  the  Spanish  rule. 

1497,  JUNE  24.  —  John  Cabot,  and  his  son  Sebastian,  who  had 
sailed,  in  May,  from  Bristol,  England,  saw  land,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  coast  of  Labrador. 

There  is  no  authentic  account  of  the  particulars  of  this  voyage,  in  which 
it  is  claimed  that  the  continent  of  America  was  for  the  first  time  seen  by 
modern  Europeans.  The  new  land  seen  by  the  Cabots  abounded  in  white 
bears,  and  deer  of  unusual  size,  and  was  inhabited  by  savages,  clothed  in 
skins,  and  armed  with  spears,  clubs,  and  bows  and  arrows.  The  Cabots 
having  returned  to  England,  another  expedition,  under  Sebastian,  set  out  in 
May,  1498,  and  is  said  to  have  sailed  along  the  coast  as  far  south  as  Florida. 
They  attempted  no  settlement.  The  Cabots  were  Venetians  living  in  London, 


1498-1506.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  H 

and  had  been  granted  by  Henry  VII.,  on  the  5th  of  March,  1496,  a  commis- 
sion to  discover  lands  unknown  to  Christians,  to  occupy  and  possess  such  as 
subject  to  the  English  crown,  and  to  hold  jurisdiction  over  them,  on  condition 
of  paying  to  the  king  one  fifth  of  their  gains  from  them.  In  this  voyage  Cabot 
found  the  abundance  of  cod  upon  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  the  fisheries 
there,  soon  attracted  adventurers  from  various  countries  of  Europe. 

1498,  MAY  30.  —  Columbus  sailed  on  his  third  voyage  of  dis- 
covery from  Spain,  and  on  the  31st  of  July  discovered  an  island 
he  called  Trinidad,  and  cruised  among  the  numerous  islands  lying 
off  the  coast  of  Central  America. 

It  was  from  this  voyage  that  he  was  eventually  sent  home  to  Spain  in  chains, 
as  a  prisoner. 

1501.  —  GASPAB  CORTEEEAL,  under  the  authority  of  Emanuel, 
the  king  of  Portugal,  explored  the  coast  of  North  America  for 
several  hundred  miles. 

He  captured  many  of  the  natives,  and  carried  them  back  as  slaves.  Having 
returned  to  Portugal,  he  set  out  upon  a  second  voyage,  from  which  he  never 
returned,  nor  was  anything  heard  of  him. 

1501,  MAY  10.  —  Americus  Vespuccius,  for  the  king  of  Por- 
tugal, sailed  from  Lisbon,  and  in  August  reached  land. 

He  returned  to  Lisbon  in  1502.  '  At  what  point  he  touched  is  not  known.  There 
is  great  obscurity  concerning  the  voyages  of  Vespuccius.  He  has  the  credit  of 
having  made  four,  the  accounts  of  which  have  been  frequently  reprinted,  and  are 
professedly  written  by  himself,  though  his  authorship  of  them  is  doubted.  It  has 
been  claimed  that  Vespuccius  by  subterfuge  gave  his  name  to  America,  but 
evidently  he  had  nothing  to  do  with  this  accident.  The  name  was  first  suggested 
by  Martin  Waltzmuller,  or  Waldsee-muller,  a  native  of  Ereifcurg,  and  professor 
in  Lorraine,  who,  according  to  the  custom  of  the  time,  Grecized  his  name  into 
Hylacomylus,  by  which  he  is  more  generally  known.  In  a  Latin  work  on  cos- 
mography, published  in  1507,  and  in  which  is  the  account  of  Vespuccius'  four 
voyages,  he  says,  speaking  of  the  lands  he  discovered:  "But  now  that  those 
parts  have  been  more  extensively  examined  and  another  fourth  part  has  been 
discovered  by  Americus  (as  will  be  seen  in  the  sequel),  I  do  not  see  why  we 
should  rightly  refuse  to  name  it  America,  that  is,  the  land  of  Americus  or  Amer- 
ica, after  its  discoverer  Americus,  a  man  of  sagacious  mind,  since  both  Europe 
and  Asia  took  their  names  from  women."  The  date  of  Vespuccius'  death  is  vari- 
ously given  as  1516  and  1518. 

1502,  MAY  11.  —  Columbus  sailed  on  his  fourth  and  last  voy- 
age from  Cadiz,  and  arrived  at  Hispaniola  on  the  29th  of  June. 

In  1506,  May  20,  Columbus  having  returned,  died  at  Valladolid,  in  the  59th 
year  of  his  age. 

1504.  —  FISHERMEN  from  Brittany  discovered  and  named  Cape 
Breton. 

1506.  —  JEAN  DENNYS,  of  Harfleur,  France,  is  said  to  have  drawn 
a  map  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  for  the  use  of  the  French  fishermen 
frequenting  that  locality. 


12  ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.       [1508-18. 

As  early  as  1504  the  Bretons,  the  Basques,  and  the  Normans  had  pursued  the 
codfishery  upon  the  banks  of  Newfoundland. 

1508.  —  THOMAS  AUBERT  sailed  from  Dieppe  to  Newfoundland, 
and  thence  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 

He  was  the  first  to  explore  thia  river.  On  his  return  he  carried  home  some  of 
the  natives  with  him. 

1511.  —  THE  Council  of  the  Indies,  having  control  over  the  af- 
fairs of  America,  was  constituted  by  Ferdinand  the  king  of  Spain. 

It  had  the  control  of  all  the  Indies,  made  all  laws,  appointed  all  officers,  and 
made  all  decisions.  The  consent  of  the  monarch  was  necessary,  but  was  always 
given.  It  appointed  the  viceroys  of  Mexico. 

1512.  APRIL  2.  — Juan  Ponce  de  Leon  landed  on  the  coast  of 
Florida,  probably  near  the  site  of  St.  Augustine. 

He  had  been  a  companion  of  Columbus,  and  had  command  of  a  portion  of 
Hispaniola,  and  afterwards  of  Puerto  Rico,  which  he  depopulated  by  the  savage 
cruelty  with  which  he  worked  the  natives  in  the  mines  and  on  the  plantations. 
With  the  wealth  he  thus  acquired  he  organized  an  exploring  expedition,  and 
landed  in  Florida,  which  he  called  by  this  name,  either  from  the  luxuriance  of  its 
vegetation,  or  from  the  fact  that  he  landed  on  Palm  Sunday,  which  the  Spaniards 
call  Pasqua  de  Flares.  Returning  to  Spain,  he  obtained  permission  to  settle  or 
conquer  the  country,  and  came  back  with  an  expedition,  but  on  landing  was 
attacked  by  the  natives,  and  driven  away.  Ponce  de  Leon  was  mortally  wounded, 
and  died  in  Cuba. 

1513.  —  A  DECREE  of  the  Spanish  privy  council,  issued  by  Fer- 
dinand, justified  the  slavery  of  the  Indians,  as  in  accord  with  the 
laws  of  God  and  man. 

It  was  claimed  that  otherwise  they  could  not  be  reclaimed  from  idolatry  and 
educated  to  Christianity. 

1517,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  Hernandez  de  Cordova  sailed  from  Cuba 
on  an  expedition  to  the  Bahamas. 

By  a  storm  he  was  driven  from  his  course,  and  landed  finally  at  Yucatan. 
Here  he  first  heard  of  Mexico. 

1518,  MAY  1. — Juan  de  Grijalva  left  the  port  of  St.   Jago 
de  Cuba  in  search  of  the  new  lands  which  Hernandez  de  Cordova 
had  reported. 

He  was  sent  by  Don  Diego  Velasquez,  the  governor  of  Cuba,  to  whom  this 
position  had  been  given  as  a  reward  for  his  conquest  of  it. 

1518,  NOVEMBER  18.  —  An  expedition  under  Hernando  Cortez 
sailed  from  St.  Jago  de  Cuba  in  search  of  the  new  lands. 

Cortez  had  taken  part  in  the  conquest  of  Cuba,  and  is  said  to  have  himself  paid 
chiefly  for  the  expense  of  the  expedition.  Cortez  at  this  time  was  thirty-three 
years  old.  The  expedition  stopped  at  Macaca,  at  Trinidad,  and  then  at  Havana, 
all  small  towns  in  Cuba,  to  lay  in  supplies  and  obtain  recruits,  and  sailed  from 
Havana  February  10,  1519. 


1519-21.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  13 

1519,  APRIL  21.  —  Cortez  landed  on  the  present  site  of  Vera 
Cruz. 

He  had  landed  in  Yucatan,  and  there  obtained  a  Mexican  woman,  Marina,  who 
was  given  him  as  a  slave,  and  who  served  as  his  interpreter  in  Mexico,  she  soon 
learning  Spanish.  At  this  spot  Cortez  made  a  settlement,  calling  it  Villa  Rica  de 
Vera  Cruz,  and  nominated  a  magistracy,  to  whom  he  resigned  his  office  of  captain- 
general,  and  was  by  them  reappointed  captain-general  and  chief  justice. 

1519,  AUGUST  16.  —  Cortez  commenced  his  march  towards 
the  capital  of  Mexico. 

He  had  about  four  hundred  foot-soldiers,  fifteen  horses,  and  seven  pieces  of 
artillery.  There  were  also  some  thirteen  hundred  friendly  Indians,  and  a  thou- 
sand tamanes,  or  porters,  to  drag  the  guns  and  carry  the  baggage.  He  carried 
with  him  also  some  forty  Totonac  chiefs  as  hostages  and  guides.  They  belonged 
to  a  tribe  which  had  been  discontented  with  the  rule  of  Montezuma.  He  had  dis- 
mantled his  fleet,  taking  the  vessels  to  pieces,  but  preserving  the  iron  work. 

1519,  NOVEMBER  8.  —  Cortez  and  his  army  entered  the  city  of 
Mexico. 

His  entire  army  did  not  amount  to  seven  thousand  men,  of  whom  less  than  four 
hundred  were  Spaniards.  The  balance  were  friendly  Indians,  who  joined  his 
expedition  after  severe  contests  with  him,  in  which  the  Spaniards  were  successful. 

1520,  JULY  8.  —  Cortez,  retreating  from  the  capital  of  Mexico, 
fought  the  battle  of  Otumba,  with  an  army  opposing  him,  and 
gained  a  decisive  victory. 

He  had  been  reinforced  by  a  force  sent  from  Cuba  by  Velasquez  to  capture 
him,  and,  leaving  the  city  of  Mexico  with  a  portion  of  his  army,  had  defeated  these 
enemies,  and  returned  to  Mexico  with  many  of  them  as  recruits.  On  his  return 
he  was  attacked  by  the  Mexicans  in  his  quarters,  and  Montezuma  having  died 
from  wounds  received  from  his  subjects,  as  he  was  trying  to  appeal  to  them  for 
peace,  it  was  resolved  to  retreat  from  the  city  of  Mexico.  This  retreat,  under- 
taken at  night,  was  more  disastrous  than  any  engagement  the  Spaniards  met  in 
their  entire  course  in  Mexico.  After  this  battle  he  took  refuge  with  the  Thas- 
calans,  his  allies. 

1520,  DECEMBER  28.  —  Cortez  set  out  from  Thascala  with  hia 
army  to  capture  the  city  of  Mexico. 

He  had  refitted  his  army,  reinforced  by  expeditions  which  had  been  sent 
against  him,  and  were  induced  to  take  part  with  him ;  so  that  he  had  about  six 
hundred  men,  forty  of  whom  were  mounted,  and  eighty  with  arquebuses  or  cross- 
bows. Besides  these  he  had  a  large  number  of  friendly  Indians,  from  the  several 
different  nations  in  Mexico,  who  were  desirous  of  throwing  off  the  yoke  of  the 
Aztecs. 

1521.  —  YASQUEZ  DE  AILLON,  a  Spanish  explorer,  visited  the 
coast  of  North  America,  and  returned  to  Spain  to  obtain  per- 
mission to  conquer  it. 

He  is  supposed  to  have  landed  upon  the  coast  of  South  Carolina.  The  region 
he  called  Chicora.  Returning  in  1525  with  two  ships,  the  crews  were  driven 
away  by  the  natives,  the  majority  of  the  invaders  being  killed. 


14  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1521-4. 

1521,  APRIL  11.  —  Christoval  de  Tapia  was  sent  from  Spain 
with  a  warrant  from  the  regent  of  Castile  to  visit  Mexico,  in- 
quire into  the  conduct  of  Cortez,  suspend  him  from  office,  and,  if 
necessary,  seize  him  until  the  pleasure  of  the  Court  of  Castile 
was  known. 

Tapia  arrived  in  Vera  Cruz  in  December,  but  was  not  allowed  to  proceed 
farther,  and  returned  to  Cuba,  having  sold  Ms  horses  and  equipments  to  Cortez 
at  a  high  price. 

1521,  APRIL  28.  —  Cortez  launched  at  Tezcuco  his  fleet  of  ves- 
sels, which  had  been  built  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  transported  in 
pieces  over  the  country. 

The  fleet  was  intended  to  give  him  command  of  the  lake  which  surrounded  the 
city  of  Mexico.  A  canal  had  been  dug  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  them 
into  the  lake.  On  mustering  his  forces,  he  had  eighty-seven  horsemen,  eight 
hundred  and  eighteen  footmen,  one  hundred  and  eighteen  of  whom  had  arquebuses 
or  crossbows.  He  had  also  three  iron  cannon,  and  fifteen  lighter  ones  of  brass. 
The  heavy  cannon  were  mounted  on  the  vessels,  one  to  each. 

1521,  AUGUST  13.  —  The  city  of  Mexico  surrendered. 

Guatemozin  attempting  to  escape  was  captured,  and  the  city  surrendered.  It 
had  been  almost  destroyed,  and  famine  and  pestilence  had  killed  thousands  of  its 
defenders.  It  was  estimated  that  seventy  thousand,  besides  women  and  children, 
left  the  city  when  it  was  evacuated  by  order  of  the  conqueror.  Those  who 
perished  in  its  defence  are  variously  estimated  from  one  hundred  and  twenty 
thousand  to  twice  that  number.  The  city  of  Mexico  had  been  besieged  nearly 
three  months. 

1522,  OCTOBER  15.  —  Charles  V.  issued  a  commission  to  Cor- 
tez, making  him  governor,  captain-general,  and  chief  justice  of 
New  Spain. 

The  commission  gave  him  power  to  appoint  all  officers,  civil  and  military. 
It  was  issued  in  accordance  with  the  decision  of  a  council  which  had  been  called 
to  consider  the  charges  against  Cortez,  which  justified  all  his  proceedings. 

1524.  —  TWELVE  Franciscan  friars  arrived  in  Mexico. 

They  had  been  sent  by  request  of  Cortez,  who  asked  that  members  of  the  reli- 
gious fraternities  might  be  sent  out,  whose  lives  were  a  practical  commentary  on 
their  teachings,  instead  of  pampered  prelates  who  squandered  the  substance  of 
the  country  in  luxurious  living.  He  petitioned  also  that  "  attorneys,  and  men 
learned  in  the  law,"  should  be  prohibited  from  landing  in  the  country,  since  "  ex- 
perience had  shown  that  they  would  be  sure  by  their  evil  practices  to  disturb  the 
peace  of  the  community."  His  petition  was  granted.  The  priests  were  so  active 
in  the  work  of  conversion  that  in  twenty  years  from  their  advent  they  boasted  of 
having  made  nine  millions  of  converts,  more  than  the  whole  population,  and  also 
of  having  caused  so  complete  a  destruction  of  the  Aztec  temples,  great  and  small, 
"that  not  a  vestige  of  them  remained."  Under  Cortez's  rule  the  settlement  of 
the  country  was  urged ;  slavery  was  established,  and  it  was  made  a  condition  of 
the  grants  of  land  that  they  must  be  occupied  eight  years  before  the  title  was 
complete,  and  that  a  certain  number  of  vines  should  be  planted.  All  vessels 
arriving  were  obliged  to  bring  a  certain  quantity  of  seeds  and  plants. 


1524-35.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  15 

1524. — YERRAZZANI,  a  Florentine  in  the  employ  of  Francis  I. 
of  France,  coasted  along  North  America  from  the  28th  to  the 
50th  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  called  the  country  New 
France. 

He  wrote  an  account  of  his  discoveries  to  Francis  I.,  dated  Dieppe,  July  8, 1524, 
and  which  has  been  often  reprinted.  His  descriptions  of  the  places  he  passed 
have  been  thought  to  indicate  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  and  the  harbors  of  New 
York  and  Newport,  while  either  Martha's  Vineyard  or  Nantucket  is  also  supposed 
to  have  been  described  by  him.  The  next  year  he  is  said  to  have  made  another 
voyage,  from  which  he  never  returned. 

1526,  JUNE.  —  Cortez  re-entered  Mexico,  after  an  absence  of 
two  years,  during  which  he  had  explored  Central  America,  and 
claimed  it  for  the  Spanish  crown. 

Finding  that  during  his  absence  complaints  had  been  made  of  his  conduct,  he 
resolved  to  return  to  Spain  to  justify  himself,  and  landed  at  Palos  in  May, 
1528. 

1529,  JULY.  —  Charles  V.  gave  a  commission  to  Cortez,  who 
had  been  made  Marquis  of  the  Valley  of  Oaxaca,  as  captain-gen- 
eral of  New  Spain,  and  of  the  coasts  of  the  South  Sea. 

The  civil  government  of  the  country  of  Mexico  was  not  intrusted  to  him,  but 
to  other  officers  appointed  by  the  crown,  styled  the  Royal  Audience,  of  which 
Nunez  de  Guzman  was  the  head,  and  one  of  whose  duties  was  to  investigate  the 
charges  against  Cortez.  The  appointment  of  this  board  was  one  of  the  chief 
causes  of  Cortez's  return  to  Spain. 

1530,  JULY  15.  —  Cortez  landed  in  Mexico  on  his  return  from 
Spain. 

A  new  Royal  Audience  had  been  created.  The  report  of  the  first,  concerning 
the  charges  against  Cortez,  does  not  seem  to  have  been  noticed  by  the  Spanish 
government.  The  new  Audience  was  given  an  equal  control  with  Cortez  of  the 
military  affairs  of  Mexico ;  therefore  he  retired  from  public  life,  and  interested 
himself  with  the  cultivation  of  his  estates,  and  with  fitting  out  the  expedition 
•which  explored  the  Gulf  of  California. 

1534,  APRIL  20.  —  Jaques  Cartier,  under  a  commission  from  the 
king  of  France,  sailed  from  St.  Malo,  and  on  the  10th  of  May 
reached  Newfoundland. 

He  almost  circumnavigated  Newfoundland,  and  crossed  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. On  his  return  his  account  of  his  voyage  excited  great  attention,  as  did 
the  two  natives  he  brought  back  with  him. 

1535.  —  JAQUES  CARTIER  made  his  second  voyage,  accompanied 
with  a  large  company.     As  he  entered  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 
upon  the  day  of  that  saint,  he  gave  his  name  to  it,  which  eventu- 
ally extended  to  the  river.     He  sailed  up  the  river,  built  a  fort, 
anid  wintered  there. 

He  called  the  territory  New  France,  and  gave  the  name  Mont  Real  to  the  hill 
upon  the  island  on  which  Montreal  now  is. 


16  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.       [1535-40. 

1535.  AUGUST  15.  —  Don   Antonio   de   Mendoza   arrived   from 
Spain  as  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

This  was  the  commencement  of  the  Spanish  system  of  intrusting  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  colonies  to  viceroys  of  such  rank  that  they  were  sup- 
posed to  fitly  represent  royalty.  They  were  never  kept  long  in  their  positions. 

The  exact  date  of  his  arrival  is  questioned. 

• 

1536. —  THE  first  book  printed  in  America  was  issued  in  the 
city  of  Mexico. 

It  was  a  Spanish  translation  of  a  work  written  in  Greek,  and  entitled  in 
Spanish,  Escala  Espiritual  para  llegar  al  Cielo,  or  the  Spiritual  Ladder  of 
Heaven.  This  translation,  from  a  Latin  version,  was  made  by  Juan  de  Estrada, 
and  printed  by  Juan  Pablos,  who  appears  to  have  been  brought  to  Mexico  by 
Mendoza,  and  probably  printed  this  little  volume  as  a  sort  of  manual  for  the 
novices  of  the  convent  of  St.  Dominic.  The  work  derives  its  name  from  its 
form,  it  being  thirty  steps  to  lead  to  perfection.  No  copy  of  the  work  is  known 
to  be  in  existence,  and  the  date  of  its  issue  is  problematical,  though  the  best 
authorities  agree  upon  this  date. 

1536.  —  A  COLONY  from  England,  under  the  direction  of  "one 
Master   Hore,"   attempted   a  settlement   in   Newfoundland,  but 
after  suffering  from  famine  they  returned. 

Hakluyt  gives  an  account  of  the  enterprise,  which  he  had  from  "  Master 
Thomas  Butts,  one  of  the  gentlemen  adventurers."  They  were  nearly  starved, 
when  fortunately  a  French  fishing-vessel  appeared,  which  they  seized  to  return 
home  in. 

1537.  —  CORTEZ  with  three  ships  discovered  the  peninsula  of 
California. 

The  Gulf  of  California  was  explored  in  1539  by  Francisco  de  Alloa,  who 
was  sent  by  Cortez.  Cortez  is  said  to  have  spent  two  hundred  thousand  ducats 
in  his  Californian  explorations. 

1539,  MAY  18.  —  Ferdinand   de  Soto,  the   governor  of  Cuba, 
sailed  from  Havana  on  an  expedition  to  Florida  for  the  purpose 
of  conquering  the  country. 

In  this  expedition  there  were  nine  vessels,  nine  hundred  men  besides  sailors, 
two  hundred  and  thirteen  horses,  and  a  herd  of  swine.  He  had  received  the 
title  of  Marquis  of  Florida  from  Charles  V.  The  expedition  landed  on  the 
west  side  of  Florida,  at  Tampa  Bay,  and,  constantly  fighting  with  the  natives, 
penetrated  to  the  interior,  until,  in  June,  1541,  they  reached  the  Mississippi. 
Here  De  Soto  died,  and  the  rest  of  the  adventurers,  building  boats,  floated 
down  to  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  landed  finally  at  a  Spanish  settlement, 
near  the  present  site  of  Tampico.  De  Soto  is  said  to  have  expended  one 
hundred  thousand  ducats  in  this  enterprise.  There  is  an  account  of  it,  written 
by  an  actor  in  it. 

1540.  —  CORTEZ  again  embarked  for  Spain. 

He  went  to  seek  redress  for  the  losses  he  had  suffered  from  the  Royal 
Audience,  and  also  to  state  the  grounds  of  his  dispute  with  the  viceroy.  He 
died  in  Spain  in  1547,  aged  63,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  San  Isidro,  in 


1540-64.]       ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  17 

Seville.  In  1562,  the  body  was  removed  to  Mexico  and  buried  in  the  monastery 
of  St.  Francis  in  Tezcuco,  and  in  1629  again  removed  to  the  church  of  St.  Francis 
in  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  in  1794  again  to  the  Hospital  of  Jesus,  and  is  now- 
supposed  to  be  in  Palermo,  Italy. 

1540,  MAY  23.  —  Cartier  set  sail  from  France  with  five  ships, 
to  make  a  settlement  in  Canada. 

Carder  was  appointed  by  Francis  I.  the  captain-general  of  the  ships,  and  John 
Francois  de  la  Roche,  lord  of  Robertval,  in  Picardy,  as  viceroy  and  lieutenant- 
governor  for  Canada,  Hochalaga,  Saguenay,  Newfoundland,  Belle  Isle,  Cape 
Breton,  and  Labrador,  with  authority  to  make  further  conquests.  Cartier 
ascended  the  St.  Lawrence,  built  a  fort  on  the  Island  of  Orleans,  and  remained 
there  that  winter.  The  next  spring  he  returned,  and  on  his  way  met  Robertval, 
who  had  delayed  starting.  Robertval  proceeded  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  spent  a 
winter  there,  and  then  returned. 

1551.  —  THE  emperor  Charles  Y.  chartered  a  royal  and  pontifi- 
cal university  in  Mexico. 

It  was  to  have  the  same  privileges  as  those  enjoyed  by  Salamanca. 

The  chief  authorities  for  the  conquest  of  Mexico  are  Cortez's  own  letters 
to  the  emperor  of  Spain.  They  have  been  translated  into  English.  Gomara, 
who  was  chaplain  to  Cortez  after  the  return  of  the  latter  to  Spain,  and 
afterwards  to  Cortez's  son,  wrote  a  Cronica  de  la  Nveva  Espana  (Chronicle 
of  New  Spain),  which  first  appeared  in  1553,  and  has  been  often  reprinted. 
Bernal  Diaz  del  Costillo,  who  served  with  Cortez,  published  a  Historia  Verda- 
dera  de  la  Conquista  de  la  Nueva  Espana.  It  seeks  chiefly  to  give  the  credit, 
which  Gomara  had  not  given,  to  the  companions  of  Cortez  in  his  conquest  of 
Mexico.  It  was  first  published,  in  Spanish,  in  1632. 

1562,  FEBRUARY.  —  A  colony  of  French  Protestants  sailed  from 
France  for  Florida. 

They  filled  two  vessels,  under  the  command  of  Jean  Ribault.  The  expedition 
was  originated  by  Admiral  de  Coligny.  A  settlement  was  made  at  Port  Royal, 
and  a  fort  built  upon  an  island  and  called  Carolina,  after  Charles  IX.,  king  of 
France.  A  company  was  left  in  the  settlement  while  Ribault  returned  for  sup- 
plies. They  mutinied,  killed  their  captain,  and,  having  built  a  vessel,  set  sail  for 
France.  Their  provisions  being  exhausted,  they  were  obliged  to  eat  one  of  their 
number,  when  an  English  vessel  met  them  and  carried  them  to  England. 

1563,  —  THE  English  slave-trade  to  the  West  Indies  began. 

John  Hawkins,  for  a  company,  went  with  three  ships  to  the  coast  of  Africa, 
and  brought  away  three  hundred  negroes,  whom  he  sold  in  the  West  Indies, 
"  with  prosperous  successe  and  much  gaine  to  himselfe  and  the  adventurers." 

1564,  APRIL  22.  —  Three  ships  sailed  from  France,  under  the 
command  of  Ren£  Laudonniere,  to  carry  supplies  to  the  colony  at 
Port  Royal. 

They  landed  at  the  river  May,  after  finding  that  the  colony  had  abandoned 
Port  Royal,  and  built  a  fort.  The  next  year,  when  in  great  distress  for  want  of 
provisions,  they  were  succored  by  John  Hawkins,  returning  from  the  sale  of  his 
second  cargo  of  slaves.  Soon  after,  Ribault  arrived  with  reinforcements.  The 
Spanish  court  being  informed  of  this  French  settlement,  sent  a  fleet  under  Don 

2 


18  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1568-84. 

Pedro  Menendez  against  them,  which  arrived  a  week  after  Ribault,  who  sailed  out 
against  them.  Both  fleets  were  scattered  by  a  storm;  but  the  Spaniards,  landing, 
attacked  and  carried  the  fort,  Laudonniere  and  a  few  others  escaping,  and  finally 
reaching  the  French  ships.  On  the  return  to  France  the  ship  containing  Ribault 
was  wrecked,  and  he  and  his  company,  who  escaped  to  the  shore,  were  found  and 
killed  by  the  Spaniards.  Laudonniere  arrived  finally  in  France.  Don  Pedro 
Menendez  had  undertaken  at  his  own  expense  to  conquer  Florida,  and  Philip  II. 
had  made  him  governor  for  life,  with  a  share  of  the  perquisites  belonging  to  the 
crown.  He  landed  first  at  St.  Augustine,  which  he  named  from  having  seen 
land  on  the  anniversary  of  that  saint,  and  founded  that  city,  which  is  the  oldest 
town  in  the  United  States.  By  Menendez  cattle  were  introduced,  and  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  progenitors  of  the  wild  cattle  found  in  the  early  part  of 
this  century  in  the  Southwest. 

1568.  —  DOMINIC  DE  GOURGES,  a  native  of  Gascony,  France, 
hearing  of  the  slaughter  of  his  countrymen  in  Florida,  set  out 
on  an  expedition,  at  bis  own  expense,  to  avenge  them,  and  captured 
Fort  Caroline,  hanged  the  occupants,  and  then  returned  to 
France. 

1570.  —  THE  Inquisition  was  established  in  Mexico  by  Philip  II. 
1574.  —  THE  first  auto-da-fe  was  celebrated  in  Mexico. 

A  Frenchman  and  an  Englishman  were  burned  as  heretics,  and  eighty  other 
persons  were  tortured. 

1578,  JUNE  11.  —  A  patent  was  granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to 
Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  to  found  a  settlement  in  America  within 
six  years.  It  gave  him  jurisdiction  over  a  circle  of  six  hundred 
miles,  from  any  spot  as  a  centre,  "  not  actually  possessed  by  any 
Christian  prince  or  people." 

1583,  AUGUST.  —  Sir   Humphrey  Gilbert   reached   Newfound- 
land with  three  ships,  and  took  possession  of  it  under  his  charter 
from  Elizabeth. 

He  found  in  the  harbor  of  St.  John's  thirty-six  vessels,  of  various  nationalities, 
engaged  in  the  fishery.  Collecting  a  contribution  from  them,  establishing  the 
Church  of  England,  granting  titles  to  land,  and  declaring  all  attempts  to  weaken 
the  queen's  title  treason,  he  set  out  to  return,  and  was  drowned  by  the  founder- 
ing of  his  vessel  on  the  way  over. 

1584,  MARCH  25.  —  A    charter  was    granted    to    Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  by  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was  the  half-brother  of  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  and  was 
most  probably  interested  with  him  in  his  second  voyage.  The  terms  of  Raleigh's 
charter  were  nearly  those  granted  to  Gilbert,  any  interference  with  the  fishermen 
at  Newfoundland  being  forbidden. 

1584,  JULY  4.  —  An  exploring  company,  sent  out  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  under  the  command  of  Philip  Amadas  and 
Arthur  Barlow,  arrived  at  the  American  coast,  and  landed  at 
a  place  called  by  the  natives  Wococon,  and  afterwards  Hoanoke, 


1585-98.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  19 

an  island  in  the  passage  from  the  Sound  of  Pamlico  to  Albemarle, 
where  was  an  Indian  village. 

On  their  return  two  natives  accompanied  them,  and  the  name  of  Virginia  was 
given  to  the  country,  either  by  Elizabeth,  or  by  Raleigh  in  her  honor. 

1585,  JUNE  26.  —  An  expedition  sent  out  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
landed  at  Roanoke  Island. 

Manteo,  one  of  the  natives,  was  with  the  expedition  as  interpreter.  Sir 
Richard  Grenville,  the  general  of  the  expedition,  returned,  leaving  a  colony  of 
one  hundred  and  seven  persons  under  the  government  of  Mr.  Ralph  Lane.  This 
was  the  first  English  colony. 

1586,  JUNE  18.  —  An  English  fleet,  under  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
on  its  way  to  England  from  the  West  Indies,  stopped  at  the  set- 
tlement on  Roanoke  Island,  and  carried  the  one  hundred  and  three 
remaining  colonists  back  to  England. 

The  colony  had  been  in  danger  of  starving,  and  were  saved  by  the  opportune 
arrival  of  Drake's  fleet.  A  few  days  after  the  departure  of  the  colony,  a  ship  with 
supplies,  sent  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  arrived,  and  not  finding  them,  returned.  Two 
or  three  weeks  after  this,  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  with  three  ships,  arrived,  and 
finding  the  settlement  at  Roanoke  deserted,  returned  to  England,  leaving  fifteen 
men  to  keep  possession  of  the  island. 

1587,  JULY  22. —  A  landing  was  made  at  Roanoke  by  a  second 
company  sent  over  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  with  a  few  associates. 

The  colony  consisted  of  one  hundred  and  seventeen  persons  (ninety-one  men, 
seventeen  women,  and  nine  children),  who  were  incorporated  as  the  "Burrough 
of  Raleigh  in  Virginia,"  and  the  government  was  intrusted  to  John  White  as  gov- 
ernor, with  a  council  of  twelve  others.  The  colonists  were  men  with  families. 
They  found  that  the  fifteen  men  left  by  Grenville  had  quarrelled  with  the  Indiana 
and  been  overcome  by  them.  On  the  18th  of  August,  Mrs.  Dare,  the  daughter  of 
White  the  governor,  gave  birth  to  a  daughter  who  was  named  Virginia.  She  was 
the  first  English  child  born  in  North  America.  On  the  27th  the  governor  sailed 
for  England  to  bring  supplies. 

1589,  MARCH  7. —  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  assigned  his  patent  to 
Thomas  Smith  and  other  merchants  and  adventurers. 

He  had  spent  forty  thousand  pounds  in  furthering  the  settlement  of  America. 

1590,  MARCH  20.  —  An   expedition   to   carry   supplies  to  the 
colony  at  Roanoke  set  sail  from  Plymouth,  England,  under  the 
command  of  Governor  White. 

The  colony  could  not,  however,  be  found,  nor  was  anything  ever  learned  of 
them. 

1598,  JANUARY  12.    The   Marquis  de   la  Roche  was  given  a 

commission  by  Henry  IV.,  king  of  France,  to  conquer  Canada 

and  other  adjacent  countries  "not  possessed  by  any  Christian 
prince." 

He  sailed  with  a  company  made  up  of  convicts  taken  from  prison,  left  forty  of 
them  on  the  Island  of  Sables,  visited  the  mainland,  and  then  returned  to  France. 


20  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1600-3. 

Seven  years  afterwards,  the  twelve  survivors  of  the  band  left  on  the  Island  of 
Sables  were  carried  to  France. 

1600.  —  ON  the  death  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Roche  his  patent 
was  renewed  in  favor  of  M.  de  Chauvin,  a  naval  officer,  who  made 
a  connection  with  a  fur-dealer  of  St.  Malo  named  Pontgrave,  and 
made  a  voyage  up  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Tadousac  at  the  junction 
of  the  Saguenay. 

He  left  a  small  colony  there,  and  made  another  voyage,  but  died  before  making 
a  third. 

1601.  —  ON  the  death  of  Chauvin,  M.  de  Chatte,  the  governor 
of  Dieppe,  obtained  a  commission  as  governor  of  Canada,  and 
with  Pontgrave  and  others  carried  on  the  trade  in  furs. 

1602.  MARCH  26.  —  Bartholomew   Gosnold    sailed    from    Fal- 
moufeh,  England,  for  the  purpose  of  settling  a  colony  in  Yirginia. 

Gosnold  was  in  the  employ  of  Raleigh's  assignees,  and  was  the  first  to  take  a 
direct  course,  instead  of  by  way  of  the  West  Indies.  His  company  consisted  of 
thirty-two  persons,  of  whom  twelve  purposed  "  to  remayne  there  for  population." 
He  touched  the  northern  coast,  and,  sailing  south,  landed  on  and  named  Cape 
Cod.  Continuing  south,  he  discovered  and  named  Martha's  Vineyard,  landed  on 
an  island  he  called  Elizabeth  Island,  in  honor  of  the  queen,  and  built  a  fort  and 
storehouse.  Setting  out  to  return,  those  who  had  intended  to  remain  lost  heart, 
and  the  whole  company  returned  together. 

1602,  MARCH.  —  Samuel  Mace  sailed  from  Wey mouth,  England, 
in  a  ship  provided  and  fitted  out  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and 
touched  on  the  American  coast  at  about  34°  north  latitude. 

He  sailed  some  distance  along  the  coast,  and  then  returned. 

1603,  APRIL  10.  —  An  expedition  under  Martin  Pring  sailed 
from  Milford  Haven,  England,  for  North  America,  and  reached 
the  coast  between  43°  and  44°  north  latitude. 

There  were  two  ships,  the  Speedwell  and  the  Discoverer.  They  were  fitted 
out  by  merchants  of  Bristol  to  explore  and  to  collect  sassafras.  Turning  south, 
they  ranged  as  far  as  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  returned  laden  with  sassafras  and 
skins.  The  venture  proved  profitable  to  the  merchants. 

1603,  MAY  10.  —  Bartholomew  Gilbert  sailed  from  Plymouth, 
England,  for  Chesapeake  Bay  by  Avay  of  the  West  Indies.  On 
the  29th  of  July  he  anchored  about  a  mile  from  land  in  about  40° 
north  latitude,  and  landed  with  four  of  his  men. 

They  being  all  killed  by  the  natives,  the  rest  of  the  crew  set  sail  and  returned 
to  England. 

1603.  —  PONTGRAVE,  under  the  auspices  of  the  company  in 
which  he  was  interested,  again  visited  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
ascended  it  as  high  as  Hochalaga. 

In  this  voyage  he  was  accompanied  by  Samuel  Champlain,  who  this  year,  after 
his  return,  published  a  map  of  Niagara. 


1603-6.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  £1 

1603,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  Henry  IV.  of  France  granted  to  Pierre 
du  Gast,  Sieur  de  Monts,  all  that  part  of  the  continent  between 
40°  and  46°  north  latitude,  making  him  lieutenant-general  of  the 
country  with  power  to  colonize  it.     On  December  18,  he  was 
further  granted  a  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  in  this  territory 
called  Acadie. 

1604,  MARCH  7.  —  De  Monts  set  sail   with  four  ships  from 
France  to  form  a  settlement  at  Acadie. 

One  of  the  vessels  in  command  of  Pontgrave  was  to  drive  away  interloping 
traders ;  another  was  to  purchase  furs  at  the  St.  Lawrence ;  the  others,  com- 
manded by  himself,  had  on  board  Champlain  and  Pontrincourt,  and  were  to  select 
a  site  and  found  a  colony.  A  settlement  was  made  and  a  fort  built  on  an  island 
in  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  which  he  called  St.  Croix  (this  name  being  soon  given  to 
the  adjacent  river).  The  next  spring,  the  colony  having  suffered  from  their  con- 
fined position,  search  was  made  for  a  new  situation,  and  De  Monts  explored  the 
coast  as  far  south  as  Cape  Cod,  where  he  landed,  but  was  prevented  from  settling 
on  account  of  the  hostility  of  the  natives ;  and  additional  settlers  having  arrived, 
the  whole  colony  was  removed  to  Port  Royal,  now  Annapolis.  The  next  summer 
Cape  Cod  was  further  explored  for  settlement,  but  the  hostility  of  the  natives 
again  prevented  it,  and  the  next  winter  Port  Royal,  the  first  settlement  in  Acadie, 
was  abandoned. 

1605,  MARCH  31.  —  George  Weymouth,  sent  by  the  Earl  of 
Southampton  and  Lord  Arundel  to  seek  for  the  north-west  pas- 
sage, sailed  from  the  Downs,  and  touched  land  about  41°  30' 
north  latitude. 

He  is  thought  to  have  discovered  the  Penobscot  River.  On  his  return  he  car- 
ried with  him  five  Indians. 

1606,  APRIL  10.  —  In  April,  James  I.  granted  a  charter  to  two 
companies  to  plant  colonies  in  America  between  34°  and"  45° 
north  latitude. 

The  first  of  these,  the  London  Company,  was  empowered  to  plant  colonies  be- 
tween 34°  and  41°  north  latitude,  or  between  Cape  Fear  and  the  east  end  of  Long 
Island.  The  second  was  entitled  the  Plymouth  Company,  and  consisted  chiefly 
of  persons  in  and  about  Plymouth  and  Bristol.  Its  settlement  was  to  be  called 
the  Second  Colony  of  Virginia.  It  had  the  right  to  settle  colonies  between  38° 
and  45°  north  latitude,  or  between  Delaware  Bay  and  Halifax.  Neither  of  them 
was  to  make  a  settlement  within  a  hundred  miles  of  one  previously  established 
by  the  other,  and  the  territory  of  each  colony  was  limited  to  fifty  miles  along  the 
shore,  on  either  side  of  the  spot  first  occupied,  and  one  hundred  miles  inland, 
and  the  same  distance  on  the  ocean,  embracing  all  islands  which  were  within  it. 
A  council  composed  of  thirteen  residents  in  each  colony,  nominated  by  the  king, 
was  to  regulate  local  matters.  A  council  of  Virginia,  resident  in  England,  and 
appointed  by  the  king,  had  a  general  supervision  over  both  colonies.  The  fifth 
of  all  gold  and  silver  mines,  and  the  fifteenth  of  all  copper,  were  to  be  paid  to  the 
king.  The  companies  had  the  power  to  coin  money,  lay  duties  for  twenty-one 
years,  and  import  goods  from  England  free  for  seven  years.  The  alleged  reason 
for  the  patent  was  the  advancement  of  the  divine  glory  "  by  bringing  the  Indians 
and  savages  resident  in  these  parts  to  human  civility  and  a  settled  and  quiet 


22  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1606-8. 

government."    Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  charter  was  considered  forfeit,  he  being  in 
prison  on  a  charge  of  high  treason. 

1606,  NOVEMBER  20. — James  I.  issued  "Instructions  for  the 
government  of  Virginia." 

In  these  he  appointed  a  council,  to  be  increased  or  altered  at  the  king's  pleas- 
ure, and  authorized  to  appoint  the  local  councils,  which  were  reduced  to  seven 
members  each.  The  local  councils  were  to  choose  a  president  from  among  them- 
selves, and  had  power  to  suspend  him  or  any  other  member  for  good  cause,  and 
to  fill  vacancies  till  new  appointments  were  sent  from  England.  The  president 
had  a  double  vote.  It  was  the  special  duty  of  the  councils  to  provide  that  "  the 
true  word  and  service  of  God,  according  to  the  rites  and  services  of  the  Church 
of  England,  be  preached,  planted,  and  used  in  the  colonies  and  among  the  neigh- 
boring savages."  Certain  offences,  triable  by  jury,  were  made  capital,  others 
could  be  tried  by  the  councils  and  punished  at  their  discretion.  Their  laws,  not 
touching  life  or  limb,  were  to  remain  until  set  aside  by  the  king  or  the  council 
for  Virginia.  Their  trade  and  industry  for  the  first  five  years  were  to  remain 
common  stock,  or  "  two  or  three  stocks  at  most,"  to  be  managed  by  a  factor 
selected  yearly  by  the  local  councils,  and  in  England  by  committees  appointed 
for  that  purpose. 

1607.  —  PONTRINCOURT  established  at  Port  Royal  the  first  per- 
manent French  settlement  in  America. 

He  had  received  a  confirmation  of  the  grant  he  had  from  De  Monts. 

1607.  —  IN  February,  an  expedition  sent  out  by  the  Plymouth 
Company  made  a  settlement  on  the  coast  of  Maine  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Kennebec. 

This  expedition  was  under  the  command  of  George  Popham,  and  Raleigh 
Gilbert,  a  nephew  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Popham  was  president  of  the  council, 
and  Gilbert  was  admiral.  The  next  winter  Popham  died,  and  news  having  arrived 
of  the  death  of  Sir  John  Gilbert,  Raleigh  Gilbert  returned  to  England,  and  the 
settlement  was  abandoned. 

1607,  MAY  13.  —  A  settlement  was  made  at  Jamestown,  Vir- 
ginia, by  an  expedition  sent  out  by  the  London  Company. 

The  expedition  consisted  of  one  hundred  and  five  men,  in  three  ships,  under  the 
command  of  Christopher  Newport.  They  ascended  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the 
James  River,  and  called  the  spot  Jamestown.  Bartholomew  Gosnold  and  Captain 
John  Smith  were  prominent  men  among  the  colonists,  who  suffered  greatly  the 
first  season,  and  were  saved  from  destruction  by  Smith,  aided  by  Pocahontas. 
The  encroachments  of  the  river  are  rapidly  making  the  promontory  an  island, 
and  there  are  only  a  few  ruins  left  of  the  original  settlement,  the  major  part 
having  been  burned  to  the  ground  in  1670  by  Nathaniel  Bacon  during  the  insur- 
rection. 

1608.  —  A  SHIP  from  the  London  Company,  under  Captain  New- 
port, brought  a  crown  for  Powhatan,  with  orders  for  his  "  crown- 
ation,"  and  mechanics  to  make  pitch,  tar,  glass,  mills,  and  soap- 
ashes. 


1608-9.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  23 

The  council  complaining  that  no  gold  or  silver  was  sent,  threatened  that  unless 
the  expenses,  two  thousand  pounds,  were  not  repaid  by  the  return  cargo,  the 
colony  would  be  deserted.  Captain  John  Smith  returned  "  a  plain  and  scholarly 
answer,"  and  sent  by  the  ship  "trials  of  pitch,  tar,  glass,  frankincense,  and  soap- 
ashes,  with  what  wainscot  and  clapboard  could  be  provided."  The  ship  brought 
one  hundred  and  twenty  colonists.  The  first  marriage  in  Virginia  was  that  of 
John  Laydon  to  Ann  Barras. 

1608.  —  CHAMPLAIN  established  the  post  of  Quebec  on  the  St. 
Lawrence. 

He  had  obtained  an  outfit  from  some  merchants  in  St.  Malo  and  Dieppe. 

1609,  MAY  23.  —  A  new  charter  was  granted  the  London  Com- 
pany, and  they  were  incorporated  with  the  title  "  The  Treasurer 
and  Company  of  Adventurers  and  Planters  of  the  City  of  London 
for  the  First  Colony  in  Virginia." 

By  the  new  charter  the  treasurer  was  the  chief  executive  officer,  and  he  was 
elected  by  the  stockholders,  who  also  filled  vacancies  in  the  council.  The  coun- 
cil was  named  in  the  charter.  The  local  council  was  replaced  by  a  governor 
appointed  by  the  council  in  England ;  the  council  was  empowered  to  make  laws 
for  the  colony,  to  conform  "  as  near  as  might  be  "  to  the  laws  of  England.  Lord 
De  la  War  was  appointed  governor. 

1609,  JULY  4.  —  Samuel  Champlain  entered  New  York  state 
from  the  settlement  in  Canada. 

With  two  companions  he  accompanied  a  party  of  Canadian  Indians  in  a  war 
expedition,  and  discovered  the  lake  which  is  named  after  him ;  and  on  the  30th 
of  the  same  month,  fought  on  its  western  shores  a  battle  with  a  company  of 
Mohawks  and  defeated  them.  This  laid  the  foundations  for  the  hatred  of  the 
Five  Nations  to  the  French,  which  lasted  all  through  the  years  the  French  held 
power  in  America.  The  Five  Nations  —  the  Mohawks,  the  Oneidas,  the  Ononda- 
gas,  the  Cayugas,  and  the  Senecas  —  had  previously  formed  an  alliance  offensive 
and  defensive  against  the  other  savages  of  the  country. 

1609,  SEPTEMBER  9.  —  Hendrich  Hudson,  in  the  service  of  the 
East  India  Company  of  Holland,  visited  America,  and  sailed  up 
the  river,  called  the  Hudson,  from  his  discovery  of  it. 

His  vessel  was  called  the  Half  Moon,  and  he  was  engaged  in  an  attempt  to  dis- 
cover the  north-west  passage  to  India. 

1609,  OCTOBER.  —  The  settlement  in  Virginia  is  said  -to  have 
had  nearly  five  hundred  persons,  five  or  six  hundred  hogs,  as 
many  fowls,  and  some  goats,  sheep,  and  horses,  and  about  thirty 
acres  under  cultivation. 

The  stock  was  all  destroyed  by  the  Indians  and  by  the  colonists  for  food.  Dur- 
ing this  year  they  made  three  or  four  "  lasts  "  of  tar,  pitch,  soap-ashes,  and  made  a 
trial  of  glass  ;  sunk  a  well  in  the  fort ;  built  twenty  houses  ;  put  a  new  roof  to  the 
church ;  made  nets'  and  seines  for  fishing ;  built  a  block-house  for  trading  with 
the  Indians ;  broke  up  and  planted  about  forty  acres  of  ground,  and  during  their 
leisure  made  clapboards  and  wainscoting. 


24  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1611-13. 

1611,  AUGUST.  —  Sir  Thomas  Gates  arrived  at  Jamestown  with 
six  ships,  three  hundred  colonists,  and  one  or  two  hundred  cows, 
some  swine,  and  an  ample  store  of  provisions. 

Another  settlement,  called  New  Bermuda,  was  made  at  the  junction  of  the  Ap- 
pomattox  and  the  James. 

1611.  —  THE  use  of  the  spade  in  the  culture  of  tobacco  was 
begun  this  year  in  Virginia,  and  the  yield  greatly  increased  by 
this  improved  culture. 

1611.  —  THE  States  General  of  Holland  decreed  that  special 
privileges  should  be  granted  to  all  companies  who  would  make 
settlements  in  the  New  Netherlands  (New  York),  and  open  trade 
with  the  natives. 

1612,  MARCH  12.  —  A  supplementary  charter  was  granted  the 
London  Company. 

By  it  the  control  of  affairs  was  taken  from  the  council  and  given  to  the  body  of 
the  stockholders.  Authority  was  also  given  the  Company  to  raise  money  by 
lotteries.  Subsequently  about  thirty  thousand  pounds  were  raised  by  this  means. 

1612.  —  A  SAMPLE  of  wine  made  from  native  grapes  was  sent  to 
England  from  Virginia. 

1612.  —  THE  first  bricks  were  made  at  the  settlement  in  Vir- 
ginia. 

In  a  pamphlet  of  this  date,  entitled  The  New  Life  of  Virginia,  occurs  the  fol- 
lowing extract :  "  The  spade-men  fell  to  digging,  the  brick-men  burnt  their  bricks, 
the  company  cut  down  wood,  the  carpenters  fell  to  squaring,  the  sawyers  to  saw- 
ing, the  soldiers  to  fortifying,  and  every  man  to  somewhat.  And  to  answer  the 
first  objection  for  wholesome  lodging  here,  they  have  built  competent  and  decent 
houses,  the  first  story  all  of  bricks,  that  every  man  may  have  his  lodging  and 
dwelling-place  apart  by  himselfe." 

1612.  —  CAPTAIN  ARGALL,  in  an  expedition  to  the  Potomac  to 
obtain  corn,  found  Pocahontas,  and,  enticing  her  on  his  vessel, 
carried  her  to  Jamestown. 

Her  father  claiming  her,  the  dispute  was  healed,  and  the  friendship  of  the 
Indians  strengthened  by  her  marriage,  the  next  year,  with  one  of  the  colonists, 
John  Rolfe.  From  a  son  born  of  this  marriage,  descendants  arc  still  existing  in 
Virginia. 

1612.  —  THE  earliest  coinage  for  America  is  said  to  have  been 
made  for  Virginia  at  Somers  Islands,  near  the  Bermudas. 

The  coin  was  of  brass,  having  on  one  side  the  words  "  Sommer  Island"  and 
"  a  hogge,  in  memory  of  the  abundance  of  hogges  which  were  found  on  their  first 
landing ;  "  on  the  reverse,  a  ship  under  sail  firing  a  gun. 

1613.  —  CAPTAIN  ARGALL,  sailing  from  the  settlement  at  James- 
town, upon  an  ostensible  fishing  voyage,  attacked  a  French  set- 
tlement  called   St.  Saveur,  on    Mont   Desert,    an    island   near 
Penobscot  Bay,  which  had  just  been  established,  and  broke  it  up. 


1613-14.]       ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  25 

Some  of  the  settlers  were  carried  to  Jamestown,  and  the  governor  and  council 
sent  Argall  to  destroy  the  French  settlements  in  Acadie  to  the  forty-sixth  degree 
of  latitude.  This  he  did,  destroying  the  buildings  at  St.  Croix  and  at  Port  Royal. 
Port  Royal  is  said  to  have  cost  the  French  more  than  one  hundred  thousand 
crowns.  Returning  to  Jamestown,  Argall  stopped  at  Manhattan,  where  some 
Dutch  traders  had  recently  established  themselves,  and  obliged  them  to  float  the 
English  flag.  After  his  departure  they  took  it  down,  and  the  French  soon  returned 
to  Port  Royal. 

1613.  —  THE  hundred   acres  originally  allowed  to  all  persons 
coming  to  Virginia,  or  bringing  others  there,  were  now  reduced 
to  fifty  acres. 

All  the  land  in  Virginia  was  subject  to  a  yearly  quit-rent  of  two  shillings  for 
each  hundred  acres.  The  workers  were  generally  the  indented  servants  of  the 
Company,  and  a  plantation  cultivated  by  one  hundred  of  these  supported  the  gov- 
ernor. Tobacco  sold  for  three  shillings  a  pound. 

1614.  —  THE  States  General  of  Holland  granted  the  monopoly 
of  trade  with  the  lands  they  claimed  in  America,  to  a  company. 

The  company  built  a  fort  at  Albany,  another  on  the  south-west  part  of  Long 
Island,  and  subsequently  one  on  the  Connecticut  River,  the  site  of  Hartford, 
and  another  at  Nassau  on  the  Delaware  River.  The  territory  was  known  as  New 
Netherland.  The  Hudson  River  was  first  called  the  Mauritius,  and  came  to  be 
called  the  North  River,  in  distinction  from  the  Delaware,  which  was  called 
the  South  River. 

1614.  —  CAPTAIN  ADRIEN  BLOCK,  at  New  York,  having  lost  by 
fire  the  ship  which  he  had  brought  from  Amsterdam,  built  on 
the  Manhattan  River  the  "  Onrest,"  or  "  The  Restless,"  a  yacht 
measuring  thirty-eight  feet  in  the  keel,  forty -four  and  a  half  feet 
in  length,  eleven  and  a  half  feet  in  breadth,  and  of  sixteen  tons 
burden. 

In  this  small  craft,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  first  decked  vessel  built  in 
America,  a  voyage  of  discovery  was  made  through  Hell  Gate  and  the  Sound ;  and 
Block  Island,  off  Newport  harbor,  being  discovered,  was  named  in  honor  of  the 
builder  of  the  vessel. 

1614.  —  CAPTAIN  JOHN  SMITH,  who  had  recently  returned  from 
the  settlement  at  Jamestown,  sailed  from  England  for  "  North 
Virginia,"  with  two  ships  and  forty-five  men  and  boys,  to  mate 
experiments  upon  a  gold  and  copper  mine. 

They  reached  the  Island  Monahigan,  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  latitude  43°  30', 
in  April,  visited  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  at  whale-fishing, 
and  then,  building  seven  small  boats,  thirty-seven  men  of  the  party  engaged  In 
fishing  with  great  success.  By  this  voyage  Smith  is  said  to  have  made  fifteen 
hundred  pounds.  The  map  he  drew  of  the  country  is  said  to  have  so  pleased 
Prince  Charles,  on  his  return  to  England,  that  the  name  New  England  was  then 
given  to  this  section  of  North  America. 

In  this  voyage  Thomas  Hunt,  whom  Smith  left  behind  in  command  of  one  of  his 
eliips,  enticed  twenty-seven  of  the  natives  on  board,  and  capturing  them,  carried 
them  to  Spain  and  sold  them  as  slaves. 


26  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1615-19. 

1615.  —  JACOB  ELKINS,  sent  out  from  Holland,  ascended  the 
Mauritius,  or  Hudson  River,  and  built  a  fort,  or  trading-house, 
near  the  present  site  of  Albany. 

It  was  built  at  first  on  an  island,  and  in  a  year  or  two  was  moved  to  the  west 
bank  of  the  river.  From  this  point  the  Dutch  came  into  relations  with  the  Five 
Nations,  the  confederacy  among  the  Indians,  the  fear  of  which  extended  through  the 
other  tribes  even  to  the  extreme  south.  The  Dutch  from  this  point  are  said  to 
have  furnished  the  Indians  with  fire-arms.  The  Five  Nations  were  hostile  to  the 
French  from  the  fact  that  they  had  assisted  the  Hurons  and  other  northern  tribes 
dwelling  in  the  region  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  between  whom  and  the  Five  Nations 
there  had  long  been  a  feud. 

1615.  —  THE  Dutch  built  a  fort  or  trading- station  on  the  Island 
of  Manhattan. 

It  was  built  by  Corstiaenscn,  who  had  been  sent  out  as  chief  commander  by  the 
Holland  Company  to  explore  the  region. 

1615,  MAECH.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  sent  out  an  expedi- 
tion to  begin  a  colony  in  New  England. 

The  report  given  by  Captain  John  Smith  of  the  country  was  the  cause  for  this. 
Captain  Smith  was  put  in  command  of  the  expedition.  His  ship  was  dismasted 
and  had  to  put  back  to  Plymouth.  Starting  again,  he  was  captured  by  a  French 
war-vessel  and  carried  to  Rochelle.  The  other  vessel  of  the  expedition,  com- 
manded by  Thomas  Dermer,  continued  the  voyage,  and  returned  in  August  with  a 
profitable  freight. 

1615.  —  PHILIP  III.  gave  a  charter  to  new  Yera  Cruz. 

1616.  —  CAPTAIN  HENDRICHSON,  in  the  "  Onrest,"  explored  nearly 
the  whole  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  the  capes  of  Virginia,  and 
on  his  return  to  Holland  presented  to  the  authorities  a  map  of 
the  territory,  and  asked  for  a  grant  of  the  country,  which  was 
refused. 

During  this  year  eight  ships  were  engaged  in  trading  from  New  England. 
Four  of  them  were  from  London  and  four  from  Plymouth ;  their  chief  cargoes 
were  fish  and  oil. 

1617.  —  CAPTAIN  ARGALL,  the  new  governor,  arriving  at  James- 
town, found  the  colony  declining,  the  public  buildings  and  works 
fallen  into  decay,  and  only  five  houses  habitable. 

Tobacco  was  planted  in  the  market-place,  the  streets,  and  all  the  vacant  spaces. 
The  price  of  tobacco  was  fixed  this  year,  by  an  edict  from  the  governor,  at  three 
shillings  a  pound,  under  penalty  of  the  infringer  serving  as  a  slave  of  the  colony 
for  three  years. 

1619,  APRIL  28.  —  Sir  Thomas  Smith  ended  his  administration 
as  treasurer  of  the  affairs  of  the  London  Company,  which  he  was 
charged  with  having  ruined. 

The  settlement  contained  six  hundred  persons,  and  the  Company  had  spent 
eighty  thousand  pounds,  and  was  in  debt  four  thousand  more. 


1619-20.]       ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  27 

Some  question  being  made  as  to  his  vouchers,  he  offered  his  resignation,  •which 
was  accepted,  and  Sir  Edwin  Sandys  took  his  place. 

1619,  MAY  20.  —  Thomas  Dermer,  who  had  been  sent  out  from 
England,  by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  on  a  fishing  voyage,  coasted 
from  the  Kennebec  to  Virginia,  passing  through  Long  Island 
Sound. 

He  was  probably  the  first  navigator  to  do  this.  On  his  way  he  stopped  at  Man- 
hattan, and  claimed  that  territory  as  being  English.  The  Dutch  traders  there 
replied  they  were  the  first  to  occupy  it. 

1619,  JUNE  19.  —  The  representatives,  two   in  number,  from 
each  of  the  eleven  incorporations  and  plantations  of  Virginia, 
acting  as  burgesses,  assembled   at  Jamestown  in  the   church, 
being  called  together  by  the  governor. 

Before  this  the  settlement  had  been  ruled  by  authority  derived  from  the  crown. 
This  origin  of  the  house  of  burgesses  in  Virginia  was  the  inauguration  of  the 
principle  of  representation  on  this  continent.  Among  the  proceedings  of  the 
house,  measures  were  taken  towards  the  education  of  the  Indians,  and  the  erec- 
tion of  a  "university  or  college."  The  governor  and  council  met  with  the 
burgesses.  There  is  no  record  extant  of  its  proceedings. 

In  the  election  of  the  first  representative  body  in  Virginia,  the  divison  of  the 
population  were  cities,  hundreds,  and  plantations.  Eventually  they  became  coun- 
ties and  parishes. 

In  1656  it  was  ordered  that  all  the  counties  not  yet  laid  out  into  parishes 
should  be  so  laid  out. 

1619. — THE  London  Company  sent  to  the  colony  in  Virginia, 
among  other  colonists,  one  hundred  and  fifty  persons  skilled  in 
the  manufacture  of  iron. 

The  design  was  to  erect  three  iron-works.  Works  for  smelting  the  ore  were 
erected  on  Falling  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  James,  not  far  from  Jamestown. 
Among  the  colonists  were  ninety  young  women,  "  pure  and  uncorrupt,"  who  were 
sold  as  wives  to  the  planters,  their  price  being  one  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco. 
By  the  king's  special  order,  a  hundred  "jail  birds"  from  the  prisons  were  also 
sent  over,  to  be  sold  as  servants.  In  August  of  this  year  twenty  negroes,  brought 
to  Jamestown  by  a  Dutch  trading-vessel,  were  sold  as  slaves. 

1620.  —  BEFORE  this   date,  salt-making  was  begun  at   Cape 
Charles,  in  Virginia. 

Having  from  some  cause  ceased  this  year,  the  work  was  begun  again,  and  it 
was  ordered  to  be  made  "  in  abundance,  and  after  the  manner  of  those  hotter 
climates,  which  may  prove  a  great  helpe  to  enrich  the  plantation."  To  supply 
the  demand  of  the  "  great  fishing,"  on  the  coast,  was  one  of  the  motives. 

1620.  —  A  VINEYARD  was  planted  in  Virginia  by  the  London 

Company. 

1620.  —  THE  states  of  Holland  chartered  the  West  India  Com- 
pany, and  granted  it  the  power  to  govern  their  possessions  in 
America. 


28  ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1620. 

There  were  never  any  well-defined  boundaries  to  the  Netherlands.  Its  interests 
were  confided  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  of  the  West  India  Company. 

1620.  — THE  cattle  of  the  colony  in  Virginia  had  increased  to 
about  five  hundred. 

A  declaration  of  the  State  of  Virginia  speaks  of  these  as  "  much  bigger  of 
body  than  the  breed  from  which  they  came ;  the  horses  also  more  beautiful  and 
fuller  of  courage." 

1620,  MAY  17.  —  At  a  meeting  of  the  London  Company,  held 
in  London,  many  fresh  accessions  of  persons  of  distinction  were 
made  for  the  Virginia  enterprise. 

The  treasurer,  Sir  Edwin  Sandys,  resigned  his  position,  and  made  a  statement 
of  the  condition  of  affairs.  A  hundred  and  fifty  persons  had  been  sent  out  to  erect 
three  iron-works ;  instructions  had  been  given  for  making  cordage,  of  both  hemp 
and  flax,  and  particularly  of  silk  grass,  which  was  a  native  plant  growing  in  great 
abundance,  from  which  it  had  been  found  by  experiment  that  the  best  cordage  in 
the  world  could  be  made.  That,  to  establish  this  industry,  every  family  was 
ordered  to  set  out  one  hundred  of  the  plants,  and  the  governor  five  thousand. 
Pitch,  tar,  pot  and  soap  ashes,  were  also  to  be  made,  together  with  timber  for 
lumber  and  ship-building.  The  culture  of  the  mulberry-tree  and  the  raising  of 
silk  were  also  strongly  recommended,  and  the  king  had  for  the  second  time  fur- 
nished a  supply  of  silkworm  eggs  from  his  own  store.  Grapes  were  also  rec- 
ommended for  culture,  and  a  supply  of  cuttings  had  been  sent  out.  Salt  works 
were  also  to  be  built,  and  those  which  had  fallen  into  disuse,  restored.  In  May 
of  the  same  year,  the  burgesses,  the  first  representative  assembly  which  ever  met 
in  America,  made  appropriations  for  the  establishment  of  salt  works  at  Cape 
Charles,  on  the  eastern  shore,  and  an  iron-work  at  Falling  Creek,  in  Jamestown 
River. 

1620,  AUGUST  5.  —  The  Plymouth  colonists  set  sail  from  South- 
ampton, England,  for  this  country. 

This  expedition  was  brought  about  chiefly  by  the  exertions  of  Robert  Cushman, 
who  had  since  1617  been  trying,  in  the  interests  of  a  congregation  of  non-conform- 
ists, exiled  at  Leyden,  to  gain  leave  and  sufficient  funds  for  them  to  emigrate  to 
this  country.  After  three  efforts  he  finally  succeeded,  by  making  concessions  to 
the  "  Merchant  Adventurers  "  of  London,  in  securing  the  two  vessels  Mayflower 
and  Speedwell.  The  latter  proving  unseaworthy,  he  remained  behind  at  Plym- 
outh, where  the  vessel  had  put  in,  and  followed  the  first  colonists  in  the  Fortune, 
which  vessel  reached  New  Plymouth  November  9,  1621.  On  December  12,  he 
preached  in  the  "  common  house  "  the  first  sermon  in  America,  which  was  after- 
wards printed.  His  text  was,  "  On  the  sin  and  danger  of  self-love."  He  soon 
returned  to  England,  and  published  there  a  pamphlet  appealing  for  aid  for  the 
Plymouth  colony;  he  remained  in  England  as  agent  for  the  settlers  until  1625, 
when,  having  procured  a  charter  for  the  settlement  at  Cape  Ann,  he  decided  to 
start  for  this  country  and  take  up  his  permanent  residence,  but  died  before  his 
preparations  were  completed. 

1620,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  was  super- 
seded by  a  new  charter,  called  the  "  Great  Patent." 

It  was  superseded  at  its  own  request.     The  new  charter  granted  by  King  James 


1620-21.]  ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  29 

incorporated  as  a  council  established  at  Plymouth,  an  association  of  forty  persons, 
for  the  planting,  ruling,  ordering,  and  governing  New  England,  in  America. 
They  were  given  exclusive  jurisdiction,  with  the  right  of  a  settlement  and  traffic 
of  the  country  between  the  fortieth  and  forty-eighth  degrees  of  north  latitude, 
extending  from  sea  to  sea,  with  the  exception  of  such  places  as  were  actually 
occupied  by  any  other  Christian  prince  or  people. 

1620,  NOVEMBER  9.  —  The  Mayflower  from  England,  bringing 
permanent  settlers  to  New  England,  arrived,  and  the  next  day 
cast  anchor  in  Provincetown  harbor,  Cape  Cod. 

After  sending  a  boat's  crew  to  explore  the  coast,  and  receiving  their  report,  the 
company  agreed  to  land  at  Plymouth,  and  did  so.  The  22d  day  of  December  is 
generally  celebrated  as  the  anniversary  of  their  landing,  though  some  of  them 
remained  on  board  the  ship  after  this  date.  The  port  of  Plymouth,  as  a  fit 
landing-place,  had  been  marked  on  John  Smith's  map  of  New  England,  and  was 
there  called  Plymouth. 

1620,  NOVEMBER  21.  —  The  Pilgrims,  in  the  cabin  of  the  May- 
flower, drew  up  the  following  compact:  — 

% 

"In  the  name  of  God,  Amen.  We,  whose  names  are  underwritten,  the  loyal 
subjects  of  our  dread  Sovereign  lord,  King  James,  &c.,  having  undertaken,  for 
the  glory  of  God,  and  advancement  of  the  Christian  faith  and  honor  of  our  king 
and  country,  a  voyage  to  plant  the  first  colony  in  the  northern  parts  of  Vir- 
ginia, do,  by  these  presents,  solemnly  and  mutually,  in  the  presence  of  God  and 
one  another,  covenant  and  combine  ourselves  together  into  a  civil  body  politic, 
for  our  better  ordering  and  preservation,  and  furtherance  of  the  ends  aforesaid ; 
and  by  virtue  hereof  to  enact,  constitute,  and  frame  such  just  and  equal  laws, 
ordinances,  acts,  constitutions,  and  offices,  from  time  to  time,  as  shall  be  thought 
most  meet  and  convenient  for  the  general  good  of  the  colony ;  unto  which  we 
promise  all  due  submission  and  obedience.  In  witness  whereof." 

The  Pilgrims  had  come  over  under  an  agreement  with  the  London  Company, 
and  expected  to  land  in  Virginia.  Finding  themselves  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Company,  they  made  the  above  agreement.  By  their  arrangement  with  the 
London  Company,  ten  pounds  in  money  was  to  be  equal,  in  the  division,  to  the 
personal  service  of  an  able-bodied  emigrant,  and  the  whole  property  was  to 
remain  a  joint  stock  for  seven  years,  and  then  to  be  divided.  John  Carver  was 
elected  their  first  governor. 

1621,  MARCH  22.  —  Massasoit,  the  sachem  of  the  Wampanoags, 
made  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  colony  of  Plymouth. 

Until  his  death  he  was  consistently  the  friend  of  the  colonists. 

1621,  OCTOBER.  —  Sir  Francis  Wyatt,  the  new  governor  for  Vir- 
ginia, arrived  at  Jamestown. 

He  came  with  nine  vessels  and  nearly  seven  hundred  people,  and  brought  a 
•written  constitution  for  the  colony,  which  had  been  granted  them  by  the  Virginia 
Company,  and  a  special  ordinance  confirming  the  privilege  of  a  general  as- 
sembly. The  constitution  was  modelled  after  that  of  the  mother  country.  The 
governor  and  council,  appointed  by  the  Company,  together  with  the  delegates 
chosen  by  the  people,  sat  together  as  a  general  assembly,  and  enacted  the  local 
laws,  and  their  separate  assent  was  required  for  their  passage.  The  Company 


30  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1621. 

could  set  aside  such  enactments.  The  governor  and  council  held  quarterly 
sessions,  as  a  court  of  law,  from  which  appeals  lay  to  the  general  assembly,  and 
thence  to  the  Company.  Parishes  were  instituted.  The  clergymen  were  sup- 
ported by  a  glebe  of  one  hundred  acres,  cultivated  by  six  indented  tenants,  and  a 
salary  raised  by  taxation.  The  governor  was  to  uphold  the  forms  and  discipline 
of  the  Church  of  England,  and  avoid  "  all  factions  and  needless  novelties." 

Three  of  the  chief  workmen  in  the  iron-works  in  Virginia  having  died,  twenty- 
two  more  skilled  workmen  were  sent  over  by  the  Company.  On  the  22d  of  March 
of  the  next  year,  the  Indians  massacred  the  entire  company,  with  the  exception 
of  one  boy  and  girl,  who  managed  to  conceal  themselves.  Three  hundred  and 
forty-seven  persons  were  slaughtered,  and  the  works  destroyed,  so  that  the  project 
was  abandoned,  and  the  manufacture  of  iron  not  resumed  here  for  nearly  a 
century. 

This  year  the  product  of  tobacco  was  so  large  in  Virginia  that  store-houses 
and  factories  were  established  at  Middleburgh  and  Flushing,  and  fifty-five  thou- 
sand pounds  were  exported  to  Holland,  but  none  to  England. 

The  reason  why  no  tobacco  was  sent  to  England,  was  the  impost  which  had 
been  laid  upon  it.  The  price  in  the  colony  was  limited  to  three  shillings,  and 
the  duty  upon  its  importation  into  England  was  the  same  as  that  laid  upon  Spanish 
tobacco,  which  it  is  said  sold  at  this  time  for  eighteen  shillings  a  pound. 

This  year,  the  instructions  brought  from  the  council  were  to  withdraw  attention 
from  tobacco,  and  apply  it  to  other  things.  A  fund  was  also  subscribed  for 
beginning  the  manufacture  of  glass  beads,  which  passed  as  a  currency  with 
the  Indians,  and  some  Italian  workmen  were  sent  over  to  the  colony  for  the 
purpose. 

The  cultivation  of  cotton  began  this  year  in  America.  The  seeds  were  planted, 
and  their  plentiful  coming  up  was  a  matter  of  interest  both  to  the  colonists  and 
their  friends  in  England.  The  price  of  "  cotton  wool,"  this  year,  is  mentioned  as 
being  eight  pence  a  pound. 

1621. — WIVES  were  sent  out  to  the  colonists  in  Virginia,  in 
order  to  give  stability  to  the  settlement. 

In  this  and  the  following  year,  subscriptions  were  opened  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 
ing various  speculative  ventures  to  the  colony,  the  subscribers  to  which  were  to 
share  in  the  profits.  The  speculation  in  wives  proved  the  most  successful ;  the 
price  of  maids,  it  is  said,  rose  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds 
of  tobacco,  and  the  supply  was  rapidly  exhausted. 

1621.  —  THE  first  free  school  in  America  was  begun  at  Charles 
City,  Virginia. 

The  Company  gave  a  thousand  acres,  with  five  servants  and  an  overseer,  to 
support  the  master  and  ushers.  It  was  intended  to  be  a  preparatory  school  for 
a  projected  college  at  Henrico,  and  was  an  endowment  much  more  nearly  resem- 
bling the  endowed  schools  of  England  than  the  free  schools  as  established  now 
in  this  country. 

1621.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  made  by  a  colony  of  Swedes  and 
Finns,  who  established  themselves  along  Delaware  Bay. 

1621.  —  AN  order  in  council  forbade  the  lotteries  in  England  in 
favor  of  the  Virginia  Company. 


1621-22.]       ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  31 

They  were  stopped  as  being  an  illegal  method  of  raising  money  without  parlia- 
mentary sanction. 

1621.  —  THE  Plymouth  Company  granted  to  John  Mason  a  tract 
of  land  between  Salem  and  the  Merrimac  River. 
It  was  called  Mariana.     Mason  was  a  member  of  the  Company. 

1621.  —  THE  colony  at  Plymouth  received  from  the  council  a 
conveyance  for  the  land  they  occupied. 

It  was  made  out  in  trust  to  John  Pierce.  In  the  ship  Fortune,  which  returned, 
the  first  shipment  was  made  to  England.  It  consisted  of  furs,  sassafras,  and  timber, 
valued  at  five  hundred  pounds.  Passing  up  the  English  Channel,  the  Fortune 
was  taken  by  a  French  cruiser. 

1621.  —  JAMES  I.,  as  king  of  Scotland,  and  under  the  Scotch 
seal,  granted  all  the  territory  between  the  St.  Croix  River  and  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Sir  William  Alexander,  afterwards  the 
Earl  of  Sterling. 

The  territory  was  called  Nova  Scotia,  and  included  also  what  is  now  known  as 
New  Brunswick. 

1621. — WILLIAM  BBADFORD  was  appointed  governor  of  the 
Plymouth  colony,  after  the  death  of  Carver. 

Bradford  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  England,  March,  1589;  died  May  9,  1C57,  at 
Plymouth.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  colony,  1602  to  1647,  which  was  first 
printed  in  1856.  He  was  annually  elected  governor  —  save  for  five  years,  when 
he  declined  to  serve  —  as  long  as  he  lived. 

1622.  —  THE  colony  at  Plymouth  during  the  winter  were  forced 
to  live  on  half  rations,  and  in  spring  there  was  almost  a  famine. 

They  obtained  corn  from  the  fishing  stations  and  vessels  on  the  coast,  and  often 
paid  exorbitantly  for  it.  The  clams  on  the  shore  were  one  of  their  chief  de- 
pendencies. 

1622,  MARCH  22.  —  A  preconcerted  attack  by  the  Indians  was 
made  upon  all  the  settlements  in  Virginia. 

Jamestown  and  a  few  of  the  neighboring  plantations  received  warning  the  night 
before  from  a  converted  Indian,  and  prepared  for  it.  Three  hundred  and  fifty 
persons  perished.  A  war  followed,  in  which  the  colonists  were  successful,  slowly 
exterminating  the  native  population. 

1622.  —  THE  settlement  at  Plymouth  was  surrounded  with  a 
palisade  of  timbers  driven  into  the  ground,  enclosing  a  circuit  of 
a  mile,  with  three  gates. 

News  having  been  received  of  the  massacre  in  Virginia,  a  fort  was  built,  which 
was  used  also  as  a  meeting-house. 

1622.  —  THE  exportation  of  iron  from  Virginia  was  forbidden  by 
the  assembly,  under  a  penalty  of  ten  pounds  of  tobacco  for  each 
pound  of  iron. 

1622.  —  A  SAMPLE  of  wine  was  sent  to  England  from  Virginia. 


32  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1622-23. 

1622,  APRIL  20.  —  Pierce  took  a  conveyance  to  himself  from 
the  council,  of  the  land  occupied  by  the  Plymouth  colony. 

1622,  AUGUST  10.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  a  grant  to 
John  Mason  and  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  of  land  lying  between  the 
Merrimac  and  the  Kennebec  Rivers,  and  extending  back  to  the 
river  in  Canada. 

The  tract  was  called  Laconia. 

1623,  MAY  18.  —  John    Pierce    transferred    the   land   of   the 
Plymouth  colony  to  the  adventurers  for  five  hundred  pounds. 

He  had  also  obtained  another  grant  in  his  own  name  of  a  larger  tract,  which  he 
also  sold. 

1623,  MAY.  —  The  records  of  the  Virginia  Company  were 
ordered  by  the  king  to  be  seized,  and  commissioners  appointed  to 
investigate  their  affairs. 

In  October,  commissioners  were  sent  to  Virginia  to  examine  matters  on  the 
spot.  The  war  with  the  Indians,  together  with  the  massacre  and  the  failure  of 
pecuniary  returns  from  the  enterprise,  caused  great  dissensions  among  the  stock- 
holders. 

1623,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  Plymouth  colony  sent  Edward  Wins- 
low  to  England  in  the  Anne,  as  an  agent  to  obtain  supplies,  and 
report  the  progress  of  the  settlement. 

With  Robert  Cushman  as  an  associate,  he  obtained  a  charter  of  Cape  Ann  from 
Lord  Sheffield,  whose  proportion  of  the  original  grant  to  the  Plymouth  council 
covered  it.  The  patent  was  to  run  seven  years,  and  conferred  full  authority  to 
colonize  and  govern. 

1623,  SEPTEMBER  10.  —  The  Anne,  Mr.  William  Pierce,  master, 
a  vessel  of  one  hundred  and  forty  tons,  being  loaded  with  clap- 
boards, a  few  beaver-skins  and  other  furs,  set  sail  from  Plymouth 
for  her  return  to  England. 

1623.  —  A  SEVERE  drought  cut  off  the  corn  and  vegetable  crops 
of  the  Plymouth  colony,  so  that  they  were  reduced  to  great 
straits. 

They  managed  to  subsist  upon  clams,  shell-fish,  and  such  game  as  they  could 
capture.  In  winter  they  used  the  tubsrs  of  the  wild  artichoke,  making  a  bread 
of  it,  and  at  times  for  three  months  they  saw  no  other  kind.  At  one  time  it  is  said 
they  were  reduced  to  a  single  pint  of  corn,  which,  as  was  their  custom,  they 
divided  equally  among  themselves,  giving  to  each  person  five  kernels.  Governor 
Bradford  says  that  this  year,  when  some  new-comers  arrived,  "  The  best  dish  we 
could  present  them  with  was  a  lobster  or  piece  of  fish,  without  bread  or  anything 
else  but  a  cup  of  fair  spring-water." 

Elder  Brewster  lived  for  months  without  bread,  subsisting  on  clams  and  fish. 
Being  visited  once  by  a  person  whose  stock  of  provisions  was  entirely  exhausted, 
and  who  came  to  see  him  for  consolation  in  his  despair,  his  visitor's  courage  was 
renewed  when  the  elder  invited  him  to  partake  of  his  store,  which  consisted  only 


1623-4.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  33 

of  clams,  over  which  his  host  pronounced  a  grace,  expressing  his  thanks  at  being 
permitted  "to  suck  of  the  abundance  of  the  sea,  and  of  treasures  hid  in  the 
sand." 

1623,  DECEMBER.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  granted  to  Robert 
Gorges,  the  sou  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  a  tract  of  laud  in 
Massachusetts  Bay. 

The  grant  was  made  in  consideration  of  his  father's  services.  It  extended  ten 
miles  along  the  north-east  shore  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  inland  for  thirty  miles, 
embracing  all  islands,  not  previously  granted,  within  three  miles  of  the  shore. 

1623.  —  THE  first  settlement  of  New  Hampshire  was  made  this 
year  near  Dover,  by  the  erection  of  a  fishing  station,  salt  works, 
and  other  buildings. 

The  spot  was  called  Cocheco,  and  the  settlement  was  made  by  William  and 
Edmond  Hilton,  fishmongers,  of  London.  A  settlement  was  made  also  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Piscataqua,  now  Portsmouth,  by  the  "  company  of  Laconia,"  asso- 
ciates of  Gorges  and  Mason,  to  whom  a  grant  had  been  made  of  the  tract  called 
Laconia,  embracing  the  territory  from  the  Merrimac  to  the  Kennebec,  extending 
westward  to  the  river  of  Canada. 

PORTSMOUTH  is  the  only  seaport  in  New  Hampshire,  and  was  incorporated  in 
1633.  The  harbor. is  frequented  as  a  place  of  refuge,  can  accommodate  two 
hundred  vessels,  and  the  rise  of  the  tide  and  the  strength  of  the  current  keep  it 
free  from  ice  in  the  severest  weather.  The  United  States  has  a  navy  yard,  built 
on  Navy  Island,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  Piscataqua ;  the  town  is  on  the  penin- 
sula formed  by  the  river.  It  has  a  large  shipping  interest,  and  many  of  the  ships 
owned  here  are  employed  in  trading  in  other  countries.  In  1799  a  company  began 
to  build  water  works,  bringing  the  water  a  distance  of  three  miles.  These  works 
are  still  used. 

1623.  —  ALBANY,  on  the  Hudson  River,  was  settled  by  the 
Dutch,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Beaverwyck. 

In  1664  it  capitulated  to  the  English,  and  was  named  Albany,  in  honor  of  the 
Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  who  held  the  grant  including  it.  It  was  not  incor- 
porated as  a  city  until  1686. 

1623.  —  A  DUTCH  company,  under  Cornells  May  and  Adriaen 
Jorisz,  built  Fort  Nassau,  on  the  east  shore  of  the  Delaware,  a 
few  miles  beyond  the  present  site  of  Philadelphia. 

This,  with  a  colony  planted  at  Bergen  by  the  Dutch  of  New  Amsterdam,  some 
time  between  1617  and  1623,  made  the  basis  of  the  Dutch  claim  of  the  whole  of 
New  Jersey  as  a  part  of  the  New  Netherlands. 

1623.  —  THE  assembly  in  Virginia  ordered  all  settlers  to  plant 
mulberry-trees. 

1624.  —  A   SHIP- CARPENTER   and  a  salt-maker  arrived   at  the 
Plymouth  colony,  and  began  to  work. 

Governor  Bradford  says  of  the  first:  "He  quickly  builds  two  very  good  and 
strong  shallops,  with  a  great  and  strong  lighter,  and  had  hewn  timber  for  ketches, 
but  this  spoilt;  for  in  the  heat  of  the  season  he  falls  into  a  fever  and  dies,  to  our 

3 


34  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1624. 

great  loss  and  sorrow."  The  salt-maker  selected  a  place  at  Cape  Ann,  and  had  a 
building  erected,  but  failed,  and  the  next  year  had  another  erected  at  Cape  Cod, 
where  he  was  again  unsuccessful.  He  had  been  recommended  to  them  as  a 
"  skilful  and  industrious  man,"  but  Governor  Bradford  calls  him  "  an  ignorant, 
foolish,  self-willed  fellow,"  so  that  "  in  the  ende  all  proved  vaine." 

1624.  —  Ax  the  end  of  its  fourth  year  of  settlement,  Plymouth 
had  thirty-two  dwelling-houses  and  a  hundred  and  eighty-four 
inhabitants. 

The  whole  amount  invested,  counting  in  the  estimated  value  of  personal  ser- 
vices, was  seven  thousand  pounds.  This  year  they  loaded  a  vessel  of  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty  tons  for  Europe,  principally  with  fish. 

1624  —  THE  commissioners  sent  out  to  investigate  the  condi- 
tion of  the  Virginia  Company  reported  unfavorably,  and  a  writ 
of  quo  warranto  being  issued,  the  charter  of  the  Company  was 
declared  forfeit. 

The  stockholders  appealed  to  the  parliament  without  effect.  The  Company 
had  spent  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  pounds,  which  was  all  lost.  The  king 
continued  Governor  Wyatt  in  ofSce,  and  in  his  instructions  confined  him  and  the 
council  to  such  authority  as  they  had  exercised  for  the  past  five  years.  The 
assembly  continued  to  meet  as  before. 

1624,  SEPTEMBER  29.  —  King  James  issued  a  proclamation 
restraining  the  culture  of  tobacco  to  Virginia  and  the  Somer 
Islands. 

1624.  —  THE  first  list  of  laws  for  Virginia,  which  have  been 
preserved,  were  enacted  this  year. 

They  consist  of  thirty-five  acts.  Every  plantation  was  to  provide  a  place  of 
worship  and  burial,  and  non-attendance  on  public  worship  was  fined,  if  "  without 
allowable  excuse."  The  forms  of  the  English  Church  were  to  be  observed.  A 
minister  from  his  parish  two  months  forfeited  half  his  salary.  Disparaging  a 
minister  without  proof  was  fined  five  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco,  and  the  offender 
was  obliged  to  publicly  beg  the  minister's  pardon.  The  minister's  salary  was  to 
be  paid  first  out  of  the  best  tobacco  and  corn.  Churchwardens  were  to  present 
all  drunkards  and  swearers.  The  expenditure  and  levy  of  all  public  money  was 
the  function  of  the  assembly  alone.  The  burgesses  were  exempt  from  arrest  on 
their  way  to  and  from  the  session,  and  during  it.  New  courts,  for  "the  more 
distant  parts,"  were  established.  The  price  of  corn  was  unrestricted,  but  those 
of  other  commodities  were  to  remain  as  fixed  by  proclamations.  Each  planter 
was  yearly  to  bring  a  bushel  of  corn  for  the  public  granary,  to  be  disposed  of  for 
the  public  benefit  by  the  majority  vote  of  the  freemen.  Trade  in  corn  with  the 
Indians  was  prohibited.  A  tax  of  ten  pounds  of  tobacco  on  each  person  was 
levied  for  the  expenses  of  the  war,  and  another  of  four  for  the  sending  an  agent 
to  England. 

1624.  —  EDWARD  WINSLOW  returned  to  the  Plymouth  colony, 
bringing  with  him  three  heifers  and  a  bull. 

This  was  the  introduction  of  cattle  in  New  England.  Winslow  had  also  suc- 
ceeded in  negotiating  a  loan  for  eighteen  hundred  pounds  for  the  colony,  and  had 
published  a  tract,  Good  News  from  New  England,  during  his  stay  in  London. 


1624-5.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  35 

1624.  — AN  allotment  of  an  acre  of  land,  in  fee,  was  made  to 
each  person  in  the  Plymouth  colony. 

It  was  made  in  order  that  each  family  should  plant  for  itself;  and  in  a  few  years 
the  colony  became  sellers  instead  of  buyers  of  corn. 

1624.  —  A  settlement  was  made  by  the  Plymouth  colony  at 
Cape  Ann. 

A  frame  house  was  erected,  and  some  fishing  stages ;  but  the  loss  of  the  build- 
ing by  fire,  and  other  disasters,  caused  the  settlement  to  be  abandoned  almost 
entirely. 

1624.  —  A  grant  was  made   by  the   Plymouth   Company  of 
twenty-four  thousand  acres  on  York  River  to  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges. 

This  grant  was  called  Agamenticus. 

1624-5,  FEBRUARY  3.  — The  patentees  of  the  Plymouth  coun- 
cil, in  the  presence  of  King  James,  "  had  their  portion  assigned 
them  by  lot,  with  his  Highness'  approbation,  upon  the  sea-coast, 
from  east  to  west,  some  eighty  and  one  hundred  leagues  long." 

A  map  by  Captain  Smith,  published  in  1G24  in  Purchas,  has  the  names  of  the 
proprietors  set  down  in  order  to  the  number  of*  twenty. 

1625,  MAY  13.  —  Charles  I.;  who  had  just  ascended  the  throne, 
issued  a  proclamation  "  for  settling  the  plantation  of  Virginia." 

This  proclamation  contained  the  following  extract:  "Our  full  resolution  is, 
that  there  may  be  one  uniforme  course  of  government  in  and  through  our  whole 
monarchic ;  that  the  government  of  the  colony  of  Virginia  shall  ymmediately 
depend  upon  ourselfe,  and  not  be  commytted  to  anie  company  or  corporation ;  to 
whom  itt  maie  be  proper  to  trust  matters  of  trade  and  commerce,  but  cannot  be 
fitt  or  safe  to  communicate  the  ordering  of  state  affairs,  be  they  of  never  soe  mean 
consequence." 

1625.  —  CAPTAIN  WOLLASTON,  with  a  company,  came  to  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  and  settled  at  a  spot  they  called  Mount  Wollaston. 

It  was  in  the  present  town  of  Quincy.  Among  the  company  was  Thomas 
Morton. 

1625.  —  CHARLES  I.  confirmed  the  charter  conferring  Nova 
Scotia  to  Sir  William  Alexander. 

He  gave  him  also  the  right  to  sell  a  hundred  and  fifty  hereditary  titles  of  baron, 
which  proved  much  more  profitable  than  colonizing. 

1625.  —  LONG  ISLAND  was  first  settled  by  a  small  colony  of 
Walloons,  or  Protestant  refugees,  from  the  Spanish  Netherlands. 

They  settled,  about  thirty  families  in  all,  on  the  north-west  corner  of  Long 
Island.  The  spot  was  called  Wahle-Bocht,  or  Walloon's  Bay,  now  corrupted 
into  Wallalout.  This  was  the  origin  of  Brooklyn,  then  called  Breuchelen  from  a 
village  in  Holland,  and  now  the  third  city  in  the  Union. 

1625.  —  PIETER  EVERTSEN  VERHULTST  brought  into  New  Nether- 


36  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1626-7. 

lands  one  hundred  and  three  animals,  consisting  of  horses,  cows, 
hogs,  and  sheep,  with  a  number  of  new  settlers. 

The  cattle  were  intended  for  breeding  purposes,  and  were  shipped  with  great 
care,  each  animal  having  its  own  stall  covered  with  three  feet  of  sand.  Verhulst 
came  out  as  director,  and  brought  three  ships. 

1626.  —  PETER  MINUIT,  who  came  over  with  the  appointment 
of  director-general  of  New  Amsterdam,  purchased  Manhattan 
Island  of  the  Indians,  in  the  interest  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company. 

It  contained  about  twenty-two  thousand  acres,  and  the  price  paid  was  sixty 
guilders,  or  about  twenty-four  dollars. 

1626.  —  THE  first  mill  on  Manhattan  Island  was  a  horse-mill, 
built  this  year  by  Francois  Molemacher,  under  the  direction  of 
the  engineer  Kryn  Frederich.  The  second  story  of  the  mill 
building  was  used  as  a  church,  and  its  site  was  very  near  that 
now  occupied  by  Trinity  church. 

1626.  —  THIS  year  Kryn  Frederich,  the  engineer,  staked  out  a 
fort  at  the  lower  end  of  Manhattan  Island,  and  built  a  stone 
warehouse  for  the  company. 

The  fort,  when  finished,  was  called  Fort  Amsterdam. 

1627,  MARCH  19.  —  The   Plymouth   council  granted  a   patent 
to  Sir  Henry  Roswell,  Sir  John  Young,  Thomas  Southcoat,  John 
Humphrey,  John  Endicott,  and  Simon  Whitcomb. 

The  patent  covered  "  all  that  part  of  New  England  lying  between  the  river 
Merrimac  and  another  river  called  the  Charles,  being  the  bottom  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  and  to  a  line  three  miles  to  the  north  of  the  said  Merrimac,  or  to  the 
northward  of  any  and  every  part  thereof;  and  all  the  lands  lying  within  the 
limits  aforesaid,  north  and  south,  in  latitude  and  breadth,  and  in  length  and  longi- 
tude, and  throughout  the  main  lands  there,  from  the  Atlantic  and  Western  Sea 
and  Ocean  on  the  east  part,  to  the  South  Sea  on  the  west  part." 

1627,  MARCH.  —  A  deputation  from  the  colony  at  New  Amster- 
dam visited  the  Plymouth  colony,  with  authority  from  the  Dutch 
governor  to  make  overtures  for  trade. 

Much  of  the  supplies  of  linen  and  cloth  were  obtained  by  the  Plymouth  people 
from  this  source.  Isaac  Allerton,  one  of  the  original  Plymouth  settlers,  became 
a  prominent  merchant  in  New  Amsterdam.  From  the  Dutch  the  Plymouth  colo- 
nists learned  the  use  of  wampum  in  trading  with  the  Indians. 

1627.  —  THIS  year,  at  Monamet,  now  Sandwich,  near  Cape  Cod, 
a  pinnace  was  built  by  the  Plymouth  colony  for  the  purpose  of 
fishing. 

1627.  —  A  LETTER  to  the  king  from  Governor  West  and  the 
council  of  Virginia  gave  a  by  no  means  encouraging  account  of 
the  industry  of  the  colony. 

The  freight  on  clapboards  and  staves  ate  up  all  the  profit ;  the  vineyards  had  not 


1627-8.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  37 

succeeded,  for  the  persons  sent  out  to  tend  the  vines  "  concealed  their  skill,"  or 
had  no  skill  to  conceal ;  the  iron  and  potash  works  were  broken  up  by  the  In- 
dians ;  the  making  of  tar  and  pitch  was  not  advisable  on  account  of  the  difficult 
transportation. 

1627.  —  A  COMPANY  of  Swedes  and  Finns  landed  at  Cape 
Henlopen. 

They  afterwards  bought  the  land  from  the'  cape  to  the  falls  of  the  Delaware. 
The  river  Delaware  they  called  New  Swedeland  Stream. 

1627.  —  THE  Company  of  a  Hundred  Associates  took  the  settle- 
ment at  Quebec  from  the  hands  of  the  French  Protestants, 
together  with  its  trade. 

The  scheme  was  originated  by  the  Cardinal  Richelieu,  who  was  at  the  head  of 
the  association. 

1627.  —  ISAAC  ALLERTON,  who  had  the  year  before  been  sent  as 
agent  to  England  by  the  Plymouth  colony,  succeeded  in  making 
an  arrangement  with  the  London  adventurers. 

The  seven  years  originally  agreed  upon  by  the  Plymouth  colony  and  the  Lon- 
don adventurers  were  ended.  The  adventurers  agreed  to  sell  out  their  interest 
for  eighteen  hundred  pounds,  payable  in  annual  payments  of  two  hundred  pounds, 
the  first  payment  to  be  made  in  1628.  After  Allerton's  return,  eight  of  the  chief 
colonists  gave  their  bonds  for  the  amount  on  condition  of  enjoying  for  six  years 
a  monopoly  of  the  trade  with  the  Indians.  These  associates  were  Governor 
Bradford,  Edward  Winslow,  Thomas  Prince,  Miles  Standish,  William  Brewster, 
John  Alden,  John  Rowland,  and  Isaac  Allerton.  By  their  contract  they  assumed 
all  the  debts  of  the  colony,  took  the  stock  on  hand,  agreed  to  bring  over  every 
year  fifty  pounds'  worth  of  hoes  and  shoes,  and  sell  them  for  corn  at  six  shillings 
a  bushel,  and  at  the  end  of  the  term  return  the  trade  to  the  colony.  Allerton 
returned  to  London  and  completed  the  bargain  on  the  Gth  of  November.  A  divis- 
ion of  the  movable  property  was  made  a  little  later,  and  a  general  partnership  of 
the  colony  organized.  Each  member  had  a  share,  and  each  head  of  a  family 
could  purchase  others  for  the  number  of  his  family.  Each  contributed  to  the 
payment  of  the  debts  according  to  his  shares.  To  each  share  twenty  acres  of 
land  were  allotted,  and  to  every  six  shares  a  cow,  two  goats,  and  hogs.  Allerton 
had  also  borrowed  two  hundred  pounds  in  London  for  buying  supplies,  and  paid 
thirty  per  cent,  for  the  money; 

1627.  —  THE  Dutch  imported  slaves  into  New  York. 

When  in  1664  the  English  took  possession  of  the  colony,  in  proportion  to  its 
population,  there  were  more  slaves  than  in  Virginia. 

1628,  MARCH  19.  —  A  grant  was  obtained  from  the  council  of 
New  England  for  a  company  of  Puritans,  including  the  whole  of 
Massachusetts  Bay. 

It  was  given  to  John  Humphrey,  John  Endicott,  and  four  others,  and  extended 
westward  to  the  Pacific ;  north  and  south  it  was  bounded  by  two  parallel  lines,  one 
three  miles  north  of  "  any  and  every  part"  of  the  Merrimac,  and  the  other  three 
miles  south  of  "  any  and  every  "  part  of  Charles  River.  Portions  of  the  territory 
had  been  granted  previously  to  others,  and  the  boundaries  themselves,  as  was 


38  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1628. 

frequently  the  case  in  such  documents,  were  impossible,  the  knowledge  of  the 
territory  of  America  being  very  vague  and  undefined.  John  Winthrop,  a  lawyer, 
Sir  Richard  Saltonstall,  and  others,  joined  the  enterprise,  and  John  Endicott  was 
sent  with  fifty  or  sixty  persons  to  make  a  settlement. 

1628,  SEPTEMBER  14.  —  The  company  with  Endicott  arrived 
at  Naumkeag,  and  sent  an  expedition  to  explore  the  head  of 
Massachusetts  Bay.  They  changed  the  name  of  their  settlement 
to  Salem. 

They  found  there  Roger  Conant,  who  had  moved  there  from  New  Plymouth. 
The  settlement  was  made  under  the  auspices  of  the  Massachusetts  Company,  but 
before  it  had  obtained  its  charter. 

Independent  settlers  had  occupied  various  points  along  the  bay.  The  site  of 
Charlestown,  as  it  was  already  called,  was  occupied  by  Walford,  a  smith ;  the 
opposite  peninsula,  now  the  site  of  Boston,  then  called  Shawmut,  was  occupied 
by  a  Mr.  Blackstone,  an  eccentric  clergyman.  The  island  which  is  now  East 
Boston  was  inhabited  by  Samuel  Maverick,  an  Indian  trader,  who  had  a  fort  there 
with  two  small  cannon.  He  also  possessed  negro  slaves. 

SALEM  has  always  been  famous  for  its  commercial  enterprise,  its  people  not 
only  doing  a  coasting  business,  but  carrying  on  trade  witli  Europe  and  the  West 
Indies,  in  the  early  days  of  the  colony.  During  the  Revolution,  one  hundred  and 
fifty-eight  privateers  were  fitted  out  in  Salem.  In  1785  the  first  vessel  sent 
to  China  was  one  belonging  to  Elias  Daly,  and  for  many  years  Salem  monopolized 
the  East  India  trade.  In  1836,  Salem  received  a  city  charter.  Its  commerce 
has  diminished,  and  its  manufactures  haye  increased,  since  the  early  part  of  the 
century.  It  has  factories  of  cotton,  chemicals,  leather,  machinery,  cordage,  and 
black  lead.  It  is  also  celebrated  for  its  schools  ;  the  finest  normal  school  in  the 
state  is  here. 

1628.  —  SIR  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER,  and  Sir  David  Kirk,  a  refu- 
gee Huguenot,  fitted  out  a  fleet  of  nine  vessels,  ibr  the  purpose 
of  capturing  the  French  settlements  in  Canada. 

There  was  a  war  declared  between  England  and  France.  Kirk  gained  pos- 
session of  Port  Royal,  and  hearing  of  the  approach  of  a  French  fleet,  sailed 
after  them,  and  captured  them  off  the  Bay  of  Gaspee. 

1628.  —  AN  entry  in  the  records  of  the  Governor  and  Company 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  mentions  the  payment  of  eleven  pounds  for 
a  pair  of  mill-stones,  to  be  sent  in  the  ship  to  New  England,  con- 
sisting of  one  hundred  and  ten  burrs  at  two  shillings  each. 

No  record  has,  however,  been  found  of  their  being  mounted  for  use. 

1628.  —  IN  the  second  letter  of  instructions  to  Governor  Endi- 
cott from  the  Company,  he  is  directed  "  to  give  approbation  and 
furtherance  to  Francis  Webb  in  setting  up  his  saw-mill,"  which 
was  to  be  sent  over  in  the  Lyon's  Whelpe,  together  with  other 
stores. 

Whether  this  mill  came  over  does  not  appear.  1633  has  been  given  as  the 
date  of  the  erection  of  the  first  saw-mill  in  New  England,  but  upon  what  authority 
is  not  recorded. 


1628-9.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  39 

1628.  —  SALT-MAKING  was  provided  for  in  organizing  the  set- 
tlement of  Massachusetts  Bay ;  and  at  the  meeting,  in  March,  of 
the  Court  of  Assistants,  the  following  conclusion  was  arrived  at : 

"  Touching  making  of  salt,  it  was  conseued  ffytt  that  commodetty  should  be 
reserued  for  the  general  stocks  benefitt.  yeet  with  this  proviso,  that  every  planter 
or  brother  of  the  company  should  have  as  much  as  he  might  aney  way  have 
occasyon  to  make  use  of,  at  as  cheape  rate  as  themselves  could  make  it ;  provided, 
if  the  company  bee  not  sufficiently  provided  for  themselffs,  their  particular  men 
may  have  liberty  to  make  for  their  own  expence  and  use  aney  way,  but  not  to 
transport  nor  sell." 

1628.  —  THE  Plymouth  colony,  after  remonstrating  with  Morton 
at  his  settlement,  sent  Standish,  who  arrested  him  and  scattered 
the  others. 

Morton  was  sent  to  England.  Eight  plantations  united  in  paying  the  expense 
of  this  action. 

1628.  —  A  MR.  SHIRLEY  writes  from  London  to  Governor  Brad- 
ford, of  Plymouth  colony : 

"It  is  true,  as  you  write,  your  engagements  are  great,  not  only  the  purchase, 
but  you  are  yet  necessitated  to  take  up  the  stock  you  work  upon,  and  that  not  at 
six  or  eight  per  cent.,  as  it  is  here  let  out,  but  at  thirty,  forty,  yea  and  some  fifty 
per  cent.,  which,  were  not  your  gains  great,  and  God's  blessing  on  your  honest 
endeavours  more  than  ordinary,  it  could  not  be  you  should  long  subsist  in  the 
maintaining  and  upholding  of  your  worldly  affairs." 

1628.  —  THE  Rev.  Jonas  Michaelius  arrived  at  Manhattan. 

He  was  the  first  Dutch  Reformed  minister  in  America,  and  organized  a  con- 
sistory, where  public  services  were  held. 

1629.  —  THE  West  India  Company,  by  the  charter  of  Patroons, 
granted  to  those  who  should  plant  colonies,  certain  "  Freedoms 
and  Exceptions." 

Among  these  were  the  exclusive  privilege  of  "hunting,  fowling,  fishing,  and 
milling  (or  grinding)  within  their  manors,  to  be  holden  as  an  eternal  inheritance, 
to  devolve  as  well  to  females  as  to  males,  and  to  be  redeemed  on  each  occasion 
on  the  renewal  of  fealty  and  homage  to  the  Company,  and  the  payment  within  a 
year  of  one  pair  of  iron  gauntlets  and  twenty  guilders,"  &c.  Every  settler  was 
obliged  to  have  his  corn  ground  at  the  Patroon's  mill,  and  the  Patroon  was  obliged 
to  keep  his  mill  in  repair  at  his  own  expense. 

By  the  charter  of  Freedoms  and  Exceptions,  the  property  in  minerals,  precious 
stones,  and  crystals,  in  New  Netherlands,  belonged  to  the  Patroons,  who  were  to 
pay  the  discoverer  of  them  as  had  been  agreed  upon. 

The  grants  to  Patroons  were  to  be  sixteen  miles  in  extent  along  the  sea-coast, 
or  some  navigable  river,  or  eight  miles  when  both  sides  were  occupied,  extending 
indefinitely  inland.  The  island  of  Manhattan  and  the  fur  trade  with  the  Indians 
were  expressly  exempted.  Upon  all  trade  carried  on  by  Patroons  a  royalty  of 
five  per  cent,  was  to  be  paid.  Settlers  at  their  own  expense  were  to  have  as  much 
land  as  they  could  cultivate,  and  all  were  to  be  free  from  taxation  for  ten  years. 
All  weaving  of  cotton,  linen,  woollen,  or  any  other  stuffs,  was  forbidden  on  pain 
of  punishment. 


40  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1629. 

1629.  —  SIR  DAVID  KIRK,  having  received  the  submission  of 
some  French  settlers  on  the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  ascended  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  captured  Quebec. 

Champlain  was  governor ;  there  were  only  about  a  hundred  inhabitants  in  the 
place,  and  as  they  were  then  in  distress  for  want  of  provisions,  and  there  was  no 
expectation  of  succor,  they  surrendered.  Peace,  however,  being  already  declared 
between  France  and  England,  Canada,  Cape  Breton,  and  Acadie  were  given  up 
again  to  the  French. 

1629,  MARCH  4. —  A  charter  was  issued  under  the  royal  seal, 
creating  a  body  politic  to  be  known  as  the  Governor  and  Com- 
pany of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New  England. 

They  had  corresponded  with  the  patentees  of  the  Roswell  patent,  and,  uniting 
with  them  as  the  New  England  Company,  bought  out  the  Dorchester  adventur- 
ers who  had  settled  at  Cape  Ann.  They  were  persons  who  desired  to  leave  Eng- 
land on  account  of  the  religious  intolerance  of  the  Established  Church,  they 
being  Puritans.  It  is  supposed  that  they  purchased  Lord  Sheffield's  claim  as  one 
of  the  original  proprietors  under  the  division  of  the  Plymouth  Company ;  but  there 
is  no  record  of  this.  Religious  intolerance  was  as  decided  a  tenet  of  the  Puritans 
and  the  Separatists  of  Plymouth  as  it  was  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  when  the 
occasion  offered,  they  were  as  prompt  to  exercise  it.  The  charter  provided  for  a 
governor,  deputy  governor,  and  eighteen  assistants,  to  be  elected  yearly  at  a 
general  meeting  of  the  freemen  of  the  colony.  The  enactment  of  laws,  the  rais- 
ing of  money,  and  other  important  matters,  were  the  business  of  the  general 
court,  or  meeting,  to  be  held  quarterly.  Nothing  was  said  about  religion.  Every 
fifty  pounds  contributed  to  the  stock  by  a  member  of  the  company  entitled  him  to 
two  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  the  same  proportion  for  smaller  amounts.  Per- 
sons not  stockholders,  emigrating  at  their  own  expense,  were  allowed  fifty  acres, 
with  the  same  for  each  indented  servant  they  brought,  and  an  additional  allow- 
ance "  according  to  their  charge  and  quality." 

1629,  JUNE.  —  About  two  hundred  emigrants  arrived  in  Massa- 
chusets,  and  settled  at  Naumkeag. 

There  were  three  "  godly  ministers,"  sent  at  the  Company's  expense  :  Skelton, 
Higginson,  and  Bright.  Also  a  stock  of  cattle,  with  some  horses  and  goats.  They 
found  only  eight  or  ten  rude  houses,  and  a  portion  of  them  moved  to  Charles- 
town. 

1629,  OCTOBER  30.  —  A  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Company 
was  held  in  London  to  transfer  the  charter  to  the  freemen  inhab- 
iting the  territory,  and  electing  officers  who  should  agree  to 
emigrate. 

John  Winthrop  was  chosen  governor,  and  Dudley  deputy.  The  stockholders 
who  remained  in  England  were  to  have  an  interest  for  seven  years  upon  two- 
thirds  of  their  original  stock.  The  stock  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  ten  trustees, 
five  in  England  and  five  in  the  colony,  who  were  to  have  five  per  cent,  on  the  net 
profits.  This  stock  had  half  the  trade  in  beavers,  the  whole  making  of  salt,  the 
exclusive  right  of  transportation  of  passengers  and  goods,  at  a  fixed  rate,  and  sup- 
plying the  colony  at  an  advance  of  twenty-five  per  cent.  At  the  end  of  seven 
years  there  was  to  be  a  division  among  the  stockholders,  but  there  is  no  record 
of  any  such  thing. 


1629-30.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  41 

1629.  —  FOUR  hundred-weight  of  hops  and  forty-five  tuns  of 
beer  were  ordered  by  the  Court  of  Assistants  to  be  sent  to  the 
colony  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  the  Talbot,  provided  she  had 
one  hundred  passengers  and  eighty-five  manners. 

The  instructions  sent  out  forbid  the  culture  of  tobacco,  "unless  it  be  some 
small  quantitie  for  meere  necessitie,  and  for  phisick  for  preservacon  of  their 
healths,  and  that  the  same  bee  taken  privately  by  auntient  men  and  none  other." 

1629.  — THE  Court  of  Assistants  in  London  engaged  a  number 
of  skilled  laborers  to  emigrate  to  Massachusetts. 

Among  them  was  Mr.  Malbon,  an  iron-worker.  The  record  states:  "  also  for 
Mr.  Malbon  it  was  propounded,  he  having  skill  in  Iron-works,  and  willing  to  put 
twenty-five  pounds  in  stock,  it  should  be  accounted  as  fifty  pounds,  and  his 
charges  to  be  bore  out  and  home  from  New  England,  and  upon  his  return,  and 
report  of  what  may  be  done  about  Iron-works,  consideration  to  be  had  of  proceed- 
ing therein  accordingly,  and  further  recompense  if  there  be  cause  to  entertain 
him."  Others  were  sent  over  in  a  similar  way  for  salt-making,  mining,  and  other 
businesses. 

1629. — TEN  thousand  bricks  were  sent  from  London  to  Boston, 
to  be  used  in  the  construction  of  fireplaces  and  chimneys. 

1629.  —  A  BRICK-KILN  was  erected  in  Salem,  Massachusetts. 

The  minister  of  Salem  writes  this  year:  "  It  is  thought  here  is  good  clay  to 
make  Bricke,  and  Tyles  and  Earthen  pots,  as  need  to  be.  At  this  instant  we  are 
setting  a  brick-kill  on  worke  to  make  Brickes  and  Tyles  for  the  building  of  our 
houses."  He  adds  also  :  "For  stone,  here  is  plentie  of  slates  at  the  isle  of  slates 
in  Massathulets  Bay,  and  Lime-stone,  Free-stone,  and  smooth  stone  and  Iron 
stone,  and  marble  stone,  also  in  such  store,  that  we  have  great  Rockes  of  it  and  a 
harbor  near  by.  Our  plantation  is  from  thence  called  Marble-Harbor." 

1629.  —  MASON  and  Gorges  divided  the  laud  granted  them  by 
the  Plymouth  Company,  Mason  obtaining  a  patent  for  his  share, 
and  Gorges  one  for  his.  t 

Mason's  share  extended  from  the  Merrimac  to  the  Piscataqua,  and  sixty  miles 
inland.  He  gave  it  the  name  of  New  Hampshire.  Gorges'  portion,  lying  between 
the  Piscataqua  and  the  Kcnnebec,  he  called  New  Sommersetshire. 

1630,  JANUARY  13.  —  The  council  for  New  England  made  a 
patent  to  William  Bradford  and  his  associates  of  the  land  occu- 
pied by  the  colony. 

Its  boundaries  were  defined,  as  "  all  that  tract  of  New  England  lying  between 
a  rivulet  called  Cohasset  at  the  north,  and  the  river  Narragansett  towards  the  south, 
and  the  great  Western  Ocean  towards  the  east,  and  between  and  within  a  straight 
line  directly  extending  up  into  the  main  land  towards  the  west,  from  the  mouth  of 
the  said  river  Narragansett  to  the  extremes!  limits  and  bounds  of  a  place  or  country 
called  Pokanacut,  alias  Sowamset.  Westward,  a  tract  for  fishery,  which  had  been 
granted  in  1627,  was  embraced  in  this  conveyance.  This  tract  extended  from 
Cobisecontee  towards  the  Western  Ocean  to  a  place  called  the  Falls  of  Neguam- 
kike,  with  fifteen  miles  in  width  on  either  side  of  the  Kennebec.  This  gave  them 
a  title  to  the  land.  To  exercise  the  right  of  government,  a  charter  from  the  king 


42  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA..  [1630. 

was  supposed  to  be  necessary,  and  the  colony  made  efforts  to  obtain  one,  with  no 
success.  By  the  force  of  circumstances  they  gradually  assumed  these  powers. 
The  laws  were  made  in  a  general  assembly  of  the  freemen.  The  governor  and 
the  assistants,  at  first  one,  then  five,  then  seven,  made  the  executive.  The 
church  was  for  eight  years  without  a  pastor.  At  the  sessions  a  question  was 
given,  and  any  one  spoke. 

1630,  FEBRUARY.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  two  grants 
of  land,  eight  miles  by  four,  on  the  Saco  River. 

One  of  these  was  made  to  Thomas  Lewis  and  Richard  Boynton,  and  comprised 
the  seat  of  Saco ;  the  other  was  made  to  John  Oldham  and  Richard  Vines. 

1630,  MARCH.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  two  grants  of 
lands  on  the  Piscataqua. 

One  of  these,  to  Hinton,  was  at  Dover;  the  other  was  at  Portsmouth. 

1630,  MARCH  2.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  a  grant 
known  as  the  Muscongus  or  Waldo  patent. 

It  was  made  to  John  Beauchamp,  of  London,  and  Thomas  Leverett,  of  Boston, 
and  covered  territory  thirty  miles  square  west  of  Penobscot  Bay. 

1630.  —  JOHN  BILLINGTON  was  found  guilty  of  murder,  and  exe- 
cuted at  Plymouth. 

Governor  Bradford  says,  "We  used  all  due  means  about  his  trial;  he  was 
found  guilty  both  by  grand  and  petty  jury ;  and  we  took  the  advice  of  Mr.  Win- 
throp  and  others,  the  ablest  gentlemen  in  the  Massachusetts  Bay,  who  all  con- 
curred with  us  that  he  ought  to  die,  and  the  land  be  purged  from  blood." 

1630,  JUNE  12.  —  John  Winthrop  arrived  at  Massachusetts 
Bay,  in  the  Arbella,  bringing  the  duplicate  of  the  royal  charter 
with  him,  and  assumed  the  governorship  of  the  colony,  to  which 
he  had  been  appointed  in  1629,  in  London,  when  the  charter  was 
obtained. 

This  is  still  preserved  in  the  State  House  in  Boston.  A  portion  of  the  colo- 
nists settled  at  Charlestown,  another  at  Mattapan,  which  they  named  Dorchester, 
and  a  third  at  Watertown.  Other  smaller  settlements  were  at  Roxbury,  Medford, 
Saugus,  now  Lynn,  and  at  Newtown,  now  Cambridge.  It  was  the  intention  to 
make  this  last  spot  the  capital,  it  having  been  selected  for  that  purpose ;  but  the 
settlement  of  Boston  prevented  it.  The  cost  of  this  emigration  was  estimated  at 
twenty  thousand  pounds.  The  settlers  in  the  different  localities  at  once  assumed 
the  township  organization,  voting  in  their  town  meetings  the  taxes  for  local  pur- 
poses, and  electing  their  "  selectmen,"  and  the  town  clerks,  treasurers,  and  other 
officers. 

Winthrop  was  re-elected  every  year  until  1634,  when  his  popularity  declined. 
After  the  "  Hutchinson  "  controversy  in  1636-7,  he  regained  his  influence,  was 
again  chosen  until  1640;  in  1644-5  was  deputy-governor,  and  in  1646,  governor, 
and  so  remained  until  his  death.  He  kept  a  journal  of  the  affairs  of  the  colony 
from  March  26,  down  to  January  11,  1649,  which  was  published  in  1826.  Win- 
throp was  born  in  Groton,  England,  January  12,  1588 ;  died  March  26,  1649. 

1630,  JUNE  AND  JULY.  —  About  eight  hundred  persons  arrived 
in  Massachusetts. 


1630.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  43 

They  had  sailed  in  March  from  Yarmouth,  England,  in  eleven  ships.  The 
settlement  of  Boston,  named  from  Boston,  England,  dates  from  this  time.  The 
territory  of  Boston  was  found  at  the  time  of  settlement  in  possession  of  William 
Blaekstone,  or  Blaxton,  as  he  spelled  it,  who  had  come  over  with  the  expedition 
of  Robert  Gorges,  whose  object  was  to  establish  an  Episcopal  colony.  Black- 
stone  was  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  and  a  graduate  of  Cambridge,  England,  in 
1621.  He  was  born  in  1595.  When  the  Gorges  expedition  returned,  he  remained 
at  Shawmut  (now  Boston),  and  planted  there  the  first  orchard  in  Massachusetts.  At 
his  suggestion,  this  year,  the  greater  part  of  the  settlers  at  Charlestown  moved  to 
Boston,  and  in  1634  he  sold  out  his  claim  to  Shawmut,  each  inhabitant  paying 
him  six  shillings,  and  some  of  them  more.  He  then  moved  to  the  spot  which  is 
now  in  the  south  part  of  the  town  of  Cumberland,  Rhode  Island,  near  the  banks 
Of  the  Pawtucket  River.  He  said,  "  I  left  England  to  get  from  under  the  power 
of  the  Lord  Bishops,  but  in  America  I  am  fallen  under  the  power  of  the  lord 
bretheren."  Here  he  planted  another  orchard,  some  of  the  trees  of  which  re- 
mained in  bearing  as  late  as  1830.  He  died  May  26,  1675,  and  soon  after  his 
death  his  house  and  library  were  burned  by  the  Indians  in  King  Philip's  war.  His 
descendants  are  said  to  be  still  in  existence. 

1630,  JULY  18.  — A  day  of  thanksgiving  was  declared  in  the 
Massachusetts  colony,  for  the  safe  arrival  of  the  numbers  of  new 
settlers. 

Some  authorities  put  the  number  as  high  as  a  thousand,  using  fifteen  ships. 

1630,  AUGUST  23.  —  The  first  meeting  of  the  Court  of  Assist- 
ants was  held  at  Charlestown,  Massachusetts. 

Their  first  measure  was  to  consider  "  how  the  ministers  shall  be  maintained," 
and  the  next  to  fix  the  wages  of  carpenters,  joiners,  bricklayers,  sawyers,  and 
thatchers,  at  two  shillings  a  day,  with  a  fine  of  ten  shillings  on  both  the  giver  and 
receiver  of  more. 

1630,  OCTOBEK  19.  —  The  first  general  court  in  Massachusetts 
assembled  at  Boston. 

It  was  composed  of  all  the  freemen  in  the  colony.  More  than  a  hundred  per- 
sons were  admitted  as  freemen.  William  Blaekstone,  the  first  settler  of  Boston, 
applied  to  be  admitted.  The  next  year,  at  the  general  court,  he  was  admitted. 
Many  of  those  admitted  this  year  did  not  belong  to  any  of  the  churches.  This 
court  ordered  that  the  freemen  should  elect  only  the  assistants,  who  should  elect 
the  governor  and  deputy,  and  make  laws  and  appoint  the  officers. 

1630. — WITH  the  company  that  arrived  in  Massachusetts  with 
Governor  Winthrop,  there  were  shipped  three  hundred  kine  and 
a  number  of  other  cattle. 

More  than  half  of  them  died  on  the  passage  and  during  the  severity  of  the 
succeeding  winter,  so  that  the  price  of  a  cow  rose  to  twenty-five  or  thirty  pounds. 

1630.  —  LIBERTY  was  given  by  the  Massachusetts  colony  to 
two  hundred  indented  servants  who  had  been  brought  over. 

The  hardships  of  the  winter  proved  destructive,  more  than  two  hundred  dying 
before  it  was  out ;  besides  which  over  a  hundred  discouraged,  returned  in  the 
ships  they  had  come  in. 


44  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1630-31. 

1630.  —  THE  Plymouth  Company  made  a  grant  known  as  the 
Lygonia  or  plough  patent. 

It  was  made  to  John  Dy  and  others,  and  embraced  land  forty  miles  square 
near  Casco  Bay. 

1630.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  made  at  Albany,  New  York,  under 
the  system  of  "  Freedoms  and  Exemptions,"  by  Van  Rensselaer. 

Among  the  settlers  was  Andries  Carstensen,  a  master  millwright,  and  two 
sawyers. 

1630. —  FROM  the  Patroons'  account  books,  the  price  of  salt  in 
Van  Rensselaer's  settlement  on  the  Hudson,  between  this  year 
and  1646,  was  seven  florins  thirteen  stivers  a  ton  for  imported 
white  salt,  or  two  florins  twelve  stivers  the  half  barrel. 

The  florin  of  twenty  stivers  =  forty  cents. 

1630.  —  A  COLONY  of  thirty  Hollanders,  headed  by  De  Vries, 
settled  at  Hoarhill,  on  the  Delaware,  just  within  Cape  Henlopen, 
the  present  site  of  Lewiston. 

1630.  —  SALT-WORKS  were  established  in  Virginia,  at  Accomac, 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

1630.  —  A  FORT  was  built  at  Point  Comfort,  at  the  entrance  to 
James  River,  Virginia. 

To  provide  ammunition  for  it,  a  payment  in  powder  and  ball  was  demanded 
from  ships  passing. 

1631,  FEBRUARY  15.  —  The  ship  Lyon  arrived  at  Nantasket, 
Massachusetts  Bay. 

She  brought  twenty  passengers  and  a  large  store  of  provisions.  The  20th  had 
been  set  apart  as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer ;  the  colony  was  suffering  for  want 
of  provisions.  In  consequence  of  this  timely  arrival,  the  day  was  made  one  of 
thanksgiving.  Roger  Williams  came  over  in  this  vessel. 

1631,  FEBRUARY  20.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  a  grant 
known  as  the  Drowne  or  Pemaquid  patent. 

It  was  made  to  Aldworth  and  Eldridge,  and  consisted  of  twelve  thousand  acres, 
lying  between  Muscongus  and  Damariscotta. 

1631,  MARCH  16.  —  The  first  fire  occurred  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, which  destroyed  two  houses. 

The  want  of  lime  obliged  the  early  settlers  to  construct  their  chimneys  of 
sticks,  plastered  over  with  clay.  A  chimney  thus  constructed  was  called  a  "  cat- 
ted "  chimney.  The  roofs  were  also  made  of  rushes,  or  reeds.  This  first  fire  was 
caused  by  the  use  of  such  a  wooden  chimney,  and  in  consequence  wooden 
chimneys  and  thatched  roofs  were  forbidden. 

1631,  MAY  18.  —  The  second  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
met  at  Boston,  and  admitted  one  hundred  and  seventeen  new 
freemen. 


1631.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  45 

At  this  meeting  it  was  ordered  that  the  people  should  resume  the  power  of 
electing  their  officers. 

It  was  also  "  ordered  and  agreed,  that  for  the  time  to  come,  no  man  shall  be 
admitted  to  the  freedom  of  this  body  politic  but  such  as  are  members  of  some  of 
the  churches  within  the  limits  of  the  same."  This  disfranchised  about  three- 
quarters  of  the  population. 

1631,  JULY  4.  —  A  bark  was  launched  at  Mystic  (now  Med- 
ford),  and  was  named  by  Governor  Winthrop  "  The  Blessing  of 
the  Bay." 

This  was  the  first  vessel  built  in  Massachusetts,  the  settlement  at  Plymouth 
being  still  a  separate  organization.  In  the  course  of  the  season  she  made  several 
trips  along  the  coast,  and  soon  after  visited  Long  Island  and  Manhattan.  At 
Long  Island,  the  sailors,  says  the  governor,  were  astonished  at  the  size  of  the 
canoes  of  the  natives.  Some  of  them  could  carry  eighty  persons. 

1631,  DECEMBEE  1.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  a  grant 
of  land,  next  that  already  granted  near  Scarborough. 
It  was  made  to  Robert  Trelawney  and  Moses  Goodyear. 

1631.  —  ONLY  ninety  persons  arrived  at  Massachusetts  Bay 
this  year. 

Among  these  were  John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  and  John  Eliot. 

1631.  —  THE  colony  of  Massachusetts  brought  all  the  terrors  of 
the  law  to  maintain  their  austerity  of  discipline. 

The  servants  gave  them  great  trouble.  Morton  having  returned,  was  seized, 
sent  back,  his  house  burned,  and  his  goods  confiscated.  Several  others,  whom 
the  magistrates  considered  "  unfit  to  inhabit  there,"  were  also  sent  home.  Wai- 
ford,  the  smith,  the  original  settler  of  Charlestown,  was  banished  for  "  contempt 
of  court,"  and  went  to  Piscataqua.  There  was  constant  trouble  with  Maverick; 
others,  for  slandering,  were  whipped,  had  their  ears  cropped,  or  were  ban- 
ished. Some  of  those  banished  to  England  preferred  a  claim  for  damages  against 
the  colony,  which  was  now  unsettled,  in  the  hands  of  arbitrators. 

1631.  —  CORN  was  declared  a  legal  tender  by  the  Court  of 
Assistants  of  Massachusetts  Bay  for  all  debts  at  the  usual  rate  at 
which  it  was  sold,  unless  money  or  beaver-skins  were  specified. 

Corn  was  quoted  at  ten  shillings  "  a  strike."  Milch-cows  were  valued  at 
twenty-five  to  thirty  pounds. 

1631.  —  A  MASTER  millwright  and  two  small  mill-stones  for  a 
grist-mill,  which  had  cost  twenty  florins  (sixteen  dollars)  in  Hol- 
land, were  sent  by  Van  Reusselaer  to  his  settlement  near  Albany. 

The  water-mill,  erected  previously,  was  placed  under  the  direction  of  Barent 
Pieterse  Koeymans,  who  had  been  engaged  as  a  miller  in  Holland,  at  a  salary 
of  thirty  guilders  a  year. 

1631.  —  A  GRANT  was  made  by  the  council  of  Plymouth,  in 
England,  to  Mason  and  Gorges,  and  others. 


46  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1631-2. 

It  embraced  territory  on  both  sides  of  the  Piscataqua,  and  a  settlement  was 
made  on  Great  Island,  now  New  Castle. 

1631.  —  THE  Plymouth  Company  made  a  grant  of  land  at  Scar- 
borough. 

It  was  made  to  Sir  Thomas  Cammock,  and  consisted  of  fifteen  hundred  acres. 

1632.  —  THE  laws  in  Virginia  were  revised. 

The  ministers  were  to  keep  a  register  of  marriages,  christenings,  and  burials. 
The  publication  of  marriage  banns  was  required.  Ministers  were  to  preach  at 
least  one  sermon  every  Sunday,  administer  the  communion  three  times  a  year, 
catechise  the  children,  and  visit  the  sick.  They  were  not  to  commit  "  excess  in 
drinking  or  riot,  spending  their  time  idly  by  day  or  night,  playing  at  cards,  dice, 
or  other  unlawful  games,"  but  to  bear  in  mind  "  that  they  ought  to  be  examples 
to  the  people  to  live  well  and  christianly."  Their  income  was  ten  pounds  of 
tobacco  and  a  bushel  of  corn  from  every  man  in  their  parish  over  sixteen,  and 
also  the  twentieth  pig,  calf,  and  kid,  with  fees  for  marrying,  christening,  and 
burying.  The  church-wardens  were  to  present  all  who  led  profane  and  ungodly 
lives,  were  common  swearers,  drunkards,  blasphemers,  adulterers,  fornicators, 
slanderers,  and  talc-bearers,  or  did  not  behave  "  orderly  and  soberly  during  divine 
service."  Each  oath  was  fined  one  shilling,  and  drunkenness  five.  Provisions 
were  made  to  prevent  forestalling  and  engrossing,  and  to  limit  the  production  of 
tobacco  to  improve  its  quality  and  increase  its  price,  which  had  fallen  to  six  pence 
a  pound.  Every  planter  was  to  raise  two  acres  of  corn  for  each  head,  and  every 
tax-payer  twenty  vines.  Every  one  undertaking  a  job  was  to  finish  it,  or  be  im- 
prisoned a  month,  pay  a  fine  and  costs.  The  exportation  of  hides  and  skins  was 
forbidden.  A  bounty  was  offered  for  wolves ;  wild  hogs  were  not  to  be  killed 
without  a  license.  Highways  were  to  be  laid  out  by  the  governor  and  council,  by 
the  monthly  courts,  or  in  each  parish  by  the  vote  of  the  inhabitants.  No  captain 
of  a  ship  should  carry  any  one  as  passenger  who  had  not  given  ten  days  notice 
of  his  leaving,  under  penalty  of  paying  his  debts.  No  one  should  go  to  any  other 
plantation  without  leave  from  the  governor.  The  revised  code  was  to  be  pub- 
lished by  being  read  at  the  opening  of  every  monthly  court,  copies  in  manuscript 
being  furnished  for  this  purpose  and  being  open  to  public  inspection. 

1632,  FEBEUAEY.  —  The  general  assembly  of  Virginia  ordered 
"  That  the  governor  and  council  shall  not  lay  any  taxes  or  impo- 
sitions upon  the  colony,  their  land,  or  commodities,  otherwise 
than  by  the  authority  of  the  general  assembly,  to  be  levied  and 
employed  as  by  the  assembly  shall  be  appointed." 

Every  fortieth  man  in  the  colony  was  drafted  to  make  a  settlement  at  Middle 
Plantation,  half-way  from  James  to  York  River,  which  was  afterwards  called 
Williamsburg,  and  became  the  capital. 

1632,  MAECH  19.  —  The  Earl  of  Warwick  conveyed  the  tract  he 
had  received  at  the  division  of  the  charter  of  the  Plymouth  Com- 
pany to  an  association  consisting  of  Lord  Say  and  Seal,  Lord 
Brooke,  and  nine  others,  with  their  associates. 

The  tract  which  his  share  consisted  of  extended  from  Narragansett  on  the 
east,  the  grant  to  Massachusetts  on  the  north,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  on 
the  sea  to  the  south,  and  west  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  was  said  to  be  the 


1632.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  47 

boundaries,  for  the  patent  is  not  known  to  have  been  really  made.  The  various 
settlements  which  were  finally  incorporated  into  the  state  of  Connecticut  were 
made  upon  this  grant. 

1632,  JULY  20.  —  A  charter  was  granted  by  Charles  I.  to  Lord 
Baltimore  of  the  territory  to  which  Charles  I.  gave  the  name  of 
Maryland,  in  honor  of  his  queen. 

It  had  been  drawn  up  for  the  first  Lord  Baltimore,  George  Calvert,  but  before 
it  was  finished  he  died,  and  it  was  given  to  his  son.  It  was  bounded  on  the  south 
by  the  Potomac,  with  a  line  from  its  mouth  due  east  to  the  eastern  shore ;  on  the 
east  by  the  ocean  and  Delware  Bay ;  on  the  north  by  the  fortieth  degree  of  lati- 
tude, and  on  the  west  by  a  line  north  from  the  most  westerly  head  of  the  Potomac. 
This  charter,  the  first  of  the  proprietary  ones,  was  a  model  for  those  subsequently 
issued.  It  made  the  grantee  and  his  heirs  "  true  and  absolute  lords  and  pro- 
prietors "  of  the  province,  with  all  the  rights,  under  the  English  law,  of  a  county 
palatine.  The  proprietor  had  "full,  free,  and  absolute  power"  to  enact  all 
necessary  laws,  with  "  the  advice,  consent,  and  approbation  of  the  freemen  of  the 
province,"  or  their  representatives.  Laws  thus  made  were  to  be  "  consonent 
to  reason,  and  not  repugnant  or  contrary,  but  so  far  as  conveniently  might  be,  con- 
sonent to  the  laws  of  England."  Of  his  own  power,  the  proprietor  could  establish 
"  fit  and  wholesome  regulations,"  provided  they  conformed  to  English  law,  and 
did  not  extend  to  life  or  limb,  nor  affect  any  interest  in  freehold,  goods,  or 
chattels.  He  could  appoint  the  necessary  courts,  had  the  patronage  of  the  church, 
and  could  erect  them  and  consecrate  them  according  to  the  ecclesiastical  law  of 
England,  incorporate  cities  and  grant  titles  of  honor.  The  rights  of  Englishmen 
were  secured  to  all  English  immigrants,  except  "  such  to  whom  it  shall  be 
expressly  forbidden." 

1632,  DECEMBER  6.  —  De  Vries  returning  to  Zwanendal  on  the 
Delaware,  found  the  buildings  destroyed  and  the  bones  of  the 
settlers  scattered  about. 

The  Indians  had  destroyed  the  settlement.  De  Vries  made  peace  with  them, 
and  said  nothing.  Fort  Nassau  he  found  had  been  deserted. 

1632.  —  THE  exports  from  Fort  Amsterdam  amounted  this  year 
to  fifty-seven  thousand  dollars. 

1632.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  imposed  a  tax, 
apportioned  among  the  towns,  for  building  a  canal  from  Charles 
River  to  Newtown,  and  for  surrounding  Newtown  with  a 
palisade. 

The  people  of  Watertown  resolved  "  That  it  was  not  safe  to  pay  moneys  after 
that  sort,  for  fear  of  bringing  themselves  and  their  posterity  into  bondage."  For 
this  they  were  summoned  before  the  court  and  retracted.  At  the  next  session  of 
the  court,  three  months  after,  it  was  ordered  that  two  deputies  be  chosen  from 
each  town,  to  confer  with  the  magistrates  concerning  "  raising  a  common  stock." 
At  this  session  the  term  of  office  of  the  assistants  was  limited  to  one  year,  and 
the  freemen  resumed  the  election  of  governor  and  deputy  governor,  agreeing  they 
should  always  be  chosen  from  among  the  magistrates. 

1632. —  BOSTON  was  agreed  upon  as  the  capital  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  by  the  Court  of  Assistants. 


48  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1632. 

A  fort  and  a  house  of  correction  were  ordered  to  be  built  there.  It  was  also 
ordered  that  no  one  should  take  tobacco  publicly,  and  every  one  should  pay  a 
penny  every  time  of  taking  tobacco  anywhere. 

1632.  —  THE  general  court  of  Plymouth  ordered  that  any  one 
refusing  to  accept  the  position  of  governor  should  pay  twenty 
pounds  sterling. 

He  was  exempted  if  the  election  was  for  a  second  consecutive  term.  Councillors 
or  magistrates  refusing  office  were  to  pay  ten  pounds. 

1632.  —  RAZZILLAI  was  appointed  governor  of  New  France. 

He  had  a  grant  of  the  River  and  Bay  of  St.  Croix,  but  settled  at  La  Have,  on 
the  exterior  coast  of  Acadie,  the  boundaries  of  which  province  were  undefined. 

1632.  —  WITH  the  transfer  of  Canada  to  the  company  of  New 
France,  the  Jesuits  obtained  the  monopoly  of  the  missions  among 
the  Indians.  There  were  already  a  few  Jesuit  missionaries  there, 
and  others  soon  arrived. 

1632.  —  THE  first  mill  erected  in  New  England  is  said  to  have 
been  a  wind-mill,  near  Watertown,  which  was  this  year  taken  down 
and  rebuilt  in  Boston. 

It  was  removed  "  because  it  would  not  grind  but  with  a  westerly  wind,"  and  was 
set  up  in  the  north  end  of  Boston,  on  a  hill  called  previously  Snow  Hill,  and  after- 
wards Copps  Hill,  and  Wind-Mill  Hill.  Soon  after,  a  pinnace  was  sent  from 
Piscataqua  with  sixteen  hogsheads  of  corn  to  be  ground  at  this  wind-mill,  there 
being  no  mill  nearer  than  this. 

1632.—  GOVERNOR'S  ISLAND,  in  Boston  harbor,  was  granted  to 
Mr.  Winthrop  on  condition  that  he  should  plant  a  vineyard  or 
an  orchard  there. 

In  1634,  the  rent  was  made  two  bushels  of  apples  yearly.  In  1G82,  Adam 
Winthrop,  the  then  owner,  compounded  the  rent  by  the  payment  of  "  five  pounds 
money  forthwith." 

1632.  —  CAPTAIN  JOHN  MASON  imported  into  New  Hampshire  a 
large-sized  breed  of  cattle  from  Denmark. 

In  1C45  one  hundred  oxen,  driven  from  near  Portsmouth  to  Boston,  sold  for 
twenty  pounds  each.  It  was  chiefly  from  this  importation  of  Mason's  that  Maine 
was  stocked  with  oxen. 

1632. — PORTLAND,  Maine,  which  was  then  a  part  of  Fal- 
mouth,  was  settled  by  an  English  colony. 

During  the  Indian  and  French  wars,  the  settlement  suffered  greatly,  being  three 
times  completely  destroyed.  In  1786  it  separated  from  Falmouth,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  a  town,  and  in  1832  as  a  city.  Its  harbor,  which  is  seldom,  if  ever, 
frozen,  makes  it  a  desirable  port  of  entry,  and  the  city  has  a  large  coasting  trade. 
It  has  many  extensive  manufacturing  establishments. 

1632. — A  TRADING-POST  established  by  the  Plymouth  colony, 
on  the  Penobscot,  was  rifled  by  a  French  vessel. 


1G33.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  49 

1633.  —  SHEEP  were  first  brought  to  Massachusetts  about  this 
year.  The  first  were  kept  on  the  islands  in  Boston  harbor  to 
protect  them  from  the  Indians  and  the  wolves. 

In  1652  Charlestown  had  four  hundred  sheep,  and  Lynn  a  considerable  flock, 
which  was  kept  at  Nahant. 

1633.  —  THE  council  of  Massachusetts  Bay  again  attempted  to 
regulate  wages. 

There  had  been  a  considerable  immigration,  and  a  consequent  increased  demand 
for  labor.  Carpenters,  masons,  and  other  mechanics  were  limited  to  two  shillings 
a  day,  and  diet  themselves.  Day  laborers  were  to  be  paid  one  shilling  and  six 
pence.  It  was  also  ordered  that  no  commodity  should  be  sold  for  more  than  four 
pence  in  the  shilling  profit  on  the  cost  in  England.  Hubbard  says  of  these  regu- 
lations, "These  good  orders  were  not  of  long  continuance,  but  did  expire  with 
the  first  golden  age  in  this  New  World." 

1633.  —  THE  first  mill  built  in  Dorchester,  and  the  first  in  the 
colony  of  Massachusetts,  was  erected  by  Mr.  Stoughtoii  by  leave 
of  the  Plantation  on  the  Neponset  River. 

There  is  some  reason  to  suppose  that  it  was  erected  earlier.  This  date  is 
given  by  Mass.  Hist.  Col. 

1633.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  was  presented 
with  a  specimen  of  rye. 

Before  this  the  only  grain  grown  was  Indian  corn,  which  was  coarsely  pounded. 
It  is  said  by  Johnson,  "  The  want  of  English  grain,  wheat,  barley,  rye,  proved  a 
sore  affliction  to  some  stomachs,  who  could  not  live  upon  Indian  bread  and  water, 
yet  they  were  compelled  to  it."  Speaking  of  the  rye,  he  says,  "  This  poor  people 
greatly  rejoiced  to  see  the  land  would  bear  it."  Ten  years  from  this  time  wheat 
was  exported. 

1633.  —  THE  second  mill  is  said  to  have  been  built  this  year  at 
Lynn. 

Mr.  Edward  Tomlins  was  granted,  in  town  meeting,  the  privilege  of  building  a 
corn-mill  "at  the  mouth  of  the. stream  which  flows  from  the  flax  pond."  About 
ten  years  afterwards  it  was  removed  into  the  town,  and  the  privilege  of  the  water- 
course renewed. 

1633.  —  STEPHEN  DEAN,  in  January  of  this  year,  put  up  the 
first  water-mill  in  Plymouth  colony,  near  Billington  Sea. 
He  engaged  that  it  would  be  sufficient  to  beat  corn  for  the  whole  colony. 

1633.  — A  GEIST-MILL  was  built  at  Roxbury  by  Mr.  Dummer. 

1633.  —  A  VESSEL  of  sixty  tons,  called  the  "Rebecca,"  was 
built  this  year  at  Medford,  Massachusetts,  at  a  ship-yard  owned 
by  Mr.  Cradock. 

1633.  —  EDWAED  WINSLOW  was  chosen  governor  of  the  Plym- 
outh colony. 

4 


50  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.       ,  [1633-4. 

He  held  the  office  again  in  1636  and  1644.  He  was  one  of  the  first  colonists, 
and  was  sent  to  England  as  the  colony's  agent  in  1623  and  in  1635.  The  second 
time  he  was  imprisoned  by  Archbishop  Laud  on  the  charges  of  having  performed 
marriage  as  a  magistrate,  and  taught  in  the  church,  being  only  a  layman.  He 
was  born  in  Worcestershire,  England,  October  19,  1595,  and  died  at  sea  May  8, 
1655,  while  on  a  voyage  between  Jamaica  and  San  Domingo,  having  been 
appointed  by  Cromwell  one  of  the  commissioners  to  superintend  an  expedition 
against  the  Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies. 

1633.  —  THE  Dutch  West  India  Company  built  wind  and  water 
mills ;  one  on  Governor's  Island,  and  two  on  Manhattan  Island. 

Van  Twiller,  the  governor  of  the  settlement  at  Manhattan,  rebuilt  the  fort  in 
such  close  proximity  to  one  of  the  wind-mills,  that  it  intercepted  the  south-east 
wind,  and  made  the  mill  almost  useless. 

1633.  —  THE  first  school  in  the  city  of  New  York  was  started 
by  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church. 

1633.  —  THE  first  settlement  in  Connecticut  was  made  by  the 
Dutch  on  the  Connecticut  River,  near  the  site  of  Hartford. 

A  fort  and  a  trading-house,  called  the  House  of  Good  Hope,  were  built,  and  two 
cannon  were  mounted.  This  land  was  bought  by  Wouter  Van  Twiller,  governor 
of  New  Netherlands,  of  Sassacus,  chief  of  the  Pequots,  on  June  8.  The  Dutch 
retained  possession  after  Hartford  was  settled  for  some  years,  and  then  sold  out; 
the  point  is  still  called  Dutch  Point. 

1633.  —  CAPTAIN  WILLIAM  HOLMES,  of  Plymouth,  Massachu- 
setts, sailed  up  the  Connecticut  with  building-materials  to  erect  a 
trading-house. 

Though  the  Dutch  threatened  him  from  their  fort,  he  passed  safely,  and  put  up 
his  house  some  distance  above  them. 

1633.  —  SALT  was  exported  from  Virginia  to  Massachusetts. 

1633.  —  WINDSOR,  Connecticut,  was  the  first  town  settled  in 
the  state. 

William  Holmes,  of  the  Plymouth  colony,  with  his  associates,  in  October  built 
a  trading-fort  on  the  Connecticut,  just  below  the  Farmington  River.  Afterwards 
the  settlers  brought  their  families  and  made  a  permanent  settlement. 

1633.  —  A  TRADING-STATION  established  by  the  Plymouth  colony 
at  Machias,  was  rifled  by  a  French  vessel. 

The  station  was  almost  at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  The  French 
gave  notice  that  they  would  not  allow  any  settlement  or  trading-station  to  be 
established  by  the  English  east  of  Pemaquid  Point,  lying  about  midway  between 
the  Penobscot  and  the  Kennebec. 

1634,  FEBRUARY  24.  —  A  colony  for  Maryland,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Leonard  Calvert  (a  son   of  the   first   Lord  Baltimore), 
arrived  at  the  Chesapeake. 

They  came  in  two  ships,  the  Ark  and  the  Dove.  They  settled  at  an  Indian 
village,  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Potomac,  which  the  owners  were  about  to 


1634.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  51 

desert,  and  called  it  St.  Mary's.  On  the  Indian  fields  they  raised  this  year  a  crop 
of  corn.  A  cargo  of  this  was  sent  in  the  early  fall  to  Massachusetts,  with  friendly 
letters  from  Calvert  and  Harvey  the  governor  of  Virginia.  The  magistrates  were 
suspicious  of  them  as  coming  from  a  Catholic  settlement,  and  when  the  vessel 
sailed,  the  master  was  charged  "  to  bring  no  more  such  disordered  persons." 

1634,  MARCH.  —  By  order  of  the  court,  a  market  was  set  up  in 
Boston. 

It  was  to  be  kept  on  Thursdays,  the  day  for  the  weekly  lecture. 

1634,  APRIL  1.  — By  the  Massachusetts  council  Mr.  Israel 
Stoughton  had  permission  given  him  "  to  build  a  myll,  a  ware, 
and  a  bridge  over  Neponsett  River,  and  to  sell  alewives  he  takes 
there  at  five  shillings  the  thousand." 

It  was  also  agreed  that  Stephen  Dean,  whose  mill  was  probably  a  pounding-mill, 
should  surrender  his  privilege  as  soon  as  a  grinding-mill  should  be  set  up. 

1634,  MAY  14.  —  Twenty-five  delegates,  chosen  by  the  free- 
men of  the  towns  in  Massachusetts,  of  their  own  motion, 
appeared  in  the  general  court  and  claimed  a  share  in  making 
the  laws. 

Their  claim  was  allowed,  and  their  names  appear  on  the  records  of  the  court, 
with  the  magistrates. 

At  this  first  meeting  of  the  representatives  of  the  people  of  Massachusetts,  the 
governor  and  assistants  sitting  with  them,  it  was  voted,  "That  none  but  the  gen- 
eral court  hath  power  to  make  and  establish  laws,"  or  "to  raise  moneys  and 
taxes;  "  also,  "  that  none  but  freemen  should  have  any  vote  in  any  town  in  any 
action  of  authority,  or  necessity,  or  that  which  belongs  to  them  by  virtue  of  their 
freedom,  as  receiving  inhabitants,  laying  out  lots,  &c." 

Finally  it  was  arranged  that  an  annual  meeting  of  all  the  freemen  should  elect 
the  officers,  and  that  at  the  other  three  meetings  during  the  year,  the  freemen 
should  be  represented  by  delegates  chosen  from  the  towns.  At  the  election 
Dudley  was  elected  governor.  Winthrop  presented  his  accounts,  which  showed 
that  he  had  been  a  loser  by  the  tenure  of  his  office. 

1634,  SEPTEMBER  4.  —  The  general  court  voted  money  to  build 
a  fort  in  Boston  harbor ;  ordered  the  fort  in  the  town  armed,  and 
voted  to  construct  other  forts  at  Charlestown  and  Dorchester. 

News  had  been  received  of  the  appointment  in  England  of  a  special  commission, 
with  Archbishop  Laud  at  its  head,  to  which  was  given  full  power  over  the  Ameri- 
can plantations,  to  revise  the  laws,  to  regulate  the  Church,  and  to  revoke  charters. 
The  charter  was  written  for,  and  there  was  a  report  that  a  governor-general  for 
New  England  had  been  already  commissioned.  The  general  .court  appointed  five 
commissioners  "  to  consult,  direct,  and  give  command  for  the  managing  and 
ordering  of  any  war  that  might  befall  for  the  space  of  a  year  next  ensuing,  and 
till  further  order." 

1634,  NOVEMBER  27. —  Zwanendal  was  sold  back  to  the  West 
India  Company  for  fifteen  thousand  six  hundred  guilders 
($6240). 


52  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1634. 

1634.  —  THREE  companies  who  had  settled  at  Dorchester, 
Watertown,  and  Newtown,  applied  to  the  general  court  of  Mass- 
achusetts for  leave  to  move  and  settle  on  the  Connecticut  River. 

Though  the  request  was  refused,  some  went  and  chose  Wethersfield  as  the  spot, 
and  it  has  always  been  regarded  as  the  first  settled  town  in  Connecticut. 

The  application  was  renewed  the  next  year  and  granted,  but  the  removal  of  the 
whole  party  did  not  take  place  until  1G37,  and  they  divided  between  Hartford, 
Windsor,  and  Wethersfield. 

1634.  —  SAMUEL  COLE  opened  the  first  public  house  of  enter- 
tainment in  Boston,  and  the  first  shop  was  opened  by  John 
Cogan. 

1634.  —  THE  small-pox  committed  great  ravages  among  the 
Indians. 

It  almost  exterminated  the  remains  of  the  tribes  about  Massachusetts  Bay,  which 
were  left  by  its  former  ravages  before  the  arrival  of  the  colony. 

1634.  —  THIS  may  be  taken  as  the  date  of  the  erection  of  the 
first  saw-mill  in  America.  In  this  year,  or  the  next,  the  tract  of 
land  upon  which  it  was  situated  became  the  property,  by  pur- 
chase, of  Mason,  who  bought  a  tract  of  land  extending  three 
miles  in  breadth  along  the  Newicheuannoclc,  or  Salmon  Falls 
River,  a  part  of  the  Piscataqua,  from  its  mouth  to  its  head, 
"  including  the  saw-mill  which  had  been  built  at  the  falls  of 
Newicheuannock." 

A  letter  from  Captain  Mason  to  Ambrose  Gibbons,  who  had  the  management  of 
the  mill,  dated  May  5,  1634,  states  that  he  had  sent  men  and  provisions  with  Mr. 
Jocelyn  to  set  up  two  mills ;  and  Gibbons  in  reply  writes  on  the  22d  of  July,  that 
"  the  carpenters  began  about  the  mill,"  and  advises  him  to  send  "  a  stock  of 
iron-work  to  be  put  away  with  his  boards  from  the  mill." 

The  clapboards,  which  had  been  previously  exported,  were  either  split  out  with 
wedges,  or  were  sawn  by  hand-saws. 

1634.  —  VIRGINIA  was  divided  into  eight  counties. 

These  were  Elizabeth  City,  Warwick,  James  City,  Charles  City,  and  JTenrico, 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  James  River,  Isle  of  Wight  on  the  south  bank,  York,  on 
York  River,  and  Accomac  on  the  eastern  shore. 

1634.  —  BREBEUF  and  Daniel,  two  Jesuit  missionaries  in  Canada, 
with  a  party  of  Hurons,  ascended  the  Ottawa  River,  reaching  the 
Manatouline,  or  Georgian  Bay,  the  eastern  projection  of  Lake 
Huron. 

The  French  called  it  Lake  Iroquoise,  and  on  its  borders  and  tributaries  soon 
established  six  missions.  Their  establishment  created  much  interest  among  the 
Catholics. 

1634.  —  THIS  year  a  water-mill  was  erected  at  Watertown, 
Massachusetts. 

It  stood  on  Mill  Creek,  an  artificial  canal  at  the  head  of  tide  water  on  the 
Charles  River,  at  the  first  fall,  whence  the  water  was  conducted  from  a  stone  dam 


1634-5.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  53 

across  the  river,  into  what  is  supposed  to  be  the  oldest  artificial  mill-race  in  the 
country,  and  which  has  been  in  uninterrupted  use  ever  since.  This  mill  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  built  at  the  joint  expense  of  Edward  How  and  Matthew 
Cradock.  A  grant  of  land  was  made  to  it  this  year,  and  in  August  Edward  How 
sold  one  half  of  it  to  Thomas  Mayhew  for  two  hundred  pounds,  on  bond  and 
mortgage,  he,  Mayhew,  having  purchased  the  other  half  from  Cradock's  agent. 
Mayhew  sold  the  whole  of  it  to  Deputy  Governor  Thomas  Dudley  for  four  hundred 
pounds.  How's  mortgage  not  being  paid,  he  afterwards  claimed  it,  and  in  1641 
the  court  decided  that  the  mill  at  Watertown  belongs  to  Mr.  Dudley,  and  not  to 
Mr.  How,  who  sued  for  it.  In  1653  it  was  rated  at  one  hundred  and  forty  pounds 
for  the  support  of  the  clergy. 

1634.  —  TWENTY-ONE  ships  arrived  this  year  at  Massachusetts 
Bay. 

They  brought  a  "  great  store  of  passengers  and  cattle." 

1635.  —  NEWBURYPORT,  Massachusetts,  was  settled,  but  continued 
until  1764  to  form  a  part  of  Newbury. 

During  the  Revolution,  the  people  of  the  town  were  distinguished  for  their  patri- 
otism ;  the  first  tea  destroyed  in  the  county  was  here,  it  having  been  taken  from  the 
powder-house,  where  it  had  been  placed  for  safe-keeping,  and  burned  in  the  public 
square.  The  expedition  to  Quebec  sailed  from  here ;  the  first  privateer  was  fitted 
here,  and  the  first  volunteer  company  to  join  the  Continental  army  marched  from 
here.  In  the  war  of  1812,  Newburyport  was  noted  for  the  spirit  of  its  privateers. 
It  was  always  famous  in  ship-building.  Vessels  were  built  as  early  as  1680;  and 
in  1766  there  were  at  one  time  seventy-two  vessels  on  the  stocks.  The  first 
printing-press  used  in  the  town  was  one  for  the  Newburyport  Herald,  and  was 
bought  for  forty  dollars  from  Benjamin  Franklin.  On  the  24th  of  May,  1851,  a 
city  charter  was  granted  the  town. 

1635. — A  JESUIT  college  and  school  for  Indian  children  was 
established  at  Quebec. 

1635.  —  SPRINGFIELD,  Massachusetts,  was  settled  by  emigrants 
from  Roxbury. 

The  settlement  was  called  Agawam  originally ;  but  in  1638,  William  Pynchon 
was  elected  governor,  and  the  name  was  changed  to  Springfield  (the  name  of  his 
former  residence  in  England),  in  compliment  to  him.  In  1652  Pynchon  returned 
to  England,  but  his  son  John  remained  in  Springfield,  and,  fh  1662,  built  the 
well-known  "  Pynchon  House,"  the  first  brick  house  in  the  valley,  and  which  was 
often  used  as  a  place  of  refuge  from  the  attacks  of  the  Indians.  The  house  was 
not  demolished  until  1831.  In  1675,  during  King  Philip's  War,  the  settlement 
was  destroyed.  The  government  armory  here  was  commenced  during  the  Revo- 
lution. In  1787  it  was  during  Shay's  Rebellion  attacked  by  his  party.  In  1794 
it  was  formally  established.  The  town  grew  but  slowly  until  1838,  when  the  open- 
ing of  the  Western  Railroad,  making  it  the  focal  point  of  three  railroads,  —  the 
Western,  the  New  Haven,  and  the  Connecticut  Valley,  —  gave  it  an  impetus,  since 
when  it  has  rapidly  increased,  and  in  1852  received  a  city  charter.  In  addition  to 
the  national  armory,  there  are  several  private  factories  for  fire-arms,  extensive 
machine  factories,  a  car  manufactory,  artillery-carriage  factories,  rubber,  woollen, 
and  cotton  mills. 


54  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1635. 

1635.  —  CONCORD,  Massachusetts,  was  settled. 

The  town  has  always  been  a  prominent  one,  bearing  an  active  part  in  all  the 
colonial  wars,  and,  as  early  as  17G7,  bitterly  opposed  the  usurpations  of  the  home 
government,  and  during  the  Revolutionary  war  sent  one  hundred  and  seventy-four 
men  to  the  army,  though  its  entire  population  was  only  thirteen  hundred.  Here 
the  first  skirmish  of  the  Revolution  took  place,  on  the  19th  of  April,  1775.  Harvard 
College  was  moved  to  Concord  during  the  time  the  college  buildings  were  occu- 
pied by  the  American  army  besieging  Boston  in  1775,  but  returned  to  Cambridge 
in  June,  1776. 

1635.  —  HARTFORD,  Connecticut,  was  settled  by  emigrants  from 
Cambridge,  Dorchester,  and  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  who  first 
called  it  Newton,  but  changed  the  name  in  1636. 

The  original  deed  having  been  lost,  the  land  was  repurchased  from  the  Indians 
in  1670.  In  1637  the  Pequot  War  broke  out;  in  1638  a  public  school  was  opened, 
and  in  1643  the  town  voted  the  teacher  a  salary  of  sixteen  pounds  a  year.  In 
1644  the  court  ordered  the  establishment  of  an  inn.  In  1G50  the  first  code  of  laws 
•was  drawn  up  by  Roger  Ludlow,  who  reduced  the  number  of  capital  offences  from 
the  one  hundred  and  sixty  under  the  English  law  to  fifteen.  In  1764  the  first 
printing-office  was  started  by  Thomas  Green.  In  1784  the  city  was  incorporated, 
and,  though  the  legislature  meets  at  Hartford  alternately  with  New  Haven,  the 
state  offices  and  records  are  kept  at  Hartford.  It  is  now  the  sole  capital  of  Con- 
necticut, and  new  capitol  buildings  are  in  process  of  erection. 

1635.  —  THE  council  for  New  England  of  the  Plymouth  Com- 
pany surrendered  their  charter  to  the  king,  after  dividing  their 
territories  into  twelve  principalities  among  eight  associates. 

The  king  was  requested  to  issue  to  these  eight  associates  proprietary  charters. 
Gorges  was  to  go  to  New  England  as  governor-general,  but  the  ship  intended  for 
him  broke  in  launching,  and  the  design  was  abandoned.  This  accident  was 
esteemed  in  New  England  a  signal  instance  of  a  special  providence.  Mason  com- 
menced a  suit  of  quo  warranto  against  the  charter  of  Massachusetts.  Winslow, 
who  had  gone  to  England  as  an  agent  for  the  Plymouth  settlement,  was  arrested 
and  detained  four  months  in  prison  on  the  charge  of  having  presumed,  while  a 
layman,  to  preach  and  perform  the  marriage  ceremony. 

1635.  —  THE  French  from  Acadie  sent  an  armed  vessel,  and  cap- 
tured the  trading-station  established  by  the  Plymouth  colony  at 
the  Penobscot. 

In  August  the  Plymouth  colony  sent  two  ships  to  recover  their  trading-station 
from  the  French.  Being  unsuccessful,  they  returned,  and  Plymouth  applied  to 
the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  for  aid,  which  the  court  offered  to  give  if 
Plymouth  would  pay  the  expense.  The  plan  fell  through,  therefore,  and  the 
French  continued  to  hold  possession  of  the  station. 

1635,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
passed  a  sentence  of  banishment  against  Roger  Williams. 

The  charge  was  having  "broached  and  divulged  divers  new  and  dangerous 
opinions  against  the  authority  of  the  magistrates,  as  also  writ  letters  of  defama- 
tion both  of  the  magistrates  and  churches."  Permission  to  remain  until  spring  waa 


1635.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  55 

given  him,  and  then  suddenly  withdrawn ;  and,  escaping,  he  sought  refuge  with  the 
Indians,  obtained  a  grant  of  land  from  Massasoit,  the  chief  of  Wampanoags,  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Seekonk  River,  and  built  a  house  there. 

1635.  —  AN  armed  cruiser  threatened  the  settlement  of  St. 
Mary's. 

It  was  sent  by  William  Clayborne,  one  of  the  council  of  Virginia,  who,  under 
a  royal  license  to  trade  "  in  all  those  parts  for  which  patents  of  sole  trade  had  not 
already  been  granted,"  which  he  had  obtained  in  1G31,  claimed  that  the  charter 
for  Maryland  was  an  infringement.  He  had  established  trading-posts  on  the  Isle 
of  Kent  in  the  Chesapeake,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna.  Two  boats 
from  St.  Mary's  captured  this  cruiser  with  its  officers,  and  also  the  Isle  of  Kent. 
Calvert  claimed  Clayborne,  who  had  escaped  to  Virginia,  but  Harvey  sent  him  to 
England.  The  Virginians,  disliking  the  Catholic  settlement  by  Calvert,  the  council 
suspended  Harvey,  and  called  an  assembly  to  hear  charges  against  him.  Harvey 
agreed  to  go  to  England  to  be  tried ;  but  those  appearing  against  him  would  not 
be  even  heard,  and  he  was  sent  back  with  a  new  commission  as  governor. 

1635.  —  AN  assembly  was  held  in  Maryland,  and  a  body  of  laws 
enacted. 

The  proprietary  rejected  them,  on  the  ground  that  the  initiative  in  legislation 
was  his.  Clayborne's  officers  were  tried  for  murder,  and  found  guilty,  and  his 
property  at  Kent  Island  confiscated. 

1635.  —  A  MILL  is  mentioned  as  having  been  built  this  year  in 
Maryland,  "  near  the  town ;  "  probably  St.  Mary's,  the  capital. 

1635.  —  A  PARTY  from  Virginia  having  occupied  the  empty  fort 
Nassau  on  the  Delaware,  an  armed  vessel  was  sent  from  Fort 
Amsterdam,  who  captured  them. 

They  were  sent  back  to  Virginia. 

1635.  —  AT  Manhattan,  Fort  Amsterdam,  which  had  consumed 
two  years  in  building,  was  almost  completely  destroyed  in  half 
an  hour  by  a  fire,  caused  by  the  lodgment  of  a  spark  from  a  gun  in 
the  reeds  of  the  thatched  roof. 

After  this,  catted  chimneys  and  thatched  roofs  were  forbidden  in  New  Am- 
sterdam. 

1635.  —  THE  emigration  from  Massachusetts  Bay  to  the  Con- 
necticut River  set  out. 

A  portion  went  by  land,  driving  their  cattle  before  them,  and  were  fourteen  days, 
guided  by  a  compass,  threading  the  forests,  in  reaching  the  settlement  of  the  com- 
pany from  Plymouth.  A  party  by  water  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut, 
and  settled  Saybrook.  With  these  were  commissioners  from  the  lords  proprietors 
of  Connecticut,  —  John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  Hugh  Peters,  and  Henry  Vane,  — who  had 
instructions  and  means  to  take  possession  of  the  territory  claimed  under  a  convey- 
ance from  the  Earl  of  Warwick  of  the  tract  extending  along  the  coast  one  hundred 
and  twenty  miles  from  the  Narragansett  River  west  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  What 
authority  he  had  to  make  such  a  conveyance  does  not  appear,  though  it  was  claimed 
he  had  a  grant  from  the  council  for  New  England,  and  a  charter  from  the  king. 
Neither  of  these  documents  have,  however,  ever  been  found,  and  probably  never 


56  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1636. 

had  an  existence.  During  the  winter,  this  Connecticut  emigration  suffered  greatly, 
most  of  their  cattle  dying,  so  that  a  number  of  the  colonists  returned.  As  all  the 
settlements  depended  only  upon  the  natural  meadows  for  the  support  of  their  stock, 
the  need  of  finding  new  was  one  of  the  chief  reasons  for  the  emigration  from  the 
vicinity  of  Boston. 

1636,  MARCH.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  an 
act  for  the  regulation  of  the  towns. 

"  Whereas  particular  towns  have  many  things  which  concern  only  themselves, 
and  the  ordering  of  their  own  affairs,  and  disposing  of  business  in  their  own  town, 
it  is  therefore  ordered,  that  the  freemen  of  every  town,  or  the  major  part  of  them, 
shall  only  have  the  power  to  dispose  of  their  own  lands  and  woods,  with  all  the 
privileges  and  appurtenances  of  the  said  towns  to  grant  lots,  and  make  such  orders 
as  may  concern  the  well  ordering  of  their  own  towns,  not  repugnant  to  the  laws 
and  orders  here  established  by  the  general  court ;  as  also  to  lay  mulcts  and  penal- 
ties for  the  breach  of  these  orders,  and  to  levy  and  distrain  the  same,  not  exceed- 
ing the  sum  of  twenty  shillings ;  also  to  choose  their  own  particular  officers,  as 
constables,  surveyors  for  the  highways,  and  the  like."  There  were  twenty  towns 
in  Massachusetts. 

1636.  —  THE  colony  at  Plymouth  adopted  a  body  of  laws  known 
as  "  The  General  Fundamentals." 

The  first  two  articles  read :  "  That  no  act,  imposition,  law  or  ordinance  be  made 
or  imposed  upon  us  at  present  or  to  come,  but  such  as  has  been  or  shall  be 
enacted  by  the  consent  of  the  body  of  freemen  or  associates,  or  their  represen- 
tatives legally  assembled,  which  is  according  to  the  free  liberties  of  the  free-born 
people  of  England.  —  And  for  the  well  governing  this  colony,  it  is  ordered  that 
there  be  a  free  election  annually,  of  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  assistants,  by 
the  vote  of  the  freemen  of  this  colony." 

1636,  MAY  1.  —  The  three  towns  of  Hartford,  Windsor,  and 
Wethersfield,  forming  the  only  settlements  in  Connecticut,  con- 
tained  at  this  time  not  quite  two  hundred  men. 

1636,  MAY  25.  —  Sir  Henry  Vane  was  elected  governor  of 
Massachusetts. 

This  year  the  sessions  of  the  general  court  were  reduced  to  two  a  year :  one 
to  follow  the  court  of  elections,  and  the  other  in  the  autumn.  The  larger  towns 
were  given  two  deputies,  and  the  smaller,  one.  The  governor  and  assistants  were 
required  to  hold  four  courts  a  year  at  Boston,  to  try  the  most  important  cases. 
Inferior  courts  were  appointed,  to  sit  quarterly  at  Ipswich,  Salem,  Newtown,  and 
Boston.  Appeal  lay  from  these  to  the  quarter  courts,  and  thence  to  the  general 
court.  A  standing  council  for  life  was  instituted,  and  the  powers  of  the  military 
commission  given  to  it. 

1636,  JUNE.  —  Roger  Williams  being  advised  by  Governor 
Winslow  of  Plymouth  that  his  place  of  settlement  was  within 
the  limits  of  that  colony,  who  "  were  loath  to  displease"  the  Mas- 
sachusetts colony,  he,  with  five  others  who  had  accompanied  him, 
moved  to  the  present  site  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  which  he 
thus  named  in  gratitude  for  his  escape,  and  founded  there  a  set- 
tlement. 


1636.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  57 

PROVIDENCE.  —  The  first  patent  for  the  town  was  received  from  Charles  I.,  bear- 
ing date  1643.  The  settlement  suffered  severely  in  King  Philip's  War  in  1675. 
In  1832  it  received  a  city  charter.  Providence  is  the  principal  port  of  entry  of  the 
state,  and  in  wealth  is  the  second  city  in  New  England.  Here  the  first  Baptist 
church  in  America  was  built  in  1638;  and,  during  colonial  times,  Providence  had 
a  large  foreign  commerce.  Now  that  has  fallen  off,  though  it  still  has  a  large 
coasting-trade.  It  is  famous  for  its  manufactories,  which  include  cotton,  wool, 
iron,  gold,  and  silver.  There  are  three  iron-screw  factories,  which  consume  five 
thousand  tons  of  iron  yearly.  For  more  than  a  century,  gold  jewelry  and  silver- 
ware have  been  manufactured ;  and  now  the  various  establishments  equal  those  in 
any  other  part  of  the  country. 

1636. — DE  MONTMAGNY  succeeded  to  the  governorship  of 
Canada,  Champlain  having  died. 

1636. — WATER-MILLS  were  built  this  year  in  Massachusetts,  at 
Salem,  Ipswich,  and  Newbury. 

This  last  was  the  first  in  the  place,  and  was  erected  by  Messrs.  Dummer  and 
Spencer,  in  accordance  with  an  agreement  made  with  the  town  in  1635,  when  a 
grant  was  made  by  the  court.  In  1638  Mr.  Dummer  was  granted  the  exclusive 
right  of  having  such  a  mill  within  the  town,  provided  he  agreed  to  keep  it  in  con- 
dition to  grind ;  and  the  town  agreed  to  send  their  corn  to  it. 

1636.  —  JOHN  JENNET  was  granted  liberty  by  the  court  of 
Plymouth  to  erect  a,  "  mill  for  grinding  and  beating  of  corn  upon 
the  brook  of  Plymouth." 

1636. — THE  making  of  salt  was  commenced  at  Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts, under  the  permission  of  the  general  court. 

1636. — THIS  year  two  more  wind-mills  were  built;  one  at 
Boston,  and  the  other  at  Charlestown. 

This  last  one  was  blown  down  in  1648,  after  having  been  struck  by  lightning  in 
1642,  shattered,  and  set  on  fire,  while  the  miller  was  made  insensible  for  twenty- 
four  hours. 

1636.  —  THE  people  of  Salem  built  a  ship  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty  tons,  at  Marblehead,  this  year. 

1636,  JULY. — John  Oldham,  a  trader,  was  murdered  by  the 
Pequot  Indians  on  his  return  from  a  trading  voyage  up  the  Con- 
necticut River. 

This  was  the  commencement  of  the  Pequot  war. 

1636,  AUGUST  25.  —  An  expedition  under  John  Endicott  went 
against  the  Pequots,  and  in  September  burned  their  settlement 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames  River. 

The  Pequots,  in  retaliation,  tried  to  form  an  alliance  with  the  Narragansetts 
and  other  Indian  tribes,  for  the  extermination  of  the  English.  By  the  personal 
influence  of  Roger  Williams,  the  Narragansetts  and  Mohegans  were  persuaded  to 
refuse  the  alliance  and  form  a  treaty  with  the  settlers  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  and 
the  Pequots,  alone,  attempted  to  carry  out  their  purpose. 


58  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

1637,  MAY  26.  —  An  expedition  from  Connecticut  of  ninety 
men,  under  John  Mason,  with  a  body  of  friendly  Indians,  sur- 
prised and  burned  a  Pequot  fortified  village  on  the  Pequot  River, 
now  the  Thames. 

About  seven  hundred  of  the  Indians  were  burned  or  shot.  Only  seven  were 
captured,  and  only  the  same  number  escaped. 

1637,  JULY  13.  —  Another  expedition  from  Massachusetts, 
tinder  Captain  Stoughton,  continued  the  attack  upon  the  Pequots, 
and  surrounded  them  in  a  swamp  near  New  Haven. 

The  men  taken  captive  were  killed ;  the  women  and  children  were  sent  to 
Boston  as  slaves.  A  few  of  the  Indians  in  this  contest  are  said  for  the  first  time 
to  have  used  fire-arms.  This  ended  the  war.  The  Indian  allies  of  the  settlers 
completed  the  extermination  of  the  Pequots.  The  scalp  and  a  part  of  the  skin  of 
Sassacus,  who  was  killed  by  the  Mohegans,  were  sent  as  a  present  to  Boston. 
Stoughton  had  been  selected  as  leader  by  lot. 

1637,  SEPTEMBER  22. —  The  synod  composed  of  all  the  elders, 
besides  lay  delegates,  which  had  been  sitting  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  dissolved. 

It  had  been  in  session  twenty-four  days,  and  had  condemned  eighty-two 
"erronious  opinions"  and  nine  "  unsavory  speeches,"  which  comprised  a  com- 
plete list  of  the  heresies  then  prevailing.  A  day  of  thanksgiving  was  appointed  for 
its  success,  and  for  the  recent  victory  over  the  Pequots,  to  be  held  October  12. 

More  than  eight  hundred  of  the  Pequots  had  been  slain,  and  about  two  hundred 
made  captives.  The  legislature  of  Connecticut  changed  the  name  of  the  Pequot 
River  to  the  Thames,  and  that  of  Pequot  town  to  New  London. 

1637,  NOVEMBER  2.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
passed  a  sentence  of  banishment  against  Mrs.  Hutchinson  and 
others  of  the  Antinomians. 

It  was  one  of  the  results  of  theological  disputation.  The  court  also  ordered 
the  principal  men  of  the  heretical  party  to  deliver  up  their  arms,  or  acknowledge 
their  sin  before  two  magistrates. 

Mrs.  Hutchinson  moved  to  Providence,  and  thence  to  a  spot  near  Hurl  Gate, 
New  York,  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Dutch.  There  she  and  the  whole  household 
of  sixteen  persons,  with  the  exception  of  one  child,  were  slaughtered  by  the 
Indians  in  1643.  The  child  was  subsequently  restored. 

1637. — THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  "that 
none  should  entertain  any  stranger  who  should  arrive  with  an 
intent  to  reside,  or  shall  allow  the  use  of  any  habitation  without 
.liberty  from  the  Standing  Council." 

This  was  intended  to  keep  out  strangers  who  held  strange  doctrines. 

1637.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  that  "  No 
person  shall  brew  any  beare,  6r  malt,  or  other  drinke,  or  sell  in 
gross  or  by  retaile,  but  only  such  as  shall  be  licensed  by  this 
Courte,  on  paine  of  .£100;  and  whereas  Captain  Sedgwick  hath 
before  this  time  set  up  a  brewe  house  at  his  great  charge,  and 


1637-8.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  59 

very  commodious  for  this  part  of  the  countrey,  hee  is  freely 
licensed  to  brewe  beare  to  sell  according  to  the  size  before 
licensed  dureing  the  pleasure  of  the  Courte." 

The  "size"  had  previously  been  ordered  to  be  not  stronger  than  could  be 
sold  at  eight  shillings  the  barrel,  under  penalty  of  twenty  pounds. 

1637,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted 
Abraham  Shaw  one  half  the  benefit  from  any  "  coles  or  yron  stone 
wch  shall  bee  found  in  any  comon  ground  wch  is  in  the  countrye's 
disposing." 

By  the  ancient  monopoly  of  privilege,  gold  and  silver  found  in  mines  belonged 
to  the  king.  In  the  grants  to  many  of  the  colonies,  one  fifth  of  the  produce  of 
such  was  reserved  as  a  royalty,  and  the  London  Company  reserved  another  fifth 
of  gold  and  silver  mines  in  Virginia.  The  statutes  1  and  5  of  William  and 
Mary  ordained  that  mines  of  copper,  tin,  iron,  and  lead  belonged  to  the  owners, 
but  the  precious  ores  belonged  to  the  crown,  on  payment  of  the  price  of  the  base 
metal. 

1637.  —  A  WIND-MILL  was  erected  this  year  at  Scituate,  Massa- 
chusetts, by  William  Gibson,  and  the  same  year  land  was  granted 
for  the  erection  of  another,  at  Salem,  to  John  Horn,  who  removed 
it  in  1639  to  Wind-Mill  Point,  on  the  south  side  of  North  River. 

1637.  —  A  PAMPHLET  published  in  London  this  year,  says  of 
Massachusetts  :  "  They  that  arrived  this  year,  out  of  divers  parts 
of  Old  England,  say  that  they  never  saw  such  a  field  of  four 
hundred  acres  of  all  sorts  of  English  graine  as  they  saw  at  Win- 
ter-towne  there.  Yet  that  ground  is  not  comparable  to  other 
parts  of  New  England,  as  Salem,  Ipswich,  Newberry,  etc." 

1637.  • —  IT  is  stated  that  this  year  there  were  but  thirty-seven 
ploughs  in  Massachusetts. 

1637.  —  BRICKS  sold  this  year  in  New  York  for  ten  florins 
(four  dollars)  the  thousand. 

Reeds,  for  thatching,  were  one  and  a  half  florins  the  hundred  bundles,  and  at 
Fort  Orange,  one  florin.  Carpenters'  wages  were  about  two  florins  a  day,  and 
day-laborers'  one  florin.  Nails  were  eight  to  ten  stivers  (sixteen  to  twenty  cents) 
a  pound,  on©  hundred  nails  to  the  pound. 

1637.  —  A  HOSPITAL  was  established  at  Quebec. 

1638.  —  NEW  HAVEN,  Connecticut,  was  settled  by  a  company, 
principally  from  London,  under  the  Rev.  John  Davenport  and 
Theophilus  Eaton,  who  was  chosen  first  governor. 

It  remained  a  distinct  colony  until  16G4,  when  it  was  united  with  Connecticut 
under  the  charter  of  1662.  It  was  not  incorporated  as  a  city  until  1784.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Yale  College,  and  its  two  great  manufactures  are  clocks  and  carriage- 
making. 

1638.  —  AN  Ursuline  convent,  for  the  education  of  girls,  was 
established  at  Quebec. 


60  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1638. 

1638.  —  TAUNTON,  Massachusetts,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
was  settled  by  a  company  from  Taunton,  England. 

The  first  minister  in  the  town  was  William  Hooke,  who  afterwards  was  chap- 
lain to  Oliver  Cromwell.  The  town  is  situated  within  what  were  the  limits  of 
King  Philip's  hunting-grounds ;  but  during  his  war  he,  from  friendship  for  a  resi- 
dent, Thomas  Leonard,  spared  the  settlement.  Taunton  has  always  been  noted 
for  its  manufactories  of  brick  and  iron,  large  quantities  of  which  are  annually 
exported;  also  for  its  herring  fisheries,  the  privileges  for  which  are  still  sold 
yearly.  The  Taunton  Copper  Company  is  the  oldest  and  largest  in  the  country, 
and  was  incorporated  over  thirty  years  ago.  Taunton  has  also  a  large  coasting 
trade,  and  is  a  grain  depot  for  the  neighboring  towns ;  besides  its  iron  and  brick 
factories,  there  arc  others  of  almost  every  branch  of  manufacture. 

1633,  MARCH  16.  —  The  first  Baptist  church  was  formed  in 
Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

It  consisted  of  twelve  members,  eleven  besides  Roger  "Williams,  who  were  then 
baptized. 

1638,  MARCH  24. —  A  number  of  the  Antinomians  banished 
from  Massachusetts  made  a  settlement  at  Pocasset,  now  Ports- 
mouth, upon  the  island  of  Aquedneck,  or  Rhode  Island,  having 
formed  themselves  into  a  body  politic,  and  chosen  William  Cod- 
dington  to  be  their  chief  magistrate. 

They  purchased  the  island  from  the  Indians,  and  obtained  a  deed  from  them. 
The  price  paid  for  Aquedneck,  and  for  the  grass  on  the  other  islands,  was  forty 
fathoms  of  white  peage,  together  with  ten  coats  and  twenty  hoes  to  the  resident 
Indians  to  leave  the  land,  and  five  fathoms  of  wampum  to  the  local  sachem.  In 
1639,  a  portion  of  them  commenced  the  settlement  of  Newport,  on  the  south-west 
portion  of  the  island.  In  1644  the  colonists  changed  the  Indian  name,  Aquedneck, 
to  Rhode  Island,  or  the  Isle  of  Rhodes.  There  is  a  tradition  that  the  island  was 
so  named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  Isle  of  Rhodes,  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor; 
but  it  appears  that  Adrian  Block,  whose  name  was  given  to  Block  Island,  sailed 
also  up  Narragansett  Bay,  and,  from  the  color  of  the  clay  of  the  cliffs,  called  it 
Roodt  Eylandt,  Red  Island,  by  which  name  it  appears  upon  the  Dutch  maps  of 
that  time. 

William  Coddington  was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  in  1601.  He  came  to 
this  country  in  1630,  appointed  by  the  crown  as  one  of  the  magistrates  of  Massa- 
chusetts. He  was  also  a  merchant,  and  amassed  a  large  fortune.  He  defended 
Mrs.  Hutchinson  during  the  Antinomian  controversy ;  disagreed  with  Winthrop, 
defended  Wheelwright  and  others ;  but,  becoming  disgusted  with  the  ruling  of 
Winthrop,  withdrew  to  Aquedneck.  He  drew  up,  and  the  eighteen  signed,  an 
agreement  to  "  found  a  colony  which  should  be  judged  and  guided  by  the  absolute 
laws  of  Christ."  This  was  soon  found  to  be  too  vague,  and  Coddington  was 
chosen  judge,  with  a  council  of  three  elders.  In  1640,  he  was  chosen  governor, 
with  a  lieutenant-governor  and  four  assistants.  He  held  the  office  seven  years  $ 
in  1651,  went  to  England;  on  his  return,  withdrew  from  public  life  until  16T4, 
when  he  once  more  accepted  the  office  of  governor.  After  his  settlement  in 
Rhode  Island  he  embraced  the  doctrines  of  the  Quakers.  He  died  November  1, 
1678. 

1638,  MARCH  24.  —  A  deed  was  made  by  Canonicus  and  his  son 


1638.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  gj 

Miantinomi,  the  chiefs  of  the  Narragansetts,  to  Roger  Williams  of 
all  the  land  between  the  Pawtucket  and  Pawtuxet  rivers. 

It  was  given  "  in  consideration  of  the  many  kindnesses  and  services  he  hath 
continually  done  for  us."  Soon  after  his  purchase  Roger  Williams  made  a  deed, 
giving  equal  shares  to  twelve  of  his  companions,  "and  such  others  as  the  major 
part  of  us  shall  admit  into  the  same  fellowship  of  vote  with  us."  These  deeds 
were  merely  memorandums;  and  in  December,  1661,  Roger  Williams  made  a 
formal  deed,  and  five  years  afterwards  another,  dating  it  back  to  the  8th  day  of 
the  eighth  month,  1G38. 

1638,  MAECH.  —  William  Kieft,  appointed  to  succeed  Yan 
Twiller  at  Manhattan,  arrived  and  found  the  company's  property 
in  a  neglected  and  ruinous  condition. 

The  five  farms,  or  boweries,  of  the  company  were  untenanted  and  stripped  of 
their  stock,  while  private  traders  had  monopolized  the  fur  trade. 

1638.  —  THE  government  at  Rensselaerwych  was  vested  in  two 
commissaries  and  two  counsellors,  with  a  secretary  and  marshal. 

They  made  a  court  for  the  trial  of  all  cases,  with  appeal  to  the  director  and 
council  at  Fort  Amsterdam.  The  law  of  the  whole  province  was  the  Roman- 
Dutch  law  as  practised  in  Holland.  Disputes  between  the  patroon  and  the  tenants 
commenced  from  the  very  settlement  of  the  colony. 

1638.  —  THE  records  of  Plymouth  show  that  John  Jenney 
was  presented  for  not  grinding  corn  well  and  seasonably. 

1638.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  issued  regulations 
for  the  corn-mills,  prescribing  the  weights  and  measures  to  be  used 
in  them,  and  making  it  obligatory  to  weigh  the  corn,  if  required, 
both  to  and  from  the  mill. 

1638,  SEPTEMBER  6.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
ordered  that  every  inhabitant  "  who  shall  not  voluntarily  con- 
tribute proportionate  to  his  ability  with  other  freemen  of  the 
same  town  to  all  assessed  charges,  as  well  for  the  upholding  of  the 
ordinances  of  the  churches  as  otherwise,"  should  be  compelled  to 
do  so  by  taxes  levied  as  in  other  cases. 

1638.  —  BOSTON  had  twenty  or  thirty  houses.  Twenty  ships 
and  about  three  thousand  persons  arrived  in  Massachusetts. 

John  Josselyn,  who  visited  America  this  year,  says  there  were  two  licensed  inns 
in  Boston,  and  when  a  stranger  enters  them,  "  an  officer  visits  them,"  and  if  the 
stranger  "  calls  for  more  drink  than  the  officer  thinks  in  his  judgement  he  can 
soberly  bear  away,  he  appoints  the  proportion  beyond  which  he  cannot  get  one 
drop." 

1638.  —  A  SCHOOL  was  established  by  the  general  court  of 
Massachusetts  at  Newtown,  and  the  name  Cambridge  was  given 
to  the  settlement. 

The  school  was  for  the  education  of  clergymen. 

1638.  —  AN  order  was  issued  in  England  to  stop  all  ships  bound 
for  New  England. 


62  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1638-9. 

The  death  of  Mason,  the  year  before,  put  an  end  to  the  proceedings  of  quo 
warranto  against  the  charter.  An  order  was  sent  out  by  the  Lords  Commissions 
for  Plantations  to  send  the  charter  to  England,  which  the  general  court,  by  the 
governor,  respectfully  declined.  The  ship-owners  also  obtained  the  recall  of  the 
order  concerning  ships. 

1638.  —  THE  second  assembly  in  Maryland  declined  to  receive 
the  laws  submitted  them  by  the  proprietary. 

They  objected  to  his  claiming  the  initiative  in  all  legislation. 

1638,  NOVEMBER  16.  —  A  grant  of  land  and  timber  was  made 
to  Mr.  Nicholas  Esson,  by  the  town  of  Portsmouth,  Rhode  Island, 
for  the  erection  of  a  water-mill. 

The  court,  at  the  same  session,  appointed  four  "truck-masters,"  to  regulate 
the  venison  trade  with  the  Indians ;  the  price  to  be  paid  for  it  was  a  penny  and  a 
half  a  pound,  and  the  selling  price  was  two  pence,  out  of  this  a  farthing  was  to  be 
paid  to  the  treasury. 

1638.  —  THE  town  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  granted  more  land 
to  John  Blackleach,  "  for  the  furthering  of  his  endeavors  in  plow- 
ing, and  for  his  encouragement  therein." 

He  had  found  his  farm  of  three  hundred  acres  not  "  sufficient  land  to  maintain 
a  plow." 

1638.  —  IN  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  by  order  of  the  court, 
two  searchers  and  sealers  of  leather  were  appointed. 

1638.  —  THE  first  brick  house  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was 
erected  previous  to  this  year. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Mr.  Coddington  before  he  removed,  in  this 
year,  from  Boston  to  Rhode  Island. 

1638.  —  THE  town  of  Rowley,  in  Massachusetts,  lying  between 
Ipswich  and  Newbury,  was  settled  by  a  colony  from  Yorkshire, 
England,  consisting  of  about  twenty  families,  under  the  direction 
of  their  minister,  Rev.  Ezekiel  Rogers. 

The  town  was  incorporated  next  year,  and  the  people",  many  of  whom  had  been 
engaged  in  the  business  in  England,  began  the  manufacture  of  cloth. 

1639.  —  A  BILL  passed  the  third  assembly  of  Maryland,  giving 
authority  to  the  governor  and  council  to  contract  for  the  erection 
of  a  water-mill,  provided  its  cost  should  not  exceed  "  twenty 
thousand  pounds  of  tobacco,"  which  were  to  be  raised  in  two 
years  by  taxation. 

Tobacco  was  the  currency  of  Maryland  at  this  time ;  and  the  price  of  the  above 
mill,  calculated  at  the  prices  given  a  little  later,  would  be  about  three  hundred  and 
thirty-three  dollars. 

This  third  assembly  was  composed  of  deputies  from  the  several  hundreds  into 
which  the  colony  was  divided,  and  of  persons  whom  the  governor  had  specially 
summoned  to  attend  it.  Their  first  business  was  "establishing  the  house  of 
assembly,"  or  confirming  the  above  constitution  of  the  body.  They  sat  together; 
subsequently  those  specially  summoned  sat  apart  and  had  a  negative  on  the  depu- 


1639.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  53 

ties.  Trial  by  jury,  of  "  twelve  freemen  at  the  least,"  was  instituted.  The  governor 
and  council  made  a  court  for  crimes.  In  civil  cases,  the  governor" was  sole  judge, 
with  such  councillors  as  he  saw  fit.  The  assembly  was  the  final  court  of  appeal. 
An  insolvent  debtor's  goods  were  sold  "  at  an  outcry,"  and  divided  among  the 
creditors  proportionally,  "inhabiting  within  the  province."  This  was  copied 
from  Virginia.  It  was  provided  that  "  Holy  Church  within  this  province  shall 
have  all  her  rights  and  liberties."  A  proclamation  by  the  governor  prohibited 
"  all  unseasonable  disputations  in  point  of  religion,  tending  to  the  disturbance  of 
the  public  peace  and  quiet  of  the  colony,  and  to  the  opening  of  faction  in  religion." 
Under  this  a  zealous  Catholic  had  been  fined,  and  forced  to  give,  security  to  keep 
the  peace  for  abusing  a  book  of  Protestant  sermons,  and  forbidding  his  indented 
servants  from  reading  it.  "  Slaves  only  excepted,"  occurs  in  an  act  of  the 
assembly. 

1639,  JANUARY  2.  — In  Portsmouth,  Rhode  Island,  three  elders 
were  elected  to  assist  the  judge  in  the  management  of  the 
colony's  business. 

Sealed  ballots  were  used  at  this  election. 

1639,  JANUARY  14. —  The  towns  of  the  settlement  on  the  Con- 
necticut, agreeing  to  be  as  "  one  public  state  or  commonwealth," 
provided  for  a  representative  body  of  delegates  chosen  by  the 
freemen,  who,  with  the  governor  and  council,  composed  the  legis- 
lative authority. 

A  written  constitution  was  accepted  at  a  meeting  of  the  freemen  of  Hartford, 
Windsor,  and  Wethersfield.  It  was  based  upon  that  of  Massachusetts,  but  did  not 
make  church-membership  obligatory  for  becoming  a  freeman.  The  magistrates 
were  to  be  chosen  annually,  the  candidates  to  have  been  proposed  a  year.  The 
governor  was  chosen  from  the  magistrates,  and  must  be  a  church-member,  but 
could  not  be  elected  two  years  in  succession.  The  governor  and  assistants  made 
a  court,  and,  with  the  delegates  from  the  towns,  formed  a  general  court,  the  dep- 
uties sitting  by  themselves.  "  The  rule  of  the  Word  of  God"  was  relied  upon  in 
the  administration  of  justice,  to  supply  any  deficiencies  in  its  administration  "  ac- 
cording to  established  rules." 

1639,  MAY  1.  —  A  settlement  was  begun  at  Newport,  Rhode 
Island. 

The  first  house  was  built  by  Nicholson  Easton,  and  his  two  sons,  Peter  and 
John. 

1639,  JUNE  4. —  The  New  Haven  colony  organized  their  gov- 
ernment. 

They  adopted  the  Scriptures  as  the  law  of  the  land.  No  one  but  church-mem- 
bers were  admitted  to  participate  in  the  government.  After  prayers  and  a  sermon, 
the  body  of  the  colonists  elected  twelve  persons  to  elect  seven  of  their  number  as 
the  seven  pillars  of  the  church.  These  seven  could  admit  as  many  other  church- 
members  as  they  saw  fit.  There  was  no  trial  by  jury,  as  no  warrant  for  it  was 
found  in  Scripture.  Eaton  was  elected  governor,  and  annually  re-elected  for 
twenty  years.  This  code  was  the  one  known  commonly  as  the  "Blue  Laws." 

1639.  —  THE  Connecticut  assembly  passed  an  act  empowering 


64  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1639. 

the  towns  of  Hartford,  Windsor,  and  Wethersfield,  or  any  others 
within  their  jurisdiction,  to  each  dispose  of  their  own  lands,  to 
choose  their  own  officers,  and  make  such  orders  as  may  be  for  the 
well  ordering  of  their  own  towns  as  were  not  contrary  to  any  law 
passed  by  the  assembly ;  and  also  to  impose  penalties  for  the 
infringement  of  the  same. 

The  four  or  seven  men  chosen  by  the  towns  to  manage  their  affairs  were  called 
"townsmen." 

1639.  —  THE  inhabitants  of  Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  signed  an 
agreement  "  to  combine  themselves  together  to  erect  and  set  up 
among  us  such  government  as  should  be  to  their  best  discerning." 

1639,  JUNE  4.  —  Plymouth  had  a  representative  assembly  this 
year,  composed  of  deputies  from  the  towns. 

The  governor  and  assistants  had  up  to  this  time  done  all  the  legislation. 

1639. — THE  Plymouth  assembly  passed  a  law,  that  "All  the 
townships  within  this  government,  allowed  or  to  be  allowed, 
shall  have  liberty  to  meet  together,  and  to  make  such  town 
orders."  They  were  also  given  power  to  impose  fines  under 
twenty  shillings. 

1639.  —  THE  assembly  of  Massachusetts  exempted  from  all 
duties  and  public  taxes  the  men  and  property  employed  in 
catching,  curing,  or  transporting  fish. 

The  deep-sea  fishing  upon  the  banks  and  coast  of  Newfoundland  had  been  an 
important  business  for  a  long  time  before  the  settlement  of  this  country.  As  early 
as  1517  it  had  engaged  French  and  Spanish  ships  from  the  coast  of  Normandy  and 
Biscay.  In  1578  the  French  had  a  hundred  and  fifty,  the  Spanish  about  a  hun- 
dred and  thirty,  and  the  English  about  fifty,  vessels  engaged  in  it.  Naturally, 
therefore,  it  was  one  of  the  first  occupations  to  engage  the  attention  of  the  set- 
tlers, and  brought  them  directly  into  the  seemingly  circuitous  trade  in  which  they 
so  early  engaged. 

1639.  —  THE  school  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  being  en- 
dowed by  John  Harvard  at  his  death,  was  now  made  a  college, 
and  named  after  him. 

John  Harvard  left  it  his  library  and  half  his  fortune  —  about  eight  hundred 
pounds.  The  college  was  placed  under  the  superintendence  of  a  board  of  over- 
seers, composed  of  magistrates  and  the  ministers  of  six  neighboring  churches. 
It  was  also  given  the  income  of  the  ferry  between  Boston  and  Charlestown.  Henry 
Dunster,  who  had  recently  arrived,  was  made  its  first  president. 

1639,  June  6.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted 
Edward  Rawson  five  hundred  acres  of  land,  "  so  as  he  goes  on 
with  the  powder,  if  the  saltpeter  comes." 

1639. — THE  Rev.  Thomas  Allen,  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts, 
was  called  to  account  for  having  his  house  painted,  but  was  dis- 


1639.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  (35 

charged  on  showing  that  it  was  done  before  his  time,  and  was 
not  approved  by  him. 

The  first  church  in  Boston  was  never  painted,  either  inside  or  out.  In  1G70  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  out  a  list  of  mechanics,  but  no  painter 
appears  in  it. 

1639.  —  A  MINT  was  established  in  Maryland. 
It  coined  shillings,  sixpences,  and  fourpences. 

1639.  —  A  PUBLIC  subscription  was  this  year  taken  up  to  pay  for 
the  erection  of  the  first  water-mill  for  corn  in  Maryland. 

1639.  —  THE  assembly  in  Virginia  ordered  all  the  tobacco  made 
in  the  colony,  in  this  and  the  two  succeeding  years,  to  be  de- 
stroyed, except  one  million  and  a  half  of  pounds  —  in  due  pro- 
portion for  each  planter. 

This  was  intended  to  limit  the  supply  in  order  to  enhance  the  price.  As  tobacco 
was  also  the  currency  of  the  colony,  all  creditors  were  required  to  take  forty 
pounds  for  the  hundred,  and,  "  during  the  stint,"  to  be  content  with  two  thirds  of 
this.  The  price  of  tobacco  this  year  was  threepence  a  pound ;  the  crop  of  the 
next  was  not  to  be  sold  for  less  than  a  shilling,  and  that  of  the  year  after  for  less 
than  two  shillings  a  pound,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture.  There  seems  to  be  no 
testimony  as  to  the  result  of  this  legislation. 

1639,  NOVEMBER  25.  —  It  was  ordered  by  the  authorities  of 
Newport  that  no  man  should  go  two  miles  from  town,  or  attend 
a  public  meeting,  without  carrying  a  sword  or  a  gun,  under  pen- 
alty of  a  fine  of  five  shillings. 

The  danger  from  the  Indians  was  the  cause  of  this  regulation. 

The  settlers  of  Newport  were  enterprising  merchants  and  seamen,  and  by  1764 
their  West  India  trade  employed  one  hundred  and  fifty  vessels.  During  the  Revo- 
lution, the  town  suffered  so  severely  from  the  depredations  inflicted  by  the  British, 
who  at  one  time  had  eight  thousand  men  quartered  there,  that  it  never  recovered 
its  former  commercial  prosperity,  though  of  late  years  it  has  been  the  most 
fashionable  and  frequented  sea-side  resort  in  the  country. 

1639.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  made  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
what  is  now  the  city  of  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  but  the  city 
proper,  which  was  originally  called  Newfield,  is  the  growth  of  this 
century. 

It  was  incorporated  in  1821,  and  in  183C  received  a  city  charter.  It  is  an  im- 
portant station  of  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  which  has  done 
much  towards  giving  the  place  its  present  rank  in  wealth,  that  of  third  in  the 
state.  The  city  is  famous  for  its  factories  of  carriages,  sewing-machines,  and 
saddlery. 

1639.  —  THE  Freeman's  Oath,  issued  in  January  of  this  year, 
was  the  first  publication  in  the  territory  of  the  United  States. 

It  was  issued  from  the  press  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  which  had  been 
brought  from  England  by  Jesse  Glover,  a  clergyman,  who  contributed  a  portion 

5 


66  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.       [1639-40. 

of  the  money  for  its  purchase,  the  rest  being  raised  from  the  contributions  of  some 
gentlemen  in  New  England  and  Amsterdam,  Holland.  Mr.  Glover  employed  an 
English  printer,  named  Stephen  Daye,  to  come  out  with  the  printing-press,  and 
superintend  its  operation.  On  the  voyage  out,  Mr.  Glover  died,  and  on  the  arrival 
of  the  press  it  was  set  up  by  Daye.  The  Freeman's  Oath  is  supposed  to  have  been 
a  small  sheet  printed  only  upon  one  side.  The  next  issue  of  the  press  was  an 
Almanack,  calculated  for  New  England  by  Mr.  William  Peirce,  a  mariner.  This 
was  issued  the  same  year.  Copies  of  neither  of  these  publications  are  known. 
The  first  book  printed  in  New  England  was  issued  in  1C40.  It  was  THE  "WHOLE 
BOOK  OF  PSAI.MES,  faithfully  translated  into  English  metre.  This  was  in 
octavo,  and  consisted  of  the  title-page,  seven  leaves  for  the  preface,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  forty-nine  unnumbered  leaves,  with  an  additional  one  for  the  errata.  It 
was  printed  in  Roman  type.  Several  copies  arc  in  existence,  and  a  fac-simile  has 
been  several  times  reprinted.  The  text  was  prepared  by  Richard  Mather,  Thomas 
Welde,  and  John  Eliot.  The  originals  in  existence  contain  some  slight  differ- 
ences, going  to  show  that  alterations  were  made  in  the  forms  during  the  printing 
of  the  edition.  The  names  of  the  other  persons  who  aided  in  the  erection  of  the 
press  at  Cambridge,  are  Major  Thomas  Clark,  Captain  James  Oliver,  Captain 
Allen,  Mr.  Stoddard,  Mr.  Freake,  and  Mr.  Hues.  The  Bay  Psalm  Book,  as  the 
new  version  of  the  psalms  was  called,  was  very  popular  for  more  than  a  century 
both  in  Great  Britain  and  the  New  England  colonies.  The  first  edition  in  England 
was  issued  soon  after  that  of  Cambridge,  and  the  last  in  1754.  In  1759  the  twenty- 
second  edition  of  it  was  issued  in  Scotland. 

WILLIAM  PEIRCE,  the  compiler  of  the  almanac  mentioned  above,  had  repeatedly 
crossed  the  Atlantic.  He  was  called  by  his  contemporaries  "The  Palinurus  of 
our  Seas."  He  commanded  the  Ann  in  1G23,  and  afterwards  the  Mayflower  and 
the  Lyon,  both  of  which  vessels  were  engaged  in  the  colonial  trade,  and  brought 
over  many  colonists.  Subsequently  he  engaged  in  the  colonial  trade  with  the 
West  Indies.  In  1C33  he  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Virginia,  and  five  years 
afterwards  carried  a  cargo  of  Pequot  Indians  captured  there  to  the  West  Indies, 
where  he  sold  them,  and  brought  back  a  cargo  of  negro  slaves.  In  1641  he  took 
part  in  an  attempt  of  the  New  Englanders  to  settle  the  Isle  of  Providence,  one 
of  the  Caribbee  Islands,  and  was  shot  by  the  Spaniards,  dying  in  an  hour  from  his 
wound. 

STEPHEN  DATE  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  descendant  of  John  Day,  one  of  the 
early  printers  of  England.  As  a  printer,  the  issues  of  Stephen  Dayc's  Cambridge 
press  did  not  add  greatly  to  his  reputation ;  the  work  was  carelessly  done,  and  in 
comparison  with  the  specimens  of  early  European  typography,  shows  that  he  had 
not  the  professional  pride  of  his  predecessors.  He  printed  the  Almanac  yearly  ;  a 
second  edition  of  the  Psalms  in  1G47 ;  The  Body  of  Liberty  s,  containing  one  hun- 
dred laws  of  the  colony,  in  1641,  a  second  edition  in  1G48,  which  the  court  ordered 
sold  "  in  quires  "  at  three  shillings  the  book.  In  1G49  his  supervision  of  the  press 
ended.  The  Body  of  Liberties  was  prepared  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ward,  of  Ipswich. 
In  1G41  the  general  court  granted  Daye  three  hundred  acres  of  land,  as  "being 
the  first  that  sett  upon  printing."  In  1G55  the  grant  was  confirmed  to  him.  In 
1G68  he  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight.  But  very  few  of  the  books  printed  by 
Daye  arc  extant,  and  none  of  them  have  his  imprint,  which  it  is  thought  he  never 
placed  upon  the  works  he  issued. 

1C39-40.  —  RHODE  ISLAND  this  year  enacted  a  law  to  regulate 
the  price  of  boards  and  clapboards  at  the  mill. 

The  price  was  fixed  at  eight  shillings  the  hundred  for  sound  boards,  delivered  at 


1639-40.]       ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  (57 

the  mill,  and  a  shilling  a  foot  for  clapboards  and  fencing  of  sound  merchantable 
stuff. 

1639.  —  THE  manufacture  of  glass  was  commenced  in  Salem, 
Massachusetts. 

In  this  year  "were  granted  to  the  glass-men  several  acres  of  ground  adjoyning 
to  their  houses."  The  persons  engaged  in  the  undertaking  were  Ananias  Concklin, 
Obadiah  Holmes,  and  Lawrence  Southwick,  to  each  of  whom  two  acres  were  given. 
Glass  bottles,  it  is  said,  were  made  before  this  in  the  village  of  Germantown,  in 
Braintree,  Massachusetts. 

1639.  —  A  CANAL,  three  and  a  half  miles  long,  was  built  in  Mas- 
sachusetts to  connect  the  waters  of  the  Charles  and  the  Neponset, 
and  furnish  water-power. 

It  was  called  Mother  Brook,  and  is  claimed  to  have  been  the  first  canal,  the 
same  claim  being  made  for  Mill  Brook,  at  Watertown,  in  the  same  state. 

1639.  —  SIR  FERDINANDO  GORGES  obtained  a  patent  for  his  land 
from  King  Charles  I. 

The  Plymouth  Company  had  surrendered  their  charter,  and  this  was  intended  as 
a  confirmation  of  Gorges'  title.  The  tract  extended  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles 
inland  from  the  sea,  and  was  called  Maine. 

1639.  —  NUT,  or  Governor's,  Island, 'in  New  York  harbor,  was 
this  year  leased  for  five  hundred  merchantable  boards  yearly,  half 
oak  and  half  pine,  and  a  saw-mill  was  erected  upon  it. 

1640.  —  THE  first  general  court  for  the  province  of  Maine  was 
held  at  Saco. 

It  was  held  by  Thomas  Gorges,  the  deputy  of  the  grandson  of  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  and  was  composed  of  eight  deputies  elected  by  the  people,  and  the  lieuten- 
ant, chancellor,  marshal,  and  other  high  officers  appointed  by  the  proprietary. 
The  twenty  years'  efforts  at  colonization  made  by  the  Gorges  family  are  estimated 
to  have  cost  them  twenty  thousand  pounds.  The  name  of  Maine  has  been  vari- 
ously explained,  but  was  probably  derived  from  the  fact  that  the  territory  had 
long  been  spoken  of  by  the  fishermen  who  frequented  the  coast  as  the  "  main,"  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  islands. 

The  immigration  in  New  England,  up  to  this  time,  is  estimated  to  have  reached 
about  twenty-five  thousand  persons.  The  calling  of  the  Long  Parliament  in  Eng- 
land, and  the  approaching  commonwealth,  had  the  effect  of  checking  immigration ; 
and  for  about  twenty  years  there  were  almost  as  many  who  returned  to  England 
from  America  as  came  to  America  from  England.  Up  to  this  time  the  cost  of  the 
various  settlements  has  been  estimated  at  over  a  million  of  dollars ;  and  east  of  the 
Hudson  there  were  twelve  independent  communities,  embracing  about  fifty  towns. 

1640,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  The  general  court  of  Connecticut  ordered 
that  skins  should  be  preserved,  with  a  penalty  for  neglect  of  the 
order;  flax  and  hemp  were  also  ordered  to  be  sown  by  each 
family,  and  the  seed  preserved,  "  that  we  might  in  time  have 
supply  of  Lynen  Cloath  among  ourselves." 

It  was  also  ordered,  that  "whereas  it  is  thought  necessary  for  the  comfortable 
support  of  these  plantations,  that  a  trade  in  cotten  wooll  be  sett  uppon  and  at- 


68  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1640. 

tempted,  and  for  the  furthering  thereof  it  hath  pleased  the  governor  that  now  is 
(Edward  Hopkins)  to  undertake  the  finishing  and  setting  forth  a  vessel  with  con- 
venient speed  to  those  parts,  where  the  said  commodity  is  to  be  had,"  the  plan- 
tations were  ordered,  on  its  return,  to  take  each  its  proportion  of  cotton,  to  be  paid 
for  in  corn  and  pipe-staves.  And  further,  that  the  supply  of  pipe-staves  might  be 
sufficient,  it  was  ordered  that  no  timber  be  felled  outside  the  plantations  without 
the  order  of  the  court ;  nor  any  pipe-staves  to  be  sold  out  of  the  river  without 
permission  -T  nor  were  pipe-staves  to  be  exported  until  they  were  inspected. 

Hutchinson  gives  the  number  of  sheep  in  Massachusetts  in  this  year  as  three 
thousand. 

1640,  MARCH  12.  —  At  a  general  court  of  election,  a  union  was 
made  between  the  towns  of  Portsmouth  and  Newport,  Rhode 
Island. 

The  chief  officer  was  called  governor,  and  the  deputy  governor  and  four  other 
magistrates  were  his  assistants. 

1640,  MAY  13.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  the 
following  order :  — 

"The  court  taking  into  serious  consideration  the  absolute  necessity  for  the 
raising  of  the  manufacture  of  limn  cloth,  doth  declare  that  it  is  the  intent  of  this 
court  that  there  shall  be  an  order  settled  about  it,  and  therefore  doth  require  the 
magistrates  and  deputies  of  the  several  towns  to  acquaint  the  towns  men  therewith, 
and  to  make  enquiry  what  seed  is  in  every  town,  what  men  and  women  are  skilful 
in  the  breaking,  spinning,  weaving,  what  means  for  the  providing  of  wheels ;  and 
to  consider  with  those  skilful  in  that  manufacture,  and  what  course  may  be  taken 
for  teaching  the  boys  and  girls  in  all  towns  the  spinning  of  the  yarn,  and  to  return 
to  the  next  court  their  several  and  joint  advice  about  this  thing.  The  like  con- 
sideration would  be  had  for  the  spinning  and  weaving  of  cotton  wool." 

Hubbard  says,  "Much  cotton  wool  was  brought  into  the  country  from  the 
Indies."  He  means  the  West  Indies. 

1640,  JULY  27.  —  Articles  of  agreement  (twelve  in  number) 
were  drawn  up  for  the  government  of  the  settlement  at  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island. 

They  were  accepted  by  the  people.  They  reiterated  the  guaranty  of  liberty  of 
conscience,  laid  a  tax  of  thirty  shillings  upon  each  inhabitant,  and  provided  that 
all  private  disputes  should  be  settled  by  arbitration. 

1640,  AUGUST  20. — The  town  of  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  voted 
that  "  one  hundred  acres  of  land  should  be  laid  forth  and  appro- 
priated for  a  school,  for  encouragement  of  the  poorer  sort,  to 
train  up  their  youth  in  learning,  and  Mr.  Robert  Lenthal,  while 
he  continues  to  teach  school,  is  to  have  the  benefit  thereof." 

Mr.  Robert  Lenthal  was  also  voted  one  hundred  acres,  and  four  more  for  a 
house-lot. 

1640,  SEPTEMBER  14.  —  The  governors  of  Hartford,  New  Haven, 
and  Aquedneck,  or  Portsmouth,  and  Newport,  wrote  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Massachusetts,  to  consult  concerning  the  treatment 
of  the  Indians.  To  this  letter  the  government  of  Massachusetts 


1640.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  59 

responded,  refusing  to  include  the  Rhode  Island  settlements  in 
their  answer. 

The  letter  of  the  governors  spoke  of  "their  dislike  of  such  as  would  hare  the 
Indians  rooted  out,  as  being  of  the  cursed  race  of  Ham,"  and  their  desire  to  gain 
them  by  justice  and  kindness,  and  to  watch  over  them  to  prevent  any  danger  from 
them. 

1640.  —  ALL  orders  in  Massachusetts  intended  to  regulate  and 
limit  the  rate  of  wages  were  repealed. 

1640.  —  ON  the  seventh  of  October,  an  order,  which  had  been 
made  previously,  offering  a  bounty  of  threepence  on  every  shilling's 
worth  of  linen,  woollen,  and  cotton  cloth.  "  according  to  its  valeu- 
ation  for  the  incuragement  of  the  manufacture,"  was  explained  as 
applying  only  to  cloth  made  in  that  jurisdiction,  and  of  yarn  spun 
there  from  materials  raised  within  the  same,  "  or  else  of  cotton." 

This  was  to  continue  three  years,  but  was  repealed  on  the  second  of  June  fol- 
lowing, "because  too  burthensome  to  the  country." 

1640,  OCTOBER.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered 
that  all  hides  and  skins  should  be  preserved  to  be  tanned,  under 
a  penalty  of  twelve  pounds  and  the  skin. 

1640.  —  THE  inhabitants  of  Dover,  New  Hampshire,  "  voluntarily 
agreed  to  combine  themselves  into  a  body  politic,  that  they  might 
the  more  comfortably  enjoy  the  benefit  of  his  majesty's  laws,  to- 
gether with  such  laws  as  should  be  concluded  by  a  major  part  of 
the  freemen." 

1640. —  SOUTHAMPTON,  on  Long  Island,  was  this  year  settled  by  a 
colony  from  Lynn,  Massachusetts  ;  and  soon  after  Easthampton  by 
others  from  the  same  place. 

The  first  mill  at  Southampton  was  driven  by  cattle ;  and  the  people  of  East- 
hampton, before  they  had-  a  mill  of  their  own,  used  the  town  bull  to  carry  their 
grain  to  the  mill  at  Southampton. 

1640.  —  BRANDY  was  distilled  this  year  in  New  York  City. 

1640.  —  THE  fourth  assembly  in  Maryland  passed  laws  forbid- 
ding the  exportation  of  corn,  and  making  its  culture  obligatory. 

The  commencement  of  the  tobacco  inspection  system  dates  from  this  assembly's 
act  "touching  tobaccoes." 

1640.  —  AT  Christmas,  this  year,  there  were  trading  in  Virginia 
ten  ships  from  London,  two  from  Bristol,  twelve  from  Holland,  and 
seven  from  New  England.  The  population  of  Virginia  amounted 
to  nearly  twenty  thousand. 

1640. — THE  first  original  composition  published  in  America  was 
issued  this  year. 

It  was  a  volume  of  Poems  by  Mrs.  Anne  Bradstreet,  the  wife  of  Simon  Brad- 
street,  who  was  afterwards  governor,  and  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Dudley,  who  in 


70  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.       [1640-41. 

1630  had  come  to  the  colony  as  deputy  governor.     The  volume  was  reprinted  in 
England,  and  met  with  considerable  success. 

1640.  —  THE  stoppage  of  emigration  to  Massachusetts  Bay  cut 
off  the  supply  of  ready  money  which  had  been  kept  up  by  the 
new-comers  bringing,  each  of  them,  a  certain  amount ;  and,  as 
there  were  no  measures  taken  by  the  government  to  supply  a 
currency,  its  want  was  greatly  felt,  prices  fell,  and  there  was  diffi- 
culty in  paying  debts. 

So  little  money  had  always  been  in  circulation,  that  from  the  commencement 
grain  and  cattle  had  been  received  at  a  fixed  rate  for  taxes,  and  grain  was  now 
made  a  legal  tender  for  the  payment  of  all  new  debts  ;  and  "  three  understanding 
and  indifferent  men,"  one  chosen  by  the  creditor,  another  by  the  debtor,  and  a 
third  by  the  marshal,  were,  in  cases  of  execution,  to  save  the  property  of  the 
debtor  from  sacrifice.  Beaver-skins  were  also  used  as  a  currency,  and  musket- 
balls  at  a  farthing  each. 

1640.  —  THE  Dutch  West  India  Company  issued  a  new  "  charter 
of  privileges  and  exceptions." 

Patroonships  were  limited  hereafter  to  four  miles  frontage  on  navigable  streams, 
extending  inland  eight  miles.  Each  immigrant  transporting  himself  had  two  hun- 
dred acres  of  land ;  the  villages  and  towns  formed  should  have  such  magistrates  as 
they  chose.  The  prohibition  against  cloth-making  was  removed,  and  the  monopoly 
of  the  Indian  trade  relinquished,  a  moderate  export  duty  being  substituted.  The 
company  held  the  monopoly  of  transportation  to  and  from  the  colonies.  The  Dutch 
Reformed  Church  was  the  only  religion  to  be  publicly  taught,  and  the  company  fur- 
nished preachers,  schoolmasters,  and  "  comforters  for  the  sick."  The  company 
would  advance  all  supplies  of  tools,  provisions,  and  clothes  to  emigrants  on  credit. 

1641,  MARCH  16.  —  The  second  general  court  of  election  was 
held  at  Portsmouth,  in  Rhode  Island. 

The  court-roll  contained  the  names  of  sixty  freemen.  At  this  session  it  was 
"ordered  and  unanimously  agreed  upon,  that  the  Government  which  this  Bodie 
Politick  doth  attend  unto  in  this  Island,  and  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  in  favor  of 
our  Prince,  is  a  democracie,  or  Popular  Government ;  that  is  to  say,  It  is  in  the 
Poure  of  the  Body  of  Freemen,  orderly  assembled,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  to 
make  and  constitute  Just  Lawes,  by  which  they  will  be  regulated,  and  to  depute 
from  among  themselves  such  Ministers  as  shall  see  them  faithfully  executed  be- 
tween Man  and  Man."  The  ownership  of  land  was  also  "  ordered  Established  and 
Decreed"  to  be  such  "that  neyther  the  State  nor  any  Person  or  Persons  shall 
intrude  into  it,  molest  him  in  itt,  or  deprive  him  of  anything  whatsoever  that  is,  or 
shall  be  within  that,  or  any  of  the  bounds  thereof."  A  state  seal  was  also  adopted ; 
the  design  was  a  sheaf  of  arrows,  with  the  motto,  Amor  vincit  omnia.  Religious 
liberty  was  secured  in  the  order,  "  That  none  be  accounted  a  Delinquent  for  Doc- 
trine :  Provided,  it  be  not  directly  repugnant  to  y*  Government  or  Lawes  estab- 
lished." At  the  next  session  of  the  court,  September  17,  it  was  "ordered,  that 
the  law  of  the  last  court,  made  concerning  Libertie  of  Conscience  in  Point  of 
Doctrine,  is  perpetuated." 

1641,  APRIL  29.  —  There  was  granted  in  Massachusetts  to 
Goodman  Nutt,  Martin  Vaderwood,  John  "Whitney,  Henry  Kim- 


16-11.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  71 

ball,  and  John  Witheridge  allowance  for  eighty-three  and  one 
half  yards,  "  valewed  "  at  twelve  pence  a  yard. 

This  appears  to  be  the  first  mention  of  cloth  made  in  the  country. 

1641.  —  IN  June,  Samuel  Winslow  obtained  from  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  the  exclusive  right  of  making  salt  by  a 
new  process,  provided  he  set  it  up  within  a  year. 

1641.  —  THE  same  year  John  Jenney  was  allowed  Clark's  Island 
and  certain  privileges  in  making  salt,  which  he  was  to  sell  to  the 
people  at  two  shillings  a  bushel. 

Jenney  was  a  resident  at  Plymouth.  There  were  four  partners  with  him.  The 
grant  embraced  thirty  acres  of  land,  and  the  privilege  ran  for  twenty-one  years. 

1641. — JOHN  APPLETON  received  permission  to  set  up  a  brewery 
at  Watertown,  Massachusetts. 
He  is  said  to  have  raised  hops. 

1641,  JUNE.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  offered  pre- 
miums for  linen,  "  till  cotten  may  bee  had,"  and  advised  the  gath- 
ering of  wild  hemp. 

This  was  the  Indian  hemp,  which  the  Indians  used  for  making  their  lines,  nets, 
and  other  articles.  From  them  the  settlers  learned  its  use.  The  court  also  an- 
nounced that  it  was  "  desired  and  expected  that  all,  members  of  families  should  see 
that  their  children  and  servants  should  bee  industriously  implied,  so  as  the  morn- 
ings and  evenings  and  other  seasons  may  not  bee  lost,  as  formerly  they  have  beene, 
but  that  the  honest  and  profitable  custome  of  England  may  be  practiced  amongst 
us ;  so  as  all  hands  may  be  implied  for  the  working  of  hemp  and  fflaxe  and  other  need- 
ful things  for  clothing,  without  abridging  any  such  servants  of  their  deue  times  for 
foode  and  rest  and  other  needful  refreshings." 

1641.  —  THE  town  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  was  also  called  to- 
gether to  consider  the  cultivation  of  hemp,  and  an  acre  of  ground 
was  set  apart  to  Samuel  Cornhill  for  its  cultivation. 

1641.  — THE  manufacture  of  cordage  was  begun  in  Boston  by 
John  Harrison 

1641,  OCTOBER.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  enacted 
that : 

"Whereas,  the  country  is  now  in  hand  with  the  building  of  ships,  which  is  a 
business  of  great  importance  for  the  common  good,  and  therefore  suitable  care 
is  been  taken  that  it  will  be  well  performed,  according  to  the  commendable  course 
of  England  and  other  places,  it  is  therefore  ordered  surveyors  be  appointed  to 
examine  any  ship  built,  and  her  work,  to  see  that  it  be  performed  and  carried  on 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  art." 

1641.  —  AT  Monamet,  now  Sandwich,  a  bark  was  built  this  year 
by  a  subscription.  She  was  about  fifty  tons  burden,  and  her  cost 
was  estimated  at  two  hundred  pounds. 

There  were  thirteen  subscribers  who  owned  her,  of  whom  William  Paddy,  Wil- 
iiam  Hanburry,  and  John  Barnes,  owned,  each,  one-eighth,  and  William  Bradford, 


72  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1641. 

John  Jcnney,  John  Atwood,  Samuel  Hicks,  George  Bower,  John  Cook,  Samuel 
Jenney,  Thomas  Willets,  Stephen  Hopkins,  and  Edward  Bangs,  one-sixteenth 
each. 

1641,  NOVEMBER  17.  — An  appeal  was  made  to  the  government 
of  Massachusetts  by  thirteen  of  the  settlers  at  Providence  to  set- 
tle a  dispute. 

It  had  been  settled  by  the  "  arbitration  of  eight  men  orderly  chosen,"  but  the 
disputants  refused  to  accept  the  award.  A  riot  had  ensued,  and  violence  had  been 
done.  Francis  Weston's  cattle  had  been  levied  on  in  the  settlement.  The  Massa- 
chusetts authorities  answered  they  "could  not  levy  any  war  without  a  general 
court ;  "  and  the  applicants  should  submit  to  the  jurisdiction  of  either  Plymouth 
or  Massachusetts. 

1641.  —  BOTH  Dover  and  Portsmouth  submitted  to  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  Massachusetts. 

They  made  as  a  condition,  that,  so  far  as  they  were  concerned,  church-mem- 
bership should  not  be  made  a  condition  for  becoming  freemen,  or  for  sitting  in 
the  general  court.  The  next  year  Exeter  came  into  the  same  arrangement. 

1641. —  GOVERNOR  BRADFORD,  of  Plymouth,  surrendered  the 
patent  taken  in  his  name  to  the  freemen  of  the  colony. 

1641. —  THE  director  and  council  of  New  Netherlands  estab- 
lished a  fair  for  the  sale  of  cattle. 

1641.  —  THE  fifth  assembly  in  Maryland  made  the  death  penalty 
for  an  apprentice  servant  to  attempt  escape. 

The  governor  might  commute  the  sentence  into  seven  years'  servitude.  The 
same  penalty  was  extended  to  any  other  person  who  should  accompany  a  servant 
"on  such  unlawful  departure."  "Receiving  a  runaway  servant"  was  not  to  be 
so  punished. 

1641.  —  THE  assembly  of  Virginia,  in  an  address  to  their  con- 
stituents, refer  to  the  parliament  in  England  as  an  opportunity 
for  obtaining  their  "  liberties  and  privileges,"  and  "  preventing 
the  future  designs  of  monopolizers,  contractors,  and  preemptors, 
ever  hitherto  incessent." 

1641. — IN  December  the  general  court  authorized  the  town 
of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  to  lend  the  proprietors  of  the  glass- 
works thirty  pounds,  to  be  deducted  from  the  next  town-rate, 
and  be  repaid  by  the  borrowers,  "  if  the  work  succeeded,  when 
they  are  able." 

Only  glass  bottles  were  probably  made  here.  Glass  in  windows  was  still 
exceedingly  rare,  and  what  there  was  was  imported.  In  1C21  one  of  the  settlers 
wrote  to  a  friend  in  England  "to  bring  paper  and  linseed  oil  for  your  windows, 
with  cotton  yarn  for  your  lamps."  In  1C29  Mr.  Higginson,  writing  from  Salem, 
advises  to  bring  glass  for  the  windows.  • 

1641.  —  RAYMBAULT  and  Jogues,  two  Jesuit  missionaries  in 
Canada,  paddled  in  birch-bark  canoes,  exploring  the  northern 
shores  of  Lake  Huron. 


1641-2.]       ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  73 

The  hostility  of  the  Indians  on  the  southern  side  prevented  the  exploration  of 
Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  which  were  known  to  exist.  On  their  return  Jogues  was 
captured  by  the  Mohawks  and  escaped  from  death,  after  being  obliged  frequently 
to  run  the  gauntlet  in  the  Indian  villages,  by  the  active  interference  of  Van 
Cuyler,  the  Dutch  governor  at  Rensselaersuyck.  From  there  he  went  to  New- 
York,  and  thence  to  France.  The  Dutch  performed  a  similar  service  for  other 
Jesuit  missionaries. 

1641.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  adopted  a  system 
of  laws  denominated  the  "  Body  of  Liberties." 

One  of  its  provisions  was,  that  there  "should  be  no  monopolies  but  of  such 
new  inventions  as  were  profitable  to  the  country,  and  that  for  a  short  time  only." 
Two  ministers,  Cotton  and  Ward,  had  each  reported  a  code.  Cotton,  whose  code 
was  printed  in  England,  had  taken  for  his  model  "Moses,  his  Judicials ;"  while 
Ward,  who  had  been  educated  as  a  lawyer  before  studying  theology,  appears  to 
have  sought  rather  to  realize  the  legal  guaranties  of  political  liberty,  which  were 
at  this  time  exercising  English  thought,  than  attempting  to  introduce  the  theocracy 
of  Judea  in  America ;  and  these  laws,  one  hundred  in  number,  were  compiled 
from  these  codes,  chiefly  from  Ward's,  and  sent  to  every  town,  to  be  considered 
by  the  magistrates  and  elders,  and  then  published  by  the  constables,  so  that  "if 
any  man  saw  anything  to  be  altered,"  he  might  tell  his  deputy.  The  first  seven- 
teen articles  are  devoted  to  individual  rights,  one  of  moving  out  of  the  jurisdiction 
at  pleasure ;  another,  that  he  shall  not  be  compelled  to  go  out  for  offensive  war. 
Then  follow  forty-one  "rights,  rules,  and  liberties,  concerning  judicial  proceed- 
ings." Barbarous  and  cruel  punishments  were  forbidden;  but  whipping,  the 
pilory,  cutting  off  the  ears,  and  other  like  punishments,  were  not  considered  bar- 
barous. Twenty  liberties,  more  particularly  "  concerning  the  freemen,"  follow. 
Then  the  "  liberties  of  women"  take  two  articles.  The  husband  has  no  right  to 
personally  chastise  his  \vife,  and  the  court  may  interfere  if  the  husband  does  not 
leave  her  "a  competent  part  of  his  estate."  Four  articles  are  given  to  the 
"  liberties  of  children."  The  eldest  child  was  to  have  a  double  portion  of  intestate 
estates.  Four  articles  are  given  to  "liberties  of  servants;  "  three  articles  for  the 
"liberties  of  foreigners  and  strangers."  These  provide:  "there  shall  never  be 
any  bond-slavery,  villanage,  nor  captivity  among  us,"  except  captives  taken  in 
war,  or  strangers  who  should  sell  themselves  or  be  sold ;  ending  with  the  proviso, 
"  This  exempts  none  from  servitude  who  shall  be  judged  thereto  by  authority." 
Two  articles  "  of  the  brute  creature."  Then  follow  the  "  capital  laws,"  in  which 
the  death  penalty  is  awarded ;  and  finally  the  "  liberties  which  the  Lord  Jesus  has 
given  to  the  churches." 

1642,  JUNE  14.  —  The   assembly   of  Massachusetts  passed  a 
general  law  to  regulate  the  manufacture  of  leather  in  the  state. 

It  forbade  any  butcher,  currier,  or  shoemaker,  to  exercise  the  trade  of  tanner 
under  the  penalty  for  ea«h  skin  of  six  shillings  and  six  pence ;  while  tanners, 
under  the  same  penalty,  were  forbidden  to  exercise  any  of  the  above-mentioned 
trades.  No  improperly  tanned  leather  should  be  offered  for  sale.  Each  town 
that  wanted  it  should  have  a  regular  sealer  or  marker  of  leather,  to  be  paid  by 
fees. 

1642,  JULY.  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  provided  a  system 
of  laws  for  the  province. 

Any  ten  members,  including  the  lieutenant-governor  and  six  burgesses,  should 


74  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1642. 

form  a  quorum,  "  unless  sickness  do  hinder,"  when  those  present  should  make 
a  house.  No  bill  was  to  be  read  more  than  once  a  day,  and  no  one  to  speak  more 
than  once  a  day  to  the  same  bill  without  leave.  Treasons  against  the  king  or  the 
proprietary  were  made  capital  offences.  Punishments  were  death,  branding,  loss 
of  member,  forfeiture  of  goods,  imprisonment  for  life,  or  servitude  to  the  proprie- 
tary for  seven  years  or  less,  except  the  culprit  "  be  a  gentleman."  Drunkenness 
and  swearing  were  both  punished  by  fine.  Leaving  the  colony  without  a  pass 
from  the  chief  judge  of  the  county,  who  should  not  grant  it  unless  the  applicant 
had  posted  his  intention  five  days  before,  one  of  them  a  Sunday,  was  prohibited. 
This  act  was  soon  repealed,  and  another,  to  be  in  force  three  years,  substituted, 
by  which  masters  of  vessels  were  subject  to  a  suit  for  damages  by  taking  persons 
"indebted  or  obnoxious  to  justice  "  away. 

1642.  —  MONTREAL,  Canada,  was  occupied  as  a  missionary  sta- 
tion. 

It  was  especially  dedicated  to  the  Mother  of  God  with  elaborate  religious  cere- 
monies. 

1642. — VAN  RENSSELAER  sent  vines  to  be  planted  by  bis  colony 
on  the  Hudson. 

They  were  all  killed  by  the  frost,  "  like  others  brought  to  the  country,"  wrote 
his  commissary. 

1642. —  A  CHURCH  had  been  built  at  Beverwyck,  the  present 
Albany,  and  John  Megalapolensis  had  arrived  at  the  settlement. 

From  him  we  have  the  earliest  account  of  the  Mohawks.  Van  der  Donck,  a 
graduate  of  Leyden,  was  also  an  officer  in  the  settlement.  From  him  we  have 
the  first  description  of  New  Netherland.  The  patroon  would  grant  -no  land  unless 
the  settlers  would  renounce  their  right  of  appeal  to  New  Amsterdam ;  and  from  a 
fort  on  an  island,  now  called  Rensselaer's  Island,  toll  was  demanded  from  ships 
passing,  and  the  lowering  of  their  flags. 

1642.  —  COLONEL  JOHN  PRINTZ  was  enjoined  to  cultivate  the 
vine  in  Swedish  Colony,  on  the  Delaware. 

He  brought  with  him  his  commission  as  governor  from  Queen  Christina,  who 
took  an  interest  in  the  colony,  and  helped  it  with  appropriations  from  her  revenue 
in  tobacco. 

1642,  JUNE.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  that 
"  every  plantation  within  this  colony  shall  erect  a  house  in  length 
twenty  or  thirty  foote,  and  twenty  foote  wide  within  one  half 
year  next  coming,  to  make  saltpetre  from  urine  of  men,  beasts, 
goates,  hennes,  hogs  and  horses'  dung." 

1642.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  "  that  the 
selected  townsmen  have  power  to  lay  out  particular  and  private 
ways  concerning  their  own  town  only  ; "  also,  "  that  in  every  town 
the  chosen  men,  appointed  for  managing  the  prudential  affairs  of 
the  town,"  should  have  certain  powers  over  the  training  of  chil- 
dren. 

1642.  —  IN  New  York  City  the  second  church  was  built  of 
stone. 


1642.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  75 

It  was  built,  at  a  cost  of  one  thousand  dollars,  by  John  and  Richard  Ogden,  of 
Stamford,  Connecticut. 

1642.  —  THE  first  tavern  in  New  York,  for  the  accommodation 
of  strangers,  was  erected  near  the  head  of  Coenties  Slip. 

1642.  —  AN  act  was  passed  by  the  general  assembly  of  Vir- 
ginia providing  for  the  annual  formation  of  a  vestry  in  each 
parish  to  maintain  church  government. 

Concerning  an  application  the  Old  Virginia  Company  had  made  to  the  Long 
Parliament  for  a  restoration  of  their  charter,  the  assembly  declared  "that  hav- 
ing fully  debated  and  maturely  considered  the  reasons  on  both  sides,  and  looking 
back  to  the  times  under  the  Company,  and  also  upon  the  present  state  of  the 
colony  under  his  Majesty's  government,  they  find  the  late  Company  in  their  gov- 
ernment intolerable,  and  the  present  comparatively  happy."  This  document  was 
sent  to  the  king,  who  returned  a  gracious  answer  to  it. 

1642.  —  THE  burgesses  of, the  assembly  in  Maryland  desired 
to  sit  by  themselves. 

The  assembly  also  denied  the  right  of  the  governor  to  prorogue  or  adjourn 
them  without  their  consent. 

1642,  SEPTEMBER  8.  —  It  was  ordered  by  the  general  court  of 
Connecticut  that  the  towns  should  take  their  proportions  of  Mr. 
Hopkins's  cotton,  as  follows : 

Windsor,  ninety  pounds'  worth ;  Wethersfield,  one  hundred  and  ten  pounds' 
worth;  Hartford,  two  hundred  pounds' worth,  with  liberty  "to  proportion  it  if  the 
first  two  within  a  month  desire  it." 

1642,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  general  court  of  Connecticut  ordered 
that  no  calf  should  be  killed  in  the  colony  without  the  permission 
of  two  "persons  appointed  by  the  court  for  that  purpose. 

1642.  —  THE  author  of  New  England's  First  Fruits,  writing 
from  Boston,  enumerates  the  providential  helps  the  country  had. 

"  In  prospering  hempe  and  flaxe  so  well  that  it  is  frequently  sowen,  spun,  and 
woven  into  linen  cloth  (and  in  short-  time  may  serve  for  cordage)  ;  so  cotton 
wooll  (which  we  may  have  at  reasonable  rates  from  the  islands)  and  our  linen 
yarne,  we  can  make  dimittees  and  fustians  for  our  summer  clothing;  and  having 
a  matter  of  one  thousand  sheep  which  prosper  well  to  begin  withall,  in  a  com- 
petent time  we  hope  to  have  a  woollen  cloth  there  made.  And  great  and  small 
cattel  being  now  very  frequently  killed  for  food ;  their  skins  will  afford  us  leather 
for  boots  and  shoes  and  other  uses  ;  so  that  God  is  leading  us  by  the  hand  into  a 
way  of  clothing." 

1642.  —  THE  first  rope-maker  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was 
John  Harrison,  whose  "  walks  "  were  at  the  foot  of  Summer  Street. 

In  1G63  he  petitioned  the  selectmen  not  to  grant  a  license  to  any  one  else  to 
follow  the  trade. 

1642.  —  THE  Trial,  a  ship  of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  tons, 
was  built  at  Boston. 


76  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1642. 

This  was  the  first  ship  built  there.  She  sailed  on  the  4th  of  June,  with  Thomas 
Graves  as  master,  for  Bilboa,  with  a  cargo  of  fish,  "which  she  sold  there  at  a 
good  rate,  and  from  thence  she  freighted  to  Malaga,  and  arrived  here  this  day, 
(March  23,  1G43,  o.  s.)  laden  with  wine,  fruit,  oil,  iron  and  wool,  which  was  a 
great  advantage  to  the  country  and  gave  encouragement  to  trade." 

The  above  extract  from  Governor  Winthrop's  Journal  shows  the  enterprise 
with  which  the  colonists  commenced  their  foreign  commerce.  Their  supplies, 
except  corn  and  fish,  they  had  heretofore  depended  upon  the  ships  arriving  with 
emigrants  to  furnish.  The  civil  wars  in  England  having  put  an  end  to  the  supply 
thus  obtained,  forced  them  to  seek  them  elsewhere.  As  they  were  dependent 
upon  a  purely  metallic  currency  for  the  payment  of  their  supplies,  this  was  soon 
drained  from  the  country,  and  they  were  forced  to  resort  to  barter  in  their  indus- 
trial association.  Governor  Winthrop,  in  his  Journal,  says  :  "  The  general  fear 
of  want  of  foreign  commodities,  now  our  money  was  gone,  and  that  things  were 
like  to  go  well  in  England  (that  is,  that  the  Commonwealth  would  succeed),  set 
us  on  work  to  provide  shipping  of  our  own ;  for  which  end  Mr.  Peter,  being  a 
man  of  very  public  spirit  and  singular  activity  for  all  occasions,  procured  some  to 
join  for  building  a  ship  at  Salem  of  three  hundred  tons,  and  the  inhabitants  of 
Boston,  stirred  up  by  his  example,  set  upon  the  building  another  at  Boston  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  tons.  The  work  was  hard  to  accomplish  for  want  of  money, 
etc. ;  but  our  shipwrights  were  content  to  take  such  pay  as  the  country  could 
make." 

1642.  —  FIVE  other  vessels  were  built  at  Boston,  Plymouth, 
Dorchester,  and  Salem,  all  of  them  of  considerable  size. 

1642,  SEPTEMBER  8.  —  Four  of  the  residents  at  Pawtuxet,  Rhode 
Island,  offered  themselves  and  their  lands  to  the  government  and 
protection  of  Massachusetts,  and  were  received  by  the  general 
court. 

They  were  William  Arnold,  Robert  Cole,  and  William  Carpenter,  three  of  the 
original  purchasers,  and  Benedict  Arnold,  a  son  of  the  first-named.  William 
Carpenter  and  William  Arnold  in  1658  petitioned  for  a  release  from  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  Massachusetts,  which  was  granted  by  the  court. 

1642,  SEPTEMBER  19.  —  The  general  court  of  Rhode  Island 
offered  a  premium  of  six  shillings  and  eight  pence  a  head  for 
foxes,  to  be  paid  by  the  treasurers  of  the  towns  ;  thirty  shillings 
each  were  offered  for  wolves,  to  be  paid  from  a  special  tax  laid 
upon  the  farmers  in  proportion  to  their  cattle. 

At  the  same  session  a  committee  was  appointed,  with  power  to  act,  to  obtain  a 
charter. 

1642.  —  THE  general  court  of  Connecticut  appointed  "  persons 
to  take  the  account  of  what  the  several  towns  will  disburse  to- 
wards the  building  of  a  shippe,  and  (if  feasible)  they  have  power 
to  engage  workmen  and  to  carry  on  the  work." 

In  the  same  year  it  was  ordered  that  hemp-seed  should  be  sown  or  sold  to 
those  who  would  sow,  "  for  the  better  furnishing  the  River  with  cordage  towards 
the  rigging  of  shipps." 

1642. —  THE  home  government  of  Sweden  instructed  Gover- 


1642-3.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  77 

nor  Printz,  in  the  colony  on  the  Delaware,  to  manufacture  salt 
by  evaporation. 

1642.  —  MARTHA'S  VINEYAKD  was  settled  by  Thomas  Mayhew, 
with  a  colony  from  Watertown. 

The  island  was  discovered  in  1602  by  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  and  he  named, 
not  the  island,  but  the  islet  near  by,  now  called  No  Man's  Land.  Mayhew  pur- 
chased it  from  an  agent  of  Lord  Stirling.  In  1644,  Massachusetts  obtained 
jurisdiction  over  the  settlement ;  in  1664,  it  was  transferred  to  New  York ;  but 
in  1692  was  restored  to  Massachusetts. 

1642.  —  AT  Hartford,  Connecticut,  the  first  free  school  was 
established. 

The  funds  for  its  support  were  voted  from  the  town  treasury.  In  1643,  a  vote 
was  passed  "that  the  town  shall  pay  for  the  schooling  of  the  poor,  and  for  all 
deficiences." 

1642,  OCTOBER  9.  —  The  first  commencement  at  Harvard  Col- 
lege was  held. 

A  class  of  nine  graduated;  their  theses  are  reproduced  in  the  appendix  to 
Hutchinson's  Massachusetts. 

1642.  —  THREE  ministers  were  sent  from  New  England  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

They  had  been  invited  there  by  letters  from  "  well-disposed  people  of  the  upper 
new  farms."  Two  went  from  Boston  and  one  from  New  Haven,  but  Berkeley 
forced  them  to  return. 

1643.  —  A  WATCH-HOUSE  of  brick  was  built  in  Plymouth. 

The  bricks  for  it  were  furnished  by  a  Mr.  Grimes,  at  eleven  shillings  a  thou- 
sand. 

1643.  —  MASSACHUSETTS  was  divided  into  four  counties. 

These  were  Suffolk,  Middlesex,  Essex,  and  Norfolk,  —  this  last  including  the 
towns  in  New  Hampshire. 

1643.  —  THE  first  fulling-mill  erected  in  the  colonies  was  built 
about  this  time  in  Rowley,  Massachusetts. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  erected  by  John  Pearson,  and  stood  just  above  the 
head  of  the  tide  on  Mill  River.  It  was  still  in  operation  in  1809.  It  appears  to 
have  been  the  place  where  woollen  cloth  was  first  made  in  the  country. 

1643.  —  THE  town  of  Kittery,  Maine,  gave  lands  near  Berwick 
to  George  Boughton  and  a  Mr.  Wincall  for  erecting  mills. 

1643.  —  IN  New  England's  First  Fmits,  published  this  year  in 
London,  this  mention  is  made  of  ship-building : 

"  Besides  boats,  shallops,  boyes,  lighters,  pinnaces,  we  are  in  a  way  of  build- 
ing ships  of  one  hundred,  two  hundred,  three  hundred,  four  hundred  tonne  :  five 
of  them  are  already  at  sea,  many  more  in  hand  at  this  present." 

1643,  JANUARY  12.  —  A  party  of  settlers  under  Samuel  Gorton 


78  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1643. 

settled  at  Warwick,  in  Rhode  Island,  upon  land  they  purchased 
from  the  Indians. 

They  paid  for  the  tract  extending  twenty  miles  inland,  lying  along  the  bay  from 
Gaspee  Point  to  Warwick  Neck  The  land  was  conveyed  by  Miantinomi,  the  chief 
of  the  Narragansetts,  and  witnessed  by  Pomham,  the  local  chief,  with  others. 
Gorton  had  already  been  driven  away  from  Plymouth,  from  Aquedneck,  and  from 
Providence,  on  account  of  his  disputes  with  authorities  and  settlers  in  those 
places. 

1643,  MAY  4.  —  La  Tour  entered  Boston  harbor  in  a  ship  from 
St.  John's. 

He  came  to  ask  the  assistance  of  the  colony  to  protect  the  French  settlements 
in  Acadie,  which  had  been  granted  him  by  a  letter  of  the  king  of  France,  with 
the  exception  of  Port  Royal  and  La  Have.  D'Aulney  de  Charnise  had  been 
appointed  governor  of  Acadie  by  the  company  of  New  France;  and  the  trade 
rivalry  between  him  and  La  Tour  had  caused  a  dispute  in  which  both  parties 
referred  to  the  French  court,  and  D'Aulney  had  obtained  orders  to  arrest  La 
Tour  and  send  him  to  France.  With  this  authority,  he  blockaded  St.  John's ;  but 
La  Tour  escaping,  came  to  Boston.  As  he  offered  free  trade,  he  was  allowed  to 
hire  vessels  and  men,  and  with  their  aid  he  raised  the  blockade  of  St.  John's,  and 
pursued  D'Aulney  to  Port  Royal.  The  authority  for  this  was  given  by  Win- 
throp  the  governor,  without  consulting  the  general  court  or  the  commissioners 
for  the  United  Colonies.  D'Aulney  protested  against  this  proceeding,  as  he 
had  previously. 

1643.  —  A  PALISADE  was  built  to  protect  New  Amsterdam  from 
the  attacks  of  the  Indians. 

They  had  been  goaded  by  injustice  to  attempt  revenge.  A  peace  was  made, 
but  it  lasted  only  a  short  time,  and  the  colony  came  near  being  destroyed. 
Only  three  boweries,  or  farms,  remained  on  Manhattan,  and  the  inhabitants  in 
straw  huts  clustered  about  the  fort,  which  was  itself  in  an  almost  ruinous  condi- 
tion. Provisions  were  almost  exhausted,  and  the  cattle  were  in  danger  of 
starving. 

1643.  —  CALVERT  having  gone  to  England,  left  the  government 
of  Maryland  in  the  hands  of  the  commander  of  the  Isle  of  Kent, 
Giles  Bent. 

1643,  MAY  19.  —  The  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut, 
and  New  Haven  colonies  formed  an  alliance  under  the  title  of 
the  UNITED  COLONIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

Each  one  of  the  colonies  uniting  was  to  remain  independent  as  regards  its 
internal  affairs,  but  was  to  submit  matters  of  joint  interest  to  the  control  of  com- 
missioners, who  were  selected  two  from  each  colony.  The  theological  basis  of  this 
union  is  shown  in  the  facts  that  the  union  was  intended  and  desired  to  be  only 
among  those  who  thought  in  the  same  way  in  matters  of  dogmatic  religious 
belief,  and  that  the  members  of  the  commission  were  required  to  be  members  of 
the  church.  The  four  colonies  at  this  time  had  a  population  of  twenty-four 
thousand,  living  in  thirty-nine  towns.  The  commissioners  from  Plymouth  were 
Edward  Winslow  and  William  Collier;  from  Connecticut,  John  Haynes  and 
Edward  Hopkins :  from  New  Haven,  Theophilus  Eaton  and  Thomas  Greyson ; 
from  Saybrook,  George  Fenwick;  and  from  Massachusetts,  John  Winthrop, 


1643.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  79 

Thomas  Dudley,  and  Simon  Bradstreet,  of  the  magistrates ;  Edward  Gibbons  and 
William  Tyng,  of  the  deputies,  and  William  Hathorne,  the  treasurer.  The  articles 
were  signed  in  Boston.  The  delegates  from  Plymouth  not  having  authority  to 
sign,  reported  the  articles  to  their  general  court,  which  submitted  them  to  the 
towns,  and  on  their  ratification  empowered  the  delegates  to  affix  the  seal  of  the 
colony.  The  terms  of  the  agreement  were  contained  in  a  preamble  and  eleven 
articles.  The  formation  of  this  confederacy  was  made  the  basis  of  a  charge 
against  the  colonies  that  they  were  aiming  at  sovereignty.  The  chief  cause  of 
it  was,  however,  the  necessity  for  uniting  in  the  common  defence  against  the 
Indians,  who  were  combining  for  the  extirpation  of  the  colonies.  This  statement 
by  Edward  Winslow,  who  was  sent  to  England  in  their  defence,  was  received  as 
satisfactory  by  the  Lords  of  Trade. 

The  colonies  were  surrounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  the  French,  who  were 
extending  their  settlements,  and  by  the  Indians,  who  were,  from  their  more  kindly 
treatment  by  the  French,  inclined  the  rather  to  be  friendly  with  them  than  with 
the  English.  The  Dutch  settlements  were  also  encroaching  upon  the  southwest; 
and  these  causes  combined  to  put  into  practical  operation  this  union,  which  had 
been  talked  of  for  some  time  previously.  All  war  expenses  were  to  be  apportioned 
according  to  the  male  inhabitants.  Fugitive  criminals  and  runaway  servants 
were  to  be  delivered  up.  The  settlements  in  Maine  were  not  admitted  "  because 
the  people  there  ran  a  different  course  both  in  their  ministry  and  civil  administra- 
tion ; "  and  the  same  objection,  even  in  greater  degree,  prevented  the  admission 
of  the  settlements  of  Rhode  Island. 

1643,  OCTOBER  8.  —  The  settlers  at  Warwick  surrendered  to  an 
armed  force  sent  against  them  from  Massachusetts,  and  were 
carried  as  prisoners  to  Boston. 

.  Theological  disputes  were  the  foundation  of  the  trouble ;  the  charge  brought 
against  them  in  their  trial  before  the  general  court  was  heresy  and  sedition,  and 
they  were  sentenced  to  be  confined  in  irons  during  the  pleasure  of  the  court, 
and  were  distributed  for  safe-keeping  among  the  various  towns,  but  were  next 
year  banished.  Eventually  the  matter  was  brought  before  the  Parliament  Com- 
missioners of  Foreign  Plantations,  Gorton  going  to  England  for  this  purpose,  and 
they  were  reinstated. 

1643.  —  AN  act  passed  the  parliament  of  England  exempting 
from  all  duties,  subsidies,  and  taxation,  all  supplies  intended  for 
the  use  of  the  colonies,  and  all  colonial  produce  exported  to 
England. 

This  law  was  confirmed  in  a  modified  form,  and  became  a  few  years  after  the 
basis  of  the  Act  of  Navigation. 

1643.  —  GOVERNOR  JOHN  PRINTZ,  who  built  this  year  the  first 
water-mill  at  New  Sweden,  on  the  Delaware,  speaking  of  the 
wind-mill  which  the  settlers  had,  says,  "  It  would  never  work,  and 
was  good  for  nothing." 

The  agent  of  the  Dutch  "West  India  Company,  Commissary  Hudde,  who  had 
been  ordered  to  watch  the  movements  of  the  Swedish  colony,  reported  that 
Printz  built  a  "  strong  house"  at  a  place  called  Hingsessing  by  the  savages,  and 
"  about  half  a  mile  further  in  the  woods  constructed  a  mill,  on  a  kill  which  runs 
into  the  sea,  not  far  to  the  south  of  Matinnekonk"  (now  Tinicum).  The  site  of 


80  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1643-4. 

tliis  mill,  the  first  in  Pennsylvania,  is  now  known  to  hare  been  on  the  Darby 
road,  the  oldest  liighway  in  Pennsylvania,  near  the  Blue  Bell  tavern,  where  the 
holes  in  the  rocks,  which  supported  the  posts  of  the  framework,  are  still  to  be 
seen.  The  stream  upon  which  it  was  built,  is  Cobb's  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Darby 
Creek,  which  empties  south  of  Tinicum.  At  the  mouth  of  Salem  Creek,  a  fort 
called  Elsenberg  commanded  the  channel,  and  forced  all  vessels  passing  to  sub- 
mit to  an  examination.  Near  the  present  site  of  Wilmington  was  a  trading-station 
called  Christina ;  while  another  fort,  on  an  island  below  the  mouth  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill,  was  called  New  Gottenburg. 

1643.  —  THE  code  of  laws  in  Virginia  was  revised. 

The  former  ones  were  generally  continued,  and  others  added.  The  ministers 
were  made  subject  to  suspension  by  the  governor  and  council,  and  to  removal  by 
the  assembly.  The  Church  of  England  was  to  be  conformed  to,  and  the  liturgy 
to  be  used  by  all  the  ministers.  "  Non-conformists  "  were  to  be  compelled  by 
the  governor  and  council  "  to  depart  the  colony  with  all  conveniency."  No 
popish  recusant  is  to  hold  office,  and  all  popish  priests  to  be  sent  away  within  five 
days  after  their  arrival.  Shooting  or  travelling  on  Sunday  were  fined.  The 
vestries  were  empowered  to  excuse,  for  poverty,  from  the  payment  of  the  "  colony 
levy,"  laid  annually  by  the  assembly  to  pay  the  colonial  expenses.  Conveyances 
of  land  were  to  be  registered,  and  compensation  for  improvements  was  to  be 
made  to  settlors  displaced  by  a  superior  title.  Every  planter  was  to  fence  in 
his  crops.  Servitude  as  a  punishment  was  abolished.  To  deal  with  servants, 
without  the  consent  of  the  master,  was  made  criminal.  To  sell  powder  or  shot 
to  the  Indians  incurred  forfeiture  of  one's  estate.  County  courts  by  commis- 
sioners appointed  by  the  assembly,  were  to  be  held  in  each  county  every  two 
months.  Appeals  lay  to  the  quarter  courts,  and  thence  to  the  assembly.  Juries 
were  allowed.  Lawyers'  fees  were  limited,  and  doctors  could  be  called  on  to 
state  the  cost  of  their  remedies.  All  suits  for  debts  out  of  the  colony,  except 
for  goods  imported,  were  indefinitely  postponed.  Money  debts  were  not  recover- 
able. The  governor  was  assured  for  the  year  two  shillings  from  each  tithable  in 
the  colony,  to  be  paid  in  corn,  wheat,  malt,  beef,  pork,  cheese,  geese,  chickens, 
butter,  turkeys,  hens,  pigs,  at  stated  prices. 

1643,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  Parliament  appointed  a  board  to  regu- 
late colonial  affairs. 

The  Earl  of  Warwick  was  appointed  "  governor  in  chief  and  lord  high  admi- 
ral of  all  those  islands  and  plantations  inhabited,  planted,  and  belonging  to  any 
of  his  Majesty's,  the  King  of  England's  subjects,  within  the  bounds  and  upon  the 
coast  of  America."  He  was  assisted  by  a  council  composed  of  five  peers  and 
twelve  members  of  the  commons,  and  had  the  right  "  to  provide  for,  order  and 
dispose  all  things  which  they  shall  from  time  to  time  find  most  fit  and  advan- 
tageous to  the  well  governing,  securing,  strengthening,  and  preserving  of  the  said 
plantations."  They  had  also  the  appointment  of  all  officers,  but  could  depute  to 
the  inhaabitnts  of  any  of  the  colonies  any  of  their  powers. 

1644,  MARCH  7.  — The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted 
the  u  Company  of  Undertakers  for  the  Iron-Works,"  an  exclusive 
privilege  of  making  iron  for  twenty-one   years,  provided  that 
within   two  years   they  made   enough   iron  for  the  use  of  the 
country. 


1644.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  81 

They  were  also  granted  the  use  of  any  six  places,  not  already  granted,  provided 
they  set  up  within  ten  years  a  furnace  and  forge  in  each  place,  "and  not  a 
bloomery  onely."  The  undertakers  and  their  agents  were  freed  from  all  public 
charges,  their  stock  was  not  to  be  taxed,  and  they  and  their  workmen  were  free 
from  trainings. 

This  company  had  been  formed  in  England.  Its  purpose  was  to  work  the  bog 
ore  which  collected  at  the  bottom  of  the  ponds  upon  the  coast  of  New  England. 
Samples  of  the  ore  from  the  ponds  of  Saugus  had  been  carried  to  England  by  Mr. 
Bridges  in  1643,  and  with  the  assistance  of  John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  who  had  gone  to 
England  before  him,  the  company  was  formed,  and  a  thousand  pounds  advanced 
for  prosecuting  the  work,  with  which  and  a  body  of  workmen,  Mr.  Winthrop 
returned  to  New  England.  The  first  works  were  constructed  at  Lynn,  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Saugus,  near  a  chain  of  small  ponds,  and  the  village  was  called 
Hammersmith,  from  the  former  home  of  some  of  the  workmen  from  England. 
Other  works  were  constructed  at  Braintree.  Those  at  Lynn  in  1677  became  the 
property  of  Samuel  Appleton. 

1644,  MARCH  13.  —  The  general  court,  sitting  at  Portsmouth, 
Rhode  Island,  changed  the  name  of  Aquedneck  to  "  the  Isle  of 
Rhodes,  or  Rhode  Island." 

1644,  MARCH  14.  —  A  charter  was  obtained  by  Roger  Williams 
from  the  committee  having  charge  of  the  colonies.  It  was 
entitled  "  The  Incorporation  of  Providence  Plantations  in  the 
Narragansett  Bay  in  New  England." 

The  Long  Parliament  was  in  authority  in  England,  the  king  having  fled,  and 
the  Earl  of  Warwick  was  the  chairman  of  the  committee,  with  the  title  of  Gov- 
ernor-in-Chief  and  Lord  High  Admiral  of  the  colonies.  In  going  over,  Williams 
had  been  forced  to  go  to  New  Amsterdam  and  take  a  ship  to  Holland,  as  he 
feared  arrest  in  Boston. 

1644.  —  THE  Massachusetts  assembly  granted  an  act  of  incor- 
poration to  the  ship-builders,  as  follows :  "  For  the  better  building 
of  shipping  it  is  ordered  that  there  be  a  company  of  that  trade, 
according  to  the  manner  of  other  places,  with  power  to  regulate 
the  building  of  ships,  and  to  make  such  orders  and  laws  among 
themselves  as  may  conduce  to  the  public  good." 

1644.  -r-  CALVERT  returned  from  England,  and  in  consequence 
of  a  rebellion,  went  to  Virginia. 

There  is  obscurity  concerning  affairs  in  the  colony  during  a  year  or  two,  since 
the  records  were  destroyed  by  Clayborne,  who  had  taken  forcible  repossession  of 
the  Isle  of  Kent,  and  Captain  Ingle,  who  was  a  leader  in  the  rebellion. 

1644,  APRIL.  —  The  Indians  attacked  the  settlements  in  Vir- 
ginia. 

Five  hundred  persons  were  killed  at  the  first  onslaught.  It  took  place  the  day 
before  a  fast  appointed  for  the  good  success  of  the  king.  A  ship  was  sent  to 
Boston  for  a  supply  of  powder,  which  the  general  court  refused  to  give.  A  war 
of  two  years'  duration  began  with  the  Indians,  of  the  details  of  which  but  little 
is  known. 

6 


82  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1644. 

1644.  —  FROM  the  accounts  it  seems  that  the  settlement  of  New 
Netherlands  had  cost  the  company  more  than  half  a  million  of 
guilders  ($200,000)  more  than  the  receipts. 

1644  —  IN  June,  two  inspectors  of  linen  and  woollen  yarn  were 
appointed  in  each  town  in  Connecticut,  with  authority  to  judge 
and  determine  the  price  the  weavers  should  receive  for  their 
yarn. 

The  weavers  were  also  empowered  to  retain  their  yarn  until  they  received  their 
pay  for  it. 

1644.  —  Two  vessels,  loaded  with  tobacco  and  beaver-skins, 
were  sent  home  from  the  Swedish  settlement  on  the  Delaware. 

A  church  was  built  at  New  Gottenburg,  the  Swedish  Lutheran  worship  estab- 
lished, and  John  Campanius  settled  as  minister. 

The  Dutch  and  Swedes,  although  they  disagreed  among  themselves,  united  in 
shutting  the  English  from  the  trade  with  the  Indians.  A  vessel  from  Boston, 
fitted  out  to  explore  the  Delaware  in  search  for  the  interior  lakes,  which  had  been 
heard  of  as  the  home  of  the  beaver,  had  great  difficulty  in  passing  the  Swedish 
fort,  and  was  so  closely  watched  by  a  Dutch  and  Swedish  vessel,  that  it  had  to 
abandon  the  enterprise  and  return. 

1644.  —  JOHN  WINTHROP,  son  of  the  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
headed  a  company  who  settled  New  London,  Connecticut. 

New  London  has  the  best  harbor  on  Long  Island  Sound,  being  three  miles 
long,  defended  at  the  entrance  by  Fort  Trumbull.  This  fort  has  been  rebuilt 
since  1840,  and  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  country. 

1644.  —  ON  account  of  "divers  inconveniences,"  and  "ac- 
counting it  wisdom  to  follow  the  laudable  practice  of  other  states, 
who  had  laid  groundworks  for  government,"  it  was  ordered  in 
Massachusetts  that  the  magistrates  and  deputies  should  sit 
apart,  remaining  separate  but  co-ordinate  and  coequal  branches, 
the  assent  of  both  bodies  being  necessary  to  make  a  law. 

1644.  —  IN  New  York,  the  Director-General  Kieft  and  his  coun- 
cil laid  a  tax  on  the  sale  of  beer  and  other  liquors,  and  the  pur- 
chase of  furs. 

It  was  strenuously  resisted. 

1644,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  commissioners  for  the  United  Colonies, 
at  their  third  meeting  in  Hartford,  Connecticut,  forbade  the  fitting 
out  of  any  volunteer  military  expedition  without  their  consent. 

La  Tour  had  again  visited  Boston  to  apply  for  aid,  which  was  not  granted. 
The  magistrates  wrote  to  D'Aulney,  in  answer  to  a  communication  from  him, 
that  the  aid  La  Tour  had  obtained  at  Boston  had  not  been  fitted  out  "  by  any 
counsel  or  act  of  permission "  of  the  colony,  and  offering  redress  if  he  could 
show  he  had  been  injured.  In  October,  an  agreement  was  made  with  an  agent 
of  D'Aulney,  who  visited  Boston,  for  mutual  peace  and  trade,  the  agreement  to 
be  ratified  by  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies. 

1644,  NOVEMBER  8.  —  The  Plymouth  colony  sent  a  messenger 


1644-5.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  83 

to  Aquedneck,  forbidding  the  government  there  from  exercising 
any  authority,  since  the  territory  lay  within  their  jurisdiction. 

The  message  was  delivered,  but  with  no  result. 

1644,  NOVEMBER  13.  —  The    general    court  of   Massachusetts 
granted  the  Company  of  Undertakers  for  the  Iron- Work  three 
years  for  finishing  their  works,  provided  the  colonists  might  be- 
come proprietors  by  paying  within  a  year  one  hundred  pounds 
each,  and   an   allowance   for   the  one  thousand  pounds  already 
spent,  and  that  they,  u  with  all  expedition,  prosecute  said  works 
to  good  perfection,  as  well  the  finery  and  forge  as  the  furnace, 
which  is  already  set  up,  so  that  the  country  may  be  furnished 
with  all  sorts  of  barr  iron  for  their  use  at  £20  per  ton." 

1645.  —  IN  the  spring,  a  war  commenced  between  the  Narra- 
gansett  and  Mohegan  Indians. 

Connecticut  and  New  Haven  sent  troops  to  help  the  Mohegans,  their  allies, 
and  Massachusetts  sent  a  letter  to  the  Narragansetts,  requiring  them  to  desist  from 
the  war.  A  second  time  messengers  were  sent  to  both  tribes,  demanding  them  to 
send  representatives  to  Boston,  to  settle  their  dispute.  The  attempt  failed. 

1645,  MAY  14.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  an 
order  designed  to  increase  the  manufacture  of  woollen  cloth. 

It  advised  "  all  towns  in  general,  and  every  one  within  the  jurisdiction,"  to  aid 
in  "the  preservation  and  increase  of  such  sheep  as  they  have  already,  as  also  to 
procure  more  with  all  convenient  speed  into  the  several  towns,  by  all  such  lawful 
ways  and  means  as  God  shall  put  into  their  hands."  One  person  was  to  be  ap- 
pointed in  each  town  to  take  the  names,  and  return  them  by  the  seventh  next  month 
to  Mayor  Gibson,  "who  will  buy  ewe  sheep  at  the  rate  of  40  shillings  apiece." 
And  further,  it  "is  desired  that  those  having  friends  in  England  desiring  to  come, 
would  write  them  to  bring  as  many  sheepe  as  convenient  with  them." 

1645,  AUGUST  19.  —  The  United  Colonies  declared  war  against 
the  Narragansetts. 

They  now  sued  for  peace,  and  sent  a  deputation  to  Boston,  where  peace  was 
arranged ;  the  Narragansetts  having  to  pay  two  thousand  fathoms  of  wampum 
within  two  years,  in  four  instalments,  and  give  up  their  claim  to  the  Pequot  terri- 
tory. Hostages  were  required  from  them  for  the  fulfilment  of  the  terms. 

1645,  OCTOBER.  —  A  charter  was  granted  the  Company  of 
Undertakers  for  the  Iron- Works,  and  furnished  with  the  public 
seal  of  the  colony,  was  made  out  and  delivered  them. 

It  confirmed  all  their  privileges  for  twenty-one  years,  giving  them  the  monopoly 
for  making  iron  and  managing  all  the  iron  mines  they  might  discover ;  grantingthem 
all  waste  lands  unappropriated,  with  the  use  of  all  timber  and  wood,  clay,  £c. 
They  were  allowed  to  export  to  all  but  enemies. 

1645. — THE  Patroon's  saw-mills,  near  Albany,  New  York,  were 
placed  under  the  charge  pf  Barent  Pieterse  Koeymans,  who  was 
called  "  the  miller,"  and  had  had  charge  of  the  grist-mill. 


84  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1645-6. 

He  and  his  partner,  Jan  Gerritsen,  were  allowed  one  hundred  and  fifty  guilders 
a  year  each  for  board,  and  three  stivers  a  cut  for  every  plank  sawed.  In  1G47, 
•when  he  left  the  service,  he  had  sawed  between  three  and  four  thousand  boards. 
From  the  accounts  of  the  time,  it  appears  that  the  wages  of  day  laborers  at  this 
tune  were  one  florin  to  one  florin  ten  stivers  (40  to  50  cents)  a  day ;  carpenters, 
two  florins  (80  cents)  ;  plank  cost  one  florin  ten  stivers  to  one  florin  sixteen  stivers 
each ;  and  palisades,  then  greatly  in  demand,  fifteen  florins  a  thousand. 

1645. — A  TAX  imposed  by  Governor  Kieft  and  his  council,  at 
New  Amsterdam,  upon  beer,  was  strenuously  resisted  by  the 
brewers  of  that  settlement. 

They  maintained  that  the  tax  was  illegal,  being  laid  by  the  officers  of  the  com- 
pany alone,  without  the  aid  of  the  eight  men  who  represented  the  commons. 
This  dispute,with  others,  caused  by  the  arbitrary  proceedings  of  Kieft,  were  ended 
only  by  a  change  in  the  administration. 

1645.  —  THE  general  assembly  of  Virginia  enacted  "that  the 
election  of  every  vestry  be  in  the  power  of  the  major  part  of  the 
parishioners." 

1645. — THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  imposed  a  duty  of 
ten  shillings  a  butt  on  Spanish  wine. 

This  revenue  was  designed  for  the  support  of  the  government,  the  fortifications, 
and  the  harbor  defences.  The  next  spring  eight  hundred  butts  of  wine,  imported 
in  ignorance  of  the  duty,  arrived.  The  merchants  petitioned  to  have  it  remitted. 
The  court  remitted  one  half  of  it,  and  the  forfeiture  of  such  portions  as  had  been 
sold.  The  merchants  still  refusing  to  submit,  the  best  wines  were  seized. 

1645. — ANOTHER  grist-mill  was  erected  in  Newbury,  Massachu- 
setts, a  committee  having  been  empowered  to  procure  a  mill  to 
"  grynde  the  corne,"  and  an  appropriation  having  been  made  for 
the  purpose  of  twenty  pounds,  in  merchantable  pay,  ten  acres  of 
upland  and  six  of  meadow,  with  freedom  from  all  rates  for  seven 
years. 

1645.  —  D'AULNEY  captured  St.  John's  in  a  second  attack. 

The  first  had  been  repulsed  by  Madame  La  Tour,  who,  in  her  husband's  ab- 
sence, defended  the  place.  D'Aulney,  thus  in  possession,  confiscated  a  ship  from 
Boston,  which  had  been  sent  to  St.  John's  to  supply  La  Tour  with  provisions. 
The  men  he  sent  back,  with  complaints  of  bad  faith,  and  threats  of  revenge. 
La  Tour  estimated  his  loss  at  ten  thousand  pounds,  and  was  ruined,  together  with 
some  Boston  merchants,  who  had  advanced  him  money,  taking  a  mortgage  on  his 
fort  as  security.  He  visited  Boston  to  get  further  aid,  which  the  general  court 
refused. 

1646,  MAY  6. — THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted 
a  patent  to  Joseph  Jenks,  for  fourteen  years,  for  the  making  of 
engines  for  mills,  to  go  by  water,  for  the  more  speedy  despatch 
of  work  than  formerly. 

"Also  for  the  making  of  scythes  and  other  edged  tools  with  a  new  invented  saw- 
mill, that  things  may  be  afforded  cheeper  than  formerly.  &c.,  yet  so  as  power  is 


1646.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  85 

etill  left  to  restrain  the  exportation  of  such  manufactures,  and  to  moderate  the 
prices  thereof,  if  occasion  so  require." 

JOSEPH  JENKS  was  a  workman  from  Hammersmith,  England.  He  made  the 
first  casting,  a  small  iron  pot,  ever  made  in  this  country.  It  was  cast  in  the  works 
at  Lynn,  and  is  said  to  have  been  preserved  in  the  family  of  Thomas  Hudson,  the 
proprietor  of  the  lands  on  the  Saugus  River,  where  the  works  were  erected. 
Lewis,  in  his  History  of  Lynn,  says  it  was  "handed  down  in  the  family  ever 
since."  Jenks's  descendants  have  been  distinguished  in  the  industrial  and  me- 
chanical history  of  the  country.  He  died  in  1683. 

1646.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  that  the 
five  or  seven  or  more  men  "  which  are  selected  for  prudential 
affairs  in  certain  towns,  should  have  power  to  end  causes  under 
"  twenty  shillings." 

1646,  JUNE. — The  Narragansetts  failed  to  pay  their  tribute  of 
wampum. 

Various  efforts  were  made  to  collect  it,  until  in  1650  it  was  collected  by  an 
armed  force,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Atherton. 

1646,  SEPTEMBER.  —  D'Aulney  sent  agents  to  Boston  to  treat 
with  the  colony. 

With  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies,  after  much  negotiation,  it  was 
agreed  to  forget  the  past  and  remain  friends  in  the  future. 

1646.  —  THE  united  colonies  of  New  Haven  and  Hartford  built 
and  equipped  a  vessel,  carrying  ten  guns  and  forty  men,  to  cruise 
on  Long  Island  Sound,  to  guard  the  commerce  from  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  Dutch  at  New  Amsterdam. 

This  was  the  first  regular  cruiser  employed  by  the  colonies. 

1646,  NOVEMBER  4.  —  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  forbade 
the  exportation  of  raw  hides,  skins,  felt,  or  unwrought  leather, 
under  penalty  of  forfeiture. 

The  furs  or  skins  of  wild  animals  were  excepted. 

1646.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  an  act  for 
encouraging  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  among  the  Indians,  of 
whom  there  were  between  twenty  and  thirty  tribes  in  New 
England. 

John  Eliot  began  his  missionary  work  among  them. 

1646.  —  A  FRANCISCAN  missionary  station  was  established  on 
the  Penobscot,  under  the  patronage  of  D'Aulney. 

A  message  being  sent  to  Quebec  for  a  missionary,  the  Jesuit  Dreuillettes 
accompanied  them  on  their  return  down  the  Kennebec,  and  on  his  favorable 
report  a  Jesuit  station  was  established. 

1646.  —  PEACE  was  made  with  the  Indians  by  the  Virginia 
assembly. 

The  Indians  ceded  all  the  land  between  the  James  and  York  rivers,  and  no 
Indian  was  to  come  south  of  York  River,  under  pain  of  death. 


86  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1646-7. 

1646.  —  CALVERT  returned  from  Virginia  with  an  armed  force, 
and  re-established  his  authority. 

He  called  an  assembly,  and  declared  martial  law,  and  an  embargo.  Hill,  who 
had  been  appointed  governor  by  the  council,  resigned  on  condition  of  receiving 
his  fees  for  Ms  term  of  office. 

1646.  —  THE  West  India  Company  transferred  the  governorship 
of  New  Amsterdam  to  Petrus  Stuyvesant,  who  had  been  gov- 
ernor of  Curagoa. 

The  restrictions  on  trade  to  the  New  Netherlands  were  removed,  New  Amster- 
dam remaining  the  only  porf  of  entry. 

The  colonists  had  the  sole  use  of  any  minerals  discovered  by  them,  without  any 
duty  or  impost,  for  ten  years.  After  this  they  were  to  pay  the  Company  one  tenth 
of  the  proceeds. 

1646.  —  A  NEW  mill  was  erected  at  Beverwyck. 

"  The  mill  situated  on  the  fifth  kill,  being  to  the  great  damage  of  the  Patroon 
and  the  inhabitants  of  the  colonie,  for  a  considerable  time  out  of  repair,  or  unfit 
to  be  worked,  either  by  the  breaking  of  the  dam,  the  severity  of  the  weather,  or 
the  high  water,  or  otherwise ;  beside,  being  out  of  the  way,  to  the  prejudice  of 
the  inhabitants,"  a  contract  was  made  with  Pieter  Cornelissen,  the  millwright,  to 
erect  a  horse-mill,  which  he  was  to  complete  for  three  hundred  florins,  the  agent 
of  the  Patroon  furnishing  materials  and  horses  at  their  joint  expense.  Cor- 
nelissen, when  it  was  completed,  was  to  work  one  day  for  himself  and  one  day 
for  the  Patroon,  receiving  one  rix  dollar  a  day  for  himself,  and  an  equal  share 
of  the  profits.  If  another  mill  became  necessary,  he  was  to  have  the  privilege  of 
building  it. 

1646,  NOVEMBER  16. —  Governor  Winthrop  wrote:  "Here  ar- 
rived yesterday  a  Dutch  ship  of  three  hundred  tons,  with  two 
hundred  and  fifty  tons  of  salt,  sent  by  Mr.  Onge,  from  Lisbon,  so 
as  salt  was  abated  in  a  few  hours  from  thirty-six  to  sixteen  a 
hogshead,  we  look  to  it  as  a  singular  providence  and  testimony 
of  the  Lord's  care  of  us." 

In  the  history  of  the  country  there  have  frequently  been  periods  of  great  scarcity 
of  salt,  and  the  price  has  risen  as  high  as  twelve  dollars  a  bushel.  Even  to-day, 
despite  the  peculiarly  favorable  natural  advantages  the  country  enjoys  for  obtain- 
ing a  sufficient  supply  at  a  cheap  rate,  we  do  not  make  more  than  about  a  half  of 
the  supply  necessary,  and  are  forced  to  depend  upon  importation  for  the  rest. 

1647.  —  THE  first  rice  grown  in  this  country  was  planted  in 
Virginia,  by  Sir  William  Berkeley. 

From  half  a  bushel  of  seed  he  raised  a  first  crop  of  sixteen  bushels. 

1647.  —  THE  Massachusetts  legislature  passed  an  act  ordering 
that  every  township  of  fifty  householders  should  appoint  a 
teacher,  whose  salary  should  be  paid  either  by  the  parents  or  by 
the  town,  as  "  ye  prudentials  of  ye  towne  shall  appoint." 

1647,  MAY  19.  —  Delegates  from  the  four  towns  of  Providence, 
Portsmouth,  Newport,  and  Warwick,  in  Rhode  Island,  elected  for 


1647.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  87 

the  purpose,  met  at  Portsmouth,  adopted  the  charter,  and  organ- 
ized the  government  under  it. 

John  Coggeshall  was  chosen  president  of  the  province,  with  one  assistant  chosen 
from  each  town.  A  preamble  and  bill  of  rights,  together  with  a  code  of  civil  and 
criminal  law,  were  adopted.  The  preamble  declares  "  that  the  form  of  govern- 
ment established  in  Providence  Plantations  is  Democratical,  that  is  to  say,  a  gov- 
ernment held  by  the  free  and  voluntary  consent  of  all,  or  the  greater  part  of  the 
free  inhabitants  ; "  religious  freedom  was  guaranteed ;  the  common  law  of  Eng- 
land was  accepted,  with  the  proviso,  "such  and  so  far,  as  the  nature  and  consti- 
tution of  our  place  will  admit ;  "  burglary  was  punishable  with  death,  except  where 
the  offender  was  under  fourteen,  or  was  poor  and  committed  the  crime  from 
hunger;  a  solemn  profession,  or  testimony,  was  allowed  in  place  of  an  oath; 
marriage  was  made  a  civil  contract ;  the  property  of  intestates  was  to  be  dis- 
tributed by  the  town  council  to  the  heirs  at  law ;  every  man  was  required  to  keep 
a  bow  and  four  arrows,  and  practise  with  them.  The  code  ended  thus:  "and 
otherwise  than  thus  what  is  herein  forbidden,  all  men  may  walk  as  their  con- 
sciences persuade  them,  every  one  in  the  name  of  his  God ;  and  let  the  saints  of 
the  Most  High  walk  in  this  colony  without  molestation,  in  the  name  of  Jehovah, 
their  God,  forever  and  ever." 

1647.  —  AN  epidemic  influenza  prevailed  in  New  England. 

It  attacked  the  Indians,  French,  and  Dutch,  as  well  as  the  English,  and  proved 
fatal,  especially  in  cases  where  bleeding  and  purging  were  employed  as  remedies. 

1647.  —  Two  petitions  were  sent  from  Boston  to  the  Parlia- 
mentary Commissioners  for  the  plantations,  praying  for  liberty  of 
conscience,  as  religious  liberty  of  belief  was  then  called,  and 
asking  for  the  appointment  of  a  parliamentary  governor. 

It  was  dangerous  to  attempt  to  protest  against  the  theocratic  government.  A 
movement  of  the  same  kind  in  Plymouth  had  been  proposed  in  the  assembly,  but 
Governor  Bradford  had  refused  to  put  it  to  vote.  In  Boston  the  signers  to  a 
petition  to  the  court  were  arrested  and  placed  in  irons  until  they  ' '  humbled  "  them- 
selves. Child,  one  of  the  chief  movers,  with  others,  was  heavily  fined.  No 
notice  was  taken  of  the  petitions  by  the  Parliamentary  Commissioners. 

1647.  —  THE  term  "selectmen"  is  first  used  in  the  laws  of 
Massachusetts. 

1647.  —  CALVERT  obtained  possession  of  the  Isle  of  Kent. 

He  died  soon  after.  Before  his  death,  by  a  power  of  attorney,  he  appointed 
Thomas  Green  his  successor,  who  called  an  assembly  and  proclaimed  an  amnesty. 

1647.  —  PETER  STUYVESANT  arrived  at  New  Amsterdam,  under 
appointment  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  as  director- 
general  of  New  Netherlands. 

During  the  Dutch  possession  of  New  Amsterdam,  the  aristocratic  form  of 
municipal  government  prevailed,  and  was  the  chief  cause  for  the  popular  discon- 
tent. In  New  Amsterdam,  the  director  and  schout-fiscal,  an  officer  combining  the 
powers  of  attorney-general  and  sheriff,  acted  as  magistrates.  The  Company 
owned  slaves,  who  were  allowed  farms,  and  to  compound  their  service  by  the  pay- 
ment of  a  stipulated  amount  of  produce,  though  this  provision  did  not  apply  to 
their  children,  who  still  remained  slaves. 


88  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1647-8. 

1647.  —  AYiNE  was  made  in  Virginia  by  a  Captain  Brocas.  In 
this  year  both  flax  and  heinp  were  grown,  spun,  and  wove,  in 
Virginia,  by  Captain  Matthews. 

1647.  —  THE  making  of  lime,  bricks,  and  tiles  are  mentioned  as 
occupations  pursued  at  this  time  in  New  England. 

1647,  OCTOBER   18.  —  The    general    court    of   Massachusetts 
granted  an  act  of  incorporation  to  the  shoemakers  and  the  coop- 
ers of  Boston  and  the  vicinity,  with  power  to  regulate  the  trade 
for  four  years. 

Johnson,  in  his  Wonder-working  Providence,  says  of  the  tanners  and  shoe- 
makers, "  they  have  kept  their  men  to  their  stander  hitherto,  almost  doubling  the 
price  of  their  commodities,  according  to  the  rate  they  were  sold  for  in  England, 
and  yet  the  plenty  of  leather  is  beyond  what  they  had  there,  counting  the  number 
of  the  people,  but  the  transportation  of  boots  and  shoes  to  foreign  parts  hath 
vented  all,  however."  He  gives  also  a  list  of  other  trades,  as  card-makers  (for 
wool),  glovers,  pelt-mongers,  furriers,  tailors,  and  others,  who  had  "orderly 
turned  to  their  trade." 

1648,  AUGUST.  —  Governor  Winthrop  wrote  to  his  son:  "The 
iron  work  goeth  on  with  more  hope.     It  yields  now  about  seven 
tons  per  week,  but  it  is  most  out  of  that  brown  earth  which  lies 
under  the  bog  mine." 

This  was  concerning  the  works  at  Braintree,  which  also  belonged  to  the  Com- 
pany. The  want  of  money  in  circulation  was  the  chief  cause  which  led  the 
enterprise  to  pass  into  other  hands.  To  an  application  for  assistance  the  general 
court  replied  in  1646,  "if  your  iron  may  not  be  had  heere  without  ready  money, 
what  advantage  will  that  be  to  us  if  wee  have  no  money  to  purchase  it." 

1648.  —  A  SYNOD  of  the  churches  of  New  England,  sitting  at 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  completed  its  deliberations. 

It  formed  the  New  England  Platform,  which  it  recommended,  with  the  West- 
minster confession  of  faith  to  the  general  court  and  the  churches.  It  was  a  full 
sanction  of  the  theocratic  system  of  government. 

1648.  —  THE  Mohawks  attacked  the  Jesuit  missions  among  the 
Hurons. 

Daniel,  their  founder,  was  killed ;  Brebeuf  and  Lalamand  burned  at  the  stake, 
and  others  slaughtered.  The  missions  were  broken  up.  Mohawk  war  parties 
penetrated  even  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  Quebec  was  not  considered  safe.  The 
war  continued  for  some  years. 

1648.  —  IN  New  Amsterdam,  clapboards,  lime,  and  stone  were 
placed  on  the  free  list,  in  order  to  encourage  the  erection  of  a 
better  class  of  buildings. 

1648. — FATHER  RAGENEAU,  in  his  letter  to  the  Superior  at  Paris, 
mentions  Niagara. 

1648.  —  A  MILL  and  fort  upon  Kent  Isle,  Maryland,  is  mentioned 
as  having  been  torn  down  this  year,  "  on  account  of  war  with  all 
the  Indians  near  it,  not  worth  the  keeping." 


1648.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  §9 

1648,  MARCH.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  enacted 
concerning  salt :  — 

"  That  upon  treaty  with  Mr.  Winthrop,  touching  the  making  of  salt  out  of  meer 
salt  water,  for  the  use  of  the  country,  it  is  apprehended  and  asserted  by  both  par- 
ties, that  for  incouragcment  of  the  said  worke,  being  of  so  general  concernment, 
it  is  enacted  by  authority  of  this  Court,  that  for  so  many  families  or  households 
as  are  resident  within  this  jurisdiction,  Mr.  Winthrop  shall  be  paid  after  the  next 
harvest,  so  many  bushels  of  wheatc  or  of  other  corne  and  wheate  to  the  value  of 
wheate,  yet  so  as  the  one  half  of  it  be  in  wheate  certaine,  upon  the  delivery  of 
so  many  bushels  of  good  white  salt  at  Boston,  Charles  Towne,  Salem,  Ipswich, 
and  Salsbury,  to  be  received  and  paid  for  by  the  commissioners  for  public  rates 
upon  two  months'  notice  given  by  Mr.  Winthrop.  The  constables  shall  have 
power  to  buy  it.  .The  second  year  the  commission  shall  receive  and  pay  for  two 
bushels  of  salt  for  each  family,  at  the  price  of  three  shillings  a  bushel,  and  for 
other  two  years,  the  commission  shall  take  of,  and  make  payment  for  two  hundred 
tons  of  salt  at  two  shillings  per  bushel,  at  such  salt  worke  as  said  Mr.  Winthrop 
shall  appoint,  and  he  shall  have  leave  to  erect  works  in  any  place  or  places  in  the 
jurisdiction  not  appropriated." 

The  next  May  the  court  granted  Mr.  Winthrop  three  thousand  acres  of  land 
at  Paquatuck,  the  grant  to  be  void  "provided  he  set  not  up  a  considerable  salte 
worke,  we  meane  to  make  one  hundred  tun  per  annum  of  salt  between  the  capes 
of  Massachusetts  Bay,  within  three  years  next  coming." 

1648. —  A  MESSAGE  was  sent  from  the  United  Colonies  to  the 
governor  of  Quebec,  proposing  free  trade. 

No  immediate  answer  was  returned  to  this  first  communication  between  New 
England  and  Canada. 

1648,  SEPTEMBER  ^. — The  settlements  upon  Rhode  Island 
wrote  to  the  New  England  commissioners,  asking  to  be  received 
into  a  union  with  the  United  Colonies  of  New  England. 

They  wished  to  be  received  "In  a  prime  and  perpetual  league  of  friendship 
and  amity;  of  ofence  and  defence,  mutual . advice  and  succor  upon  all  just  occa- 
sions for  our  mutual  safety  and  wellfaire,  and  for  preserving  of  peace  among 
ourselves,  and  preventing  as  much  as  may  bee  all  occasions  of  warr  and  Difer- 
ence."  The  commissioners  responded  that  they  could  not  listen  to  the  request 
until  the  claim  that  the  island  was  by  the  Plymouth  patent  included  in  the  juris- 
diction of  that  colony,  was  allowed. 

1648.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  an  order 
concerning  pasturing  sheep  upon  the  commons,  and  another 
offering  bounties  for  killing  the  wolves. 

Each  Englishman  was  to  have  at  least  thirty  shillings,  and  Indians  twenty  shil- 
lings. This  premium  to  remain  in  force  for  four  years. 

1648.  —  LORD  BALTIMORE  appointed  William  Stone,  a  resident  of 
Virginia,  and  a  zealous  Parliamentarian  and  Protestant,  to  the 
governorship  of  Maryland. 

Stone,  in  his  instructions,  was  obliged  to  take  an  oath  not  to  molest,  on  religious 
grounds,  any  person  in  the  province  professing  to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ,  and 


90  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1648-9. 

especially  no  Roman  Catholic,  nor  to  make  any  distinction,  for  religion,  in  ap- 
pointments to  office.  He  was  also  forbidden  to  consent  to  the  repeal  of  any  laws, 
made  or  to  be  made,  relating  to  religious  matters,  judicature,  or  the  prerogatives 
of-  the  proprietary,  without  special  warrant.  As  a  preliminary  to  the  reception 
of  grants  of  land,  an  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  proprietary  was  exacted  from  the 
settlers. 

1648.  —  MARGARET  JONES,  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  was 
indicted,  found  guilty,  and  executed  for  witchcraft. 

1649.  —  THE  assembly  of  Maryland  passed  an  act  of  toleration. 

The  assembly  was  organized  as  an  upper  and  lower  house.  The  act  commences 
with  decreeing  death  and  forfeiture  of  estate  against  all  "  who  shall  blaspheme 
God,  that  is,  curse  him,  or  shall  deny  our  Savior  Jesus  Christ  to  be  the  Son  of  God, 
or  shall  deny  the  Holy  Trinity,  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  or  the  Godhead 
of  any  of  the  said  three  persons  of  the  Trinity,  or  the  unity  of  the  Godhead,  or 
shall  use  or  utter  any  reproachful  speeches  against  the  Holy  Trinity."  Fines, 
whipping,  and  banishment  were  the  penalties  for  those  who  "shall  utter  any 
reproachful  words  or  speeches  concerning  the  blessed  Virgin  Mary,  or  the  holy 
apostles  or  evangelists."  Fines,  whipping,  and  a  public  apology  were  to  be  the 
punishment  for  calling  any  one  in  the  colony  "heretic,  schismatic,  idolator,  puri- 
tan,, presbyterian,  independent,  popish  priest,  Jesuit,  Jesuited  papist,  Lutheran, 
Calvinist,  anabaptist,  antinomian,  barronist,  roundhead,  separatist,  or  other  name 
or  term,  in  a  reproachful  manner,  relating  to  matters  of  religion."  "The  Sab- 
bath, or  Lord's  day,  called  Sunday,"  was  not  to  be  profaned.  Then  the  section 
providing  that  "for  the  more  quiet  and  peaceable  government  of  the  province, 
and  the  better  to  preserve  mutual  love  and  unity,"  no  person  professing  to  be- 
lieve in  Jesus  Christ  should  be  molested  on  account  of  his  religion,  or  interrupted 
in  his  free  exercise  of  it,  under  penalty  of  fine  and  imprisonment.  The  assembly 
also  recognized  the  proprietary's  sole  right  to  purchase  lands  from  the  Indians, 
whom  it  was  made  felony  to  kidnap  and  sell  as  slaves.  Death,  mutilation,  brand- 
ing, whipping,  fine,  and  banishment  were  the  penalties  for  offences  against  the 
person  or  the  title  of  the  proprietary. 

1649.  —  FROM  a  pamphlet  entitled  "A.  perfect  description  of 
Virginia,"  published  in  London,  the  following  statements  are 
made. 

There  were  six  public  brew-houses,  but  "most  brew  their  own  beer,  strong  and 
good."  "The  maize  or  Virginia  come  maults  well  for  beer,  and  ripe  in  five 
months,  set  in  April  or  May."  Good  metheglin  was  made  from  honey.  One 
planter,  from  his  own  crops,  made  twenty  butts  of  cider,  another  fifty  of  perry. 
An  "extra  ordinary  and  pleasing  strong  drink"  was  made  from  sweet  potatoes. 

There  were  in  operation  four  wind-mills  and  five  water-mills  for  corn,  besides 
many  horse  mills. 

They  had  "store  of  bricks  made,  and  houses  and  chimneys  made  of  Bricks, 
and  some  of  wood,  high  and  faire,  covered  with  shingall  for  Tyle,  yet  they  have 
none  that  make  them,  wanting  workmen  in  that  trade ;  the  Brickmakers  have  not 
the  art  to  make  it,  it  shrinketh." 

The  cattle  of  the  colony  were  estimated  at  twenty  thousand ;  they  had  also  two 
hundred  horses,  three  thousand  sheep,  five  thousand  goats,  and  many  swine. 

Cattle  were  exported  to  New  England ;  and  many  were  killed  to  supply  the 


1649.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  91 

shipping,  which  at  Christmas  of  the  year  before  had  amounted  to  ten  from  London, 
two  from  Bristol,  twelve  from  Holland,  and  seven  from  New  England. 

The  population  was  estimated  at  fifteen  thousand  English  and  three  thousand 
"  good  negro  servants."  There  were  twenty  churches,  the  ministers'  livings  aver- 
aging at  least  a  hundred  pounds.  The  western  rivers,  it  was  hoped,  would  soon 
be  explored,  and  a  new  route  to  the  east  be  discovered,  and  "by  such  a  discovery 
the  planters  of  Virginia  shall  gain  the  rich  trade  of  the  East  Indies,  and  so  cause 
it  to  be  driven  through  the  continent." 

1649.  —  A  PURITAN  church,  which  had  maintained  itself  in  Vir- 
ginia up  to  this  time,  was  obliged  to  leave  the  colony. 

There  were  a  hundred  and  eighteen  of  them.  The  chief  elder,  Mr.  Durand, 
with  most  of  them,  settled  in  Maryland,  on  the  Severn,  not  far  from  the  site  of 
Annapolis,  and  called  their  settlement  Providence. 

1649.  —  THE  press  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  was  given  to 
the  control  of  Samuel  Green. 

He  had  come  over  with  Governor  Winthrop's  company,  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
eight  years  before  Paye  arrived  in  the  colony.  The  reason  for  the  change  in  the 
superintendence  of  the  press  is  not  known.  Typographically,  the  change  was 
hardly  an  improvement.  Both  the  press  and  case  work  of  the  first  books  printed 
by  Green  are  very  defective. 

SAMUEL  GREEN  continued  printing  to  an  advanced  age,  and  died,  aged  87,  in 
1702.  He  was  held  in  great  respect,  and  given  in  Cambridge  several  military  and 
civic  offices.  After  his  death  there  was  no  printing  done  for  some  time  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  had  nineteen  children,  and  some  of  his  descendants,  for  over  a  cen- 
tury after  his  death,  were  printers  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  Thomas  was 
successful  in  collecting  nearly  one  hundred  books  printed  by  him  in  the  fifty  years 
he  conducted  the  press  at  Cambridge,  including  those  he  issued  in  partnership  with 
Johnson,  and  afterwards,  for  a  short  time,  with  his  son. 

1649.  —  THE  Massachusetts  legislature  imposed  a  duty  upon  all 
goods  belonging  to  inhabitants  of  the  other  New  England  colo- 
nies, which  entered  Boston. 

It  was  ostensibly  imposed  for  the  support  of  the  forts.  The  next  year  the  com- 
missioners for  the  United  Colonies  protested  against  it. 

1649,  MARCH  26.  —  Governor  Winthrop  died. 

His  age  was  sixty-three.  He  had  been  governor  ten  terms,  and  died  poor,  leav- 
ing a  fourth  wife,  with  an  infant  son,  to  whom  the  general  court  voted  two  hundred 
pounds. 

1649.  —  A  CODE  of  laws  for  Massachusetts  was  finished  and 
ordered  to  be  printed. 

It  had  been  drawn  up  by  a  commission,  composed  of  two  magistrates,  two  min- 
isters, and  two  persons  chosen  from  the  people  of  each  county.  No  copy  of  it  is 
known  to  be  in  existence,  but  its  provisions  are  pretty  well  known.  "  Stubborn 
and  rebellious"  sons  were  condemned  to  death,  and  "children  above  sixteen, 
who  curse  or  smite  their  natural  father  or  mother."  The  sale  of  intoxicating 
drinks,  except  by  licensed  persons,  was  forbidden.  Courtship,  without  the  per- 
mission of  the  maid's  parents  or  guardians,  was  fined.  In  their  absence,  the 


92  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1649. 

permission  of  the  "nearest  magistrate  "  was  to  be  obtained.  "  Blasphemy  of  the 
true  God"  was  punished  with  death,  when  made  by  "Christian  or  Pagan." 
Christians,  "within  this  jurisdiction,"  who  sought  to  subvert  "the  Christian  faith 
and  religion"  by  "maintaining  any  damnable  heresies,  as  denying  the  immortal- 
ity of  the  soul,  or  resurrection  of  the  body,"  or  "denying  that  Christ  gave  him- 
self a  ransom  for  our  sins,"  "or  shall  affirm  we  are  not  justified  by  his  death 
and  righteousness,  but  by  the  perfection  of  our  own  works,"  or  shall  "condemn 
or  oppose  the  baptizing  of  infants,"  or  shall  "  deny  the  ordinance  of  magistracy, 
or  their  lawful  authority,"  should  be  banished.  Jesuits  were  forbidden  to  enter 
the  colony,  and  their  second  offence  was  death.  A  year  or  two  afterwards,  deny- 
ing "the  received  books  of  the  Old  and  Xew  Testament  to  be  the  infallible  word 
of  God,"  was  made  death.  A  school  for  reading  and  writing  was  required  for 
every  town,  and  a  grammar  school  in  every  town  of  a  hundred  householders. 
This  provision  was  made  so  that  the  "true  sense  and  meaning  of  the  original" 
Scriptures  might  not  be  "  clouded,"  and  that  "  learning  may  not  be  buried  in  the 
grave  of  our  fathers."  This  school  law  was  also  enacted  in  Plymouth  and  Con- 
necticut. 

1649.  —  THE  Virginia  assembly  confirmed  the  right  of  the  gov- 
ernor to  impress  men  for  soldiers. 

The  news  being  received  of  the  execution  of  Charles  I.,  and  the  proclamation 
of  Charles  II.  as  king  of  Scotland,  he  was  proclaimed  in  Virginia,  and  the  assembly 
passed  an  act  that  any  one  defending  "the  late  traitorous  proceedings  against  the 
late  most  excellent  and  now  undoubtedly  sainted  king,"  should  be  prosecuted  as 
an  accessory  after  the  fact  of  his  murder.  To  insinuate  any  doubts  as  to  Charles 
II. 's  right  to  the  succession  was  made  treason,  and  spreading  rumors  tending  to  a 
change  of  government  was  to  be  also  so  treated. 
In  Maryland  the  young  king  was  also  proclaimed. 

1649.  — PETRUS  STUYVESANT,  in  New  Amsterdam,  constituted  a 
board  of  nine  men,  with  powers  similar  to  the  board  of  eight 
created  by  his  predecessor. 

These  boards  were  intended  to  appease  the  popular  discontent  with  the  feudal 
character  of  the  administration.  Van  der  Donck  became  the  leader  of  this  board, 
and  drew  up  a  memorial  to  the  States  General  of  Holland,  asking  that  a  burgher 
government  should  be  substituted  for  that  of  the  Company.  This  document  was 
signed  by  the  nine  men.  Van  der  Donck  was  arrested  by  Stuyvesant  and  ex- 
cluded from  his  seat.  He,  however,  went  to  Holland,  carrying  with  him  a  remon- 
strance concerning  the  grievances  of  the  people,  and  citing  New  England,  where 
"  neither  patroons  nor  lords,  nor  princes,  are  known,  but  only  the  people." 

1649.  —  STONINGTON,  Connecticut,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  was 
settled. 

In  1807  it  was  incorporated.  On  the  9th  of  August,  1814,  the  British  fleet 
under  Sir  Thomas  Hardy  attacked  the  town,  and  for  two  days  made  several  unsuc- 
cessful attempts  to  land,  but  the  militia  compelled  them  to  retreat.  The  town  has 
a  large  coasting-trade,  and  was  formerly  extensively  engaged  in  the  whale  fish- 
eries. Now  it  carries  on  a  large  manufacturing  business,  being  connected  by  rail- 
roads with  Boston,  New  York,  Providence,  and  New  Haven. 

1649.  —  MARBLEHEAD,  Massachusetts,  which  had  formerly  been  a 


1650.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  93 

part  of  Salem,  was  incorporated  as  a  distinct  town,  containing 
about  forty-four  families. 

Marblchead,  from  the  first  settlement  of  New  England,  was  noted  for  the  enter- 
prise of  its  people  in  the  fisheries.  The  majority  of  its  settlers  were  from  the 
Channel  Islands.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  the  town  was  considered 
the  second  for  wealth  and  population  in  Massachusetts.  It  contributed  a  regiment 
of  one  thousand  men.  During  the  war  of  1812,  the  frigate  Constitution  was  prin- 
cipally manned  by  Marblehead  men ;  and  so  large  a  number  of  privateers  went 
from  there  that  the  end  of  the  war  found  five  hundred  of  her  citizens  prisoners  in 
England. 

1650.  —  THE  "West  India  Company  supplied  each  emigrant  to 
the  New  Netherlands  with  land,  a  house,  tools,  four  cows,  and  as 
many  horses  and  other  animals,  to  be  restored  in  six  years. 

Stuyvesant  and  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New  England  met 
at  the  House  of  Good  Hope  to  negotiate  their  differences.  The  commissioners 
complained  of  the  Dutch  selling  powder  and  guns  to  the  Indians,  of  their  tariff 
and  other  things,  principally  the  questions  of  mutual  boundaries,  the  entertain- 
ment of  fugitives,  and  some  specific  actions.  The  questions  were  submitted  to 
four  English  arbitrators,  two  of  whom  were  chosen  by  Stuyvesant.  By  their 
award  all  the  eastern  portion  of  Long  Island  was  assigned  to  New  England.  The 
boundary  between  Connecticut  and  New  Netherland  was  to  begin  at  Greenwich 
Bay,  and  run  northerly  twenty  miles  inland,  and  beyond  "as  it  shall  be  agreed," 
but  nowhere  to  approach  the  Hudson  River  nearer  than  ten  miles.  The  Fort  of 
Good  Hope  the  Dutch  retained,  with  the  lands  appertaining  to  it,  while  the  rest  of 
the  territory  on  the  river  was  given  to  Connecticut.  Both  parties  were  to  sur- 
render fugitives. 

1650.  —  GULIAN  VAN  RENSSELAEB  experimented  with  wild  in- 
digo seed  near  Albany,  New  York,  and  Augustus  Heerman,  at 
Manhattan. 

1650,  OCTOBER  3. — Parliament  forbade  all  trade  with  the  rebel- 
lious colonies,  and  authorized  the  capture  of  ships  so  engaged. 

The  other  English  colonies  in  the  Indies  adhered  to  Charles  II.,  as  Virginia  and 
Maryland  had.  Parliament,  now  victorious,  enacted  "That  in  Virginia  and  in 
diverse  other  places  in  America,  there  are  colonies  which  were  planted  at  the  cost, 
and  settled  by  the  people  and  by  the  authority  of  this  nation,  which  are  and  ought 
to  be  subordinate  to  and  dependent  upon  England ;  that  they  ever  have  been  and 
ought  to  be  subject  to  such  laws  and  regulations  as  are  or  shall  be  made  by  Par- 
liament; that  diverse  acts  of  rebellion  have  been  committed  by  many  persons 
inhabiting  Virginia,  whereby  they  have  most  traitorously  usurped  a  power  of  gov- 
ernment, and  set  themselves  up  in  opposition  to  this  commonwealth."  The  council 
of  state  was  authorized  to  send  ships  to  any  of  the  plantations,  and  grant  com- 
missions to  enforce  obedience,  and  "to  grant  pardons  and  settle  governors  in  the 
said  islands,  plantations  and  places,  to  preserve  them  in  peace  until  the  Parliament 
take  further  orders."  The  Massachusetts  general  court  protested  against  the 
application  of  the  claim  made  by  Parliament  to  unlimited  jurisdiction  over  the 
colonies,  to  them. 

1650.  —  A  NEW  edition  of  the  Psalms,  revised  by  Mr.  Dunster, 


94  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1650-51. 

the  president  of  Harvard  College,  and  by  Mr.  Lyon,  was  issued 
from  the  Cambridge  press,  and  became  the  standard  edition. 

1650,  NOVEMBER.  —  A  town  meeting  was  held  at  New  London, 
Connecticut,  to  co-operate  with  Mr.  Winthrop  in  erecting  a  mill 
to  grind  corn,  the  inhabitants  to  undertake  the  "  making  the  dam 
and  heavy  work  to  the  milne." 

For  this  work  six  men  were  to  be  paid  two  shillings,  each,  a  day.  It  was  also 
agreed  "that  no  person,  or  persons,  shall  set  up  any  other  milne  to  grind  corne 
for  the  town  of  Pequett,  within  the  limits  of  the  town,  either  for  the  present,  or 
for  the  future,  so  long  as  Mr.  Winthrop,  or  his  heirs,  do  uphold  the  milne  to  grind 
the  town  corne."  The  management  of  this  mill  gave  such  dissatisfaction  to  the 
people  that  the  town  complained  to  the  general  court  that  they  were  not  ' '  duely 
served  in  the  grinding  of  their  corne,  and  were  much  damnified."  The  court,  to 
prevent  "  disturbance  of  the  peace,"  ordered  Mr.  Rogers  to  give  a  "  daily  attend- 
ance at  the  mill." 

1650.  —  A  CODE  was  accepted  by  the  general  court  of  Con- 
necticut. 

It  was  compiled  by  Ludlow,  and  was  much  of  it  copied  from  the  Massachusetts 
code,  housebreaking  and  robbery  the  third  time  being  added  to  the  capital  offences. 
Taking  tobacco  publicly  was  forbidden.  Debtors  could  not  be  put  in  prison  unless 
they  had  concealed  property.  If  the  creditor  required  it,  the  debtor  had  to  pay 
his  debt  by  service,  and  could  be  sold  for  that  purpose,  but  not  "to  any  but  of  the 
English  nation."  This  law  remained  in  force  into  this  century.  Runaway  ser- 
vants were  to  be  captured  at  the  public  expense.  Trade  with  the  Indians  in  arms 
or  dogs  is  forbidden.  Some  chief  of  the  tribes  near  the  settlement  should  be  held 
responsible  for  depredations  by  his  band ;  and  if  satisfaction  for  them  was  refused, 
the  Indians  might  be  seized  and  delivered  to  the  party  injured,  "  either  to  serve  or 
to  be  shipped  out  and  exchanged  for  negroes,  as  the  case  will  justly  bear." 

1650.  —  IT  was  estimated  this  year  that  in  Virginia  a  man  could 
easily  by  hand  process,  make  fifteen  thousand  clapboards  or  pipe- 
staves  in  a  year,  which  were  worth  in  the  colony  four  pounds  a 
thousand,  and  in  the  Canaries  twenty  pounds  a  thousand,  which 
would  make  in  the  lowest  market  sixty  pounds. 

A  saw-mill  was  at  this  time  also  said  to  be  a  great  desideratum,  for  one  driven 
by  water  would  do  the  work  of  twenty  sawyers. 

1650.  —  CHARLES  II.,  at  Breda,  sent  a  new  commission  to  Berke- 
ley as  governor  of  Virginia,  and  appointed  Sir  William  Davenant 
as  governor  of  Maryland. 

Davenant  was  captured  on  his  way  over  from  France,  with  a  company  of  refugee 
royalists,  by  the  Parliamentary  fleet. 

1651. — GOVERNOR  ENDICOTT  petitioned  the  legislature  of  Mas- 
sachusetts for  three  hundred  acres  of  land,  to  supply  fuel  for  cop- 
per-smelting works  he  intended  to  erect. 

He  had  discovered  the  copper  in  1648  between  Danvers  and  Topsfield.  The 
grant  was  given  on  condition  that  the  works  should  be  ready  in  seven  years.  The 
result  did  not  prove  very  successful. 


1651.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  95 

1651.  — THE  assembly  of  Connecticut  passed  an  act  to  encour- 
age the  discovery  of  mines. 

1651.  —  A  LICENSE  was  granted  to  Governor  John  Winthrop  to 
work  a  lead  mine  discovered  at  Middletown,  Connecticut. 

It  is  not  known  if  he  began  operations  that  year  or  not.  In  1852  the  same  mine 
was  reopened.  The  ore  is  not  abundant,  but  of  a  highly  argentiferous  quality. 

1651.  —  THE  assembly  of  Massachusetts  forbade  the  wearing  of 
gold,  silver,  silks,  laces,  and  other  extravagances,  together  with 
great  boots,  by  those  whom  the  selectmen  considered  unable  to 
afford  it. 

1651,  APRIL  3.  —  William  Coddington  obtained  from  the  coun- 
cil of  state  in  England  a  commission  to  govern  the  islands  of 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  during  his  lifetime,  with  a  coun- 
cil of  six,  to  be  named  by  the  people,  and  approved  by  himself. 

He  had  been  chosen  president  of  the  colony  in  1648,  but  had  never  entered  on 
the  office,  and  went  over  to  England  to  obtain  a  separate  charter.  Having  obtained 
his  commission,  he  returned  home. 

1651,  OCTOBER.  —  Roger  Williams  and  John  Clarke  were  sent 
to  England  by  the  colonists  of  Rhode  Island. 

John  Clarke  was  to  obtain  a  repeal  of  Coddington's  commission,  and  Williams 
a  confirmation  of  the  charter  of  the  settlements.  Not  being  allowed  to  sail  from 
Boston,  they  went  to  Manhattan  to  embark.  Sir  Henry  Vane  being  then  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  state,  they  obtained  the  recall  of  Coddington's  commission, 
and,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  "  of  all  the  priests,  both  Presbyterian  and  In- 
dependent," the  confirmation"  of  the  Rhode  Island  charter. 

1651.  —  A  LAW  was  enacted  in  Massachusetts,  making  it  ob- 
ligatory on  a  church,  before  settling  a  minister,  to  have  the  con- 
sent of  a  council  of  the  neighboring  churches,  and  "  some  of  the 
magistrates." 

It  was  passed  to  justify  the  action  of  the  court  in  fining  the  church  at  Maiden 
for  presuming  to  settle  a  minister  without  consulting  any  but  themselves. 

1651. — AN  order  was  issued  in  Massachusetts  that  wampum 
should  no  longer  be  received  for  taxes. 

The  trade  with  the  Indians  being  the  basis  of  this  circulation,  and  the  amount 
of  it  being  increased  by  the  exactions  from  the  Indians,  while  the  trade  with  them 
was  passing  into  the  hands  of  the  French,  made  it  depreciate ;  and  as  silver  was 
necessary  to  pay  for  imports,  the  want  of  currency  caused  the  court  to  set  about 
the  establishment  of  a  mint. 

1651,  OCTOBEE.  —  Parliament  passed  an  ordinance  prohibiting 
the  importation  of  any  merchandise  into  England  from  Asia, 
Africa,  or  America,  except  in  English-built  vessels,  owned  in 
England  or  the  colonies,  and  navigated  by  Englishmen. 

1651.  —  MESSENGERS  from  Canada  came  to  New  England  to  ask 
aid  in  the  war  with  the  Five  Nations,  which  was  then  raging. 


96  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1652. 

They  asked  leave  to  enlist  volunteers,  or  that  the  war  parties  of  the  converted 
Indians  on  the  Penobscot  should  be  allowed  to  pass  through  the  territory  of  the 
United  Colonies.  The  commissioners  gave  a  civil  refusal.  The  messengers  were 
John  Godefroy,  one  of  the  council  of  New  France,  and  Dreuilkttes,  a  Jesuit 
missionary. 

1652.  —  THE  assembly  of  Virginia  passed  several  acts  for  the 
encouragement  of  the  manufacture  of  cloth. 

Flaxsced  was  ordered  distributed  to  each  household,  and  premiums  offered  for 
its  culture.  Two  pounds  of  tobacco  were  given  for  every  pound  of  flax  or  hemp 
prepared  for  the  spindle ;  three  pounds  for  every  yard  of  linen  cloth  a  yard  wide, 
and  five  pounds  for  every  yard  of  woollen  cloth  made  in  the  province.  Every 
tithable  person  was  reqiiired  to  produce  yearly  two  pounds  of  dressed  hemp  or 
flax,  under  a  penalty  of  fifty  pounds  of  tobacco.  Ten  pounds  of  tobacco  were 
offered  for  every  good  hat  of  wool  or  fur,  or  for  every  dozen  pair  of  woollen  or 
worsted  stockings.  Fifty  pounds  for  every  pound  of  silk  wound,  and  every  owner 
of  a  hundred  acres  was  to  plant  and  fence  in  twelve  mulberry-trees.  No  wool  was 
to  be  exported  under  a  penalty  of  fifty  pounds  of  tobacco  for  each  pound.  The 
bounty  on  silk  was  claimed  by  several  persons.  One  of  these,  Major  Walker,  a 
member  of  the  assembly,  had  seventy  thousand  mulberry  trees  planted. 

1652.  —  THE  commissioners  in  command  of  the  parliamentary 
expedition  to  Virginia  deposed  Stone,  the  governor  of  Maryland, 
and  appointed  a  new  council. 

He  was  shortly  afterwards  reinstated. 

1652,  MARCH.  —  An  expedition  sent  by  parliament  reached  the 
Chesapeake. 

It  was  under  the  direction  of  five  commissioners,  of  whom  two  were  Richard 
Bennet  (a  Puritan  emigrant  to  Maryland)  and  William  Clayborne,  now  the  treas- 
urer of  Virginia.  It  had  started  in  September  of  the  year  before,  but  had  been 
delayed  by  taking  part  in  the  attack  upon  Barbadoes,  which  had  surrendered  after 
making  an  express  stipulation  that  their  assembly  should  alone  possess  the  right  to 
levy  taxes.  The  colony  capitulated  without  resistance.  Two  sets  of  articles  were 
signed;  one  with  the  assembly,  and  the  other  with  Berkeley  and  his  council. 
These  last  were  allowed  a  year  to  settle  their  affairs,  sell  their  property,  and  go 
where  they  pleased.  The  articles  witli  the  assembly  guaranteed  the  colony  against 
any  claim  of  conquest,  or  the  expense  of  the  expedition.  It  granted  the  right  of 
government  by  the  assembly ;  indemnity  for  the  past ;  the  security  of  land  grants ; 
the  existing  arrangement  for  fifty  acres  to  each  settler;  the  same  freedom  of  trade 
enjoyed  in  England ;  the  sole  right  of  the  assembly  to  levy  taxes  ;  the  use  of  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  for  a  year ;  and  a  year's  time  for  those  who  did  not  wish 
to  subscribe  the  oath  "to  be  true  and  faithful  to  the  commonwealth  of  England 
as  it  is  now  established,  without  King  or  House  of  Lords,"  to  arrange  their  affairs. 
These  articles  signed,  Berkeley's  commission  was  declared  void,  an  assembly  was 
called,  and  Bennet  was  elected  governor,  with  Clayborne  secretary. 

1652.  —  THE  first  coinage  was  issued  by  the  mint  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

The  issue  was  of  shillings,  sixpences,  and  threepences.  In  1662  an  issue  of 
twopences  was  made.  The  coinage  was  of  silver,  as  fine  as  the  English  issue,  but 


1652.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  97 

by  weight  "  two  pence  in  the  shilling  of  less  valew  than  the  English  coyne."  The 
issue  is  known  as  the  pine-tree  shilling  from  this  device  upon  some  of  the  larger 
coins.  Sixteen  varieties  of  the  shilling  are  known.  They  all  bear  the  same  date. 
The  dies  were  made  by  Joseph  Jenks,  and  the  coinage  done  by  John  Hull  (a  gold- 
smith) and  Robert  Sanderson. 

1652.  —  HEZEKIAH  USHER,  the  first  bookseller  in  the  United 
States,  began  business  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1652.  —  IN  May,  it  was  ordered  by  the  general  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts that  salt-works  be  set  up  at  Cape  Ann. 

Cape  Ann  had  been  included  in  the  grant  to  Mason,  but  was  now  reunited  to 

Massachusetts. 

1652.  —  EDWARD  BUET  was  granted  permission  to  make  salt  at 
Cape  Ann  by  a  new  method,  "  provided  he  make  it  only  after  his 
new  way." 

His  grant  was  for  ten  years,  and  at  the  same  time  he  was  refused  the  use  of 
two  islands  near  Salem  for  this  purpose,  "  as  prejudicial  to  the  town  in  divers 
regards." 

1652.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  that  the 
north  boundary  line  of  the  province  should  be  considered  as 
passing  through  a  point  three  miles  north  of  every  part  of  the 
Merrimac,  and  thence  upon  a  straight  line  east  and  west  to 
each  sea. 

1652,  MAY  18.  —  The  general  court  met  in  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  held  by  the  towns  of  the  Mainland;  those  of  the  Island  remained  quiet 
under  the  rule  of  Coddington.  At  this  session  a  law  was  passed  against  involun- 
tary servitude.  It  provided  that  no  man  could  be  kept  to  service  longer  than  ten 
years  from  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  the  colony,  under  a  penalty  for  those  holding 
him  of  forty  pounds.  At  this  time  white  men,  as  well  as  negroes  and  Indians, 
were  held  to  involuntary  service ;  and  the  law,  though  its  provision  applied  equally 
to  all,  was  most  probably  intended  not  to  apply  to  negroes. 

1652,  MAY  19.  —  The  Dutch  were  forbidden  by  the  authorities 
of  Rhode  Island  to  trade  with  the  Indians  within  that  province.  A 
letter  to  this  effect  was  sent  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  governor 
of  Manhattan. 

The  war  which  had  begun  between  Holland  and  England  was  the  cause  of  this 
action.  The  commercial  and  trading  relations  of  Rhode  Island  and  Manhattan 
were  for  the  time  quite  extensive. 

1652,  OCTOBER  8.  —  An  order  of  council  was  issued  revoking 
Coddington's  commission,  and  directing  the  towns  of  Rhode 
Island  to  again  unite  under  the  charter. 

The  news  was  brought  from  England  by  William  Dyre,  who  arrived  on  the 
18th  of  February,  1653. 

1652.  —  WILLIAM  CODDINGTON,  in  whose  name  the  title  to 
Aquedneck  stood,  made  a  joint  deed  to  the  purchasers. 

7 


98  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1652-3. 

1652. — PETER  STUYVESANT  built  Fort  Casimir  on  the  site  of 
Newcastle,  Delaware. 

It  was  within  five  miles  of  the  Swedish  fort  Christina,  and  was  built  to  prevent 
an  intended  occupation  of  the  territory  by  the  New  Englanders. 

1652.  — THE  first  forge  built  in  America  was  erected  at  Rayn- 
ham,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  built  by  James  and  Henry  Leonard,  who  came  from  Monmouthshire, 
England.  They  were  the  ancestors  of  the  numerous  Leonards  who  have  been  so 
extensively  known  in  the  iron  industry  of  the  country. 

1653.  —  JOHANS  DE  HULTER  was  among  the  emigrants  to  the 
New  Netherlands  this  year. 

He  was  called  by  the  Directors  in  Holland  "an  extraordinary  potter,"  and  the 
provincial  authorities  were  asked  to  aid  him  in  any  way  they  could.  He  estab- 
lished himself  somewhere  on  the  Hudson,  and  appears  to  have  been  successful ; 
for  about  the  time  the  province  passed  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  English.  Madame 
De  Hulter's  pottery  was  leased  for  eleven  hundred  guilders  a  year,  and  a  tile-kiln 
attached  to  it  for  three  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventeen  guilders  (.$1480). 
In  Long  Island  the  Dutch  are  said  to  have  made  pottery  equal  to  that  made  at 
Delft.  About  this  time  the  Directors  refused  to  sanction  grants  the  provincial 
authorities  had  made  for  potash  works,  salt  works,  brick  and  tile  works,  and 
others,  using  the  following  language  :  "  The  grants  we  not  only  entirely  disap- 
prove, but  require  that  you  will  not  give  one  single  grant  more  hereafter,  as  it  is 
in  our  opinion  a  very  pernicious  management,  principally  so  in  a  new  and  budding 
state,  whose  population  and  welfare  cannot  be  promoted,  but  through  general  ben- 
efits and  privileges,  in  which  every  one  who  might  be  inclined  to  settle  in  such  a 
country,  either  as  a  merchant  or  mechanic,  may  participate." 

1653.  —  THE  exportation  of  head  corn  was  forbidden  in  New 
Amsterdam;  and  it  was  ordered  that  for  every  hill  of  tobacco 
planted  a  hill  of  corn  should  be,  while  the  consumption  of  grain 
for  brewing  was  strictly  prohibited. 

The  devotion  to  the  fur  trade  and  the  culture  of  tobacco  caused  a  frequent 
scarcity  of  grain  in  New  Amsterdam. 

1653.  —  A  CATECHISM  in  the  dialect  spoken  by  the  Nipmuck,  or 
Natick,  Indians,  and  made  by  Mr.  Eliot,  was  printed.  The  ex- 
pense was  paid  by  the  society  in  England  for  propagating  the 
gospel  among  the  Indians  in  New  England. 

1653,  MAY  17.  —  Two  distinct  assemblies  met  in  Rhode  Island  ; 
that  of  the  Mainland  at  Providence,  and  that  of  the  Island  at 
Newport. 

The  first  elected  Gregory  Dexter  as  president;  and  the  second  John  Sandford, 
Sen.,  as  president.  On  the  demand  of  the  Island  assembly,  Coddington  declined 
to  surrender  the  documents  in  his  possession,  or  resign  his  commission,  giving  as 
his  reason  that  he  had  received  no  order  from  England.  The  chief  point  of  dis- 
pute between  the  portions  of  the  colony  was  concerning  the  place  in  which  the 
assembly  should  meet.  The  Island  aasembly  granted  commissions  to  privateers 


1G53-4.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  99 

against  the  Dutch,  and  appointed  a  court  of  admiralty.    Under  these  commissions 
several  captures  were  made. 

1653.  —  A  "LANDTDAG,"  or  diet,  was  held  at  New  Amsterdam. 

It  was  composed  of  delegates  from  New  Amsterdam  and  eight  villages  —  four 
Dutch  and  four  English.  The  aggressions  of  the  Rhode  Island  privateers  had  cre- 
ated an  excitement  in  the  settlements.  Other  disputes  arose,  and  a  remonstrance 
was  sent  to  Holland,  complaining  of  the  director  and  his  council,  of  their  arbitrary 
legislation,  appointment  of  magistrates  without  consulting  the  people,  and  of  his 
favoritism  in  granting  land.  The  remonstrance  produced  no  effect,  Stuyvesant 
being  blamed  for  a  want  of  rigor  in  not  punishing  the  discontented  "  in  an  exem- 
plary manner." 

1654.  —  THE  first  mention  of  the  salt  springs  of  Western  New 
York  was  made  by  the  Jesuits,  who  discovered  them  this  year. 

Pore  Le  Moyne  thus  records  in  his  journal  the  discovery  ten  days  after  his 
arrival  among  the  Onondagas.  He  carried  back  a  sample  of  the  salt  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  Canada.  "The  sixteenth  we  came  to  the  entrance  of  a  small  lake,  in  a 
great  basin,  partly  dry ;  we  tasted  the  water  which  a  demon  had  made  stinking ; 
having  tasted  it  I  found  that  it  was  a  fountain  of  salt  water ;  and  in  fact  we  made 
salt  from  it  as  natural  as  that  from  the  sea,  of  which  we  had  brought  a  supply 
from  Quebec.  This  lake  is  full  offish  —  salmon  trout  and  other  fish."  The  original 
record  is  in  French.  Father  Le  Moyne  subsequently  informed  the  Rev.  Mr.  Mega- 
polonsis,  of  New  Amsterdam,  of  this  discovery,  who,  in  repeating  it  to  his  class, 
said,  "  Whether  this  be  true,  or  whether  it  be  a  Jesuit  lie,  I  do  not  determine." 

1654.  —  SALT  was  subject  to  a  duty  of  twenty  stivers  (forty 
cents)  a  bushel  at  New  Amsterdam. 

The  next  year  the  duties  on  imports  were  reduced  to  ten  per  cent. 

1654.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  the  regu- 
lar printing  of  such  laws  as  were  ordered  to  be  published,  in 
editions  of  from  five  to  seven  hundred. 

The  secretary  of  the  colony  was  to  pay  for  it,  in  "  wheate  or  otherwise,"  at  the 
rate  of  one  penny  a  sheet,  or  eight  shillings  a  hundred ;  and  copies  were  to  be 
distributed  to  all  the  freemen  of  the  colony,  so  that  each  should  have  one. 

1654.  —  THIS  year  the  general  court  of  Connecticut  granted 
Mr.  William  Goodwin  liberty  to  make  use  of  waste  lands  to  keep 
his  saw-mill  in  work. 

1654,  JULY  12.  —  A  full  court  of  commissioners  met  at  War- 
wick, Rhode  Island,  and  signed  articles  of  agreement. 

The  court  consisted  of  six  members  from  each  of  the  towns.  The  terms  of 
settlement  were,  that  the  united  colony  should  act  under  the  charter,  and  that  the 
general  assembly  for  the  management  of  the  public  affairs  should  be  composed  of 
six  delegates  from  each  of  the  towns. 

1654.  —  A  COMPANY  from  Sweden,  under  Rysingh,  as  successor 
to  Printz,  came  to  New  Sweden,  and  obtained  possession  of  Fort 
Casimir. 


100  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1G54-5. 

Possession  was  gained  without  bloodshed,  either  by  the  cowardice  of  the  com- 
mander or  by  stratagem. 

1654.  —  STONE  was  again  deposed  from  the  governorship  of 
Maryland. 

He  disregarded,  on  account  of  instructions  from  Lord  Baltimore,  the  provisions 
of  the  commissioners,  and  demanded  an  oath  of  fidelity  from  the  settlers  to  the 
proprietary,  though  he  proclaimed  Cromwell  as  protector.  Bennet  and  Calvert, 
by  threats  of  a  force  from  Virginia,  forced  him  to  resign,  appointed  William  Fuller 
governor,  appointed  a  new  council,  and  called  a  new  assembly,  in  which  no  one 
was  allowed  to  sit  or  vote  for  its  members  who  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  or  had  taken 
up  arms  against  parliament.  This  assembly  excluded  "papests  and  prelatists  " 
from  the  benefits  of  the  act  of  toleration,  and  denied  the  claim  of  the  proprietary 
to  be  "  absolute  lord"  of  the  province. 

1654.  —  PEACE  being  made  between  the  Indians  of  New  York 
and  Canada,  the  Jesuits  established  missions  among  the  Indians 
south  of  Canada. 

Le  Moyne,  on  a  visit  to  Onondaga,  found  the  salt  springs  there,  and  a  settle- 
ment by  persons  from  Montreal  was  made  at  Lake  Onondaga. 

1654.  —  AN  expedition  sent  from  England  against  the  Dutch  in 
New  Netheiiand  arrived  at  Massachusetts. 

Before  the  New  England  levies  to  take  part  in  the  attack  on  the  settlements  in 
New  Netherlands  were  ready,  news  came  of  the  peace  between  the  English  and 
the  Dutch,  and  the  expedition  was  directed  to  an  attack  upon  the  French  settle- 
ments in  Acadie.  France  and  England  were  at  peace,  but  the  claim  of  unpaid 
money  was  brought  forward,  and  Acadie  surrendered  to  the  expedition,  liberty  for 
their  religion  and  security  for  their  property  being  guaranteed  them. 

1654.  —  WAR  was  declared  by  the  commissioners  of  New  Eng- 
land against  the  Indian  chief  Ninigret. 

An  unsuccessful  expedition  was  the  only  result. 

1655.  —  STONE,  being  assured  by  Lord  Baltimore  that  Bennet 
and  Clayborne  had  no  warrant  for  their  action,  called  the  Cath- 
olic  settlers   of   Maryland   together,   and   made   an    expedition 
against  Providence,  the  headquarters  of  the  new  council. 

He  had  about  two  hundred  men,  and  was  completely  routed.  Both  parties  then 
appealed  to  Cromwell,  who  referred  the  dispute  to  the  Committee  of  Trade. 

1655.  —  THE  freemen  of  Saco,  Maine,  agreed  with  Roger 
Spencer  that  he  should  set  up  a  saw-mill  there. 

He  was  to  pay  for  it  twelve  thousand  feet  of  boards,  and  to  agree  to  employ 
townsmen  in  preference  to  others. 

1655.  —  THE  importers  of  malt  and  other  merchants  of  Boston, 
petitioned  the  assembly  to  lessen  or  remove  the  duty  upon  the 
importation  of  malt. 

The  court  referred  the  petitioners  to  a  previous  order  made  upon  this  subject. 


1655-6.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  101 

1655.  —  THE  Plymouth  colony  sold  their  tract  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Kennebec  to  Messrs.  Tyng,  Brattle,  Boies,  and  Winslow. 

The  price  was  five  hundred  pounds. 

1655.  —  THIS  year  the  society  in  London  for  propagating  the 
gospel  among  the  Indians,  sent  over  to  Massachusetts  a  second 
press,  with  a  supply  of  printing  material. 

This  press  was  set  up  in  the  same  building  in  which  was  the  first ;  a  substan- 
tial brick  structure  at  Cambridge,  which  was  built  for  an  Indian  College,  at  a 
cost  of  between  three  and  four  hundred  pounds. 

1655,  MAY  30.  —  The  assembly  of  New  Haven  ordered  "  that 
if  an  iron  worke  goe  on  within  any  part  of  this  jurisdiction,  the 
persons  and  estates  constantly  and  onely  imployed  in  that  work 
shall  be  free  from  paying  rates." 

1655.  —  THE  West  India  Company  sent  an  expedition  to  New 
Amsterdam,  to  take  possession  of  the  settlements  on  the  Dela- 
ware. 

Stuyvesant  went  with  them.  The  Swedish  settlement  contained  about  seven 
hundred  inhabitants,  and  being  unable  to  resist,  surrendered,  and  became  a  part 
of  New  Netherland.  Such  as  agreed  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Dutch 
authorities,  were  guaranteed  possession  of  their  lands.  The  rights  and  freedom 
of  the  Swedish  Lutheran  Church  were  expressly  secured,  and  depended  ecclesi- 
astically on  Sweden  until  the  Revolution.  Those  who  would  not  take  the  oath 
were  sent  back  to  Sweden.  Thirty  of  the  Swedes  are  said  to  have  taken  the 
oath. 

1655.  —  THE  Indians  attacked  the  settlements  at  New  Amster- 
dam. 

In  three  days  a  hundred  persons  were  killed,  and  a  hundred  and  fifty  made 
prisoners.  The  loss  of  property  inflicted  was  estimated  at  eighty  thousand 
dollars.  The  prisoners  taken  were  ransomed. 

1655.  —  THE  commissioners  for  the  United  Colonies  of  New 
England  fitted  out  a  vessel  to  cruise  in  Long  Island  Sound. 

1656,  MARCH. — William  Coddington  made  a  formal  submission 
to  a  general  court  held  at  Warwick,  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  in  these  terms:  "I,  William  Coddington,  doe  hereby  submit  to  ye 
authoritie  of  His  Highness  in  this  Colonie  as  it  is  now  united,  and  that  with  all 
my  heart." 

1656.  —  STUYVESANT,  at  New  Amsterdam,  issued  a  proclama- 
tion against  conventicles,  fining  both  the  preachers  and  hearers. 

He  had  been  induced  to  this  by  Megapolensis,  the  minister  at  Manhattan,  and 
his  colleague  Drusius,  with  Polhemus,  a  clergyman  on  Long  Island.  Stuyvesant 
had  already  refused  an  application  of  the  Lutherans  in  New  Amsterdam  for  a 
church  of  their  own,  and  the  Company  in  Holland  had  also  refused  their  appeal. 
The  instructions  of  the  Company  had  been  that  all  should  enjoy  "the  free  exer- 
cise of  their  religion  within  their  own  houses."  Stuyvesant's  proclamation  was 
however  enforced,  and  against  the  Quakers  he  issued  others. 


102  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1656. 

1656.  —  CROMWELL  made  a  grant  of  Nova  Scotia  to  La  Tour 
and  others.. 

La  Tour  had  revived  his  claim  on  the  grounds  of  the  grant  given  his  father 
by  Sir  William  Alexander.  He  had  married  D'Aulney's  widow. 

1656.  —  IN  May,  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  an 
order  "  for  the  improving  as  many  hands  as  may  be  in  spinninge 
woole,  cotton,  flaxe,  &c." 

"All  hands  not  necessarily  employed  on  other  occasions,  as  women,  girls  and 
boys,  shall  and  hereby  are  enjoined  to  spin  according  to  their  skill  and  ability." 
The  selectmen  of  the  towns  were  to  see  that  this  was  done,  each  family  being 
assessed  "  at  half,  or  a  quarter  of  a  spinner,  according  to  their  capacity."  "  Every 
one  thus  assessed  for  a  whole  spinner"  was,  "after  the  present  year  1G56"  to 
"  spin  for  thirty  weeks  every  year  three  pounds  per  week  of  linen,  cotton  or 
woolen,  and  so  proportionally  for  half  or  quarter  spinners,  under  the  penalty  of 
twelve  pence  for  each  pound  short."  The  selectmen  had  also  authority  to  see 
that  the  commons  were  cleared  for  the  pasturage  of  sheep,  and  were  to  "impart 
the  mind  of  this  court  to  their  inhabitants  concerning  the  sowing  of  seeds  both  of 
hemp  and  flaxe." 

1656.  —  IN  Chelmsford,  Massachusetts,  William  How  was 
allotted  twelve  acres  of  meadow  and  eighteen  of  upland,  "  pro- 
vided he  set  up  his  trade  of  weaving,  and  perform  the  town's 
work." 

1656.  —  IN  May  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted  Mr. 
Winthrop  the  exclusive  privilege  of  making  salt  "  after  his  new 
way." 

This  is  supposed  to  show  that  the  salt  enterprise  of  1647-8  was  successful. 

1656.  —  THE  colony  of  New  Haven  appointed  sealers  of  leather 
for  each  town  where  there  was  a  tanner  or  shoemaker. 

The  next  year  the  court  received  complaints  from  Stamford  that  boots  were 
gold  there  at  thirty  shillings,  while  twenty  shillings  was  the  price  for  as  good 
elsewhere,  and  the  shoemakers  were  ordered  to  reform  or  answer  at  the  next 
court. 

1656,  OCTOBER.  —  The  general  court  of  Connecticut  appointed 
sealers  of  leather  for  each  of  the  towns. 

They  also  prescribed  the  method  of  preparing  the  hides.  The  sealers  were 
paid  by  fees. 

1656.  —  A  SAW-MILL  was  built  at  Scituate,  Massachusetts,  by 
Robert  Studson,  Mr.  Hatherly,  and  Joseph  Tilden. 

In  granting  the  privilege,  the  authorities  stipulated  that  sawing  was  to  be  done 
for  any  one  who  brought  timber  for  this  purpose,  and  that  the  owners  of  the  mill 
should  have  "  one  half  for  sawing  the  other  half."  The  price  at  which  boards 
should  be  sold  was  placed  at  "  three  shillings  and  six  pence  an  hundred  inch 
sawn." 

1656.  —  AT  New  Amstel,  or  New  Castle,  Delaware,  which  had 


1656-8.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  103 

been  sold  by  the  West  India  Company  to  the  city  of  Amsterdam, 
and  given  this  name,  bricks  were  made  this  year. 

Jacobus  Crabbe  petitions  the  court  concerning  a  plantation  "  near  the  corner 
where  bricks  and  staves  are  made  and  baked." 

1656.  —  AN  act  of  the  assembly  of  Virginia  was  passed  as 
follows  :  "  Whereas  we  conceive  it  something  hard  and  un- 
agreeable to  reason,  that  any  person  shall  pay  equal  taxes,  and 
yet  have  no  votes  in  elections,"  it  was  ordered  that  acts  exclud- 
ing freemen  from  voting  for  burgesses  should  be  repealed. 

The  assembly  also  imposed  a  fine  upon  every  planter  who  had  not  at  least  one 
mulberry-tree  planted  for  each  ten  acres  he  had  under  cultivation. 

1656.  —  ANOTHER  execution  for  witchcraft  took  place  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

The  arrival  of  two  Quaker  women  from  Barbadoes  caused  special  laws  to  be 
made  against  Quakers  "as  a  cursed  sect  of  heretics  lately  risen  in  the  world." 
Any  one  bringing  in  a  "  known  Quaker  "  was  fined  a  hundred  pounds,  and  obliged 
to  carry  him  away  again,  or  be  imprisoned.  The  Quaker  was  whipped,  imprisoned, 
and  kept  at  hard  labor  until  sent  off.  All  Quaker  books  were  to  be  burned,  the 
person  defending  their  opinions  to  be  fined,  and  on  the  third  offence  banished. 
The  laws  were  made  still  more  severe  the  next  year,  and  on  the  recommendation 
of  the  commissioners  for  the  United  Colonies,  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New 
Haven  passed  similar  acts. 

1657.  —  A  DESCRIPTION  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  speaks  of  it 
as  having  "  large  and  spacious  houses,  some  fairly  set  forth  with 
brick,  tile,  slate  and  stone,  orderly  placed,  whose  continual  en- 
largement presageth  some  sumptuous  city." 

1657,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies 
assembled  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  wrote  a  letter  to  the  author- 
ities in  Rhode  Island  urging  the  banishment  of  the  Quakers 
there,  and  the  prohibition  of  any  others  entering  that  state. 

To  this  the  president  and  assistants  replied  that  there  was  no  law  in  Rhode 
Island  for  the  punishment  of  men  for  their  opinions. 

1657.  —  SALT-WORKS  are  mentioned  as  existing  at  New  Amstel 
(Newcastle),  on  the  Delaware,  during  the  directorship  of  Stuy- 
vesant. 

As  early  as  1649  the  establishment  of  salt-works  was  one  of  the  charges  brought 
against  the  provincial  authorities  to  the  States  General  in  Holland. 

1657.  —  AN  attempt  was  made  to  introduce  the  culture  of  silk 
in  the  province  of  New  Netherlands. 

Two  years  afterwards  mulberry-trees  were  exported  to 


1657.  —  A  PREMIUM  was  offered  in  Virginia  for  the  growth  of 
flax. 

1658,  OCTOBER  19.  —  A  law  was  passed  in  Massachusetts,  inflict- 


104  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1658. 

ing  death  upon  all  Quakers  who  should  return  to  that  province 
after  banishment. 

1G58,  NOVEMBER  5.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  sent  a 
letter  to  Cromwell  through  the  agent  of  the  colony,  appealing 
that  "  they  may  not  be  compelled  to  exercise  any  civil  power 
over  men's  consciences,  so  long  as  human  orders,  in  point  of 
civility,  are  not  corrupted  or  violated." 

The  threats  made  to  exclude  Rhode  Island  from  all  trade  or  intercourse  with 
the  rest  of  New  England,  for  her  refusal  to  join  in  the  persecution  of  the  Quakers, 
was  the  origin  of  this  letter. 

1658.  —  SOON  after  the  formal  surrender  of  the  country  by  the 
Swedes  to  the  Dutch,  Joost  Adriansen  &  Co.  proposed  to  build 
a  saw  and  grist-mill  below  the  Turtle  Falls  at  Newcastle  in 
Delaware. 

The  Director  General,  Peter  Stuyvesant,  granted  their  request,  and  issued  a 
patent  to  them  on  condition  that  they  should  charge  no  more  for  grinding  than  the 
Company's  mill  charged.  The  Company's  mill  was  probably  the  wind-mill  erected 
upon  their  farm  at  Manhattan,  on  or  near  Broadway. 

1658.  —  SAMUEL  GREEN,  the  superintendent  of  the  press  at 
Cambridge,  was  granted,  on  petition,  three  hundred  acres  of  land, 
"  where  it  is  to  be  found." 

The  land  was  granted  for  his  encouragement,  and  was  subsequently  laid  out  for 
him  at  Haverhill. 

1658.  —  AN  arrangement  was  made  between  Lord  Baltimore, 
and  Bennet  and  Mathews,  concerning  the  affairs  of  Maryland. 

The  past  was  to  be  forgotten.  Grants  of  land  were  to  be  made  to  those  enti- 
tled to  them.  The  oath  of  fidelity  was  replaced  by  an  agreement  in  writing  to 
submit  to  the  proprietary's  lawful  authority.  The  inhabitants  were  to  keep  their 
arms,  and  the  proprietary  was  to  maintain  the  act  of  toleration. 

1658.  —  THE  laws  of  Virginia  were  again  revised  and  codified. 

They  made  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  acts.  The  counties  not  yet  divided  into 
parishes  were  to  be  so  divided,  and  a  tax  levied  for  building  churches.  Five  years' 
possession  of  land  gave  a  title.  Persons  who  had  no  tobacco  could  tender  other 
goods  in  payment  of  debts.  An  export  duty  of  ten  shillings  a  hogshead  of  three 
hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  was  laid  on  tobacco  exported  in  Dutch  vessels  else- 
where than  to  England.  Free  trade  was  promised  the  Dutch,  and  the  duty  on 
tobacco  was  reduced  to  two  shillings  in  favor  of  vessels  bringing  negroes  to  the 
colony.  Virginia-built  vessels  could  carry  tobacco  free ;  otherwise  a  duty  of  two 
shillings  was  laid  on  its  exportation,  to  raise  a  salary  for  the  governor.  It  was 
forbidden  to  transfer  the  services  of  Indian  children  placed  with  colonists  for  edu- 
cation. The  assembly  denied  the  right  of  the  governor  to  dissolve  them,  and 
claimed  the  right  to  elect  all  officers ;  that  existing  commissions  were  not  valid, 
and  ordered  public  officers  to  obey  no  warrants  unless  signed  by  the  speaker. 
Rules  were  also  adopted  for  the  regulation  of  the  proceedings  of  the  assembly. 
Personalities,  and  being  "disguised  with  over  much  drink,"  were  forbidden. 


1659.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  105 

1659,  OCTOBER  19.  —  Mary  Dyre,  William  Robinson,  and  Mar- 
maduke  Stephenson  were  condemned  to  death,  in  Boston,  as 
Quakers  who  had  returned  after  banishment. 

The  two  men  were  hanged.  Mary  Dyre  was  reprieved  on  the  gallows ;  and  the 
next  spring,  having  returned,  she  was  hanged  June  1.  She  was  a  resident  of  Rhode 
Island,  as  were  others  persecuted  by  Massachusetts. 

1659.  —  A  VERSION  of  the  Psalms,  in  one  of  the  Indian  lan- 
guages, was  printed  this  year  by  Green,  at  the  Cambridge  press, 
in  Massachusetts. 

1659.  —  A  COMPANY  from  Massachusetts  explored  the  Hudson 
River,  with  a  view  to  settlement. 

Stuyvesant  refused  to  let  them  ascend  the  river,  but  yielded  when  the  commis- 
sioners supported  their  request. 

1659.  —  THE  death  of  Cromwell  and  the  accession  of  his  son 
was  learned  by  the  Virginia  assembly  by  a  letter  from  the 
Supreme  Council  in  England. 

The  assembly  voted  to  submit  to  his  highness  Richard,  and  accept  the  letter  as 
"  an  authentic  manifestation  of  their  lordships'  intentions  for  the  government  of 
Virginia." 

1659.  —  NORWICH,  Connecticut,  was  settled  by  a  company  from 
Saybrook,  Connecticut,  headed  by  Major  John  Mason  and  the 
Reverend  James  Fitch. 

Uncas,  the  Indian  chief,  together  with  his  sons,  made  a  deed  to  Mason  and 
thirty-four  associates  of  nine  square  miles  of  land  for  the  sum  of  seventy  pounds. 
The  town  was  placed  on  the  Thames  River,  and  is  now  divided  into  Chelsea  Land- 
ing, Greeneville,  and  Norwich.  It  is  a  great  manufacturing  centre,  principally 
of  cotton  goods,  though  some  woollen,  paper,  and  machinery  are  made. 

1659.  —  THE  assembly  of  Connecticut  legislated  respecting 
grist-mills,  ordering  a  toll-dish  "  of  just  a  quart,"  and  others  of 
different  sizes,  to  be  sealed  for  each  mill  in  the  c.olony,  and  also  a 
proper  ''  strike  "  for  the  grain. 

Four  years  after,  the  toll  of  such  mills  was  established  at  one  twelfth  part  of 
Indian  corn,  and  one  sixth  part  of  other  grain,  for  grinding.  About  the  same 
time,  by  order  of  the  court,  "the  soldiers  of  Middletown  are  abated  of  one  of  the 
ordinary  trainings,  that  they  may  help  him  that  carries  on  the  mill  there,  up 
with  his  heavy  worke." 

1659.  —  THE  war  between  the  Five  Nations  and  the  Indians  of 
Canada  broke  out  afresh. 

The  French  missions  were  deserted  in  consequence. 

1659.  —  THE  Abbd  Montigny,  the  first  bishop  of  New  France, 
arrived  at  Quebec. 

The  island  of  Montreal  had  been  given  in  fief  to  the  seminary  of  St.  Sulpice 
at  Paris,  and  a  deputation  from  it  arrived  at  Montreal,  and  commenced  the  build- 


106  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1660. 

ing  of  a  hospital  there.     A  convent  was  also  built  for  the  daughters  of  the  con- 
gregation to  give  an  education  to  poor  girls. 

1660.  —  A  MILL  was  erected  at  Woolwich,  on  the  Kennebec, 
which  was  settled  this  year. 

1660.  —  THE  assembly  of  Connecticut  exempted  sheep  from 
taxation,  and  it  was  ordered  that  ground  should  be  cleared  for 
their  pasturage. 

1660. — ELIZABETH-TOWN,  New  Jersey,  was  settled,  and  tan- 
neries were  established  there. 

1660.  —  WILLIAM  BEEKMAN,  vice-director  of  the  colony  on  the 
Delaware,  wrote  to  Stuyvesant  at  New  Amsterdam,  complaining 
of  the  price  of  salt  as  "  exceedingly  tough,  asking  three  to  four 
guilders  for  a  single  schepel "  (three  pecks). 

1660.  —  THE  assembly  in  Virginia  ordered  that  all  writs  should 
issue  in  their  name. 

News  having  been  received  of  the  troubles  in  England  which  led  to  the  restora- 
tion, the  assembly  resolved  that  as  there  was  now  in  England  "no  resident,  abso- 
lute, and  generally  confessed  power,"  they  assumed  it  "  until  such  command  and 
commission  came  out  of  England  as  shall  be  by  the  assembly  judged  lawful." 

1660.  —  SIR  WILLIAM  BERKELEY  was  elected  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

He  had  lived  in  retirement  eight  years.  He  was  given  authority  to  select  his  sec- 
retary and  counsellors,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  assembly.  His  salary  was 
made  seven  hundred  pounds  out  of  the  export  duty,  fifty  thousand  pounds  of 
tobacco,  and  the  customs  on  Dutch  vessels  from  New  Netherland.  This  was 
afterwards  increased  by  a  bushel  of  corn  in  the  ear  from  each  tithable,  and  the 
tobacco  raised  to  sixty  thousand  pounds.  The  erection  of  a  state  house  was 
authorized,  and  the  governor  given  power  to  press,  for  this  service,  ten  men  "  of 
the  ordinary  sort  of  people."  An  embassy  was  sent  to  New  Netherland  to  ratify 
a  treaty  of  commerce,  and  an  address  to  his  Majesty  was  sent  by  an  agent,  asking 
"for  a  pardon  to  the  inhabitants."  Charles  II.  at  his  coronation  is  said  to  have 
worn  a  gown  made  from  silk  raised  in  Virginia.  The  Quakers  were  charged  that, 
contrary  to  law,  they  daily  gathered  congregations,  "teaching  and  publishing  lies, 
miracles,  false  visions,  prophecies  and  doctrines,  endeavoring  and  attempting 
thereby  to  destroy  religious  laws,  communities  and  all  bond  of  civil  society." 
Therefore  shipmasters  bringing  Quakers  to  the  colony  were  fined  one  hundred 
pounds,  and  the  Quakers  were  to  be  imprisoned  until  they  left,  and  returning  were 
to  be  treated  as  felons.  No  one  should  entertain  a  Quaker,  allow  an  assembly  of 
them,  or  purchase  a  Quaker  book.  In  Maryland,  while  religious  toleration  was 
re-established,  Quaker  preachers  were  to  be  whipped  as  "vagabonds,  who  dis- 
suade the  people  from  complying  with  military  discipline,  from  holding  offices, 
giving  testimony,  and  serving  as  jurors." 

1660.  —  CHARLES  II.  sent  a  letter  to  Maryland,  requiring  them 
to  submit  to  Philip  Calvert,  who  had  been  commissioned  as  gov- 
ernor by  Lord  Baltimore. 

The  letter  was  written  at  Lord  Baltimore's  request.    Fendal,  the  governor,  had 


1660-1.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  107 

thrown  off  the  proprietary  authority,  and  declared  the  lower  house  the  solo  source 
of  authority.  He  was  tried  for  treason,  found  guilty,  and  then  pardoned.  The 
people  submitted  quietly  to  Calvert. 

1660.  —  SEVERAL  returned  Quakers  were  sentenced  to  death  in 
Massachusetts. 

Only  one  was  executed.  The  restoration  in  England  made  the  authorities  more 
cautious. 

1660,  JULY.  —  The  ship  which  brought  the  news  of  the  restora- 
tion in  England  to  Boston  brought  also  two  of  the  judges  of 
Charles  I.,  fleeing  for  their  lives. 

These  were  Whalley  and  Goffe,  who  were  afterwards  joined  by  Dixwell.  The 
first  two  remained  for  some  time  openly  in  Boston.  Eventually  they  were  forced 
to  conceal  themselves,  but  the  three  passed  the  balance  of  their  lives  in  New  Eng- 
land, despite  the  efforts  made  for  their  capture. 

1660,  DECEMBER.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  adopted 
an  apologetical  address  to  the  king,  and  another  to  the  parliament. 

They  gave  excuses  for  the  execution  of  the  Quakers,  and  prayed  for  the  undis- 
turbed enjoyment  of  the  political  and  religious  institutions  of  the  colony. 

1660.  —  THE  Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel,  &c.,  sent  over 
another  press  and  printer,  Marmaduke  Johnson  of  London,  who 
was  a  much  more  capable  worker. 

The  second  press  was  intended  to  be  occupied  with  printing  Eliot's  Indian  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible. 

Marmaduke  Johnson,  soon  after  the  completion  of  the  first  edition  of  the  Bible, 
was  dismissed,  but  was  allowed  to  retain,  at  cost,  the  supply  of  pi-inting  material 
which  was  sent  over  with  him.  With  these  he  printed  several  works  on  his  own 
account,  the  last  of  which  was  dated  1674.  He  died  1675. 

1661.  —  THE  selectmen  of  Portsmouth,  this  year,  granted  per- 
mission to  Captain  Pendleton  "to  set  up  his  wind-mill  upon  Fort 
Point,  toward  the  beach,  because  the  mill  is  of  such  use  to  the 
public." 

1661.  —  THE  general  court  of  Connecticut  gave  the  liberty 
to  Mr.  Winthrop  "  to  find  a  place  to  set  up  a  saw-mill  where  it 
may  not  prejudice  the  farms  or  plantations  already  given  out." 

1661.  AUGUST. —  Charles  II.  was  formally  proclaimed  at  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 

All  disorderly  manifestations  were  forbidden. 

1661,  SEPTEMBER  9.  —  Charles  II.  sent  an  order  to  the  au- 
thorities of  Massachusetts  that  the  capital  and  corporeal  punish- 
ments of  the  Quakers  should  cease ;  and  that  those  who  were 
obnoxious  should  be  sent  to  England. 

1661. — THE  English  parliament  passed  an  act  entitled  "An 
Act  for  the  Encouraging  and  Increasing  of  Shipping  and  Navi- 
gation." 


108  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1661. 

Chapter  18  read  :  "  That  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  April,  1CG1,  no  Sugars, 
Tobacco,  Cotton,  Wool,  Indigo,  Ginger,  Fustic,  or  other  dyeing  woods  of  the 
growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  any  English  Plantations  in  America,  Asia,  or 
Africa,  shall  be  shipped,  conveyed,  or  transported  from  any  of  the  said  English 
Plantations,  to  any  land,  island,  territory,  dominion,  port  or  place  whatsoever,  other 
than  to  such  other  English  plantations  as  do  belong  to  his  Majesty,  etc.,  etc." 
These  enumerated  articles  were  the  chief  products  of  the  colonies,  and  as  others, 
such  as  coffee,  hides,  skins,  iron,  corn,  lumber,  &c.,  became  of  importance,  they 
were  added  to  the  list.  The  culmination  of  this  restrictive  policy  of  the  colonial 
industry  was  reached  in  1663. 

1661.  —  ON  the  west  side  of  the  Connecticut,  at  Hatfield,  a 
grist-mill  was  built  this  year  by  Goodman  Meakins. 

By  an  agreement  with  the  town  of  Hadley,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  all 
their  grinding  was  to  be  done  there,  provided  he  kept  his  part  of  the  contract,  and 
"made  good  meale."  Next  year  the  people  of  Hadley  agreed  with  two  persons 
to  carry  their  corn  over  the  river,  and  bring  back  the  meal  ground,  twice  a  week, 
for  which  they  were  to  have  three  pence  a  bushel,  payable  in  wheat  at  three  shil- 
lings and  sixpence  a  bushel,  or  Indian  corn  at  two  shillings  three  pence  a  bushel. 

1661.  — DIRCK  DE  WOLFF,  a  merchant  in  Amsterdam,  obtained  a 
grant  from  the  Dutch  authorities  of  the  exclusive  right  for  seven 
years  to  make  salt  in  the  New  Netherlands. 

Conyen  (now  Coney)  Island  was  granted  him  for  this  purpose,  and  his  agents 
erected  pans  there ;  but  the  jurisdiction  of  the  island  being  claimed  by  the  Eng- 
lish residing  at  Gravesend,  on  Long  Island,  the  works  were  destroyed  by  them. 
The  project  therefore  was  abandoned.  The  high  price  of  salt  this  year,  it  having 
sold  at  New  Amsterdam  for  twelve  guilders  (four  dollars  and  eighty  cents)  the 
bushel,  was  probably  the  inducement  for  commencing  its  manufacture. 

1661.  —  THE  price  of  imported  Holland  bricks  in  New  Amster- 
dam was  four  pounds  sixteen  shillings  a  thousand,  payable  in 
beaver  skins. 

There  were  at  this  time  several  brick  and  tile  manufactories  in  the  province. 
The  accounts  of  the  patroon  show  that  in  the  Van  Rensselaer  colony,  below 
Albany,  yellow  bricks  made  there  sold,  between  1630  and  1646,  for  fifteen  florins 
a  thousand. 

1661.  —  A  mint  is  said  to  have  been  set  up  in  Maryland,  but 
nothing  is  reliably  known  about  it. 

1661. — THE  New  Testament  was  issued  this  year  from  the 
press  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

1661.  —  THE  regicides  Goffe  and  Whalley  took  refuge  from  the 
officers  in  search  of  them  in  an  old  mill  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
Haven,  Connecticut. 

1661.  —  SCHENECTADY,  New  York,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  was 
settled  by  Arent  Van  Corlear,  and  the  same  year  a  fort  was 
built. 

In  1690,  the  Indians  and  French  massacred  all  the  able-bodied  settlers,  sparing 
only  sixty  old  people  and  children;  again,  in  1748,  the  settlement  was  captured. 
In  1798,  Schenectady  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 


1661-2.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  109 

1661.  —  MASSASOIT  died. 

He  left  two  sons,  Wamsutta,  called  Alexander,  and  Pometacom  or  Metacomet, 
called  Philip.  The  first  of  these  succeeded  his  father,  but  in  1G62  was  arrested 
by  Captain  Josiah  Winslow,  by  order  of  Plymouth  colony,  to  be  carried  to  Plym- 
outh, on  a  charge  of  conspiracy.  On  the  way  he  was  taken  ill,  and  died.  Philip 
then  succeeded  him. 

1661.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  with  the  elders, 
issued  a  declaration  of  rights. 

It  claimed  for  the  freemen  power  to  choose  all  the  officers ;  to  fix  the  terms 
of  admission  for  new  freemen ;  to  set  up  all  sorts  of  officers,  and  prescribe  their 
duties ;  to  exercise  all  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial  authority  through  them ; 
to  defend  themselves  from  aggressions  ;  and  reject  injurious  impositions. 

1662.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  instituted  a  cen- 
sorship of  the  press  by  appointing  two  licensers  to  watch  it,  and 
determine  what  books  should  be  issued. 

These  two  licensers  were  Daniel  Gookin  and  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Mitchell. 
This  legislation  was  induced  by  the  publication  of  some  works  which  were  deemed 
to  be  of  an  heretical  tendency.  The  order  instituting  the  censorship  was,  however, 
repealed  in  May  of  the  next  year. 

1662.  —  The  second  fulling-mill  was  built  at  Watertown,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  built  by  Thomas  Agar.  He  sold  it  the  next  year  to  Thomas  Leveran, 
a  cloth-maker,  from  Dedham,  England. 

1662.  —  JOHN  HEYMAN,  •  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  re- 
ceived permission  to  make  ropes  and  lines. 

1662.  —  THE  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  declared  that  wampum 
was  no  longer  a  legal  tender,  and  that,  taxes  and  costs  of  court 
should  henceforth  be  paid  "  in  current  pay,"  which  was  the  silver 
coinage  of  Massachusetts. 

Thirty  shillings  of  New  England  silver  were  equal  to  twenty-two  shillings  and 
sixpence  sterling. 

1662.  —  A  JESUIT  seminary  was  established  at  Quebec. 

1662.  —  THE  company  of  New  France  resigned  their  rights  to 
the  crown. 
It  was  reduced  to  fifty-five  associates,  and  was  impoverished  and  discouraged. 

1662.  —  THE  legislature  of  Virginia  legislated  for  the  encour- 
agement of  various  branches  of  industry. 

The  exportation  of  hides  was  forbidden  under  a  penalty  of  a  thousand  pounds 
of  tobacco  for  each  hide  exported.  Tanneries  were  to  be  erected  in  every  county 
at  the  expense  of  the  county,  and  a  provision  of  tanners  and  shoemakers  to  be 
made.  A  bounty  of  two  pounds  of  tobacco  was  made  for  each  dried  hide,  and 
shoes  were  to  be  sold  for  thirty  and  thirty-five  pounds  of  tobacco  for  the  six 
largest  sizes.  Also,  that  after  the  1st  of  September,  1663,  no  salt  should  be  im- 
ported into  the  county  of  Northampton,  "under  penalty  of  confiscation  of  ship  and 


110  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1662. 

goods,  to  the  end  that  E.  S.,  who  hath  erected  a  salt-work  in  these  parts,  may  be 
encouraged  in  his  endeavours  to  promote  the  good  of  the  country." 

These  works  belonged  to  Colonel  Scarborough,  and  were  at  Accomac,  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  the  Chesapeake,  where  the  manufacture  of  salt  had  been  begun 
forty  years  before.  The  act  was  repealed  four  years  afterwards. 

The  price  of  a  license  to  sell  liquors  at  retail  was  fixed  at  three  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  of  tobacco,  a  bond  being  required  not  to  sell  above  the  rates  fixed  by 
the  commissioners  in  each  county  twice  every  year. 

A  bounty  was  offered  for  the  encouragement  of  the  manufacture  of  fur  and 
wool  hats. 

Every  voter  was  required  to  raise  and  manufacture,  each  year,  six  pounds  of 
linen  thread,  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  the  cultivation  of  flax.  Prizes  were 
offered  for  the  best  specimens  of  linen  and  woollen  cloth,  and  a  reward  of  fifty 
pounds  of  tobacco  was  paid  for  each  pound  of  silk.  Every  person  was  enjoined 
to  plant  mulberry-trees  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  acres  he  cultivated.  Tan- 
houses,  with  "  curriers  and  shoemakers "  attached,  were  erected,  one  in  each 
county,  at  its  own  expense. 

1662.  —  THE  Dutch  settlers  in  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware 
had  several  breweries  at  this  time. 

The  Swedish  settlements  in  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  brewed  a  beer  from 
Indian  corn.  The  brewing  was  done  by  the  women.  They  made  also  tea  from 
the  sassafras,  and  beer  and  brandy  from  the  persimmon. 

1662. — IN  the  accounts  of  the  West  India  Company  is  a 
charge  for  iron- work  for  a  saw-mill,  four  hundred  florins;  and 
one  pair  of  mill-stones,  four  and  a  half  feet,  six  florins,  to  be  sent 
to  the  colony  at  New  Amstel  (New  Castle,  in  Delaware). 

1662. — THE  wind-mill  in  New  Amsterdam,  erected  for  the 
use  of  the  settlement  by  the  West  India  Company,  which  stood 
on  or  near  Broadway,  between  Liberty  and  Courtland  streets, 
having  gone  to  decay,  it  was  this  year  ordered  that  there  be 
another  erected  on  "  the  same  spot,"  outside  of  the  city  land- 
port,  on  the  Company's  farm. 

1662.  —  A  TONNAGE  duty  was  established  in  Maryland  for  the 
support  of  the  government. 

Every  vessel  having  a  flush-deck,  fore  and  aft,  coming  to  trade  with  the 
province,  was  charged  half,  a  pound  of  powder  and  three  pounds  of  shot  for  every 
ton  burden.  Silver  and  copper  coins  were  struck  in  Maryland  this  year. 

1662.  —  IN  January,  Mr.  Hacklet,  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
applied  to  the  town  for  liberty  to  burn  lime,  and  take  stone  and 
wood  from  the  commons  for  that  purpose ;  which  was  granted 
him  for  a  limited  time. 

Captain  John  Smith,  in  1614,  had  inferred  the  existence  of  lime  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  cliffs  upon  the  coast  to  those  of  Dover,  England.  Morton, 
who  lived  in  the  country  from  1622  to  1632,  says  chalk  was  shown  him  by  an 
Indian,  and  that  he  knew  of  the  existence  of  lime.  Virginia  was  well  supplied 
with  lime,  but  where  it  was  obtained  is  not  mentioned.  Thomas  Graves,  who  set- 
tled in  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  in  1G29,  was  ordered  to  find  limestone ;  but 


1662.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  HI 

it  is  not  recorded  that  he  did.  In  1644,  Johnson  relates  that  the  fort  on  Castle 
Island  had  to  be  rebuilt,  "  because  the  country  afforded  no  lime  but  what  was 
burnt  of  oyester  shells."  In  1663,  Jocelyn  alludes  to  the  absence  of  stones  that 
would  "run  to  lime,  of  which  they  have  great  want." 

1662.  —  THE  following  act  was  passed  by  the  general  assembly 
of  Virginia :  — 

"Whereas  oftentimes  some  small  inconveniences  happen  in  the  respective 
counties  and  parishes,  which  cannot  well  be  concluded  in  a  general  law :  Be  it 
therefore  enacted,  that  the  respective  counties,  and  the  several  parishes  in  those 
counties,  shall  have  liberty  to  make  laws  for  themselves ;  and  those  that  are  so 
constituted,  by  the  major  part  of  the  said  counties  or  parishes,  to  be  binding  upon, 
them  as  fully  as  any  other  act." 

1662,  SEPTEMBER.  -r-The  Massachusetts  agents  returned  with  a 
letter  from  Charles  II.  recognizing  the  charter,  and  promising 
forgetfulness  for  past  offences. 

Charles  demanded  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  himself,  and  the  repeal  of  laws  in- 
consistent with  his  authority.  Justice  was  to  be  administered  in  his  name.  The 
Church  of  England  was  to  be  allowed.  A  property  qualification  for  voting  to  take 
the  place  of  church-membership.  All  persons  of  honest  lives  were  to  have  the 
privilege  of  baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper.  Permission  was  given  to  make  a 
"sharp  law"  against  the  Quakers. 

1662.  —  A  CHARTER  was  granted  to  Connecticut. 

John  Winthrop  had  gone  over  as  agent  to  obtain  it.  The  boundaries  of  the 
province  were  given  as  the  Narragansett  River,  the  south  line  of  Massachusetts, 
the  shore  of  the  Sound,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  official  style  of  the  corpora- 
tion was,  The  Governor  and  Company  of  the  English  Colony  of  Connecticut  in 
New  England,  in  America.  The  freemen  had  the  right  of  admitting  new  members 
to  their  body ;  of  electing  all  their  officers,  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial. 
The  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  twelve  magistrates,  were  chosen  at  a  general 
election,  and  the  deputies  by  the  towns.  They  sat  together.  The  laws  were  not 
to  be  contrary  to  those  of  England.  The  qualifications  of  freemen  in  Connecticut 
were,  in  1663,  made  by  the  assembly  to  be  of  "civil,  peaceable  and  honest  con- 
versation," and  in  possession  of  an  estate  of  twenty  pounds,  "  beside  their  per- 
sons," which  was  explained  by  a  subsequent  act  as  meaning  personal  property. 

1662.  —  DURING  the  absence  of  Governor  Berkeley  in  England, 
to  look  after  the  charter,  the  laws  of  Virginia  were  a  third  time 
revised,  and  sent  to  England  to  be  printed. 

The  Church  of  England,  with  the  canons,  the  liturgy,  and  the  catechism,  were 
re-established.  The  date  of  the  execution  of  Charles  I.  was  made  a  fast,  and  that 
of  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  a  holiday.  Fees  for  funerals  and  marriages  were 
made  for  the  benefit  of  the  regular  clergy.  Nonconformist  preachers  were  to  be 
sent  out  of  the  colony.  The  harsh  laws  against  the  Quakers  of  two  years  before 
were  modified,  though  all  who  refused  to  attend  the  parish  churches  were  sub- 
ject to  penalties.  Eight  commissioners  for  each  county,  appointed  by  the  governor, 
formed  the  county  courts,  who  had  the  appointment  of  highway  surveyors,  the 
enactment  of  county  by-laws,  and  levying  of  county  rates.  A  grand  jury  was 
instituted.  Each  county  was  to  establish  a  prison,  a  pillory,  pair  of  stocks,  whip- 


112  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1633. 

ping-post,  and  ducking-stool.  The  courts  were  authorized  to  examine  and  cut 
down  the  bills  of  "  avaricious  and  griping  practicioners  in  physic  and  chirur- 
gery."  All  future  purchasers  of  land  from  Indians  were  declared  void,  nor  were 
Indians  to  be  sold  into  slavery,  or  indented  for  longer  terms  than  English  ser- 
vants of  the  same  age.  At  a  subsequent  assembly,  the  rule  with  negroes  was 
made  that  children  should  be  bond  or  free  "according  to  the  condition  of  the 
mother ;  "  and  an  act  was  passed  obliging  each  of  the  counties  to  build  a  house  in 
Jamestown,  for  which  laborers  might  be  impressed,  at  fixed  wages,  while  private 
persons  building  houses  were  rewarded  with  ten  thousand  pounds  of  tobacco,  and 
all  persons  settling  in  the  town  were  free  from  arrest  for  two  years. 

1663,  MARCH  23. —  Charles  II.  granted  the  province  of  Caro- 
lina to  a  company. 

The  proprietors  were  Clarendon,  Monk,  Lord  Ashley  Cooper,  Lord  Berkeley, 
Sir  George  Carteret.  Sir  William  Berkeley,  Lord  Craven,  and  Sir  John  Colleton. 
The  territory  extended  southward  from  Albemarle  Sound  to  the  River  St.  John's, 
and  westward  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  charter  made  them  joint  proprietors. 
An  assembly  was  secured  to  the  freemen.  The  proprietors  were  allowed  to 
choose  such  religion  as  they  desired,  "  by  reason  of  the  remote  distances  of  these 
places."  There  were  at  this  time  some  scattered  settlements  made  along  the 
coast ;  one,  at  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River,  was  made  by  settlers  from  New 
England ;  another,  on  the  banks  of  the  Chowan,  was  made  by  Dissenters  from 
Virginia;  but  they  were  small.  The  territory  had  been  granted  in  1630  by 
Charles  I.  to  Sir  Robert  Heath,  as  Carolina.  Heath  had  assigned  it  to  Lord 
Maltravers,  subsequently  Earl  of  Surrey  and  Arundel,  and  from  non-user  the 
charter  was  considered  forfeit. 

1663,  JULY  8.  —  Charles  II.  granted  a  charter  for  Rhode  Island 
and  Providence  Plantation. 

It  was  obtained  by  Clarke,  the  agent  of  the  colony,  who,  for  the  payment  of 
the  expenses  incurred,  mortgaged  his  house  in  Newport.  The  colony,  after  a 
long  time,  repaid  him.  By  the  terms  of  the  Connecticut  charter,  a  large  part  of 
Rhode  Island  was  included  in  it ;  but  Clarke  and  Winthrop,  who  were  friends, 
fixed  the  line  between  the  two  colonies  on  the  Pawcatuck,  and  entered  on  the 
Rhode  Island  charter  this  agreement,  that  the  Narragansett  River,  mentioned  in 
the  Connecticut  charter,  meant  the  Pawcatuck. 

1663,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  people  of  New  Haven  appealed  to  the 
commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New  England  against 
their  absorption  by  the  charter  of  Connecticut. 

The  charter,  by  its  boundaries,  included  New  Haven.  The  next  year  they 
were  persuaded,  chiefly  by  the  efforts  of  Winthrop,  to  agree  to  the  consolidation, 
and  Winthrop  for  twelve  years  was  elected  governor  of  the  entire  territory,  which 
was  divided  into  the  four  counties  New  Haven,  Hartford,  Middlesex,  and  New 
London,  in  which  were  nineteen  towns.  The  laws  of  Connecticut  were  extended 
to  include  the  whole  territory.  The  ministers  and  churches  were  supported  by 
taxes  levied  upon  the  entire  population,  and  no  other  churches  than  the  estab- 
lished ones  were  allowed. 

1663,  NOVEMBER  24.  —  An  assembly  of  the  freemen  of  the 
colony  of  Providence  Plantation  was  held  at  Newport,  Rhode 
Island,  to  receive  the  charter  of  the  colony. 


1663.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  H3 

The  government,  under  the  charter,  was  organized,  the  commissioners  "  dis- 
solved and  resigned  up  "  to  the  new  government,  and  the  "  incorporation  of 
Providence  plantations  "  ceased  to  exist  as  a  legal  title.  The  charter  acknowl- 
edged the  title  of  the  colonists  to  the  land  by  purchase  from  the  Indians,  guaran- 
teed religious  freedom,  and  recognized  the  democratic  character  of  the  govern- 
ment. By  the  terms  of  the  charter,  the  government  was  vested  in  a  governor, 
deputy  governor,  and  ten  assistants,  named  in  the  document,  and  a  house  of 
deputies,  six  from  Newport,  four  from  each  of  the  towns  of  Providence,  Ports- 
mouth, and  Warwick,  and  two  from  every  other  town.  At  first  they  sat  together, 
Benedict  Arnold  was  named  as  the  first  governor,  and  William  Brenton  as  deputy. 
The  privilege  of  freemen  was  restricted  to  those  possessing  it,  and  their  eldest 
sons.  The  charter  provided  for  religious  freedom  in  these  words :  "No  person 
within  the  said  colony  shall  be  molested,  punished,  disquieted,  or  called  in  ques- 
tion for  any  differences  of  opinion  in  matters  of  religion  who  does  not  disturb  the 
civil  peace ;  but  that  all  and  every  person  and  persons  may  at  all  times  freely 
and  fully  have  and  enjoy  his  and  their  own  judgments  and  consciences  in  matters 
of  religious  concernments,  they  behaving  themselves  peaceably  and  quietly,  and 
not  using  this  liberty  to  licenciousness  and  profaneness,  nor  to  the  civil  injury 
and  outward  disturbance  of  others." 

1663.  —  IT  was  enacted  by  the  British  parliament  that  "No 
commodity  of  the  growth,  production,  or  manufacture  of  Europe, 
shall  be  imported  into  the  British  plantations,  but  such  as  are 
laden  and  put  on  board  in  England,  Wales,  or  Berwick-upon- 
Tweed,  and  in  English-built  shipping,  whereof  the  master  and 
three  fourths  of  the  crew  are  English." 

Salt  intended  for  the  fisheries  of  New  England  was  excepted;  so  were  wines 
from  the  Azores  and  Madeira.  These  could  be  imported  according  to  the  laws 
of  trade. 

1663.  —  THE  West  India  Company  rebuked  the  religious  per- 
secution in  New  Amsterdam. 

John  Browne,  who  had  been  fined,  imprisoned,  and  banished,  appealed,  and  the 
Company  wrote  to  Stuyvesant :  "  Let  every  one  remain  free  as  long  as  he  is 
modest,  moderate,  his  political  conduct  irreproachable,  and  as  long  as  he  does 
not  offend  others  or  oppose  the  government.  This  maxim  of  moderation  has 
always  been  the  guide  of  our  magistrates  in  this  city,  and  the  consequence  has 
been  that  people  have  flocked  from  every  land  to  this  asylum.  Tread  thus  in  their 
steps,  and  we  doubt  not  you  will  be  blessed." 

1663. — THE  Maryland  legislature  passed  an  act  concerning 
slavery. 

It  provided  that  all  negroes  and  other  slaves  "within  this  province,"  or  to  be 
"hereafter  imported  into  this  province,"  shall  serve  "during  life,"  and  their 
children  shall  be  slaves,  "  as  their  fathers  were,  for  the  term  of  their  lives."  The 
issue  of  "free  born  English  women  "  intermarrying  with  negroes  "  shall  be  slaves 
for  life,"  and  the  women,  during  their  husbands'  lives,  shall  be  servants  to  their 
husbands'  masters. 

1663.  —  THE  assembly  of  Virginia  re-enacted  the  severe  laws 
against  the  Quakers. 


114  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1663. 

1663.  —  THE  Indians  attacked  the  Dutch  settlements.  Stuy- 
vesant  went  to  Boston  to  ask  aid,  but  it  was  not  given. 

1663.  —  A  CONVENTION  of  the  Dutch  settlements  was  held  at 
New  Amsterdam. 

An  appeal  for  aid  was  sent  to  Holland.  Some  of  the  English-Dutch  settle- 
ments had  openly  rebelled  against  the  Dutch  authority. 

1663.  — THE  Old  and  New  Testaments,  with  the  Neiv  England 
Version  of  the  Psalms,  was  issued  from  the  Cambridge  press  in 
the  dialect  of  the  Natick  Indians. 

The  translation  was  made  by  the  Rev.  John  Eliot,  the  minister  of  Roxbury. 
The  volume  was  in  quarto  form,  and  bore  the  imprint  of  Samuel  Green  and 
Marmaduke  Johnson,  and  copies  of  it,  probably  such  as  were  intended  to  be  sent 
to  England,  contained  a  dedication  to  King  Charles  II.  The  work  had  taken 
three  years  to  print,  Johnson  having  proved  very  irregular  in  his  work.  In  1059, 
Green  had  taken  as  an  assistant  an  Indian,  whom  he  called  James  Printer,  and 
who  had  been  instructed  in  reading,  writing,  and  English,  at  the  Indian  school  at 
Cambridge.  The  language  of  this  first  Bible  printed  in  America  is  entirely  dead, 
all  the  Indians  who  spoke  it  having  disappeared.  The  volume  itself  is  quite  rare, 
probably  not  more  than  thirty  or  forty  copies  being  in  existence.  As  a  curiosity 
in  the  annals  of  America,  copies  bring  a  high  price  when  they  occur  for  sale. 
The  cost  of  the  printing  of  this  volume  was  as  follows  :  Sheets  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, executed  by  Green  alone,  £3  10s.  each;  with  Johnson's  aid,  £2  10s.  each; 
title-sheet,  £1 ;  Indian  Psalms,  £2  a  sheet.  The  paper  was  charged  at  six 
shillings  a  ream.  Thomas,  in  his  History  of  Printing,  says  :  "I  have  made  a 
calculation  from  the  documents  I  have  seen,  and  find  the  whole  expense  attending 
the  carrying  through  the  press  1000  copies  of  the  Bible ;  500  copies  additional  of 
the  New  Testament ;  an  edition  of  Baxter's  Call  to  the  Unconverted ;  an  edition 
of  the  Psalter ;  and  two  editions  of  Eliot's  Catechism,  all  in  the  Indian  language, 
including  the  cost  of  the  types  for  printing  the  Bible,  and  the  binding  a  part  of 
them,  and  also  the  binding  of  a  part  of  Baxter's  Call,  and  the  Psalter,  amounted 
to  a  fraction  more  than  twelve  hundred  pounds  sterling."  When  the  work  was 
completed,  the  Corporation  for  the  Propagation,  &c.,  who  were  the  owners  of  the 
type,  presented  them  to  Harvard  College,  and,  under  its  direction,  they  were 
used  subsequently  by  Green.  They  were  valued  at  eighty  pounds. 

JOHN  ELIOT  was  born  in  Nasing,  England,  in  1604,  and  died  in  Roxbury, 
Massachusetts,  May  20,  1690.  He  was  settled  as  a  minister  at  Roxbury  in  1G32, 
and  retained  the  same  parish  until  his  death.  He  first  began  to  teach  the  Indians 
in  1646,  and  acquired  great  influence  over  them.  As  long  as  liis  health  permit- 
ted he  travelled  from  tribe  to  tribe,  organizing  churches,  and  persuading  them  to 
form  civilized  communities.  Eliot  believed  that  civilization  was  a  necessary 
condition  precedent  of  Christianity;  but  he  succeeded  better  in  making  them 
accept  his  theological  dogmas,  than  settled  life  and  regular  labor.  They  were 
never  socially  recognized  by  the  colonists;  and  even  the  "praying  Indians,"  as 
the  converts  were  called,  were  treated  with  the  mixture  of  distnist,  contempt, 
and  hatred,  which  has  chiefly  characterized  our  treatment  of  the  Indians  up  to  the 
present  time. 

1663. — THE  first  wind-mill  in  Rhode  Island  was  built  this 
year  at  Newport. 


1664.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  115 

Tliis  mill  was  blown  down  in  1675,  and  was  replaced  probably  by  the  structure 
which  has  been  supposed  to  have  been  erected  by  the  Northmen.  In  the  will  of 
Governor  Benedict  Arnold,  who  died  in  1678,  there  is  mention  made  of  "my 
stone-built  wind-mill."  This  fact,  and  the  traditions  of  the  family  in  whose 
possession  it  long  remained,  have  satisfied  those  who  have  most  carefully  exam- 
ined the  subject,  that  this  structure  was  built  by  Governor  Arnold,  instead  of  by 
the  Northmen. 

1664,  MARCH  12.  —  Charles  II.  granted  to  his  brother,  the  Duke 
of  York,  a  territory  in  America,  called,  in  honor  of  the  proprietor, 
New  York. 

The  Duke  of  York  had  bought  lip  the  various  claims  held  by  Lord  Stirling,  and 
this  charter  confirmed  the  title.  It  embraced  the  territory  between  the  St.  Croix 
and  the  Pemaquid,  and  between  the  Connecticut  and  the  Delaware,  with  all  the 
islands  south  and  west  of  Cape  Cod. 

With  this  grant  to  the  Duke  of  York,  a  special  commission  was  created  to  put 
him  in  possession.  England  and  the  United  Netherlands  were  at  peace.  The 
commission  was  empowered  to  reduce  New  Nctherland,  and  also  to  regulate  the 
internal  affairs  of  New  England.  The  Duke  of  York  selected  for  the  commission 
Colonel  Richard  Nichols,  Sir  Robert  Carr,  George  Cartwright,  and  Samuel  Mav- 
erick, the  last  being  the  son  of  an  original  settler  in  Massachusetts,  who  had  quar- 
relled with  the  local  authorities,  and  complained  of  them.  The  instructions  of  the 
commission  from  the  king  empowered  them  to  hear  and  determine  complaints  in  all 
civil,  criminal,  and  military  cases  "  according  to  their  good  and  sound  discretion." 
On  the  23d  of  July  a  portion  of  the  fleet  designed  to  reduce  the  Netherlands 
arrived  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  with  the  commissioners  on  board.  This  was 
the  first  time  a  ship  of  the  royal  navy  had  been  seen  in  that  harbor.  The  com- 
missioners showed  their  commission  to  the  authorities,  and,  demanding  a  militia 
force  to  aid  them,  proceeded  on  their  course. 

1664,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  province  of  New  Netherlands  sur- 
rendered to  the  English.  The  settlements  on  the  Delaware 
surrendered  in  October. 

Under  the  English  jurisdiction  the  municipal  forms  named  are  county,  city, 
town,  parish,  manor,  and  precinct.  The  governor  appointed  the  mayors  of  the 
cities  and  some  other  of  the  officers,  but  the  freeholders  chose  the  aldermen.  In 
the  towns  and  precincts  the  inhabitants  chose  their  officers.  Towns  were  author- 
ized by  town  grants  or  patents,  conferring  municipal  powers. 

By  the  terms  of  the  surrender  the  Dutch  were  made  freemen  of  the  province, 
and  allowed  to  ship  their  produce  to  Holland.  The  Dutch  law  of  inheritance  wag 
to  continue,  and  liberty  of  conscience  to  prevail.  The  negotiation  of  the  sur- 
render was  made  chiefly  by  Winthrop,  the  governor  of  Connecticut,  who  had  ac- 
companied the  expedition.  The  name  of  New  Amsterdam  was  changed  to  New 
York.  The  colony  of  Rensselaerwyck  surrendered  also  without  resistance,  and 
the  name  of  Bcverwyck  was  changed  to  Albany,  one  of  the  Duke  of  York's  titles. 
The  patents  granted  by  the  Duke  of  York,  of  lands  under  his  charter,  reserved  the 
gold  and  silver  mines  by  virtue  of  the  royal  prerogative.  The  boundary  line 
between  New  York  and  Connecticut  was  to  be  a  line  from  tide-water  in  the 
Mamaroneck,  north-northeast  to  the  southern  limit  of  Massachusetts,  but  as  it 
was  soon  found  such  a  line  would  cross  the  Hudson  in  the  Highlands,  instead  of 


116  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1664. 

running  parallel  with  it,  it  was  declared  invalid.     Long  Island  was  given  to  New 
York,  and  so  were  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vineyard. 

1664,  MAY  4. —  The  first  assembly  under  the  charter  met  at 
Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

The  title  of  "Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations"  was  adopted  as  the 
name  of  the  colony,  together  with  a  seal,  consisting  of  an  anchor  with  the  word 
Hope  above  it. 

For  the  payment  of  taxes  in  Rhode  Island,  wheat  was  valued  at  four  and  six- 
penee  a  bushel,  peas  at  three  and  sixpence,  and  pork  at  three  pounds  ton  shillings 
a  barrel,  colony  currency. 

1664.  —  A  BAPTIST  church  was  formed  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts. 

Its  chief  supporters  were  fined,  disfranchised,  imprisoned,  and  banished,  but 
the  church  survived.  The  commissioners  from  England  had  the  Episcopal  service 
performed  at  Boston. 

1664,  JUNE  23.  — The  Duke  of  York  granted  to  Sir  George 
Carteret  and  Lord  Berkeley  a  portion  of  his  grant,  which  was 
named  New  Jersey. 

Carteret  had  been  governor  of  the  Isle  of  Jersey,  and  had  held  out  for  Charles 
I.  to  the  last.  The  limits  of  this  grant  were  made,  on  the  east  the  Hudson,  on  the 
west  the  Delaware,  and  on  the  north  by  a  line  drawn  from  the  Hudson  at  the 
forty-first  parallel,  to  the  Delaware  at  41°  40'.  The  proprietors  published  "con- 
cessions," by  which  fifty  acres  of  land  were  given  to  each  settler,  for  each  member 
of  his  family,  and  the  same  amount  for  each  servant  or  slave,  at  r.  quit-rent  of  a 
halfpenny  an  acre,  not  to  be  paid  until  1G70.  Indented  servants  were  promised 
the  same  at  the  end  of  their  term.  They  also  provided  that  "  so  soon  as  parishes, 
divisions,  tribes,  and  other  distinctions  are  made,"  the  freeholders  should  elect 
representatives;  and  they  should  "divide  the  province  into  hundreds,  parishes, 
or  tribes,"  or  other  divisions. 

Subsequently  the  divisions  made  were  counties,  cities,  towns  corporate,  town- 
ships, and  precincts,  which  were  empowered  to  exercise  certain  rights,  immuni- 
ties, and  privileges.  The  freeholders  and  freemen,  having  certain  qualifications, 
voted  for  their  officers  at  town  meetings ;  some  acts  providing  that  "only  free- 
holders, tenants  for  years,  or  householders,"  should  vote  in  township  or  precinct 
meetings.  Nine  counties  are  named  in  an  act  of  1710,  as  empowered  to  exercise 
certain  rights  or  privileges.  The  assembly  was  empowered  to  appoint  ministers, 
to  be  supported  at  the  public  expense ;  but  the  colonists  could  unite  for  the  sup- 
port of  their  own  ministers. 

1664,  OCTOBER.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  again 
made  an  order  establishing  a  censorship  of  the  press. 

It  read  that  "for  the  preventing  of  irregularities  and  abuse  to  the  authority 
of  this  country  by  the  Printing  Press,"  there  should  be  no  printing  press  allowed 
within  its  jurisdiction,  except  in  Cambridge ;  and  that  no  person  should  print 
anything  without  a  license  from  the  court  under  the  hand  of  its  appointed  officers, 
the  penalty  being  the  forfeiture  of  the  press,  and  of  the  privilege  of  printing  in 
future  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court. 

1664. — A  LETTER  from  John  Ratlifie,  dated  August  30,  to  the 


1664-5.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

commissioners  of  New  England,  shows  that  he  had  been  sent 
over  to  bind  the  copies  of  the  Indian  Bible. 

He  was  not  satisfied  with  the  price  paid  him,  and  states  that  three  shillings  and 
fourpence,  or  three  shillings  and  sixpence,  a  volume,  is  the  lowest  price  that  he 
can  afford  to  do  it  for.  One  Bible  was  as  much  as  he  could  do  in  a  day.  Out  of 
the  price  paid  him  he  had  to  supply  thread,  glue,  pasteboard,  and  leather  clasps, 
which  would  cost  him  here  over  a  shilling.  He  had  to  pay  here  eighteen  shillings 
for  what  he  could  buy  in  England  for  four,  "  they  being  things  not  formerly  much 
used  in  this  country." 

1664-5.  —  THE  commission  to  arrange  the  affairs  of  the  New 
England  colonies  presented  to  them  five  propositions. 

First.  That  all  householders  inhabiting  the  colony  take  the  oath  of  allegiance, 
and  that  the  administration  of  justice  be  in  his  Majesty's  name.  Second.  That  all 
men  of  competent  estates  and  of  civil  conversation,  who  acknowledge  and  are 
obedient  to  the  civil  magistrate,  though  of  different  judgments,  may  be  admitted 
to  be  freemen,  and  have  liberty  to  choose,  and  to  be  chosen,  officers  both  military 
and  civil.  Third.  That  all  men  and  women  of  orthodox  opinion,  competent 
knowledge,  and  civil  lives,  who  acknowledge  and  are  obedient  to  the  civil  magis- 
trate, and  are  not  scandalous,  may  be  admitted  to  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's 
Supper,  and  their  children  to  baptisms,  if  they  desire  it,  either  by  admitting  them 
into  the  congregations  already  gathered,  or  permitting  them  to  gather  themselves 
into  such  congregations  where  they  may  enjoy  the  benefit  of  the  sacraments,  and 
that  difference  in  opinion  may  not  break  the  bond  of  peace  and  charity.  Fourth. 
That  all  laws  and  expressions  in  laws  derogatory  to  his  Majesty,  if  any  such  have 
been  made  in  these  late  and  troublesome  times,  may  be  repealed,  altered,  and  taken 
off  the  files.  Fifth.  That  the  colony  be  put  into  such  a  posture  of  defence  that 
if  there  should  be  any  invasion  (which  God  forbid)  it  might  in  some  measure  be 
in  readiness  to  defend  itself,  or,  if  need  be,  to  relieve  its  neighbors  according  to 
the  power  given  by  the  king  in  the  charter,  and  by  us  in  the  king's  commission 
and  instructions. 

These  were  presented  to  the  Rhode  Island  assembly  in  May,  and  by  them 
adopted.  Their  only  change  was  the  substitution  of  "an  engagement,"  in  the 
place  of  the  oath  of  allegiance.  Plymouth  added  to  the  third  proposition  "until 
they  have  one  of  their  own."  Connecticut  assented  to  this  third  proposition  on 
condition  that  the  maintenance  of  the  public  minister  was  not  hindered.  At  War- 
wick, Rhode  Island,  the  records  were  torn,  and  a  note  made  to  the  effect,  "  This 
leafe  was  torn  out  by  order  of  the  towne  the  29th  of  June,  1G67,  it  being  the  sub- 
mition  to  the  state  of  England  without  the  King  Majesty,  it  being  the  13th  page." 
The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  adopted  an  address  to  the  king,  complaining 
that  the  commissioners  had  violated  their  instructions. 

1665,  MARCH  1.  —  A  general  meeting  was  held  at  Hempstead, 
on  Long  Island,  of  deputies  from  the  towns  in  New  York. 

Governor  Richard  Nichols  presented  a  body  of  laws  for  the  government  of  the 
new  province,  arranged  alphabetically.  Each  town  chose  its  own  "  overseers," 
and  these  a  constable,  who  together  made  a  town  council,  authorized  to  make 
town  by-laws.  Taxes  were  payable  in  wheat  at  five  shillings,  rye  and  peas  at  four, 
corn  at  three,  oats  at  two  and  sixpence  a  bushel,  beef  at  three  pence  and  pork  at 
four  pence  a  pound,  and  "  no  other  payment  shall  be  allowed  of."  There  was  to 
be  a  church  in  every  town,  able  to  accommodate  two  hundred  people.  No  minis- 


118  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1665. 

ter  was  to  be  settled  who  could  not  show  proof  of  ordination  by  "  some  Protestant 
bishop  or  minister."  No  one  professing  Christianity  was  to  be  molested  for  his 
religious  belief,  but  all  must  contribute  to  support  the  regular  minister,  "which  is 
no  way  judged  to  be  an  infringement  of  the  liberty  of  conscience."  The  town 
councils  made  local  courts  for  cases  not  over  five  pounds,  with  an  appeal  to  the 
court  of  sessions,  made  of  the  county  justices  of  the  peace.  From  this,  appeal 
lay  to  the  court  of  assize,  of  the  governor,  council,  and  justices.  Trials  by  jury 
were  held  in  all  but  the  town  courts,  a  majority  ruling,  except  in  criminal  cases. 
Every  one  over  sixteen  served  in  the  militia,  under  command  of  officers  nominated 
by  the  overseers  and  commissioned  by  the  governor,  no  one  being  compelled  to 
wage  war  out  of  the  province.  "No  Christian  shall  be  kept  in  bond  slavery,  vil- 
lanage  or  captivity,  except  such  who  shall  be  judged  thereunto  by  authority,  or 
such  as  willingly  have  sold  or  shall  sell  themselves,"  the  record  of  such  sale  being 
entered  in  the  court.  This  was  not  to  prevent  those  "who  shall  by  indenture  take 
apprentices  for  term  of  years,  or  other  servants  for  term  of  years,  or  life."  Ser. 
vants  maimed  by  their  masters  were  entitled  to  freedom  and  damages.  No  one 
should  trade  with  the  Indians  without  a  license  from  the  governor.  A  license  was 
required  for  selling  liquor.  Incase  of  "barbarous  cruelty,"  the  constable  and 
overseers  might  protect  the  wife,  "in  the  manner  as  is  directed  for  servants  in 
such  cases,  and  not  otherwise."  No  grants  of  land  from  the  Indians  were  in 
future  to  be  valid.  All  possessors  of  land,  who  had  held  them  for  four  years  with- 
out question,  at  the  end  of  six  months'  further  unquestioned  possession,  should 
be  confirmed  in  their  title.  Lands  were  declared  free  of  feudal  incumbrances, 
and  owners  were  to  bring  their  grants  and  take  out  new  patents.  New  grants 
were  to  be  made  upon  such  terms  as  might  be  agreed  on,  and  the  purchaser  was  to 
make  a  survey  and  lodge  a  copy  in  the  record  office.  These  laws,  known  as  the 
"  Duke's  Laws,"  the  governor  thought  "  could  not  but  be  satisfactory  even  to  the 
most  factious  Republican." 

1665,  MAY.  —  It  was  reported  that  Massachusetts  had  about 
eighty  ships  of  from  twenty  to  forty  tons,  about  forty  from  forty 
to  one  hundred  tons,  and  about  a  dozen  above  one  hundred 
tons,  —  making  in  all  over  one  hundred  and  thirty  vessels. 

1665,  JUNE.  —  A  second  charter  was  granted  to  Lord  Claren- 
don and  his  associates. 

It  confirmed  to  them  the  title  of  Carolina,  and  granted  them  "  all  veins,  mines 
and  quarries,  as  well  discovered  as  undiscovered,  of  gold,  silver,  gems  and  precious 
stones,  and  all  other  whatsoever,  be  it  of  stones,  metals,  or  any  other  thing  found, 
or  to  be  found  within  the  Province,  territory,  inlets  and  limits  aforesaid." 

They  were  to  pay  a  feudal  rent  of  twenty  marks,  and  one  fourth  of  the  gold  and 
silver  that  should  be  found.  The  limits  of  the  grant  were  extended  half  a  degree 
to  the  north  so  as  to  include  the  settlements  on  the  Chowan,  and  the  southern 
limit  a  degree  and  a  half  to  the  south,  including  St.  Augustine,  Florida. 

1665.  —  PHILIP  CARTERET  arrived  at  New  Jersey,  with  a  num- 
ber of  settlers  and  a  commission  as  governor. 

He  landed  at  a  spot  he  called  Elizabcthtown,  in  honor  of  Lady  Carteret.  A  few 
families  from  Long  Island  had  settled  there,  who  had  purchased  land  from  the 
Indians,  whom  Nichols,  the  governor  of  New  York,  had  given  permission  to  pur- 
chase. There  were  other  Dutch  settlers  in  the  territory,  and  also  some  from  New 
England. 


1665-6.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  119 

1665,  JUNE  12.  —  A  charter  was  granted  the  city  of  New 
York. 

A  maj'or,  five  aldermen,  and  a  sheriff  had  the  authority  as  a  local  court  and  the 
management  of  municipal  affairs. 

1665.  —  THE  province  of  Canada  was  transferred  to  the  West 
India  Company. 

Tracy  was  appointed  viceroy,  and  carried  over  with  him  some  companies  of  sol- 
diers, and  forts  were  built  at  Sorel  and  Chambly,  to  keep  the  Indians  in  check. 

1665,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  met 
in  special  session. 

It  was  called  to  consider  an  order  from  the  king  to  appoint  "  five  able  and  meek 
persons  to  make  answer  for  refusing  the  jurisdiction  of  his  commissioners."  The 
order  was  sent  through  Maverick,  who  gave  a  copy  of  it  to  the  magistrates.  An 
address  was  prepared  for  the  king,  in  which,  assuring  him  of  their  loyalty,  they 
declined  to  send  agents.  At  the  same  time  a  present  of  a  thousand  pounds'  worth 
of  masts  and  other  supplies  for  the  navy  were  sent.  There  was  a  good  deal  of 
opposition  to  this  course,  but  the  refusal  went  unnoticed,  in  consequence  of  the 
war  with  the  Dutch  at  this  time. 

1665,  OCTOBER.  —  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  ordered  that — 

"  Those,  lime  rocks  about  Hacklet's  lime  kiln  shall  perpetually  be  common,  and 
that  no  land  shall  be  laid  out  on  the  north-east  of  said  kiln,  within  six  poles,  or 
upon  the  other  sides  or  parts  of  said  kiln  within  sixty  poles,  this  said  kiln  being  at 
or  near  a  place  called  Scoakequanoisett." 

1665,  DECEMBER  14.  —  The  commissioners  having  completed 
their  investigation  of  the  colonies,  sent  home  their  report. 

It  exists  in  the  State  Paper  Office  in  England.  They  were  recalled,  by  a  letter 
approving  their  conduct  and  that  of  the  colonies,  with  the  exception  of  Massachu- 
setts. The  commission  had  instituted  a  new  government  for  Maine,  and  had  tem- 
porarily settled  the  questions  of  disputed  boundaries  between  Rhode  Island,  Con- 
necticut, Plymouth,  and  Massachusetts,  until  the  king's  pleasure  should  be  known. 

1665.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  a  modifica- 
tion in  the  conditions  necessary  for  becoming  freemen. 

In  the  place  of  church-membership,  a  minister's  certificate  that  the  applicant  was 
of  orthodox  principles  and  of  good  life  and  conversation,  was  made  necessary. 

1666.  —  ALL  the  acts  for  the  encouragement  of  silk  culture  and 
ship-building  in  Virginia  were  repealed. 

Of  mulberry  trees  it  was  said,   "  now  every  one  voluntarily  propagates  "  them. 

1666.  —  THE  commissioners  in  Virginia  were  required  by  the 
legislature  to  establish,  within  two  years,  a  loom  and  a  weaver 
in  each  county  of  the  province,  except  Rappahannook,  North- 
ampton, Westmoreland,  and  Stafford,  which  were  allowed  four 
years. 

The  expense  was  to  be  paid  by  the  counties,  and  a  private  loom  did  not  exon- 
erate the  county  in  wliich  it  was.  The  law  was  repealed  in  1684. 


120  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1666-7. 

1666.  —  AN  expedition  sent  out  by  Berkeley  crossed  the  Blue 
Ridge  Mountains,  and  penetrated  into  the  valley  beyond. 

1666.  —  THE  southern  shores  of  Lake  Superior  were  explored 
by  Father  Allouez. 

He  was  sent,  on  his  return,  with  "  Dablon  and  Marquette  to  establish  the  mis- 
sion of  St.  Mary's,  on  the  southern  shore.  The  Recollet  friars,  who  had  been 
forbidden  Canada,  obtained  the  removal  of  the  restriction,  and  founded  a  monas- 
tery at  Quebec.  Between  them  and  the  Jesuits  there  soon  sprang  up  a  rivalry. 

1666.  —  NEWARK,  New  Jersey,  was  settled  by  thirty  families 
from  New  Haven  and  Milford,  Connecticut,  under  the  leadership 
of  Captain  Robert  Treat. 

The  next  year  an  equal  number  came  from  Guilford  and  Branford,  Connecticut, 
under  the  guidance  of  Rev.  Abraham  Picrson.  These  two  companies  bought  the 
land  which  now  forms  Newark,  Belleville,  Clinton,  Orange,  and  Bloomficld,  of 
the  Indians,  for  £130,  12  blankets,  and  12  guns.  The  city  was  laid  out  in 
the  same  streets  and  parks  as  now  exist.  The  first  building  erected  was  a  meeting- 
house, the  settlers  being  strict  Puritans ;  the  second,  a  school-house.  It  soon 
became  a  thriving  place,  and  now  almost  every  branch  of  mechanical  industry  is 
carried  on  there.  In  1794  the  Ilackensack  and  Passaic  bridges  were  built;  trade 
with  New  York,  which  had  been  by  means  of  ferries,  was  facilitated  by  the  turn- 
pike built  between  Newark  and  Jersey  City.  In  1832,  the  Morris  Canaf,  connecting 
Newark  with  the  Lehigh  Valley,  was  finished;  in  1834,  the  New  Jersey  Railroad, 
between  Newark  and  Jersey  City,  was  opened ;  Newark  was  made  a  port  of  entry, 
and  in  183G  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 

1666,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an 
act  fixing  the  pay  of  the  members  at  three  shillings  a  day,  the 
account,  certified,  to  be  taken  as  an  offset  for  taxes. 

A  fine,  for  absence,  of  six  shillings  a  day  was  also  imposed. 

1666,  OCTOBER.  —  Nathaniel  Robbinson  petitioned  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  for  aid  in  establishing  the  business  of 
wire-drawing. 

The  court  saw  no  cause  for  granting  his  request. 

1667.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  frame  a  law  regulating  the  size  and  manufacture  of 
bricks. 

A  college  edifice  was  built  of  brick  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  The  money 
for  its  erection  was  raised  by  subscription. 

1667.  —  THE  price  of  the  best  beer,  in  New  England,  was  a 
penny  and  a  half  a  quart. 

The  court  had  previously  ordered  that  beer  should  be  made  with  at  least  four 
bushels  of  good  barley  malt  to  a  hogshead,  and  should  not  be  sold  above  twopence 
a  quart.  It  now  ordered  that  beer  should  be  made  only  of  good  malt,  without  "  any 
mixture  of  molasses,  coarse  sugar,  or  other  materials  instead  of  malt,  on  penalty 
of  five  pounds  for  each  offence."  The  price  of  barley,  barley  malt,  and  rye,  was 
fixed  at  four  shillings  the  bushel ;  wheat  at  five  shillings,  and  Indian  corn  at  two 


ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  121 

shillings  and  eight  pence  the  bushel.     Silver  was  about  six  shillings  and  eight 
pence  the  ounce. 

1667.  —  IN  May  of  this  year  a  tonnage  duty  of  half  a  pound 
of  gunpowder  a  ton,  or  its  value  in  money,  was  laid  by  Massa- 
chusetts upon  all  ships  above  twenty  tons  burden,  not  belonging 
to  owners  within  the  jurisdiction,  or  chiefly  to  such. 

1667.  —  IN  October  of  this  year  the  general  court  of  Massachu- 
setts legislated  concerning  shipbuilding. 

Learning  that  "  diverse  unskillful  persons  pretending  to  be  shipwrights  do  build 
ships  and  other  vessels  in  several  parts  of  this  country,  which  are  very  defective, 
both  of  matter  and  form,  to  the  great  prejudice  of  the  merchants  and  owners  and 
the  danger  of  many  men's  lives  at  sea,"  a  committee  of  five  was  appointed  to  draw 
up  and  present  suitable  laws  for  the  regulation  of  the  business. 

1667.  —  AN  order  was  also  made  this  year  to  encourage  the 
building  of  a  dry  dock,  and  liberty  was  given  any  one  who 
should  construct  such,  either  in  Boston  or  Charlestown,  with  a 
capacity  for  a  ship  of  three  hundred  tons,  to  enjoy  a  monopoly 
of  the  privilege  for  fifteen  years. 

The  next  year  this  right  was  extended  to  twenty-one  years. 

1667.  —  BY  the  treat}7  of  peace,  Acadie  was  restored  to  the 
French. 

Its  limits  were  not  specified,  though  La  Have,  Cape  Sable,  Port  Royal,  St.  John's, 
and  Pentagoet,  the  French  name  for  Pcnobscot,  were  mentioned.  Temple,  one 
of  those  to  whom  Acadie  had  been  granted  by  Cromwell,  surrendered  his  title  for 
the  promise  from  the  king  of  sixteen  thousand  two  hundred  pounds,  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  never  paid. 

1667.  —  THE  assembly  of  North  Carolina  met,  consisting  of  the 
governor,  twelve  councillors,  and  twelve  delegates,  selected  by 
the  freeholders.  They  sat  together. 

It  is  thought  by  Hawks  that  the  assembly  met  first  in  1666.  Later  under  the 
proprietary  rule,  the  assembly  was  divided  into  two  houses.  Settlers  had  been  in- 
vited into  the  colony  by  the  promise  of  legislative  freedom. 

1667.  —  THE  assembly  in  Virginia  enacted  that  negroes,  though 
converted  and  baptized,  should  not  therefore  become  free ;  also, 
that  correcting  a  slave  so  violently  as  to  lead  to  his  death,  was 
not  felony. 

The  reason  was  given,  "  since  it  can  not  be  presumed  that  prepense  malice 
should  induce  any  man  to  destroy  his  own  estate." 

1667.  —  THE  general  court  of  Connecticut  granted  Thomas 
Harris  the  right  to  build  a  saw-mill  on  the  brook  between  Hart- 
ford and  Wethersfield,  and  allowed  forty  acres  for  his  encourage- 
ment. 

1667.  —  THE  people  of  Hadley,  who  had  depended  for  their 
meal  upon  a  mill  at  Hatfield,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Connecti- 


122  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1667-9. 

cut,  voted  to  have  a  mill  of  their  own,  and  William  Goodwin 
erected  one  on  Mill  River,  at  North  Hadley. 

1667,  AUGUST  10.  —  The   first  troop   of  horse    organized   in 
Rhode  Island  reported  for  duty  at  Newport. 

It  numbered  twenty-one  men. 

1667. — WATERBURY,  Connecticut,  then  called  Mattatuck,  was 
settled. 

The  name  was  not  changed  until  1686.  In  1853  it  received  a  city  charter. 
Waterbury  is  the  headquarters  of  the  brass  manufactories  of  the  country,  there 
being  thirty  factories,  the  capital  employed  being  three  million  dollars,  and  the 
annual  products  averaging  five  million  dollars.  The  business  was  first  intro- 
duced on  a  small  scale  by  young  mechanics  who  had  little  or  no  capital. 

1668,  MAY.  —  The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  met. 

It  was  called  by  Carteret.     Some  of  the  towns  denied  its  authority. 

A  law  was  made  requiring  each  town,  under  penalty  of  forty  .shillings  for  each 
neglect,  to  provide  an  ordinary  $pr  the  entertainment  of  strangers. 

The  selling  of  liquors  in  less  quantities  than  two  gallons  was  prohibited.  This 
quantity  was  afterwards  reduced  to  one  gallon. 

1668.  —  THE  people  of  Newark  appointed  Robert  Treat  and 
Richard  Harrison  "  to  erect  a  grist-mill  on  the  brook  at  the  north 
end  of  the  town."  The  second  and  sixth  days  of  the  week  were 
to  be  set  apart  as  grinding  days. 

1668.  —  THE  number  of  ordinaries,  or  tippling  houses,  was  lim- 
ited in  Virginia. 

To  "  one  or  two  near  the  Courthouse,  unless  in  public  places,  and  great  Roads 
for  the  accommodation  of  travellers." 

1668. — THE  licensers  of  the  Cambridge  press  having  permitted 
the  printing  of  an  edition  of  the  De  Imitations  Christi,  of  Thomas 
a  Kempis,  the  court  ordered  them  to  make  a  fuller  revision  of 
the  work,  and  enjoined  the  press  to  stop  work  until  this  was 
done. 

This  system  of  interference  with  the  freedom  of  the  press  continued  to  be  ex- 
ercised with  more  or  less  stringency  until  the  Revolution. 

1668.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  a  bill  re- 
serving for  the  public  use  all  white  pine-trees  measuring  twenty- 
four  inches  at  three  feet  above  the  ground. 

At  the  same  time  a  bounty  was  declared  for  the  exportation  and  manufacture 
of  masts  and  naval  stores. 

1668.  — THE  authority  of  Massachusetts  was  re-established  over 
Maine. 

Four  magistrates  and  a  body  of  horsemen  were  sent  for  the  purpose.  The  new 
government  submitted  quietly. 

1669.  —  THE  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  was  divided  into  two 
houses. 


1669-70.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  123 

The  governor  and  assistants,  or  magistrates,  were  the  upper  house ;  the  depu- 
ties, the  lower  house.  It  enacted  that  any  person  indicted  might  employ  an  attor- 
ney to  plead  in  his  behalf. 

Before  this,  those  who  were  indicted  had  appeared  in  their  own  defence. 

1669.  —  FULLER'S  EARTH  is  mentioned  among  the  products  of 
Virginia  and  Maryland. 

1669.  —  AN  assembly  was  held  in  North  Carolina. 

Immigrants  in  debt  were  to  be  protected  five  years  from  suits  originating  out 
of  the  colony.  Traffic  with  the  Indians  was  forbidden. 

1670.  —  THE  first  permanent  settlement  of  South  Carolina  was 
made  at  Port  Royal,  by  a  body  of  English  colonists,  who  ten  years 
later  removed  to  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Charleston. 

In  1562,  a  party  of  French  Huguenots  under  John  Ribault  had  attempted  to 
settle  at  Port  Royal,  but  after  some  few  months  they  returned  home ;  in  1685,  how- 
ever, a  large  body  of  Huguenots  again  immigrated,  and  this  time  remained.  The 
expedition  was  sent  ont  at  an  expense  of  about  twelve  thousand  pounds,  and  was 
under  the  command  of  William  Sayle.  They  brought  cattle  with  them.  The 
settlement  at  Charleston  was  made  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
two  rivers,  to  which  the  names  of  Ashley  and  Cooper  were  given  in  honor  of  Lord 
Shaftesbury.  For  the  government  of  the  colony,  Lord  Shaftesbury  had  called 
upon  John  Locke,  who  had  drawn  up  what  was  called  the  Grand  Model,  intended, 
as  expressed  in  its  preamble,  "  to  avoid  the  erecting  of  a  numerous  democracy," 
and  establish  a  government  "agreeable  to  monarchy."  It  was  a  complicated 
scheme,  and  though  for  some  time  nominally  in  force,  was  really  never  applied. 
The  divisions  of  the  land  were  into  seignories,  baronies,  and  manors,  the  cultiva- 
tors of  which  were  to  be  hereditary  tenants,  attached  to  the  soil,  each  with  a  farm 
of  ten  acres,  upon  which  he  paid  one  eighth  of  the  produce  as  rent  to  the  land- 
lord, who  exercised  a  jurisdiction  without  appeal.  In  the  assembly  each  county 
had  four  representatives,  to  vote  for  whose  election  required  the  possession  of  fifty 
acres.  The  proprietaries  had  a  veto  upon  all  acts.  The  Church  of  England  was 
to  be  maintained  at  the  public  expense.  Other  churches  might  be  formed,  pro- 
vided their  members  recognized  the  rightfulness  of  oaths.  "Every  freeman" 
was  to  have  "  absolute  power  and  authority  over  his  negro  slaves,  of  what  opinion 
and  religion  soever."  The  settlement  had  a  copy  of  the  "  Grand  Model,"  but  at 
first  the  government  was  given  to  a  council  of  ten  members,  five  appointed  by  the 
proprietors,  and  five  elected  by  the  colonists,  who  with  twenty  delegates  formed 
an  assembly. 

1670.  —  ONE  of  the  first  mills  built  in  New  Jersey,  of  which 
mention  is  made,  was  erected  by  Jonathan  Dunham  at  Wood- 
bridge,  who  agreed  with  the  town  that  it  should  have  "  two 
good  stones,  of  at  least  five  feet  across." 

For  its  erection  he  was  given  a  grant  of  land.  The  toll  was  to  be  one  six- 
teenth. 

1670.  —  THE  settlers  in  New  Jersey  objected  to  the  collection 
of  the  quit- rents  which  became  due  this  year. 

One  of  their  claims  was  that  they  had  purchased  the  land  of  the  Indians 
before  ever  it  was  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York.  The  opposition  increased. 


124  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1670-1. 

1670,  JUNE  14.  —  Committees  appointed  by  the  assemblies  of 
Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  to  settle  their  disputed  boundaries, 
met  at  New  London. 

They  sat  three  days,  and  their  consultation  was  carried  on  entirely  by  writing. 
Seventeen  letters  were  exchanged,  but  no  definite  conclusion  was  arrived  at. 

1670.  —  IT  was  ordered  by  the  assembly  of  Connecticut  that 
every  male  inhabitant,  over  fourteen  years  of  age,  should  work 
one  day  in  June  of  each  year  in  clearing  ground  for  the  pastu- 
rage of  sheep. 

1670.  —  DENTON  writes  this  year  of  New  Amsterdam :  "  Every 
one  make  their  own  linin,  and  a  great  part  of  their  woolen  cloth 
for  their  ordinary  wearing." 

1670.  —  THE  assembly  of  Virginia  ordered  that  none  but  free- 
holders and  householders  should  vote. 

1671.  —  IN  June  of  this  year  Sir  William  Berkeley,  the  gover- 
nor of  Virginia,  answered  the  inquiries  of  a  committee  of  the 
House  of  Lords. 

He  wrote  :  "  I  thank  God  we  have  no  free  schools,  or  printing;  and  I  hope  we 
shall  not  have  these  hundred  years.  For  learning  has  brought  disobedience  and 
heresy  and  sects,  and  printing  has  divulged  them,  and  libels  against  the  best  gov- 
ernment. God  defend  us  from  both."  The  population  he  estimated  at  forty 
thousand,  including  two  thousand  "black  slaves"  and  six  thousand  "Christian 
servants."  About  fifteen  hundred  such  were  yearly  imported,  chiefly  from  Eng- 
land. In  seven  years  not  over  two  or  three  ship-loads  of  slaves  had  arrived  in  the 
colony.  Tobacco  was  the  chief  export.  The  Indians  were  "absolutely  subjected, 
so  that  there  is  no  fear  of  them."  "  We  have  forty-eight  parishes,  and  our  min- 
isters are  well  paid,  and  by  my  consent  should  be  better,  if  they  would  pray 
oftener  and  preach  less." 

1671.  —  THE  first  church  of  the  Seventh  Day  Baptists  in  the 
country  was  established  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

In  their  views  the  sect  correspond  with  the  Baptists,  only  observing  the  seventh 
instead  of  the  first  day  of  the  week  as  Sunday.  There  are  now  sixty-eight 
churches  in  the  United  States. 

1671,  SEPTEMBER  29.  —  Mediators  between  the  colonists  at 
Plymouth  and  the  Indians  met  at  Plymouth. 

Philip  signed  an  agreement  to  pay  one  hundred  pounds  within  three  years,  and 
five  wolves'  heads  each  year  to  Plymouth,  and  to  refer  all  disputes  between  his 
tribe  and  the  English  to  them,  and  neither  to  sell  lands  nor  make  war  without 
their  consent. 

1671.  —  A  COMMITTEE  appointed  the  October  before,  by  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts,  to  confer  with  Richard  Wharton 
of  Boston  respecting  his  method  of  making  salt  by  the  sun,  re- 
ported advising  the  court  "  to  encourage  a  company  for  that  pur- 
pose, which  return  the  court  approved." 

1671.  —  THE  town  of  New  Castle,  Delaware,  represented  to 


1671-2.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  125 

Governor  Lovelace  that  the  mill  at  "  Carcoen's  Hook  "  had  fallen 
into  decay,  and  that  it  "  heretofore  appertained  to  the  public,  and 
now  is  endeavored  to  be  engrossed  by  some  particular  persons 
for  private  uses." 

They  suggested  that  it  be  repaired  for  the  benefit  of  the  public,  which  was 
ordered  to  be  done.  Carcoen's  Hook  was  Cobb's  Creek.  Carcpen's  was  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  Indian  name  of  Kacarikonk. 

1671.  —  THIS  year  the  town  of  New  Castle  proposed  that  no 
grain  should  be  distilled,  unless  it  be  "  unfit  to  grind  and  boalt," 
because  it  consumed  "  an  immense  amount  of  grain." 

1672.  —  GOVEENOR  LOVELACE  received  George  Fox  at  New 
Castle  this  year  in  a  house  built  of  brick  and  hewn  timber,  the 
cement  of  which  was  made  of  burnt  oyster-shells. 

The  house  was  still  standing  at  the  middle  of  this  century.  Lovelace  gave  a 
charter  to  New  Castle  this  year.  Fox  extended  his  trip  as  far  as  Rhode  Island, 
but  did  not  dare  to  visit  either  Connecticut  or  Massachusetts. 

1672.  —  Two  ship-loads  of  Dutch  emigrants  from  New  York 
arrived  at  Charleston,  in  Carolina. 

They  were  discontented  with  the  English  rule  of  New  York.  Slaves  were  also 
imported  from  Barbadoes.  The  settlers  quarrelled  with  the  Indians.  A  scarcity 
of  food  caused  apprehension  for  the  success  of  the  colony  and  created  discontent, 
but  a  fortunate  supply  from  England  and  from  Barbadoes  and  Virginia  removed 
this  cause  of  uneasiness. 

1672. — THE  company  of  hatters  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
petitioned  for  special  privileges. 

They  were  promised  to  have  them  granted,  "when  they  should  make  as  good 
hats  and  sell  them  as  cheap  as  those  imported  were." 

1672.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted  to  H. 
Usher  the  right  to  print  and  publish  on  his  own  account  a 
revised  edition  of  the  laws  of  the  colony. 

Tliis  right  was  protected  to  Usher  by  two  orders  of  the  court,  issued  on  his 
petition.  The  first  was  made  in  May  of  this  year,  by  which  it  was  decreed  that 
no  printer  should  print  or  sell  more  copies  of  any  book  than  were  agreed  upon, 
and  paid  for  by  the  owner ;  and  another  of  May  the  next  year,  by  which  the  copy- 
right was  secured  to  Usher  for  seven  years.  The  laws  of  Connecticut  were  also 
printed  at  Cambridge. 

Hezekiah  Usher  had  been  a  bookseller  in  Boston  for  about  twenty  years,  and 
as  agent  of  the  Corporation  for  Propagating  the  Gospel,  had  superintended  their 
Indian  publications.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  bookseller  in  America. 
Several  of  the  books  printed  by  Green  were  printed  for  him.  An  edition  of  the 
Psalms,  issued  about  1664  or  1665,  from  its  superior  typographical  execution,  is 
supposed  to  have  been  printed  after  the  arrival  of  Johnson.  It  was  printed  from 
Nonpareil  type,  and  is  said  to  be  the  only  specimen  of  the  use  of  this  type 
previous  to  the  Revolution.  Brevier  type  was  seldom  used  by  the  Boston  printers 
before  1760.  Usher  made  a  fortune  from  his  business. 

1672.  —  PARLIAMENT  enacted  that  "enumerated  articles  should 


126  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1672-3. 

pay  the  same  duties  in  their  shipment  from  one  colony  to  another, 
that  they  paid  on  importation  into  England." 

This  was  the  introduction  into  this  country  of  royal  custom-houses,  under  the 
direction  of  the  English  commissioners  of  customs.  Boston  had  quite  a  trade 
with  the  other  colonies,  her  ships  supplying  them  with  European  produce  and 
carrying  theirs  to  Europe,  thus  avoiding  the  duties  under  the  navigation  acts. 

1672.  —  THE  settlers  of  New  Jersey  who  refused  to  pay  quit- 
rents,  set  up  a  governor  of  their  own,  and  Carteret  went  to  Eng- 
land, leaving  John  Berry  as  his  deputy. 

1672.  —  COUNT  DE  FRONTENAC  was  appointed  governor- general 
of  New  France. 

He  built  Fort  Frontenac,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Ontario,  on  the  site  of 
Kingston. 

1673.  —  THE  first  settlement  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  was 
made,  but  had  to  be  abandoned  on  account  of  the  hostility  of 
the  Indians. 

1673.  —  SOME  of  the  ships  of  the  Massachusetts  colony  having 
been  captured  by  the  pirates  who  infested  the  southern  seas,  in 
December  of  this  year  a  ship,  called  the  Anthony,  and  a  ketch  were 
fitted  out  for  the  defence  of  the  coast  and  the  commerce. 

1673.  —  WILLIAM  HUTCHINSON,  an  early  resident  of  Boston, 
bought  lands  on  the  west  side  of  the  Saco  River,  in  Maine,  and 
had  mills  at  Neuichewannock,  or  Berwick. 

1673.  —  THE  town  of  Lancaster,  Massachusetts,  granted  five 
hundred  acres  of  upland  and  twenty  acres  of  meadow  to  John 
Prescott,  for  the  building  a  mill,  which  with  the  land  was  to  be 
free  from  all  charges  for  twenty  years. 

The  mill  was  built  in  a  district  now  in  the  northern  part  of  Harvard.  Prescott 
agreed  to  grind  the  town's  corn  every  second  and  every  sixth  day  of  the  week.  A 
few  years  later  a  similar  arrangement  was  made  with  him  for  the  erection  of  a 
saw-mill. 

1673.  —  EDWARD  RANDOLPH,  the  collector  of  customs  in  New 
England,  was  informed  "  that  all  cordage,  sail  cloth  and  nets 
came  from  England,  that  no  cloth  was  made  there  worth  four 
shillings  a  yard,  and  no  linin  above  two  shillings  and  sixpence." 

He  also  reported  to  the  commissioners,  that  in  New  England  there  were  five 
iron-works  which  cast  no  guns. 

1673.  —  CHICAGO,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Joseph's  were  visited  by 
Marquette,  and  Jesuit  missions  were  established  on  Lake  Michi- 
gan. Marquette  with  a  few  companions  pushed  on  until  they 
entered  the  Mississippi  from  the  Wisconsin. 

In  1674  Marquette  camped  near  the  site  of  Chicago;  in  1804  the  United  States 
government  built  Fort  Dearborn,  on  the  Chicago  River,  near  to  the  mouth ;  in 
1837  the  fort  was  abandoned.  In  1830  the  town  was  surveyed,  then  consisting 


1673-4.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  127 

of  about  a  dozen  houses ;  in  1833  the  town  was  organized,  and  had  twenty-eight 
voters  ;  in  1834  was  granted  a  city  charter.  The  river  runs  through  the  city,  divid- 
ing it  into  two  parts.  As  early  as  1854,  Chicago  was  declared  the  largest  primary 
grain  depot  in  the  world ;  its  beef-packing  and  cattle-shipping  trade  is  immense,  as 
is  also  the  lumber  business.  No  city  in  the  country  has  had  such  a  rapid  growth, 
and  by  means  of  the  extensive  lines  of  railroads,  its  commerce  reaches  to  all  parts 
of  the  country. 

1673.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  placed  a  duty  of 
sixpence  a  bushel  on  malt  in  addition  to  the  duty  already  existing 
of  one  penny. 

1673.  —  THE  laws  of  the  Plymouth  colony  were  printed  this 
year  by  the  Cambridge  press. 

1673.  —  AN  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Virginia  en- 
forcing the  cultivation  of  hemp  and  flax. 

1673,  FEBRUARY  25. — The  entire  colony  of  Virginia  was  as- 
signed for  thirty-one  years  to  Lords  Culpepper  and  Arlington. 

The  lease  included  all  quit-rents,  escheats,  the  power  to  grant  lands,  erect  new 
counties,  the  presentation  to  the  churches,  and  the  nomination  of  sheriffs,  escheat- 
ors,  and  surveyors.  The  assembly  sent  three  agents  to  England  to  purchase  this 
lease  for  the  colony,  and  also  to  attempt  to  obtain  a  royal  charter,  confirming  all 
land  grants,  and  guaranteeing  the  assembly  its  power. 

1673.  —  A  DUTCH  fleet  appeared  before  New  York,  and  the 
fort  surrendered  at  the  first  summons. 

New  Jersey  and  the  settlements  on  the  Delaware  also  surrendered,  and  for  a 
year  the  province  of  New  Netherland  was  revived.  Some  of  the  towns  on  Long 
Island  put  themselves  under  the  protection  of  Connecticut. 

1673,  OCTOBER  29.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  ordered  that, 
in  the  trial  of  Indians,  one  half  of  the  jury  should  be  Indians, 
and  that  Indians  might  testify. 

Such  testimony  was  not  allowed  in  the  trial  of  the  whites. 

1673.  —  THIS  year,  Barent  Pieterse  Koeymans,  by  permission 
of  the  commissioners  at  Albany,  New  York,  purchased  of  the 
Catskill  Indians  a  large  tract  of  land,  ten  or  fifteen  miles  south 
of  Albany,  on  the  west  side  of  Hudson  River. 

Saw-mills  had  been  erected  there  in  1651  by  other  settlers.  The  purchase 
embraced  a  plot  twelve  miles  deep  by  eight  or  ten  front,  and  is  now  the  site  of  the 
town  of  Coc'ymans,  in  Albany  County,  New  York. 

1674.  —  CORN-MILLS  were  mentioned  as  existing  at  Block  Point 
and  Falmouth,  on  Casco  Bay  (now  Portland),  though  they  were 
probably  destroyed  soon  afterwards  by  the  Indians. 

1674. — JOHN  FOSTER  received  permission  from  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  to  set  up  another  press  in  Boston. 

The  general  court  added  two  new  licensers  to  those  already  appointed.  These 
were  both  ministers  —  Increase  Mather  and  Thomas  Thachcr. 


128  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1674-5. 

1674.  —  THE  freemen  in  South  Carolina  elected  representatives 
to  an  assembly  consisting,  according  to  Ramsey,  of  the  governor, 
and  upper  and  lower  houses  of  assembly ;  and  these  three 
branches  took  the  name  of  Parliament. 

At  the  foundation  of  the  colony  the  settlers  had  been  promised  a  share  in  mak- 
ing the  laws. 

1674. — VINES,  and  persons  skilled  in  their  management,  were 
sent  to  the  Carolinas  by  the  proprietaries. 

1674.  —  PEACE  was  declared  between  England  and  Holland, 
and,  all  conquests  being  mutually  given  up,  New  York  was  re- 
stored to  the  English  rule. 

1674.  —  THE  Duke  of  York  obtained  a  new  charter  for  his 
province. 

By  it  he  was  empowered  "  to  govern  the  inhabitants  by  such  ordinances  as  he 
and  his  assigns  should  establish."  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  sent  out  to  take  pos- 
session. The  inhabitants  were  refused  an  assembly,  the  "book  of  laws"  being 
re-established.  The  Long  Island  towns  were  refused  permission  to  remain  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  Connecticut. 

1674,  MARCH  18.  —  Berkeley  sold  his  share  of  New  Jersey  for 
one  thousand  pounds. 

It  was  sold  to  John  Fenwick,  in  trust  for  himself  and  Edward  Billings.  They 
were  Quakers,  and  the  object  of  the  purchase  appears  to  have  been  to  provide  a 
place  of  refuge  for  this  sect.  A  dispute  arising  between  the  purchasers  concern- 
ing their  respective  shares,  it  was  referred  to  William  Penn,  who  settled  it. 

1675,  JUNE  20.  —  The  Indians  attacked  Swanzey,  a  toAvn  in  the 
Plymouth  colony. 

This  was  the  opening  of  the  war  known  as  King  Philip's  War,  in  which  all  New 
England  became  engaged,  and  in  which  thirteen  towns  were  destroyed,  and  six 
hundred  houses  (about  one  tenth  of  all  in  New  England)  were  burned.  About 
six  hundred  settlers  were  killed,  and  about  two  thousand  Indians.  The  cost  of 
the  war  was  estimated  at  about  a  million  of  dollars. 

1675.  —  THE  Indians  this  year  burned  the  settlement  and  the 
mill  at  Saco,  Maine. 

1675.  —  THE  same  year  the  settlers  at  Woolwich,  on  the  Ken- 
nebec,  Maine,  were  driven  away  by  the  Indians. 

1675.  —  THE  exportation  of  wool  was  prohibited  in  Massachu- 
setts. 

1675.  —  A  BRICK-KILN  was  erected  in  Maine,  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Sebastacook,  a  branch  of  the  Kennebec,  about  this  time. 

Traces  of  it  were  found  in  1790,  when  the  land  was  again  searched  for  clay. 
A  hemlock-tree,  more  than  two  feet  in  diameter,  was  growing  over  the  site  of  the 
old  kiln. 

1675.  —  AT  a  special  court  held  at  Newcastle,  May  25,  after  the 


1675-6.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  129 

cession  of  the  country  to  the  English,  the  subject  of  mills  was 
considered. 

As  there  was  a  scarcity  of  them,  the  justices  were  advised  to  examine  and  have 
them  repaired,  and  others  built ;  the  tolls  charged  for  grinding  were  regulated,  and 
all  mills,  public  or  private,  were  to  be  encouraged. 

1675.  —  AN  Indian  war  began  in  Virginia. 

In  this  war  John  Washington  took  part. 

1675,  JULY.  —  A  company,  led  by  Fenwick,  to  whom  a  tenth 
part  of  the  Quaker  purchase  of  New  Jersey  had  been  accorded, 
landed  on  the  east  shore  of  Delaware  Bay,  and  commenced  a  set- 
tlement they  called  Salem. 

It  was  near  the  site  of  one  of  the  forts  built  by  the  Swedes. 

1675.  —  CANADA,  on  the  dissolution  of  the  West  India  Com- 
pany, reverted  again  to  the  crown  of  France. 

La  Salle,  who  had  explored  in  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  obtained  from  the  king 
of  France  a  grant  of  Fort  Frontenac  on  condition  of  keeping  up  the  post. 

1676.  —  THE  insurrection  in  Virginia,  headed   by  Nathaniel 
Bacon,  began  this  year. 

The  rebellion  was  the  culmination  of  discontent  which  had  existed  for  some 
years,  with  the  heavy  taxation  and  the  arbitrary  character  of  the  government. 
The  Indian  war  was  its  immediate  cause.  Bacon  was  a  member  of  the  council, 
and,  being  refused  a  commission  to  raise  volunteers  against  the  Indians,  marched 
against  them  without  one.  Berkeley,  the  governor,  issued  a  proclamation  depriv- 
ing him  of  his  seat  in  the  council,  and  denouncing  all  those  with  him  as  rebels  who 
would  not  return  at  a  certain  time.  The  rebellion  was  at  one  time  so  successful  that 
Berkeley  retired  to  Accomac,  and  Bacon,  with  four  members  of  the  council,  called  a 
new  assembly.  At  the  height  of  his  success,  Bacon  was  taken  ill  and  died.  With 
the  final  success  of  Berkeley,  cruel  revenge  was  taken  upon  the  rebels,  more 
of  whom  are  said  to  have  been  hanged  than  were  killed  upon  both  sides  during 
hostilities. 

1676,  JULY.  —  Carteret  agreed  to  a  formal  division  of  New 
Jersey. 

The  province  was  divided  by  a  line  drawn  from  Little  Egg  Harbor  to  the  north- 
western corner  of  the  territory.  The  portion  north  and  east  of  this  line  was  known 
as  East  New  Jersey,  and  was  Carteret's  property ;  that  south  and  west  was  known 
as  West  New  Jersey,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Quaker  proprietors.  Billings  being 
in  pecuniary  straits,  his  share  was  assigned  for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors ;,  arid 
the  trustees,  with  Fenwick's  agreement,  divided  the  whole  domain  into  one  hun- 
dred shares,  of  which  the  ninety  belonging  to  Billings  were  sold  as  buyers  offered. 
Before  this  division,  the  proprietors  had  issued  a  set  of  "concessions  and  agree- 
ments," in  which  freedom  of  conscience  and  an  assembly  were  promised  settlers. 

1676,  AUGUST  12.  —  Philip  was  shot  in  a  swamp  near  Mount 
Hope,  and  the  war  was  ended  by  the  slaughter  of  the  Indians. 

Philip  was  killed  by  an  Indian  named  Alderman,  whose  brother  Philip  had 
killed  for  advising  a  surrender.  Alderman  then  deserted  Philip,  and  guided  Cap- 

9 


130  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1676-7. 

tain  Church  with  his  party  to  the  spot  where  Philip  was  concealed.  Philip  was 
shot  by  Alderman  through  the  heart ;  his  head  was  cut  off,  and  sent  to  Plymouth, 
where  for  years  it  was  set  up  on'  a  gibbet.  One  of  his  hands  was  sent  to  Boston  ; 
the  other  was  given  to  Alderman,  who  made  a  show  of  it.  His  mangled  body  was 
hung  upon  four  trees.  The  Indians  taken  captive  were  sold  into  slavery,  many 
of  them  to  the  Spanish  colonies,  or  else  slaughtered.  The  captive  Indians  sold 
in  Rhode  Island  were  sold  to  service  for  a  term  of  years ;  one  half  the  proceeds 
of  the  sale  to  go  to  the  captors,  and  the  other  half  into  the  public  treasury. 

1676,  OCTOBER.  —  A  grant  of  land  in  Shrewsbury,  Monmouth 
County,  New  Jersey,  was  made  to  Lewis  Morris  for  iron- works. 

The  date  of  the  erection  of  the  works  is  not  known ;  but  in  1US2,  the  proprie- 
taries speak  of  a  smelting-furnace  and  forge  as  already  erected. 

1676.  —  THE  assembly  met  in  East  New  Jersey,  and  established 
county  courts,  and  monthly  courts  for  the  towns. 

The  four  counties,  Bergen,  Essex,  Middlesex,  and  Monmouth,  were  laid  out. 

1676.  —  GOVERNOR  ANDROS  and  the  council  in  New  York  pro- 
hibited all  tanners,  except  two  appointed,  to  carry  on  that 
business. 

It  was  also  ordered  "  that  no  butcher  be  permitted  to  be  currier,  or  shoemaker, 
or  tanner;  nor  shall  any  tanner  be  either  currier,  shoemaker,  or  butcher,  it  being 
consonant  to  the  laws  of  England  and  practice  in  the  neighbour  colonys  of  the 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut." 

1676.  —  THE  customs  collected  in  England  upon  the  tobacco 
sent  from  Virginia  and  Maryland  amounted  to  one  hundred  and 
thirty-five  thousand  pounds. 

Tobacco  was  so  low  that  many  of  the  planters  were  unable  to  clothe  them- 
selves from  the  proceeds  of  their  crops. 

1677,  MAY.  —  Gorges'  grandson  sold  his  proprietary  right  to 
Maine,  inherited  from  his  ancestors,  to  the  colony  of  Massachu- 
setts. 

The  price  was  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 

1677.  —  COLONIES  of  Quakers  from  Yorkshire  and  London, 
England,  settled  at  Burlington  and  other  towns  in  West  New 
Jersey. 

Burlington  was  long  the  seat  of  government  for  West  Jersey,  and  the  last  colo- 
nial governor,  William  Franklin,  lived  here.  It  was  a  leading  place  in  the  early 
times  of  the  country,  and,  in  1777,  supported  a  printing-office  and  a  paper.  Its 
nearness  to  Philadelphia  (only  eighteen  miles  distant)  caused  it  to  decline  as  that 
city  increased  in  importance. 

1677.  —  THIS  year,  in  the  settlements  on  the  Delaware,  grain 
was  made  payable  for  taxes  at  five  guilders  per  scipple  for  wheat, 
four  for  rye  and  barley,  and  three  guilders  for  Indian  corn,  "  or 
else  wampum  and  skins  at  price  current." 


1677-8.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  131 

This  year  there  was  a  mill  on  Christiana  Creek,  at  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
which  was  granted  the  liberty  to  cut  timber  for  supplies. 

1677,  OCTOBER  18.  —  The  assembly  of  Connecticut  regulated 
the  prices  at  which  hides  and  shoes  should  be  bought  or  sold. 

The  price  of  hides  was  three  pence  a  pound  for  green,  and  six  pence  for  dry. 
The  tanners  were  to  get  two  pence  a  pound  for  green,  and  four  pence  a  pound  for 
dry.  Shoemakers  were  to  charge  for  shoes  not  over  five  and  a  half  pence  a  size 
"for  all  playne  and  wooden-heeled  shoes  of  all  sizes  above  men's  sevens.  Three 
soled  shoes  well  made  and  wrought  not  above  seven  and  a  half  pence  a  size  for 
well-wrought  French  falls." 

1677.  —  THREE  commissioners,  sent  out  from  England  to  Vir- 
ginia with  a  regiment  of  soldiers,  arrived. 

They  brought  with  them  a  royal  proclamation  offering  pardon  to  all  who  should 
submit  within  twenty  days,  except  Bacon.  The  governor  was  also  instructed  to 
declare  all  the  laws  of  the  late  assembly  void,  and  call  a  new  one,  for  the  mem- 
bers of  which  only  freeholders  were  to  vote.  Instead  of  issuing  this  proclama- 
tion, Berkeley  issued  one  of  his  own,  exempting  many  beside  Bacon  from  pardon. 
The  commissioners  protesting  against  Berkeley's  high-handed  proceedings,  and 
receiving  numerous  complaints  from  the  people,  whom  they  had  asked  to  send  in 
their  grievances,  Berkeley  went  over  to  England  to  defend  himself,  and  died 
there.  He  had  left  the  government  in  the  hands  of  Jeffreys,  who  called  another 
assembly,  which  attempted  to  settle  the  suits  for  damages  done  during  the  insur- 
rection, and  restore  the  colony  to  "  its  former  estate  of  love  and  friendship." 

1677.  —  THE  governor  of  Massachusetts,  Leverett,  refused  to 
take  an  oath  to  enforce  the  acts  of  trade. 

Randolph  had  been  authorized  by  the  committee  of  the  plantations  to  admin- 
ister such  an  oath  to  the  New  England  governors.  The  governor's  ground  was, 
that  the  charter  required  no  such  oath.  The  general  court,  however,  passed  an. 
act  for  enforcing  these  acts,  and  re-enacted  the  oath  of  fidelity,  by  which  alle- 
giance to  the  king  and  the  colony  was  sworn. 

1677.  —  LA  SALLE  went  to  France,  and  obtained  a  royal  com- 
mission for  exploring  the  Mississippi. 

The  news  of  its  discovery  had  just  been  brought  to  Quebec  by  Joliet,  who  had 
accompanied  Marquette.  La  Salle  also  obtained  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  in 
buffalo-skins. 

1677.  —  THE   governor- general    of    Canada,   Frontenac,   sup- 
ported the  traders  in  their  dispute  with  the  missionaries  who 
objected  to  selling  liquor  to  the  Indians. 

The  council  took  the  same  ground. 

1678.  —  THE  export  of  hides  or  leather  was  prohibited  in  New 
Jersey. 

Beef  at  this  time  was  twopence  a  pound,  and  forty  shillings  a  barrel. 

1678.  —  IN  the  records  of  the  court  held  at  Upland,  between 
the  years  1676  and  1681,  the  first  English  tribunal  held  in  Penn- 
sylvania, the  following  occurs :  — 


132  ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA.  [1678. 

"  It  being  very  necessary  that  a  mill  be  built  on  the  Schuylkill,  and  there  being 
no  fitter  place  than  the  falls  called  Captain  Hans  Moonson's  Falls,  the  court  are 
of  opinion  that  Mr.  Hans  Moonson  ought  to  build  a  mill  there  (as  he  says  he  will) 
or  else  suffer  another  to  build  for  the  convenience  of  all  parts."  The  designated 
location  was  the  present  mill  creek  which  empties  into  the  Schuylkill  immediately 
south  of  "Woodlands  Cemetery. 

1678,  APRIL.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  in  a  report  to  the  Board 
of  Trade,  estimated  the  men  able  to  bear  arms  in  the  colonies  as 
follows:  Connecticut,  3000 ;  Rhode  Island,  1000  to  1200;  Plym- 
outh, 1000  to  1500 ;  Massachusetts,  8  to  10,000. 

New  York,  he  says,  contained  three  hundred  and  forty-three  houses,  with  ten 
inhabitants  to  each.  Of  the  houses  he  says,  "  Most  wood,  some,  lately,  stone  and 
brick,  good  country  houses,  strong  of  their  several  kinds." 

1678.  —  THE  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  a  bankrupt  law. 

It  was  repealed  very  soon  after. 

1678,  NOVEMBER.  —  Sieur  de  La  Salle,  under  a  commission  from, 
the  king  of  France,  set  out  from  Fort  Frontenac  (now  Kingston) 
in  a  small  vessel,  the  first  ever  seen  upon  Lake  Ontario. 

The  expedition  was  accompanied  by  the  Chevalier  Tonti,  La  Salle's  lieutenant, 
and  Hennepin,  and  a  number  of  mechanics  and  sailors,  with  a  stock  of  goods  for 
the  Indian  trade,  and  a  post  was  established  near  the  present  site  of  Buffalo. 

1678.  —  SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS  claimed  for  the  Duke  of  York 
jurisdiction  over  New  Jersey  and  the  settlements  on  the  Dela- 
ware. 

He  commenced  by  forbidding  imports  into  New  Jersey,  unless  the  goods  were 
entered  at  New  York,  and  paid  duty;  then  he  summoned  Carteret,  and  finally  sent 
a  company  of  soldiers  who  arrested  him.  Carteret  was  detained  as  a  prisoner 
until  the  matter  was  settled  in  England.  The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  replied  to 
Andros  that  it  was  not  "  on  the  king's  letters  patent  to  the  Duke  of  York"  that 
they  relied  on,  but  "  the  only  rule,  privilege  and  joint  safety  of  every  free-born 
Englishman." 

1678.  —  A  BAPTIST  church  was  built  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

The  congregation  had  for  years  met  in  private  houses.  The  general  court 
passed  an  act  forbidding  the  erection  of  any  meeting-house  without  the  consent 
of  the  freemen  of  the  town  and  the  county  court,  or  the  permission  of  the  general 
court.  Without  this  such  building,  with  the  land,  was  forfeited. 

1678.  —  THE  colony  at  Albemarle,  Carolina,  rebelled  against 
the  collection  of  duties  under  the  navigation  acts,  and  imprisoned 
Millar,  the  president  of  the  council,  and  seven  of  his  council. 

A  new  assembly  appointed  Culpepper  collector,  and  held  the  government  two 
years.  Millar,  escaping,  went  to  England,  and  Culpepper  followed  him,  and  was 
arrested  on  a  charge  of  treason,  but,  being  defended  by  Lord  Shaftesbury,  was 
acquitted. 

1678.  —  THE  oath  of  allegiance,  on  the  part  of  Massachusetts, 


1678-80.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  133 

proved  unsatisfactory  in  England,  and  Randolph  brought  one 
already  written  out. 

The  magistrates  took  it,  and  imposed  it  on  all  the  other  officers. 

1678.  —  THE  bishop  of  Quebec,  having  gone  to  France,  obtained 
a  decree  prohibiting  liquor  selling  to  the  Indians  under  heavy 
penalties. 

1679,  JANUARY.  —  The  expedition  under  Sieur  de  la  Salle  laid 
the  keel  of  a  small  vessel  of  sixty  tons  burden,  at  the  mouth  of 
Cayuga  Creek,  on  the  American  side  of  the  Niagara,  about  six 
miles  above  the  Falls. 

This  place,  still  called  the  "Old  Ship-yard,"  was  long  used  for  this  purpose. 
The  Iroquois  tried  to  burn  the  vessel,  and  the  blacksmith  was  obliged  to  defend 
himself  with  a  red-hot  iron.  The  vessel,  when  finished,  was  furnished  with  seven 
small  cannon,  was  christened  the  "  Griffin,"  and  was  the  first  vessel  that  ever 
navigated  Lake  Erie,  which  she  entered  on  the  7th  of  August,  and  on  the  23d 
penetrated  to  Lake  Huron,  and  sailed  to  Green  Bay,  in  Wisconsin.  The  vessel 
from  here  was  sent  back  to  Niagara  in  charge  of  a  pilot  and  five  men,  but  was 
never  afterwards  heard  from. 

1679.  —  NEWBURY,  Massachusetts,  granted  John  Emery,  Jr., 
twelve  acres  of  land,  provided  he  built  and  maintained  a  corn- 
mill  within  a  year  and  a  half. 

1679.  —  THE  second  corn-mill  in  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  on 
Stony  Brook,  was  exempted  from  rates  for  twenty  years. 
It  was  sold  for  about  two  hundred  and  forty  pounds. 

1679-80,  MARCH  10. —  The  court  at  Upland  granted  Peter 
Nealson,  on  petition,  leave  to  take  up  one  hundred  acres  of  land 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Delaware  for  the  accommodation  of  a 
water-mill. 

1679.  —  Two  vessels  were  fitted  out  for  the  colony  of  the  Car- 
olinas,  and  the  culture  of  wine,  silk,  and  oil  was  attempted. 

Many  French  Protestant  refugees  were  sent  to  the  settlement  in  this  expedition. 

1679.  —  FATHER  HENNEPIN  mentions  Niagara,  which  he  had 
visited  in  1678.  He  gives  also  a  drawing  of  the  Falls. 

1679.  —  SIR  HENRY  CHICHELEY  was  acknowledged  by  the  coun- 
cil of  Virginia  as  governor. 

Jeffreys  had  died,  and  Chicheley  had  a  commission  as  deputy  governor.  An 
assembly  was  called,  and  forts  were  ordered  built.  The  law  making  slaves  of  the 
captured  Indians  was  retained. 

1680.  —  TRENTON,  New  Jersey,  was  settled. 

In  1720  it  received  its  name  in  honor  of  Sir  William  Trent,  then  speaker  of  the 
assembly.  In  1790  it  was  chosen  the  capital,  and  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1792. 
The  city  is  on  the  Delaware  River,  and  has  a  large  manufacturing  interest.  It 
has  a  wire  factory  and  a  rolling-mill,  both  the  largest  of  their  kind ;  manufactories 


134  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1680. 

of  porcelain  and  earthenware,  which  produce  a  large  part  of  these  gsods  used  in 
the  United  States ;  cotton,  woollen,  and  paper-mills,  foundries,  and  a  manufactory 
for  cannon  and  fire-arms. 

1680.  —  THE  name  of  Charleston  was  transferred  to  a  settle- 
ment in  Carolina,  at  the  point  of  the  peninsula. 

The  village  had  grown  up  from  its  more  favorable  situation,  and  gradually  be- 
came a  nourishing  town,  the  original  settlement  dwindling  slowly  away. 

1680.  —  THE  question  of  jurisdiction  between  the  Duke  of 
York  and  the  Jersey  proprietors  was  referred  to  two  arbitrators, 
who  decided  against  the  duke's  claims. 

1 680.  —  A  SYNOD  was  convened  in  Massachusetts  to  inquire 
"  what  reasons  had  provoked  the  Lord  to  bring  his  judgements 
on  New  England." 

1680.  —  A  ROYAL  letter  to  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts 
demanded  toleration  for  all  sects  except  the  Papists. 

The  following  demands  were  also  made  :  All  commissions  were  to  issue  in  the 
king's  name ;  all  the  eighteen  assistants  were  to  be  chosen ;  all  laws  repugnant  to 
the  acts  of  trade  to  be  repealed ;  Maine  was  to  be  assigned  to  the  king  on  his  pay- 
ment of  the  price ;  a  money  qualification  for  freemanship  to  be  substituted  for  that 
of  church-membership. 

1680.  —  MERCHANTABLE  white-pine  boards  were  this  year  thirty 
shillings  a  thousand,  current  money,  in  New  England.  Day  wages 
in  East  New  Jersey  were  about  two  shillings  a  day.  At  Amboy, 
where  building  was  actively  going  on,  they  were  about  sixpence 
more,  the  currency  being  a  fifth  more  than  sterling. 

The  houses  building  at  Amboy  were  described  in  1683  as  being  in  general  thirty 
feet  long,  sixteen  wide,  and  ten  feet  between  the  joints,  with  double  chimneys 
built  of  timber  and  clay,  "as  the  manner  of  this  country  is  to  build,"  and  cost 
about  fifty  pounds  each. 

1680,  MARCH  16.  —  By  decision  of  the  crown,  New  Hampshire 
was  separated  from  Massachusetts,  and  a  commission  appointed 
of  a  president  and  council  to  govern  the -province. 

This  commission  authorized  the  qualified  voters  of  the  four  towns  to  elect  an 
assembly  of  eleven  members,  to  sit  as  a  distinct  body,  the  council  having  a  nega- 
tive of  its  acts. 

The  king  engaged  to  "  continue  the  privilege  of  an  assembly  in  the  same  man- 
ner and  form,  unless  he  should  see  cause  to  alter  the  same."  The  assembly  en- 
acted a  body  of  laws,  compiled  from  the  Massachusetts  code,  which  were  rejected 
in  England  as  "fanatical  and  absurd." 

1680.  —  RANDOLPH  received  his  commission  as  collector  of  cus- 
toms for  New  England,  and  inspector  for  enforcing  the  acts  of 
trade. 

He  showed  it  to  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  but  they  took  no  notice 
of  it ;  and  the  magistrates  ordered  the  notice  he  posted  of  his  appointment  to  be 


1680-1.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  135 

torn  down,  while  the  general  court  established  a  naval  office  at  which  all  ships 
were  ordered  to  be  cleared. 

1680.  —  THE  Baptists  in  Boston  had  a  meeting  in  their  church. 

The  magistrates  had  the  doors  fastened  up,  and  a  notice  posted  on  them  forbid- 
ding any  meeting  there,  "without  licence  from  authority,  till  the  General  Court 
take  further  order." 

1680.  —  LA  SALLE  built  a  fort  in  the  country  of  the  Illinois, 
which  he  called  St.  Louis. 

1680.  —  CULPEPPER  came  to  Virginia  as  governor,  and  was 
sworn  into  office. 

A  commission  as  governor  for  life,  to  take  effect  whenever  Berkeley  vacated 
the  office,  had  been  given  to  him  at  the  time  of  the  grant,  which  had  passed  into 
his  sole  possession  by  the  release  of  Arlington's  share.  He  brought  with  him  an 
act  of  pardon  and  oblivion  for  all  the  troubles  growing  out  of  Bacon's  Rebellion, 
which  the  assembly  passed,  excepting  Bacon's  estate,  and  those  of  several  others. 
The  assembly  also  gave  the  governor  power  to  grant  naturalization  papers.  Ex- 
port and  tonnage  duties  were  continued,  and  the  freedom  of  Virginia  vessels  from 
them. 

Beverly,  in  his  History  of  Virginia,  says,  "Lord  Culpeper,  taking  advantage 
of  some  disputes  among  them,  procured  the  council  to  sit  apart  from  the  assembly ; 
and  so  they  became  two  distinct  houses,  in  imitation  of  the  two  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment in  England  —  the  Lords  and  Commons  —  and  so  is  the  Constitution  at  this 
(1705)  day." 

1680.  —  HENNEPIN  explored  the  upper  Mississippi,  which  he 
reached  by  descending  the  Illinois,  and  named  the  falls  of  St. 
Anthony  after  his  patron  saint. 

He  published  the  account  of  his  explorations  in  France  in  1683. 

1680.  —  IN  July  of  this  year,  the  town  of  Norwich,  at  the  head 
of  navigation  on  the  Thames,  Connecticut,  granted  Captain  Fitch 
two  hundred  acres  of  land  "  for  his  encouragement  to  set  up  a 
saw-mill." 

He  was  "to  have  the  benefit  of  the  stream  and  timber  at  the  place,  and  no 
others  to  set  up  a  saw-mill  upon  the  said  stream  to  his  damage." 

1680.  —  BEFORE  this  date  a  powder-mill  was  built  at  Dorchester, 

Massachusetts. 

1680.  —  A  WATER-MILL  was  built  in  West  Jersey,  near  Rancocas 
Creek,  by  Thomas  Olive. 

This  year  another  mill  was  finished  at  Trenton  by  Robert  Stacey,  who  in  1714 
sold  it  to  Colonel  William  Trent,  from  whom  the  settlement  was  named. 

1681.  —  CHARLES  STOCKBRIDGE  was  employed  to  build  a  second 
grist-mill  upon  the  brook  of  Plymouth. 

1681.  —  A  FULLING-MILL  was  built  at  Dedham,  Massachusetts, 
by  Messrs.  Draper  and  Fairbanks. 
It  was  erected  on  Mother  Brook. 


136  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1681. 

1681.  —  THE  legislature  of  Maryland  laid  a  duty  on  the  expor- 
tation of  leather  and  hides. 

1681.  —  THE  Duke  of  York  made  a  new  and  separate  grant  of 
West  Jersey  to  the  trustees. 

They  appointed  Billings  governor,  and  Jennings,  his  deputy,  called  an  assem- 
bly which  adopted  "fundamental  constitutions "  as  a  basis  for  the  government. 
East  Jersey  had  passed  into  the  hands  of  trustees  for  the  benefit  of  Carteret's  cred- 
itors, widow,  and  heir. 

1681,  MAECH  4.  —  A  royal  charter  was  granted  William  Penn, 
of  the  American  province  called  Pennsylvania. 

It  was  to  be  called  Sylvania,  but  the  king  insisted  on  the  prefix.  Penn  had 
inherited  a  claim  against  the  English  government  of  sixteen  thousand  pounds,  and 
in  liquidation  of  the  debt  he  accepted  the  grant.  The  charter  created  him  "  true 
and  absolute  lord  "  of  Pennsylvania,  with  property  in  the  soil  and  ample  powers 
of  government.  For  making  laws  "  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  freemen  of  the 
province  "  were  necessary.  The  crown  reserved  the  right  of  veto  on  all  enact- 
ments, while  to  parliament  the  right  to  levy  duties  and  taxes  was  accorded.  The 
laws  of  trade  were  to  be  observed,  and  the  Church  of  England  tolerated.  There 
was  to  be  the  right  of  appeal  from  his  courts  to  the  crown. 

1681,  APRIL  2.  —  A  royal  proclamation  was  sent  to  the  settlers 
on  the  Delaware,  announcing  the  grant  to  Penn. 

Penn  also  sent  a  proclamation  to  them,  assuring  them  that  they  should  "  live 
free  under  laws  of  their  own  making."  Proposals  were  published  in  England, 
offering  to  sell  lands  at  forty  shillings  the  hundred  acres,  subject  to  a  rent  of  one 
shilling  a  hundred  acres.  Lots  in  a  city  to  be  laid  out  were  also  offered  the  pur- 
chasers. 

1681,  JULY.  —  Three  vessels  with  emigrants  set  sail  for  Pem> 
sylvania. 

They  were  despatched  by  the  Company  of  Free  Traders,  who  had  made  an 
agreement  with  Penn.  They  carried  also  three  commissioners,  a  plan  of  the  city, 
and  a  letter  from  Penn  to  the  Indians,  in  which  he  addressed  them  as  brethren. 

1681.  —  DURING  this  year,  La  Salle,  in  a  small  boat  he  had  con- 
structed, descended  the  Mississippi  to  the  Gulf. 

He  took  formal  possession  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  April  9,  1682,  for  the  king 
of  France,  and  called  the  territory  on  its  banks  Louisiana,  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV. 
To  the  river  the  name  of  Colbert  was  given,  but  it  preserved  its  Indian  one. 

1681.  —  RANDOLPH,  the  collector  at  Boston,  returned  to  Eng- 
land. 

He  had  attempted  to  enforce  the  functions  of  his  office,  but  had  met  with  such 
opposition  that  he  feared  being  tried  for  his  life  as  a  subverter  of  the  colonial  gov- 
ernment. His  deputy  at  Portsmouth  encountered  equal  opposition. 

1681.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  took  possession  of 
Maine,  and  appointed  a  president  and  council  for  that  province. 
They  claimed  it  under  Gorges'  charter.     The  people  were  given  the  right  of 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  137 

an  assembly.     Deputy  Governor  Danforth  was  appointed  president,  and,  with  a 
force  of  men,  took  possession. 

1682,  FEBRUAEY  21.  —  "John  JBuckner,  called  before  the  Lord 
Culpeper  and  his  council,  for  printing  the  laws  of  1680,  without 
his  excellencies  license  —  and  he  and  the  printer  ordered  to  enter 
into  bond  in  £100,  not  to  print  anything  hereafter  until  his  majes- 
ty's pleasure  shall  be  known." 

This  record  of  the  colonial  history  of  Virginia  was  found  in  1810  among  the 
manuscripts  of  the  colony  by  W.  W.  Henning  of  Richmond.  It  was  this  action 
of  the  authorities  which  prevented  Virginia  from  becoming  the  second  of  the  col- 
onies to  introduce  the  printing-press,  and  the  continuance  of  tkis  policy  kept  it 
away  until  the  next  century. 

1682.  —  THE  Virginia  assembly  petitioned  the  king  to  order  a 
"stint,"  or  limit,  in  the  culture  of  tobacco;  not  only  in  Virginia, 
but  also  in  Maryland  and  Carolina. 

The  low  price  of  tobacco  was  the  cause.  Many  of  the  discontented  destroyed 
the  plants,  and  subsequently  several  were  executed  for  so  doing,  the  assembly, 
under  advice  from  England,  declaring  it  treason  for  more  than  eight  persons  to  as- 
semble and  destroy  tobacco-plants  or  any  other  crop.  Slavery  was  also  declared  the 
condition  of  all  servants,  whether  negroes,  Moors,  mulattoes,  or  Indians,  brought 
into  the  colony  either  by  sea  or  land,  converted  to  Christianity  or  not,  provided 
they  were  not  of  Christian  parentage  or  country,  or  were  not  Turks  or  Moors  in 
amity  with  his  Majesty. 

1682. — LORD  CULPEPPER,  returning  to  England,  was  convicted 
by  a  jury  of  receiving  presents  from  the  assembly,  and  was  de- 
prived of  his  office. 

He  surrendered  his  patent,  receiving  for  it  a  pension  of  six  hundred  pounds. 

1682.  —  IN  April  of  this  year  there  were  twenty-four  saw-mills 
in  Maine. 

White-pine  boards  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  were  worth  thirty  shillings 
the  thousand  feet,  wheat  five  shillings,  and  Indian  corn  three  shillings  a  bushel. 
Silver  was  worth  six  shillings  an  ounce.  At  these  prices,  which  were  annually  fixed, 
taxes  were  paid  in  lumber  and  provisions,  with  a  discount  of  one  third  for  pay- 
ment in  money. 

1682.  —  RANDOLPH  returned  with  a  royal  letter  demanding  the 
immediate  appointment  of  agents  with  authority  to  consent  to  the 
modification  of  the  charter. 

The  general  court  recognized  his  commission,  and  ordered  him  to  look  closely 
after  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  of  trade.  Two  agents  were  appointed.  The 
word  "jurisdiction"  was  substituted  for  "commonwealth"  in  the  laws,  and  the 
death  penalty  for  plotting  the  overthrow  of  the  colonial  constitution  was  repealed. 

1682.  —  CAROLINA  was  divided  into  three  counties. 

Colleton  embraced  the  district  about  Port  Royal,  Berkeley  that  about  Charles- 
ton, and  Craven  that  towards  Cape  Fear.  Only  Berkeley  had  population  enough 
for  a  county  court. 


138  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1682. 

1682.  —  EAST  JERSEY  was  purchased  from  the  trustees  of  Car- 
teret's  estate  by  a  company  of  twelve  Quakers,  the  chief  of  whom 
was  William  Penn. 

They  associated  with  themselves  twelve  others  —  not  all  Quakers. 

1682.  —  THE  governor-general  and  the  intendant  of  Canada 
were  recalled,  De  la  Barre  and  Meules  being  sent  to  take  their 
places. 

An  assembly  of  notables,  called  by  De  la  Barre,  sent  an  agent  to  France  to  ask 
aid  in  defence  against  the  Indians,  which  was  granted. 

1682.  —  THERE  was  a  mill  at  Hoboken,  New  Jersey,  which  was 
owned  in  New  York. 

Flour  and  grain  were  this  year  spoken  of  as  articles  of  export  from  the  eastern 
section  of  the  colony,  and  a  bakery  of  biscuit  as  a  desirable  improvement  for  pre- 
paring their  meal  for  shipment  to  the  West  Indies  and  the  other  colonies. 

1682.  —  OP  South  Carolina,  a  contemporary  account  says, 
"  Cotton  of  the  cypress  and  Smyrna  sort  will  grow  well,  and 
plenty  of  seed  is  sent  thither." 

The  culture  of  indigo  had  been  begun  with  success. 

1682.  —  THE  legislature  of  Virginia  legislated  further  for  the 
encouragement  of  various  industries. 

The  export  of  iron,  wool,  hides,  leather,  and  animals  was  forbidden.  The 
price  of  wheat  was  fixed  at  four  shillings  a  bushel,  and  tobacco  ten  shillings  a 
hundred  pounds  ;  and  at  these  prices  they  were  made  tenders  for  debt.  Trades- 
men of  all  kinds  settling  in  the  colony  were  made  exempt  from  debts  previously 
contracted. 

1682.  —  A  TAX  was  laid  upon  the  mills  in  Maine  for  the  support 
of  Fort  Loyal,  as  a  defence  against  the  Indians  and  the  French. 

1682.  —  IN  the  first  assembly  under  the  proprietary  govern- 
ment in  Pennsylvania,  it  was  ordered  that  malt  beer  should  be 
rated  at  two  pence  a  quart,  and  molasses  beer  at  a  penny. 

1682,  OCTOBER  28.  —  William  Penn  arrived  at  New  Castle,  on 
the  Delaware,  and  took  possession  of  the  territory  granted  him. 

Twenty-three  ships  sailed  for  Pennsylvania  this  year.  Penn  had  published  a 
"Frame  of  Government,"  which  had  been  chiefly  prepared  by  Algernon  Sidney. 
In  August  he  had  obtained  from  the  Duke  of  York  a  quit-claim  for  Pennsylvania, 
and  two  deeds  —  one  for  Newcastle  and  twelve  miles  round  it,  and  the  other  for 
the  territory  to  Cape  Henlopen,  in  which  the  duke  reserved  half  the  rents  and 
profits. 

1682,  DECEMBER  4. —  The  first  assembly  in  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania  met  at  Chester. 

An  act  of  settlement  was  framed.  Six  delegates  from  each  of  the  six  counties 
were  to  form  the  yearly  assembly,  and  three  from  each  county  the  council.  The 
governor  and  council  jointly  proposed  the  laws.  An  act  of  union  naturalized  the 


1682-3.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  139 

Dutch  and  Swedish  settlers.  A  code,  called  the  "  Great  Law,"  was  passed,  giving 
the  right  to  vote  to  freeholders  and  taxpayers,  "faith  in  Jesus  Christ  "being  a 
required  qualification.  No  one  who  acknowledged  the  "  one  Almighty  and  Eternal 
God  "  was  to  be  "  molested  or  prejudiced  "  for  his  religious  persuasion,  or  practice 
in  matters  of  faith  and  worship;  nor  to  be  compelled  to  "frequent  or  maintain 
any  religious  worship,  place,  or  ministry  whatever."  Work  was,  however,  for- 
bidden "every  first  day  of  the  week,  called  the  Lord's  day."  Only  murder  was 
punishable  with  death.  The  trial  by  jury  was  established.  The  eldest  son  had  a 
double  share  in  the  inheritance.  The  laws  were  to  be  printed  and  taught  in  the 
schools. 

1682.  —  PHILADELPHIA  was  laid  out,  and,  before  the  end  of  the 
year,  eighty  houses  were  erected. 

The  land  was  bargained  for  of  the  Swedish  settlers,  who  claimed  it.  A  school 
was  organized.  A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Indians. 

1683.  —  THE  first  vessel  constructed  in  New  Jersey  was  built 
by  Samuel  Groome,  one  of  the  original  twelve  proprietaries  who 
died  this  year,  leaving  it  unfinished. 

1683.  —  THE  first  settlement  in  Old  California  was  made  by 
Jesuit  missionaries. 

1683.  —  THIS  year  William  Penn  writes :  "  Some  vessels  have 
been  built  here,  and  many  boats." 

1683. — THE  keepers  of  ordinaries,  in  New  Jersey,  for  the 
entertainment  of  strangers,  were  prevented  by  law  from  collect- 
ing debts  for  liquor  sold. 

The  public  fairs  held  in  May  and  October,  in  Salem,  Burlington,  and  other 
places  in  New  Jersey,  for  the  sale  of  goods,  were  found  to  be  provocations  for  so 
much  drunkenness  and  disorder,  that  visitors  were  forbidden  to  retail  liquors  in 
Salem,  and  the  fairs  were  finally  done  away  with. 

1683.  —  IN  a  letter  from  William  Penn  to  the  Free  Society  of 
Traders,  he  alludes  to  their  tannery,  saw-mill,  and  glass-house, 
the  last  two  "  conveniently  posted  for  water-carriage/' 

Where  the  glass-house  was  is  not  recorded.  The  attempt  was  probably  not  a 
success.  A  successful  attempt  was  made  shortly  after  by  the  English  Friends 
who  settled  at  Frankfort,  near  Philadelphia,  to  establish  both  a  glass-house  and 
pottery  works.  Penn  speaks  also  of  mines  of  "copper  and  iron."  They  were 
probably  in  Chester  county,  where  a  mine,  belonging  to  Charles  Pickering,  was 
early  worked.  It  was  situated  on  Pickering  Creek,  about  twenty-five  miles  from 
Philadelphia. 

1683.  —  THE  governor  of  New  York  called  an  assembly,  com- 
posed of  seventeen  delegates,  which  met  October  17,  adopted  a 
charter  of  liberties,  apportioned  the  representatives  to  the  coun- 
ties, and  claimed  to  be  a  free  assembly,  with  the  sole  right  to  tax. 

The  governor,  Thomas  Dongan,  and  the  council  often,  had  been  appointed  by 
the  crown,  and  sat  by  themselves.  Andros  had  been  recalled  to  answer  the  com- 
plaints against  him,  and  Dongan  had  been  instructed  to  call  an  assembly.  A  per- 


140  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA..  [1683. 

petual  revenue  was  granted  the  Duke  by  the  assembly,  to  be  raised  by  impost  and 
excise  duties.  The  line  between  New  York  and  Connecticut  was  settled  substan- 
tially as  it  is  to-day,  by  a  conference  between  the  governors  and  councils  of  the 
two  colonies. 

1683,  MARCH  13.  —  The  twenty-four  owners  of  East  Jersey 
obtained  a  patent  from  the  Duke  of  York,  directly  to  themselves. 

Robert  Barclay  was  appointed  governor  for  life,  but  never  came  to  the  province. 
His  deputy,  Rudyard,  called  an  assembly,  who  reviewed  the  concessions  and 
enacted  a  code  of  laws. 

1683.  —  SETH  SOTHEL  arrived  at  Albemarle  as  governor. 

He  had  purchased  Lord  Clarendon's  share,  and  was  appointed  in  Culpepper's 
place. 

1683.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  authorized  its 
agents  to  give  up  Maine,  and  submit  to  anything  except  an 
infringement  of  their  "  liberties  and  privileges  in  matters  of 
religion  and  worship  of  God." 

Randolph  filed  charges,  and  a  writ  of  quo  -warranto  was  issued,  which  Ran- 
dolph brought  over  and  served  on  the  magistrates. 

1683.  —  LORD  HOWARD  of  Effingham  was  sent  out  to  Virginia 
as  governor. 

A  frigate  was  sent  with  him  to  enforce  the  navigation  acts.  His  instructions 
were  to  prohibit  the  erection  of  a  printing-press  in  the  colony,  which  he  carried 
out  by  forbidding  it  "on  any  occasion  whatever." 

1683,  APRIL  7.  —  A  royal  commission  was  issued  to  examine 
and  report  upon  the  claims  to  King's  Province. 

This  was  the  territory  in  dispute  between  the  New  England  colonies.  The 
members  of  the  commission  were  Edward  Cranfield,  the  provincial  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  Wm.  Staughton,  Joseph  Dudley,  Ed.  Randolph,  the  agent  for 
the  acts  of  trade  in  Massachusetts,  Samuel  Shrimpton,  John  Fitz  Winthrop, 
Edward  Palmer,  Nathaniel  Saltonstall,  and  John  Pynchon,  Jr.  Any  three  of 
them,  of  whom  Cranfield  and  Randolph  should  be  members,  made  a  quorum. 
They  collected  testimony  and  sent  it  to  England. 

1683,  OCTOBER  19.  —  The  royal  commission  reported  to  the 
board  of  trade,  and  Edward  Cranfield  wrote  a  private  letter 
accompanying  the  report. 

In  this  he  spoke  of  the  disloyalty  of  the  colonies,  and  ends  that  "  it  will  never 
be  otherwise  till  their  charters  are  broke,  and  the  college  at  Cambridge  utterly 
extirpated,  for  from  thence  these  half-witted  Philosophers  turn  either  Atheists  or 
seditious  Preachers."  The  report  was  chiefly  in  favor  of  Connecticut. 

1683.  —  THE  Indians  again  began  war  against  the  settlements 
in  Canada. 

Governor  Dongan,  of  New  York,  furnished  them  arms  and  advised  them  against 
making  peace  with  the  French,  though  his  instructions  were  to  cultivate  amity 
with  that  nation.  The  rivalry  of  the  fur  trade  was  the  clu'ef  motive  influencing 
him. 


1683-4.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  141 

1683.  —  THE  first  grist-mill  in  Philadelphia  county  was   set 
up  at  Germantown  by  Richard  Townsend,  a  Friend,  who  came 
over  with  William  Penn. 

It  stood  in  Church  Lane,  one  mile  north-east  of  Market  Square,  and  was  after- 
wards known  as  Roberts'  Mill.  Previously  he  had  erected  a  mill  on  the  left  bank 
of  Chester  Creek,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  north-west  from  Chester,  out  of  framed 
material  he  had  brought  from  England.  The  owners  of  this  mill  were  William 
Penn,  Caleb  Pusey,  and  Samuel  Carpenter,  whose  initials  were  combined  in  an 
iron  vane  which  surmounted  it,  and  which,  in  1843,  was  still  doing  duty  on  the  top 
of  a  Mr.  Flower's  house. 

1684.  —  A  SECOND  attempt  was  made  to  settle  at  Worcester, 
Massachusetts,  and  a  corn  and  saw-mill  was  erected  there  by 
Captain  John  Wing. 

1684.  —  ABOUT  twelve  thousand  acres  in  the  township  of  Ox- 
ford, Massachusetts,  were  set  apart  for  the  use  of  thirty  families 
of  Huguenot  refugees  from  France. 

These  settlers  were  given  the  elective  franchise  by  the  legislature.  They  built 
mills,  and  planted  orchards  and  vineyards.  The  settlement  was  broken  up  in  1696 
by  the  Indians,  and  some  of  them  settled  in  Boston. 

1684,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  charter  of  Massachusetts  was  annulled 
by  James  II. 

The  plea  was  a  misuse  of  the  privileges  it  granted.  A  default  to  appear  in 
answer  to  the  writ  of  quo  warranto  was  recorded,  and  next  year  judgment  was 
entered  declaring  the  charter  void. 

1684.  —  RICHARD  PIERCE  commenced  as  a  printer  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  about  this  year. 

1684.  —  IN  July  a  conference  of  four  colonies  was  held  at 
Albany,  with  the  chiefs  of  the  Five  Nations. 

The  movement  for  this  originated  with  the  Indians.  They  feared  the  French 
intended  to  encroach  upon  their  hunting-grounds,  and  desiring  peace  with  the 
English,  made  this  known  through  Governor  Dongan  of  New  York.  At  the  con- 
ference, Virginia,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  and  New  York  were  represented  as 
follows  :  The  Right  Hon.  Francis  Lord  Howard,  Baron  of  Effingham,  governor- 
general  of  Virginia,  acting  also  for  Maryland ;  Colonel  Thomas  Dongan,  governor 
of  New  York,  and  the  magistrates  of  Albany ;  Stephanus  Van  Cortlandt,  as  the 
agent  of  Massachusetts.  Several  sachems  were  present.  The  northern  and 
southern  colonies  met  for  the  first  time,  and  a  treaty  was  formed,  concerning  ter- 
ritory extending  from  the  St.  Croix  to  the  Albemarle. 

1684,  JUNE.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly,  in  answer  to  a 
petition  from  some  Israelites,  assured  them  that  they  might 
expect  as  good  protection  as  any  other  resident  foreigners,  being 
obedient  to  the  laws. 

1684.  —  THE  assembly  of  New  York  passed  an  act,  giving  the 
exclusive  right  to  New  York  city,  of  making  or  bolting  flour 
within  the  province ;  "  nor  noe  fiouer  or  bread  to  be  imported 


142  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1684. 

into  this  city,  from  any  other  part  of  the  Province,  under  pain 
of  forfeiture." 

The  council  of  the  city  petitioned  the  governor  to  confirm  this  act,  which  was 
done. 

1684.  —  A  MALT-HOUSE  was  built  in  Perth  Amboy,  New  Jersey. 

Barley  was  this  year  quoted  at  two  shillings,  currency,  the  bushel.  At  Perth 
Amboy  a  brewer  and  a  baker  were  much  needed.  Wages  were  two  shillings  and 
six  pence  a  day,  while  it  was  said  that  not  above  a  third  of  the  work  required  in 
England  was  expected  of  them,  and  their  living  was  much  better,  being  beef,  pork, 
bacon,  pudding,  milk,  butter,  with  good  beer  and  cider. 

1684.  —  LETTERS  from  New  Jersey  of  this  date  speak  of  a 
plenty  of  material  for  linen,  as  being  raised  in  the  province. 

Flax  twice  heckled  sold  for  nine  pence  a  pound,  and  wool  was  cheap. 

1684.  —  THE  letters  of  the  proprietaries  and  settlers  in  East 
New  Jersey  represent  the  style  of  houses  built  by  the  colonists. 

Gawen  Laurie,  who  had  succeeded  Rudyard,  speaks  of  them  as  built  "  of  trees 
split,  and  set  up  one  end  in  the  ground  and  the  other  nailed  to  the  rising."  They 
were  roofed  with  shingles,  and  plastered  inside.  Barns  were  built  in  the  same 
way,  at  a  cost  of  about  five  pounds  each. 

"  We  have  good  brick  earth,"  writes  Laurie,  "  and  stone  for  building,  at  Amboy 
and  elsewhere.  The  country  farm-houses  they  build  very  cheap ;  a  carpenter 
with  a  man's  own  servants  builds  the  house ;  they  have  all  the  materials  for  noth- 
ing, save  nails.  The  chimneys  are  stone." 

1684.  —  GERMANTOWN,  near  Philadelphia,  was  founded  by  Pas- 
torius,  as  the  agent  of  the  Frankfort  Land  Company  in  Germany. 

1684.  —  THE  first  Friends'  meeting-house  in  Philadelphia,  "a 
large  plain  brick  building,"  was  erected  "  far  out  Market  Street, 
at  Centre  Square." 

Philadelphia  contained  over  three  hundred  houses. 

1684.  —  A  TAX  on  liquors  was  laid  by  the  assembly  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

1684.  —  A  LAW  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Virginia  "for 
the  advancement  of  manufactures  for  the  growth  of  the  colony." 

This  act  was  specially  intended  for  the  encouragement  of  the  manufacture  of 
linen  and  woollen  cloth.  Chalmers  says  "  it  was  disallowed  by  the  Committee  of 
Plantations  because  it  was  deemed  contrary  to  the  acts  of  navigation." 

1684.  —  CRANFIELD,  the  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  retired 
from  that  province. 

He  claimed  to  be  fearful  for  his  safety,  from  the  discontent'of  the  settlers,  and 
fled  to  Boston.  The  people  of  New  Hampshire  sent  agents  to  England  to  com- 
plain of  him,  and  he  asked  to  be  recalled,  "that  the  world  might  see  that  it  was 
not  him,  but  the  royal  commission  they  cavilled  at,  and  that  his  real  offence  was 
his  attempt  to  put  the  king's  commands  in  execution."  The  next  year  Deputy- 
Governor  Barefoote  was  put  in  command. 


1684-5.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

1684.  —  THE  Marquis  de  Denonville  was  sent  as  governor  to 
Canada. 

He  brought  with  him  a  further  supply  of  French  troops.  De  la  Barre  had 
made  a  fruitless  expedition  against  the  Indians.  De  Champigny  was  sent  out  as 
intendant,  to  Canada,  in  the  place  of  Meules.  He  brought  with  him  also  more 
troops.  To  raise  money  for  the  war,  bills  were  issued  payable  in  France. 

1685.  —  A  SECOND  edition  of  the  Bible,  in  the  Indian  language, 
was  issued  this  year. 

This  edition  was  revised  by  Mr.  Eliot  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cotton.  It  was  printed 
by  Green,  and  consisted  of  two  thousand  copies.  It  was  six  years  in  the  press. 
While  it  was  printing,  a  letter  from  Mr.  Eliot  to  Mr.  Boyle,  dated  1682,  says : 
"  We  have  but  one  man,  viz.,  the  Indian  printer,  that  is  able  to  compose  the  sheets 
and  correct  the  Press  with  understanding."  In  1685,  another  letter  between  the 
same  parties  acknowledges  the  receipt  of  nine  hundred  pounds,  in  three  payments, 
for  carrying  it  through  the  press.  Mr.  Eliot  gave  a  part  of  his  salary  towards 
aiding  the  printing,  and  remitted  another  part,  to  pay  Mr.  Cotton  for  his  assist- 
ance. 

1685,  OCTOBER  8.  —  A  president  and  council,  to  govern  Massa- 
chusetts, New  Hampshire,  Maine,  and  King's  Province,  were 
appointed. 

The  commission  was  composed  of  sixteen  persons,  residents  of  New  England. 
Joseph  Dudley  was  president,  and  Edward  Randolph  secretary. 

1685.  —  WRITS  of  quo  warranto  were  issued  by  the  English 
government  against  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  East  and  West 
Jersey,  and  Maryland. 

Those  for  New  England  were  intrusted  to  Edward  Randolph  to  serve.  He  had 
suggested  them.  The  following  letter  was  sent  with  the  writ  to  Rhode  Island ; 
the  writ  itself  has  been  lost.  The  letter  is  in  the  collections  of  the  R.  I.  Historical 
Society:  "London,  October  6,  1685.  Gentlemen.  This  day  was  delivered  to  my 
hand  (as  I  am  secondary  to  the  sheriff  of  London),  a  writt  of  cowarranto  ishewing 
out  of  the  Crowne  ofice  of  the  Court  of  King's  bench  at  Westminster,  against 
you  the  Govnr  and  Company  of  the  English  colony  of  the  Rhoade  Island  and  the 
providence  plantations  in  New  England  in  America,  Requiring  your  appearance 
before  his  Majesty  wheresoever  he  shall  then  be  in  Ingland,  from  the  daye  of 
Easter  in  fifteen  days  to  answer  unto  our  Lord  the  King  by  what  warrant  you  claim 
to  have  and  youse  divers  libertyes  and  franchieses  wthin  the  sd  Colony  —  vizt,  in 
the  parish  of  Saint  Michaell  Barsiesham,  London,  of  which  you  are  impeached, 
and  that  you  may  not  be  Ignorant  of  any  part  of  the  contents  of  the  sd  writt,  I 
have  in  closed  unto  you  a  true  coppia  of  the  sd  writt  (in  his  Majesty's  name 
requiring  your  appearance  to  it),  and  aquainting  you  that  in  defalte  thereof  you 
will  be  proseeded  against  to  the  outlawry,  whereby  the  libertys  and  franchises  you 
claime  and  now  Injoye  will  be  forfited  to  the  King  and  your  Charter  annulled. 
Of  this  Gents  plese  to  take  notiss,  from  your  humble  servant  (unknown)  Ri. 
Normansell." 

1685.  —  A  NEW  commission  was  sent  to  Governor  Dongan  of 
New  York. 

It  authorized  him,  with  his  council,  to  enact  laws  and  impose  taxes.  He  was 
also  specially  instructed  to  allow  no  printing. 


144  ANXALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1685-6. 

1685.  —  A  ROYAL  custom-house  was  established  at  Charleston, 
Carolina. 

The  proprietaries  sent  strict  orders  for  the  enforcement  of  the  acts  of  trade, 
but  the  people  resisted  them  so  strenuously  that  a  writ  of  quo  warrantow&s  issued 
against  the  proprietaries,  in  answer  to  which  they  proposed  to  surrender  the 
charter. 

1685.  —  IN  Maryland  the  collection  of  the  duties  met  with 
great  opposition. 

Though  Lord  Baltimore  hastened  to  England  to  prevent  it,  a  writ  of  quo  war- 
ranto  was  issued. 

1685.  —  THE  clerk  of  the  assembly  in  Virginia,  Beverley,  was 
declared  by  the  king  incapable  of  public  employment,  and  the 
governor  was  ordered  to  dissolve  the  assembly  and  appoint  a  fit 
person  for  clerk. 

Beverley  had  taken  part  with  the  people  in  their  protests  against  arbitrary  exer- 
cise of  power  by  the  government. 

1685.  —  ABOUT  this  time  William  Penn,  at  his  mansion  house, 
a  few  miles  above  Bristol,  Pennsylvania,  erected  a  malt-house,  a 
brew-bouse,  and  a  bakery,  all  under  the  same  roof. 

From  the  accounts  of  his  establishment  it  appears  that  Penn  tried  to  manufac- 
ture his  supply  of  beer,  cider,  and  wine.  His  coffee,  in  the  bean,  brought  from 
New  York,  is  charged  at  eighteen  shillings  and  nine  pence  the  pound. 

1685.  —  A  SUPERIOR  horse-mill  was  built  at  Perth  Amboy,  New 
Jersey. 

A  letter,  dated  March  9,  written  to  a  friend  in  Scotland,  and  dated  New  Perth, 
contains  the  following  notice  of  it :  "I  am  told  that  the  mill  will  be  worth  one 
hundred  pounds  a  year,  but  I  am  sure  she  will  be  better  than  fifty  of  clear  money, 
for  every  Scot's  boll  of  wheat  or  Indian  corn  payes  here  for  grinding  of  it  two 
shillings  sterling.  This  house  and  mill  stands  me  a  great  deal  of  money,  but 
there  is  none  such  in  this  country,  nor  ever  was."  He  says  also  that  the  great 
wheel  was  thirty  feet  in  diameter. 

1685.  —  The  privy  council,  in  the    dispute  concerning  their 
boundaries  between  Lord  Baltimore  and  Penn,  assigned  to  Penn 
half  the  territory  between  the  Delaware  and  the  Chesapeake, 
north  of  the  latitude  of  Cape  Henlopen. 

A  dispute  began  in  Pennsylvania  between  the  assembly,  discontented  with  its 
subordinate  position,  and  the  proprietor,  complaining  of  the  lack  of  his  receipts, 
that  he  had  not  received  even  "  the  present  of  a  skin  or  a  pound  of  tobacco." 

1686,  JUNE  3. —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  appointed  by  the 
royal  commission  the  governor  of  all  New  England. 

His  final  instructions  were  to  demand  the  charters  of  the  colonies,  and  to  pro- 
hibit printing.  Before  his  arrival,  the  collector  of  customs,  Randolph,  had 
interdicted  the  printing,  at  Boston,  of  an  almanac  without  his  permission. 

1686,  JULY  20.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  resolved  not  to 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  145 

stand  suit  with  the  king,  but  to  submit,  and  send  a  humble 
petition  to  his  Majesty,  asking  a  continuance  of  their  charter 
privileges. 

They  also  declared  it  "lawful  for  the  freemen  of  each  town  in  this  colony  to 
meet  together  and  appoint  five,  or  more  or  fewer,  days  in  the  year  for  their  assem- 
bling together,  as  the  freemen  of  each  town  shall  conclude  to  be  convenient,  for 
the  managing  the  affairs  of  their  respective  towns." 

1686,  JULY  21. —  A  special  assembly  was  convened  at  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut,  on  the  reception  of  the  writ  of  quo  warranto 
from  Edward  Randolph,  and  an  agent  was  appointed  to  carry  a 
petition  to  the  king. 

1686,  DECEMBER  20.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  arrived  in  Boston. 

His  commission  superseded  Dudley,  and  placed  him  also  in  command  of  Plym- 
outh, Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut.  Dudley  was  made  by  him  chief  justice,  and 
Randolph  soon  after  secretary.  Andros  was  brought  by  a  frigate  called  the  Rose, 
and  brought  with  him  two  companies  of  royal  troops ;  the  first  ever  stationed  in 
New  England.  It  will  be  well  to  note  here  some  of  the  acts  of  his  government 
which  made  it  so  unpopular ;  the  specific  resistance  made  to  them  will  appear  in 
their  right  places.  The  Puritan  theocracy  was  overthrown,  and  the  service  of 
Episcopacy  introduced;  public  fees  were  greatly  increased,  those  of  probate  about 
twenty-fold ;  town  governments  were  almost  abolished ;  colonies  were  made  simple 
counties  ;  land-owners  were  forced  to  great  expense  to  defend  writs  of  intrusion ; 
marriages  were  finally  forbidden  except  before  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  of  whom 
there  was  only  one  in  Massachusetts ;  passports  were  made  obligatory ;  the  Puri- 
tan form  of  the  oath,  holding  up  the  hand,  was  replaced  by  placing  the  hand  on 
the  Bible  ;  the  Quakers  and  other  dissenters  from  Puritanism  were  encouraged  in 
refusing  to  pay  taxes  for  the  support  of  the  settled  Puritan  clergy. 

1686,  DECEMBER  30.  —  The  council  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros  met 
at  Boston. 

It  consisted  of  nineteen  members.     This  was  its  first  and  last  meeting. 

1686.  —  ALBANY,  New  York,  was  given  a  city  charter  by 
Governor  Dongan. 

1686.  —  THE  assembly  in  Carolina  denied  the  authenticity  of 
a  copy  of  the  "  Grand  Model,"  which  the  governor  showed  them 
for  the  first  time. 

They  preferred  the  rough  draft  brought  over  by  the  colony.  The  refractory 
members  were  expelled. 

1686. — A  SECOND  mill  was  built  in  the  town  of  Newbury, 
Massachusetts. 

The  records  state  that  "  the  towne  being  sensible  of  the  great  want  of  another 
come  mill,"  a  committee  was  appointed  to  examine  the  most  suitable  place  or 
places  "  for  ye  setting  up  of  a  mill." 

1686.  —  JONAS  PRESCOTT  set  up  a  saw-mill  in  Groton,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

He  had  been  granted  permission  to  use  Stony  Brook  for  this  purpose,  provided 

10 


146  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1686. 

"  he  should  accommodate  the  town  with  merchantable  boards  at  sixpence  a  hun- 
dred feet  cheaper  than  they  were  sold  at  any  other  saw-mills,  and  for  town  pay, 
and  that  the  town  be  supplied  before  any  other  persons,  provided,  always,  the  saw 
mill  do  not  hinder  the  corn  mill." 

1686.  —  IN  New  York  city,  a  regulation  was  made  concerning 
the  bakers,  of  whom  there  were  twenty-four  in  the  city. 

It  was  ordered  that  they  should  be  divided  into  six  classes,  and  one  class  be 
appointed  to  serve  for  each  working-day  of  the  week.  The  population  of  the 
province  was  then  about  twenty  thousand.  The  price  of  a  white  loaf  weigh- 
ing twelve  ounces  was  fixed  two  years  before  at  six  stivers  wampum. 

1686.  —  ABOUT  this  time  fairs  were  commenced  in  the  settle- 
ments of  Pennsylvania,  for  the  purpose  of  trading. 

It  is  said  that  such  was  the  great  scarcity  of  money,  that  at  the  first  one  held 
only  ten  dollars  of  money  was  received  for  sales. 

1686.  —  A  SEMINARY  or  public  school  was  established  by  the 
Friends  in  Philadelphia. 

Its  charter  declares  that  "the  prosperity  and  welfare  of  any  people  depended 
in  a  great  measure  upon  the  good  education  of  their  youth  —  which  cannot  be 
effected  in  any  manner  so  well  as  by  erecting  public  schools  for  the  purpose  afore- 
said." George  Keith,  a  Scotch  Quaker,  was  the  first  instructor  in  this  school. 
He  was  succeeded  at  the  end  of  the  first  year  by  Thomas  Makin,  the  author  of  two 
Latin  poems  upon  Pennsylvania. 

1686.  —  JOHN  BLACKWELL,  of  Boston,  petitioned  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts,  for  himself  and  others,  for  liberty  to  start 
a  bank,  which  was  granted. 

The  Massachusetts  Archives  says  :  "And  having  perused  and  considered  a  pro- 
posall  made  to  iis  by  John  Blackwell,  of  Boston,  Esqr.  on  behalf  of  himself  and 
divers  others,  his  participants,  as  well  in  England  as  in  this  country,"  permission 
was  granted  the  "  conservatives  "  of  the  bank  to  issue  bills  on  real  and  personal 
security  and  merchandise.  In  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  A  letter  from  one  in  Boston, 
to  his  friend  in.  the  country,  in  answer  to  a  Letter  directed  to  John  Burrill  Esqr. 
1714,"  the  writer  says  :  "  Our  fathers  about  twenty-eight  years  ago  entered  into 
a  partnership  to  circulate  their  notes,  founded  on  land  security,  stamped  on  paper 
as  our  Province  bills  now  arc." 

1686.  —  A  PRINTING-PRESS  was  set  up  in  Philadelphia  by  Wil- 
liam Bradford. 

The  press  was  located  at  Schackamaxon,  now  Kensington. 

William  Bradford's  first  publication  is  said  by  some  authorities  to  have  been 
an  almanac  for  1G87,  by  Daniel  Leeds,  "  student  in  Agriculture."  There  is  a  copy 
of  it  in  the  Philadelphia  Library.  The  following  extract  from  the  Council  Book 
would  seem  to  indicate  that  an  almanac  was  printed  by  Bradford  before  this  date. 
The  extract  is  dated  "1685,  9th  day  11  month,  or  November  9th."  The  secretary 
reporting  to  the  council  that  in  "the  chronologic  of  the  Almanac  sett  forth  by 
Samuel  Atkins,  of  Philadelphia,  and  printed  by  William  Bradford,  of  the  same 
place,  there  was  these  words ;  (the  beginning  of  government  here  by  the  Lord 
Penn),  the  Council  sent  for  Samuel  Atkins,  and  ordered  him  to  blot  out  the  words 


1687-8.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  147 

Lord  Penn  ;  and  likewise  for  William  Bradford,  the  printer,  and  gave  him  charge 
not  to  print  any  thing  but  what  shall  have  lycence  from  the  Council." 

1G87,  OCTOBER  26.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  with  troops,  went  to 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  to  compel  a  surrender  of  the  charter. 

The  assembly  was  in  session,  and  sat  until  evening,  when  suddenly  the  lamps 
were  put  out,  and  on  relighting  them,  the  charter,  which  had  been  lying  on  the 
table,  had  disappeared.  It  was  then  hidden  in  a  tree,  known  thereafter  as  the 
Charter  Oak,  and  preserved  from  him.  He,  however,  took  possession  of1  the  gov- 
ernment, writing  upon  the  volume  of  the  records  his  transfer,  and  inscribing  upon 
it,  in  capitals,  the  word  Finis.  Captain  Joseph  Wadsworth  took  the  charter  and 
secreted  it. 

1687,  OCTOBER.  —  The  jurisdiction  of  the  disputed  Narragan- 
sett  territory  was  given  to  Rhode  Island,  by  Governor  Andros. 

This  was  the  territory  set  aside  as  the  King's  Province. 

1687,  NOVEMBER.  —  Governor  Andros  visited  Rhode  Island, 
and  at  Newport  demanded  the  charter,  but  as  it  could  not  be 
found,  he  broke  the  seal  of  the  state, 

The  charter  had  been  intrusted  by  Governor  Clarke  to  his  brother,  who  kept 
it  concealed.  A  new  seal  was  made  as  soon  as  it  was  needed. 

1687.  —  THIS  year  there  were  six  churches  of  baptized  Indiana 
in  Massachusetts,  twenty-four  native  preachers,  and  eighteen 
assemblies  of  catechumens  professing  Christianity. 

1687.  —  BRICKS  and  pan-tyles  paid  a  duty  on  importation  into 
New  York  of  forty  shillings  on  the  hundred  pounds'  worth. 

1687.  —  THE  Baron  la  Honton  visited  Niagara. 

1687.  —  A  NEW  assembly  in  Carolina  proved  more  refractory 
than  the  last. 

The  freemen,  it  is  said,  chose  "  such  members  as  engaged  to  oppose  the  gover- 
nor in  all  things."  The  attempt  being  made  to  collect  the  quit-rents,  the  assembly 
imprisoned  the  secretary  of  the  province,  and  set  the  governor  at  defiance. 

1687.  —  AN  army  from  Canada  proceeded  against  the  Indians. 

It  consisted  of  eight  hundred  French  regulars,  a  thousand  Canadian  troops,  and 
three  hundred  friendly  Indians.  They  built  a  fort  at  Niagara,  and  ravaged  the 
country  of  the  Seneca  Indians. 

1688,  APRIL  7.  —  A  new  commission  was  sent  to  Sir  Edmund 
Andros,  extending  his  government  over  all  New  England,  and 
annexing  New  York  and  the  Jerseys. 

He  was  given  a  council  of  forty-two  persons.  Five  were  to  be  a  quorum  in 
certain  cases,  and  seven  at  any  time.  Liberty  of  conscience  was  permitted,  but 
the  freedom  of  the  press  was  subject  to  the  will  of  Andros. 

1688,  JULY  5.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  received  his  new  com- 
mission, and  moved  his  headquarters  to  New  York. 

1688.  —  THE  price  in  Philadelphia  for  spinning  worsted  or 


148  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1688-9. 

linen  was  two  shillings  the  pound,  and  for  knitting  coarse  yarn 
stockings,  half  a  crown  a  pair.  For  weaving  linen  half  a  yard 
wide,  twelve  pence  a  yard.  Wool  carders  were  paid  twelve 
pence  a  pound,  and  journeymen  tailors,  twelve  shillings  a  week 
and  "  their  diet." 

1688.  —  MR.  CLAYTON,  in  a  letter  of  this  date  to  the  Royal 
Society,  speaks  of  the  superior  quality  of  the  clay  found  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  says  he  had  made  a  large  crucible  of  it,  which  was  the 
best  he  had  ever  seen. 

He  mentions  also  the  pipes  and  pots,  very  handsomely  made,  by  the  Indians, 
out  of  clay. 

1688.  —  THE  King's  Chapel,  the  first  Episcopal  church,  was 
built  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1688.  —  THE  discontent  in  Virginia  increased.  The  governor, 
Effingham,  went  to  England,  and  the  assembly  sent  an  agent  there 
to  complain  of  his  conduct. 

During  Effingham's  absence,  the  president  of  the  council,  Nathaniel  Bacon, 
administered  the  government. 

1688.  —  TflElroquois  made  peace  with  the  French,  who  aban- 
doned their  fort  and  surrendered  the  prisoners  they  had  made. 

Some  of  their  Indian  prisoners  had  been  shipped  to  France  to  serve  in  the 


1689.  —  A  "NEWS  PLACARD,"  a  sheet  to  be  posted  up,  giving 
the  news,  is  said  to  have  been  printed  this  year  in  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

1689. —  A  RELIGIOUS  controversy,  which  became  very  acri- 
monious, began  between  the  Quakers  of  Pennsylvania  and  the 
settlers  of  New  England. 

It  began  by  a  tract  written  by  George  Keith,  of  Philadelphia,  and  printed  by 
William  Bradford,  arraigning  the  ministers  and  churches  of  New  England  for  their 
persecution  of  the  Quakers. 

1689. —  Six  years  after  its  settlement,  Philadelphia  contained 
one  thousand  houses,  and  freighted  ten  ships  for  the  West  Indies 
alone,  with  the  produce  of  the  province.  About  this  time  four- 
teen cargoes  of  tobacco  were  exported  in  a  year. 

1689.  —  A  PUBLIC  high  school  was  established  in  Philadelphia 
and  chartered  by  Penn. 

1689.  —  THE  three  lower  counties  on  the  Delaware  began  to 
question  the  authority  by  which  they  had  been  transferred  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  Pennsylvania. 

1689.  —  COLETON,  the  governor  of  Carolina,  declared  martial 
law,  and  called  out  the  militia. 

1689,  APRIL  18.  —  News  having  been  received  at  Boston  of 


ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  149 

the  successful  revolution  in  England  and  the  flight  of  King  James, 
a  meeting  was  held  at  the  town  house,  and  Governor  Andros  was 
summoned  to  surrender  the  government. 

Captain  George  of  the  frigate  Rose  was  seized  and  put  in  prison,  and  the  next 
day  the  castle  surrendered.  Twenty-five  officers  of  the  government  were  im- 
prisoned. 

1689,  APRIL  23. —  The  news  reached  Rhode  Island,  and 
Dudley,  the  chief  justice,  was  seized  and  imprisoned. 

1689,  MAY  1.  —  The  freemen  of  Rhode  Island  met  at  Newport 
and  resumed  the  government  under  the  charter. 

An  address  was  prepared  to  "the  present  supreme  power  of  England,"  stating 
what  had  been  done,  and  praying  that  it  might  be  confirmed. 

1689,  MAY  9.  —  The  assembly  of  Connecticut  was  convened 
and  the  charter  resumed. 

1689,  MAY  22.  —  In  Massachusetts,  a  convention  of  representa- 
tives from  the  towns  was  held,  and  it  was  voted  to  reorganize  the 
government  with  the  same  officers  who  had  been  superseded. 

Plymouth  had  before  resumed  its  government.  The  officers  in  Massachusetts 
accepted  provisionally,  saying  they  did  "not  intend  an  assumption  of  charter 
government." 

1689,  MAY  23.  —  The  council  in  Virginia  proclaimed  William 
and  Mary  "  Lord  and  Lady  of  Virginia." 

They  did  so  only  after  orders  were  received  from  the  privy  council  of  England. 

1689,  MAY  26.  — The  news  was  received  at  Boston  that  William 
and  Mary  had  ascended  the  throne. 

As  the  news  spread,  the  new  dynasty  was  proclaimed  throughout  New  England. 

1689,  JUNE  1.  —  An  insurrection  of  the  people  in  New  York 
city  captured  the  fort,  and  the  militia,  consisting  of  five  com- 
panies, making  their  captain,  Jacob  Leisler,  commander,  agreed 
to  hold  the  fort  "  for  the  present  Protestant  power  that  rules  in 
England." 

The  Protestant  sentiment  of  the  people  was  greatly  excited  by  a  rumor  of  a 
plot,  by  the  adherents  of  James  II.  to  massacre  those  opposed  to  Catholicism.  A 
committee  of  safety,  consisting  of  ten  members,  Dutch,  Huguenot,  and  English, 
made  Leisler  "captain  of  the  fort,"  and  authorized  him  "to  use  the  power  and 
authority  of  commander-in-chief  until  orders  shall  come  from  their  majesties ;" 
meanwhile  "to  do  all  such  acts  as  are  requisite  for  the  good  of  the  province, 
taking  council  with  the  militia  and  civil  authority  as  occasion  may  require."  A 
deputation  from  Connecticut  promised  aid,  and  advised  persistence.  Leisler 
wrote  to  the  king  an  account  of  his  proceedings,  and  Nicholson,  the  governor, 
left  the  province  for  England.  The  members  of  the  council  retired  to  Albany, 
where  they  claimed  to  be  the  only  true  government,  denounced  Leisler  as  an  "  arch 
rebel,"  and  professed  loyalty  to  the  new  sovereigns  in  England. 

1689.  —  ALBANY,  fearing  an  attack  from  the  Indians,  had  asked 


150  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1689. 

aid  from  New  York,  which  Leisler  sent,  but  the  council  refused 
to  receive  it,  and  asked  aid  from  Connecticut,  which  was  given. 

1689,  JULY  30.  —  An  order  was  issued  from  the  English  gov- 
ernment, requiring  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts  to  send  Sir 
Edmund  Andros  and  the  rest  of  the  prisoners  to  England  by  the 
first  vessel. 

Sir  Edmund  Andros  escaped  from  the  castle  in  which  he  was  imprisoned,  and 
fled  to  Newport,  where  he  was  captured  and  sent  back  to  Boston,  and  again  im- 
prisoned. The  order  from  England  had  been  obtained  from  William  III.  by  the 
representations  of  Increase  Mather,  who  had  before  the  revolution  gone  to  Eng- 
land to  represent  the  cause  of  the  colony. 

1689,  AUGUST.  —  The  Iroquois  broke  their  peace  with  the 
French,  and  surprising  Montreal,  spread  terror  all  over  Canada. 

About  two  hundred  of  the  inhabitants  were  killed  and  as  many  carried  off  as 
captives.  The  population  of  Canada  amounted  at  this  time  to  about  eleven  thou- 
sand persons,  and  was  scattered  sparsely  over  an  immense  territory.  While  the 
head-waters  of  the  rivers  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  were  wholly  unexplored,  and 
much  of  the  coast  itself  was  unvisited,  the  fur  traders  and  missionaries  of  the 
French  had  explored  the  lakes  of  the  West,  the  Mississippi  in  its  entire  length, 
and  many  of  its  tributaries.  The  population  of  Acadie  did  not  exceed  two  thou- 
sand, none  of  the  settlements  being  much  more  than  trading  stations.  The 
Indians  were,  however,  entirely  under  French  influence,  and  added  much  to  their 
strength. 

1689,  AUGUST.  —  A  convention  in  Maryland  deposed  Lord  Bal- 
timore, and  proclaimed  William  and  Mary. 

It  was  called  by  an  "  association  in  arms  for  the  defence  of  the  Protestant 
religion."  All  the  counties  were  not  represented.  A  story  had  been  circulated 
that  the  Papists  were  in  league  with  the  Indians  to  massacre  the  Protestants. 
The  council  had  delayed  to  proclaim  the  new  sovereigns.  Lord  Baltimore  sent 
orders  to  do  so  by  a  special  messenger,  who  arrived  after  the  insurrection  had 
successfully  established  itself.  The  convention  sent  an  address  to  the  new  sover- 
eigns, and  a  letter  to  Leisler,  at  New  York. 

1689.  —  CIRCULAR  letters  were  sent  from  England  to  the  colo- 
nies, confirming  the  authority  of  colonial  officers  holding  com- 
missions from  the  late  king. 

Under  this  the  revolutionary  government  in  Maryland  retained  command  for 
three  years.  Later,  a  letter  to  New  York,  addressed  to  "such  as,  for  the  time 
being,  administer  affairs,"  was  received  by  Leisler,  and  under  it  he  assumed  the 
title  of  lieutenant-governor,  arrested  his  chief  opponents,  and  called  an  assembly. 

1689,  OCTOBER. —  Count  Frontenac  arrived  in  Canada  as  gov- 
ernor. 

He  had  been  recommissioned,  and  brought  with  him  troops,  supplies,  and  such 
Indian  captives  as  had  survived  the  galleys,  and  a  plan  for  conquering  and  occu- 
pying New  York.  While  he  advanced  by  land,  the  Chevalier  de  la  Coffiniere  was 
to  attack  it  by  sea.  The  garrison  had  retired  from  Fort  Frontenac,  after  burning 
the  fort.  Three  war  parties  were  soon  sent  out. 


1690.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  151 

1690.  —  THE  whale-fishery  was  commenced  on  a  large  scale  in 
Nantucket. 

From  the  earliest  period  of  the  settlement  of  the  country  this  branch  of  fishing 
had  been  practised  near  the  shore  in  small  boats,  but  in  this  year  the  first  distant 
voyage  for  this  specific  purpose  was  made  from  this  port. 

Ichabod  Paddock,  from  Cape  Cod,  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  man  in  Nan- 
tucket  who  captured  a  whale  in  a  boat  from  the  shore.  He  did  so  this  year. 

1690.  —  BERWICK,  Maine,  was  assaulted  by  the  Indiana,  who 
killed  thirty  of  the  settlers,  carried  off  fifty-four  captives,  and 
burned  all  the  buildings. 

The  Indians  were  one  of  Frontenac's  parties. 

1690.  —  POUGHKEEPSIE,  on  the  Hudson  River,  was  settled  by 
Dutch  families  from  New  York  city. 

In  1778  the  legislature  was  convened  at  Poughkeepsie  by  Governor  Clinton, 
which  gave  its  assent  to  the  articles  of  confederation ;  and  here,  on  July  26,  1788, 
the  national  constitution  was  ratified  by  the  state  convention  assembled  for  the 
purpose.  In  1854  a  city  charter  was  granted  the  town.  There  are  large  iron- 
works established  here,  various  factories,  aiidVassar's  brewery  works,  from  which 
over  thirty  thousand  barrels  of  ale  a  year  are  sent. 

1690,  FEBRUARY.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  sent  from  Boston, 
as  a  prisoner,  to  England  for  trial. 

The  charges  against  Andros  were  prepared  by  Sir  Henry  Ashurst,  Increase 
Mather,  and  others,  and  were  answered  by  him.  A  copy  of  the  charges,  and  the 
reply,  are  in  the  State  Paper  Office  in  London.  The  charges  were  dismissed  by 
William  III.  on  the  ground  of  insufficiency;  that  Andros  had  done  nothing  which 
his  instructions  did  not  fully  warrant. 

1690,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  The  Indians  from  Canada  attacked  and 
slaughtered  the  settlement  at  Schenectady.  A  few  inhabitants 
escaped  and  fled  to  Albany. 

This  massacre  produced  .a  great  excitement  throughout  all  the  colonies,  and 
made  the  necessity  of  union  for  their  defence  more  apparent.  The  Five  Nations 
sent  a  delegation  of  their  chiefs  to  Albany  on  a  visit  of  condolence.  "  Bretheren," 
they  said,  "we  come  with  tears  in  our  eyes  to  bemoan  the  blood  shed  at  Schenec- 
tady by  the  perfidious  French.  Bretheren,  be  patient.  Send  to  New  England. 
Tell  them  what  has  happened.  They  will  lend  us  a  helping  hand." 

1690,  MARCH  19.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  sent 
out  an  invitation  to  the  other  colonies  to  meet  and  take  measures 
for  their  defence.  This  was  the  first  call  for  a  general  congress 
in  America. 

The  order  was  thus  entered:  "Their  majestys'  subjects  in  these  northern 
plantations  of  America  having  of  late  been  invaded  by  the  Frcncli  and  Indians, 
and  many  of  them  barbarously  murdered,  and  are  in  great  danger  of  further 
mischiefs  :  For  the  prevention  whereof,  it  is  by  this  court  thought  necessary  that 
letters  be  written  to  the  several  governors  of  the  neighbouring  colonies,  desiring 
them  to  appoint  commissioners  to  meet  at  New  York  on  the  last  Monday  of  April 
next,  there  to  advise  and  conclude  on  suitable  methods  in  assisting  each  other  for 


152  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1690. 

the  safety  of  the  whole  land,  and  that  the  governor  of  New  York  be  desired  to 
signify  the  same  to  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  parts  adjacent." 

1690,  APRIL  2.  —  Jacob  Leisler,  then  acting  as  governor  of  New 
York,  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  the  governors,  and  on  the 
1st  of  May  the  delegates  from  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Connecti- 
cut, and  New  York  met,  and  agreed  to  raise  eight  hundred  and 
fifty-five  men. 

The  delegates  from  Massachusetts  were  William  Steughton  and  Samuel  Sewall ; 
from  Connecticut,  Nathaniel  Gold  and  William  Pitkin;  from  Plymouth,  John 
Walley ;  from  New  York,  Jacob  Leisler  and  P.  D.  Lanoy,  the  mayor  of  the  city. 
The  agreement  provided  for  the  contingent  to  be  furnished  by  each  of  the  colo- 
nies ;  the  major  commanding  the  force  to  be  appointed  by  the  lieutenant-governor 
of  New  York,  and  the  next  in  command  by  the  colonies  of  Massachusetts,  Plym- 
outh, and  Connecticut.  That  "all  plunder  and  capture  (if  any  happen)  shall  be 
divided  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  according  to  the  custom  of  war."  That  the 
major  and  the  rest  of  the  commissioned  officers  should  form  a  council  of  war. 
That  the  soldiers  sent  out  should  be  employed  in  no  other  service  than  this, 
without  the  further  consent  of  the  colonies.  That  the  "officers  be  required  to 
maintain  good  order  among  the  soldiers,  to  discountenance  and  punish  vice,  and 
as  much  as  may  be  to  keep  the  Sabbath  and  maintain  the  worship  of  God."  The 
resolve  to  attack  Canada  was  the  result  of  the  meeting. 

1690,  AUGUST  2.  —  The  law  officers  of  the  crown  rendered  an 
opinion  that  the  charter  of  Connecticut  having  been  not  revoked, 
but  suspended,  remaiued  still  in  full  force. 

This  opinion  was  also  given  later  concerning  Rhode  Island,  and  this  decision 
justified  the  resumption  of  the  government  by  both  colonies. 

1690,  AUGUST  12.  —  An  expedition,  under  Sir  William  Phipps, 
sailed  from  Boston  to  conquer  Canada. 

It  consisted  of  thirty-two  vessels,  and  was  defeated  at  Quebec.  To  pay  the 
expenses  of  this  expedition,  the  first  issue  of  bills  of  credit  was  made.  Earlier  in 
the  year,  Phipps  had  commanded  an  expedition  which  captured  Port  Royal  and 
pillaged  the  country.  The  land  forces  to  attack  Montreal  were  equally  unsuccess- 
ful. 

1690,  SEPTEMBER  25.  —  The  first  newspaper  in  America  was 
issued  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  by  Richard  Pierce.  It  was 
suppressed  by  the  legislature,  because  "  it  came  out  contrary  to 
law,  and  contained  reflections  of  a  very  high  nature." 

The  only  copy  of  the  first  number  of  this  issue  which  is  known  to  exist  was 
found  some  years  ago  in  the  Colonial  State  Paper  Office  in  London.  It  bears  the 
following  date  and  imprint :  "  Boston,  Thursday,  September  25th,  1690.  Printed 
by  R.  Pierce  for  Benjamin  Harris,  at  the  London  Coffee  House,  1690."  The 
Publisher  promises  that  the  country  "  shall  be  furnished  once  a  moneth,  (or,  if  a 
Glut  of  Occurences  happen,  oftener,)  with  an  Account  of  such  considerable 
things  as  have  occurred  unto  our  notice ;  to  give  a  faithful  relation  of  all  such 
things ;  to  enlighten  the  public  as  to  the  occurrents  of  Divine  Providence,"  the 
circumstances  of  public  affairs  at  home  and  abroad ;  to  attempt  the  curing,  or  at 
least  the  charming  of  the  spirit  of  lying  then  prevalent ;  and  to  aid  in  tracing 
out  and  convicting  the  raisers  of  false  reports.  It  gives  a  summary  of  current 


1690-1.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  153 

events,  of  the  departure  of  the  expedition  under  Sir  Wm.  Phipps  for  Canada ;  of 
the  ravages  of  the  small-pox,  and  a  malignant  fever  at  Boston ;  of  a  fire  there  on 
the  l(5th  and  17th  which  burned  several  houses,  caused  one  death,  and  destroyed 
the  "  best  furnished  Printing  Press  of  those  few  we  know  of  in  America."  It 
mentions  the  capture  of  St.  Christopher  by  the  French,  and  the  landing  of  King 
William  in  Ireland  at  the  head  of  an  army,  together  with  other  items  of  news. 
This  entire  paper  is  reprinted  in  Hudson's  Journalism  in  the  United  States. 

Benjamin  Harris,  who  published  this  paper,  was  a  printer  and  bookseller  from 
London,  where  the  discontent  of  the  authorities  with  Ids  publications  caused  him 
to  go  to  Boston,  in  New  England.  He  subsequently  moved  from  the  London 
Codec  House  to  Cornhill,  where  he  operated  a  press  chiefly  for  booksellers.  In 
1G92  he  had  a  commission  from  Governor  Phipps  to  print  the  laws. 

1690,  OCTOBER  29.  —  The  small-pox  broke  out  in  Newport, 
Rhode  Island. 

It  was  so  virulent  that  the  assembly  was  not  held  there  this  year. 

1690.  —  THK  six  councillors  from  the  three  southern  counties 
of  Pennsylvania  seceded,  and  set  up  an  independent  government 
for  themselves. 

William  Penn  finally  consented  to  it,  and  appointed  Markham  his  deputy  for 
the  Delaware  counties,  and  Lloyd  his  deputy  for  Pennsylvania.  Early  the  next 
year  Penn  himself  was,  by  an  order  of  the  privy  council  in  England,  deprived  of 
his  administration  of  both  these  provinces. 

1690.  —  SAMUEL  GREEN,  a  son  of  the  superintendent  of  the 
first  press  at  Cambridge,  and  his  wife,  who  was  a  most  efficient 
aid  to  him  in  his  business  of  printing,  died  of  the  small-pox  in 
Boston,  and  his  brother,  Bartholomew  Green,  commenced  the 
business. 

Bartholomew  Green  was  for  about  forty  years  the  printer  for  the  government, 
and  the  leading  publisher  in  Boston. 

1690.  —  THIS  year,  in  New  York,  a  number  of  the  London 
Gazette,  it  is  said,  was  reprinted  in  order  to  give  the  public  infor- 
mation of  the  events  which  had  transpired. 

This  copy  of  the  Gazette  is  said  to  have  contained  an  account  of  an  engage- 
ment with  the  French.  It  is,  however,  quite  problematical  whether  this  is  true, 
since  at  this  time  there  is  no  record  of  the  existence  of  a  printing-press  in  New 
York  city. 

1690,  DECEMBER.  —  The  first  issue  of  paper  money  was  made 
by  Massachusetts. 

It  was  to  pay  the  expense  incurred  for  the  expedition  against  Canada.  Until 
1704  the  issue  was  cancelled  each  year,  each  issue  being  considered  a  loan  for  its 
amount.  The  notes  ranged  from  five  shillings  to  five  pounds,  and  the  amount 
issued  was  forty  thousand  pounds.  They  were  receivable  for  taxes,  and  redeem- 
able out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury. 

1691,  MARCH.  —  Colonel  Henry  Sloughter  arrived  at  New  York 
with  a  commission  as  governor  from  William  III. 


154  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1691. 

An  independent  company  of  English  soldiers  was  sent  over  at  the  same  time, 
for  the  defence  of  the  province.  Sloughter  caused  the  arrest  of  Leisler  and  his 
council  for  high  treason. 

1691,  APRIL.  —  William  III.  granted  a  charter  to  a  college  in 
Virginia. 

It  was  intended  to  educate  ministers  for  the  Church  of  England,  and  also  for 
the  education  of  the  Indians.  The  college  was  provided  with  a  president,  six 
professors,  and  a  hundred  scholars,  more  or  less,  who  had  a  representative  in  the 
House  of  Burgesses.  It  was  under  the  control  of  a  rector  and  eighteen  visitors, 
who  filled  their  own  vacancies.  The  king  granted  quit-rents,  unpaid,  amounting 
to  two  thousand  pounds,  twenty  thousand  acres  of  land,  a  duty  on  tobacco,  and 
the  office  of  surveyor-general,  while  the  assembly  granted  it  a  duty  on  skins  and 
furs. 

1691,  MAY  16.  —  Jacob  Leisler  and  his  son-in-law,  Jacob  Mil- 
borne,  were  hanged,  and  their  heads  then  severed  from  their 
bodies. 

Jacob  Leisler  was  a  native  of  Frankfort,  Germany,  and  emigrated  as  a  soldier 
to  New  Amsterdam  in  1660.  Soon  commencing  business  as  a  merchant,  he  was 
successful,  and  in  1683  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  of  a  court  of 
admiralty.  A  hearty  supporter  of  the  cause  of  popular  rights  against  the  aristo- 
cratic tendency  of  the  rulers  then  in  authority,  lie  was  imprisoned  by  Andros. 
When  the  popular  movement  overthrew  the  government  established  by  James  II., 
Leisler  accepted  the  position  of  lieutenant-governor  from  a  "committee  of 
safety,"  composed  of  delegates  from  the  several  towns  and  the  city.  His  admin- 
istration was  rigorous.  The  opposition  pursued  him  with  rancor,  and  finally  a 
special  court,  of  which  Joseph  Dudley,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  judge, 
tried  him  for  treason,  and  sentenced  him,  with  his  son-in-law,  Jacob  Milborne, 
to  death.  On  the  scaffold  he  ended  his  remarks  by  saying:  "I  am  a  dying  man, 
and  do  declare  before  God  and  the  world  that  what  I  have  done  was  for  King 
William  and  Queen  Mary,  for  the  defence  of  the  Profestant  religion,  and  the  good 
of  the  country.  I  am  ready  —  I  am  ready."  Increase  Mather,  in  a  letter  to 
Dudley,  the  judge  who  condemned  him,  written  January  20,  1708,  says:  "I  am 
afraid  that  the  guilt  of  innocent  blood  is  still  crying  in  the  ears  of  the  Lord 
against  you ;  I  mean  the  blood  of  Leisler  and  Milborne.  My  Lord  Bellamont 
said  to  me  that  he  was  one  of  the  committee  of  parliament  who  examined  the 
matter,  and  that  those  men  were  not  only  murdered,  but  barbarously  murdered." 
The  dying  speeches  of  Leisler  and  Milborne  are  in  the  Documentary  History  of 
New  York.  The  Privy  Council  recommended  their  estates  to  be  restored,  and 
Parliament  subsequently  reversed  their  attainder  for  treason. 

1691,  AUGUST  6.  —  The  governor  and  council  of  New  York,  in 
a  petition  to  the  king,  advocated  the  union  of  the  colonies. 

They  said:  "There  can  be  nothing  in  America  more  conducive  to  your 
majesty's  dignity  and  advantage,  and  for  the  safety  of  your  majesty's  subjects 
upon  this  continent,  than  that  Connecticut,  East  and  West  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  three  lower  counties  (Delaware),  here-annexed  to  your  Majesty's 
province  (New  York),  which  will  then  be  a  government  of  sufficient  extent." 

1691,  OCTOBER  7. — The  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay  was 


1691.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  155 

incorporated  by  a  charter  issued  by  William  and  Mary,  with  Sir 
William  Phipps  as  governor. 

By  its  terms  this  charter  covered  the  following  territory :  The  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  the  colony  of  New  Plymouth,  the  province  of  Maine,  the  territory 
called  Acadia,  Nova  Scotia,  and  all  that  tract  of  land  called  Sagadahoc,  lying 
between  Nova  Scotia  and  Maine.  Westward,  it  extended  towards  the  South  Sea 
as  far  as  the  colonies  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  and  the  Narragansett 
country.  The  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  secretary,  were  appointed  by 
the  crown.  The  governor  had  a  veto  on  the  acts  of  the  general  court,  the  repre- 
sentatives of  which  were  elected  by  the  people,  while  the  councillors,  for  the  first 
year  nominated  by  the  crown,  were  yearly  elected  afterwards  by  the  representa- 
tives and  the  previous  council.  A  superior  court  was  established  from  which 
appeals  lay  to  the  king  in  council.  Toleration  was  given  to  all  sects  but  papists. 
The  right  of  suffrage  was  given  to  all  possessors  of  a  freehold  of  forty  shillings, 
or  personal  property  of  forty  pounds. 

1691.  —  THE  first  assembly  convened  in  New  York  after  the 
Eevolution  consisted  of  seventeen  delegates. 

Its  acts  stand  first  in  the  series  of  New  York  statutes,  the  Dutch  usages  being 
now  abandoned.  One  of  its  acts  was  the  repeal  of  all  former  laws.  The  king 
vetoed  a  statute  declaring  the  right  of  the  people  to  legislate  through  an  assembly ; 
but  the  assembly  was  not  consequently  abandoned. 

1691.  — UNDER  the  authority  of  the  act  passed  in  1684,  all  the 
flour  not  bolted  in  New  York  city  was  ordered  to  be  seized. 

This  year  a  petition  was  sent  to  the  king,  as  follows:  "The  humble  address 
of  the  Governor  and  Council  of  your  Majesty's  Province  of  New  Yorke  and  De- 
pendencys,  August  6th,  1691,"  in  which  it  was  stated:  "New  Yorke  is  the 
Metropolis,  is  scituate  upon  a  barren  island,  bounded  by  Hudson's  River  and  the 
East  River,  that  runs  into  the  Sound,  and  hath  nothing  to  support  it  but  trade, 
which  chiefly  flows  from  flower  and  bread  they  make  of  the  corne  the  west  end 
of  Long  Island,  and  Zopus  (Esopus)  produceth,  which  is  sent  to  the  West  Indies; 
and  there  is  brought  in  return  from  thence  a  liquor  called  Runime,  the  duty 
whereof  considerably  increaseth  your  Majestie's  revenue." 

1691.  —  AN  act  of  the  assembly  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia 
was  passed  this  year  to  encourage  the  making  of  "  engines  for 
the  propagating  the  Staples  of  the  Colony." 

1691.  —  THE  assembly  in  Virginia  appointed  searchers  and 
examiners  of  leather. 

A  special  colonial  treasurer  was  created  to  receive  the  tax  on  liquors  imported, 
and  that  on  furs. 

1691.  —  COLONEL  CHURCH  led  an  expedition  against  the  East- 
Indians. 

He  destroyed  an  Indian  village  at  the  site  of  Lewiston,  Maine,  on  the  Andros- 
jgin.  putting  a  number  of  captives  to  death  without  regard  to  age  or  sex. 

1691,  NOVEMBER.  —  Port  Royal  was  recaptured  by  the  French. 

An  armed  ship  from  France,  commanded  by  Villebon,  captured  it.  Villebon 
established  himself  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's,  and  supplied  the  Eastern 
Indians  with  arms  and  ammunition. 


156  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1692. 

1692,  MAY  14.  —  Sir  William  Phipps  arrived  at  Boston,  and 
entered  upon  his  duties  as  governor. 

1692,  JULY  2.  —  Sir  William  Phipps  wrote  to  Rhode  Island, 
requiring  by  his  commission  the  command  of  the  militia  of  that 
colony  to  be  given  him,  and  asking  a  statement  of  their  numbers 
to  be  sent  him. 

He  soon  after  sent  commissions  to  be  distributed,  by  which  those  holding 
positions  were  displaced.  The  assembly  was  convened  August  2,  and  ordered 
the  present  officers  to  hold  their  positions,  and  prepared  an  address  to  the  king. 
During  the  winter,  Phipps  came  to  Rhode  Island,  and  read  his  commission  to  the 
governor,  who  replied,  that  if  the  assembly  had  any  further  reply  to  make,  he 
would  write  it. 

1692.  —  THE  persecution  of  witchcraft  culminated  this  year. 
Sir  William  Phipps,  by  the  advice  of  his  council,  organized  a 
special  court  for  the  trial  of  the  accused. 

By  the  organization  of  the  superior  court,  the  special  one  for  witch  trials  was 
superseded.  The  general  court  having  by  an  act  made  witchcraft  a  capital 
offence,  the  king  vetoed  it,  and,  after  more  than  twenty  persons  had  been  exe- 
cuted, despite  the  efforts  of  the  Mathers  and  other  ministers  to  sustain  the  excite- 
ment, public  opinion  prevailed,  and  there  were  no  more  convictions. 

1692.  —  AN  ordinance  was  issued  by  Charles  II.  of  Spain, 
makiug^it  a  capital  offence  for  any  foreigner  to  enter  the  Spanish 
possessions  without  a  royal  permit. 

Even  Spaniards  were  forbidden,  under  severe  penalties,  from  visiting  other 
than  their  own  country.  Ships  putting  into  ports  in  distress  were  confiscated. 
The  inhabitants  of  different  provinces  were  forbidden  any  intercourse  with  each 
other,  and  trade  of  all  kinds  was  subjected  to  burdensome  taxes,  everything  sold 
being  subject  to  a  duty.  To  enforce  this  ordinance,  a  guard  of  vessels  was  organ- 
iz2d  along  the  coast  of  the  Spanish  possessions,  and  the  rigor  with  which  it  per- 
formed its  duty  was  one  of  the  chief  causes  why  the  Spanish  commerce  from 
America  came  to  be  considered  almost  as  a  free  field  for  the  adventurers  of  other 
nations  to  gather  plunder  in. 

1692,  SEPTEMBER.  —  Benjamin  Fletcher  was  sent  as  governor 
of  New  York. 

1692.  —  A  ROYAL  letter  was  sent  to  all  the  colonies,  except 
Carolina,  ordering  them  to  aid  in  the  defence  of  New  York 
against  the  Indians  of  Canada. 

A  colonial  congress  for  arranging  the  quotas  was  also  suggested. 

1692,  OCTOBER.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Virginia  as  the  successor  of  Effingham. 

The  assembly  of  Virginia,  before  the  accession  of  Andros,  passed  acts  for 
"the  more  effectual  suppressing  the  several  sins  and  offenses  of  swearing,  curs- 
ing, profaning  God's  holy  name,  Sabbath  abusing,  drunkenness,  fornication  and 
adultery."  They  were  most  of  them  punished  with  fines  of  various  amounts,  one 
third  of  which  was  given  the  informer,  one  third  to  the  church  of  the  parish,  and 
one  third  to  the  minister.  Resisting  runaway  slaves  were  to  be  killed  "  by  guns, 


1692-3.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  157 

or  any  other  way  whatsoever,"  the  master  in  such  cases  receiving  from  the  public 
four  thousand  pounds  of  tobacco.  Any  white  man  or  woman  intermarrying  with 
a  negro,  mulatto,  or  Indian,  was  to  be  banished.  White  women  having  mulatto 
children  without  marriage,  to  pay  fifteen  pounds  sterling,  or  to  be  sold  for  five 
years,  the  child  to  be  bound  as  a  servant  until  thirty  years  old.  No  slave  was  to 
be  freed  unless  the  person  giving  him  his  freedom  should  within  six  months  pay 
the  cost  of  his  transportation  out  of  the  country.  Guilty  slaves  were  to  be  tried 
by  a  commission  issued  by  the  governor,  "without  the  solemnity  of  a  jury." 
Owners  were  responsible  for  the  damage  done  by  slaves  ' '  where  there  is  no 
Christian  overseer." 

1692. —  GEORGE  KEITH,  in  Philadelphia,  having  charged  the 
Friends  with  a  departure  from  their  pacific  principles  by  aiding 
in  the  capture  of  a  privateer,  a  contest  arose  in  which  Bradford, 
who  had  printed  his  pamphlets,  became  involved,  and  his  press 
and  materials  were  seized,  and  he,  with  McComb,  the  publisher, 
imprisoned,  but  released  after  the  trial. 

1692.  —  THE  town  of  York,  Maine,  contracted  with  a  person  in 
Portsmouth  to  erect  a  grist-mill  for  them,  giving  a  grant  of  the 
land  necessary,  the  use  of  the  stream,  a  plot  of  ground  with  cer- 
tain privileges  for  cutting  lumber,  and  agreeing  that  the  towns- 
people should  carry  their  grain  to  be  ground  there  as  long  as  the 
mill  was  kept  in  repair. 

1692.  —  A  ROYAL  commission  provided  for  New  Hampshire, 
that  a  governor,  a  council,  and  a  house  of  representatives  should 
be  elected  by  the  towns. 

They  were  to  form  two  bodies,  sitting  separately,  and  acting  as  co-ordinate 
branches. 

1692.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  an  order 
requiring  buildings  of  a  certain  size  to  be  of  stone  or  brick,  and 
to  be  covered  with  slates  or  tiles. 

1692. — WILLIAM  COPLEY  was  sent  to  Maryland  with  a  com- 
mission as  governor. 

An  assembly  repealed  the  laws  in  existence,  and  enacted  a  new  code.  The 
Church  of  England  was  established  by  law.  The  province  was  divided  into  thirty 
parishes,  and  every  tithable  taxed  forty  pounds  of  tobacco  for  the  support  of  the 
parish  ministers. 

1693,  JANUARY.  —  The  town  book  of  Waterbury,  Connecticut, 
contains  an  order  that  "  thare  was  sequesterd  the  great  brook 
from  edman  Scots  lot  down  to  Samuell  hickox,  Jr.  lot  for  to  build 
a  fulling  mill." 

There  is  no  evidence  that  a  mill  was  built  there  before  1728,  or  1730. 

1693,  FEBRUARY  17.  —  A  royal  patent  was  granted  to  Thomas 
Neale,  for  the  period  of  twenty-one  years,  to  establish  post  routes 
in  America. 

He  authorized  Andrew  Hamilton  to  carry  out  the  work.     He  arranged  the 


158  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1693. 

routes,  and  proposed  to  the  Massachusetts  government,  March  30,  to  establish  a 
weekly  mail  from  Boston  to  Virginia. 

1693,  APRIL.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  authorized  rates  of 
postage,  and  the  establishment  of  a  post-office  in  each  county. 

The  act  mentioned  the  patent  to  Thomas  Neale. 

1693,  JUNE  9.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  accepted  the 
proposed  plan  of  a  weekly  mail  to  Virginia,  and  the  council 
agreed  to  it. 

The  rate  was  sixpence  for  a  single  letter  from  Boston  to  Rhode  Island,  nine 
pence  to  Connecticut,  a  shilling  to  New  York,  fifteen  pence  to  Pennsylvania,  and 
two  shillings  to  Maryland  and  Virginia.  A  further  charge  of  one  penny  was  made 
upon  all  letters  which  had  lain  two  days  at  the  office  uncalled  for,  and  were  then 
delivered  at  the  house.  All  foreign  letters  were  charged  two  pence. 

1693.  —  A  FULLING-MILL  was  built  at  New  London,  Connec- 
ticut. 

It  was  built  on  the  Nahahtic  River  by  Peter  Heckley,  and  was  the  first  in  the 
town. 

1693.  — A  LETTER  of  this  date,  speaking  of  the  condition  of  the 
settlers'  in  the  Swedish  colony  in  Delaware,  after  they  came 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  proprietary  government  of  Penn- 
sylvania, says  they  were  exporters  of  bread,  grain,  flour,  and  oil. 

"  Our  wives  and  daughters  employ  themselves  in  spinning  wool  and  flax,  and 
many  of  them  in  weaving,  so  that  we  have  good  reason  to  thank  the  Almighty  for 
our  daily  support." 

1693.  —  THE  government  of  Massachusetts  relaxed  its  order 
concerning  the  cutting  of  pine-trees,  in  favor  of  John  Wheel- 
wright. 

It  gave  him  permission  to  cut  trees  from  the  public  lands,  in  consideration  of 
his  building  a  saw-mill  at  Cape  Porpoise  River. 

1693.  —  THE  assembly  of  New  York  passed  an  act  of  five 
churches  in  the  province. 

One  in  the  city,  one  in  Richmond,  two  in  "Westchester,  and  two  in  Suffolk. 
"A  good,  sufficient  Protestant  minister"  was  to  be  settled  in  each,  their  salaries 
raised  by  taxation. 

1693.  —  THE  first  paper-mill  in  America  was  erected  about  this 
year,  on  a  small  rivulet,  now  called  Paper-mill  Run,  in  Roxbor- 
ough,  near  Germantown,  Pennsylvania. 

This  mill  was  owned  by  William  Rittenhouse,  his  son  Nicholas,  William  Brad- 
ford, the  first  printer  in  Philadelphia,  and  Thomas  Tresse  of  Philadelphia.  Each 
of  the  two  last  owned  one  fourth.  The  precise  date  of  its  erection  is  not  known, 
but  as  Bradford  owned  a  part  of  it,  it  must  have  been  before  he  left  Philadelphia,  in 
1693.  The  Rittenhouses  (or  Rittenhousen)  are  said  to  have  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia about  1690,  having  emigrated  from  Arnheim,  on  the  Rhine,  in  the  Batavian 
province  of  Guelderland,  where  the  family  had  for  some  generations  been  engaged 


1693.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  159 

in  paper-making.  They  first  settled  in  New  York,  while  it  was  a  Dutch  province, 
and  subsequently,  moved  to  Philadelphia.  There  is  extant  a  lease  made  by  William 
Bradford  of  his  share  of  the  mill  for  ten  years  to  William  and  Nicholas,  or  Clause 
Rittenhouse.  It  is  dated,  "  this  24th  day  of  Sept.,  in  ye  year  of  our  Lord,  1G97 ;  " 
and  the  terms  were,  "that  they,  the  said  William  and  Clause  Rittenhouse  shall 
pay  and  deliver  to  said  William  Bradford,  his  execrs,  or  assigns,  or  their  order,  in 
Philadelphia,  yc  full  quantity  of  Seven  Ream  of  Printing  Paper,  Two  Ream  of 
good  writing  paper,  and  Two  Ream  of  blue  paper,  yearly  and  every  year  dur- 
ing ye  said  Term  of  Ten  Years."  The  mill  was  afterwards  carried  away  in  a 
freshet. 

1693.  —  MASSACHUSETTS  contained  at  this  time  about  eighty 
churches,  and  New  England  about  one  hundred  and  twenty. 

The  churches  in  Massachusetts  were  supported  by  taxation  to  pay  the  ministers' 
salary.  Each  town  had  to  have  a  church,  and  the  minister  had  a  life  tenure  of 
his  office,  from  which  he  could  not  be  displaced  except  for  cause,  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  a  council  of  the  neighboring  churches.  The  minister  was 
"called"  by  the  church,  and  "settled"  by  the  concurrence  of  a  majority  of  the 
voters  of  the  parish.  This  last  ceremony  was  necessary  to  make  the  town  liable 
for  his  salary.  To  play,  travel,  or  work  on  Sunday  was  prohibited  by  statute, 
and  the  constables  and  tithing-men  were  "to  restrain  all  persons  from  swimming 
in  the  waters,  unnecessary  and  unreasonable  walking  in  the  streets  or  fields  of 
the  town  of  Boston  or  other  places,  keeping  open  their  shops,  or  following  their 
secular  occasions  or  recreations  in  the  evening  preceeding  the  Lord's  day,  or 
any  part  of  said  day  or  evening  following." 

1693.  —  THE  proprietors  of  Carolina  voted  to  abandon  the 
"Grand  Model." 

The  vote  was,  that  "as  the  people  have  declared  they  would  rather  be  gov- 
erned by  the  powers  granted  by  the  charter,  without  regard  to  the  fundamental 
constitutions,  it  will  be  for  their  quiet,  and  the  protection  of  the  well  disposed, 
to  grant  their  request."  As  the  "Grand  Model"  had  never  been  practically 
carried  out,  the  government  remained  much  as  it  was.  Each  of  the  proprie- 
taries had  two  delegates,  one  for  the  southern  province,  and  the  other  at  Albe- 
marle,  these  in  each  province  constituting  the  council.  The  governors  were 
repeatedly  changed.  This  year  John  Archdale,  a  Quaker,  who  had  by  purchase 
become  one  of  the  proprietaries,  was  appointed  to  the  office. 

1693.  —  THE  attorney-general  decided  that  the  charter  of  Ehode 
Island  was  valid,  and  that  the  colony  was  right  in  refusing  the 
control  of  the  militia  to  Governor  Phipps. 

The  answer  was  given  in  answer  to  the  address  sent  to  the  king  by  the 
assembly.  The  address  was  presented  to  the  Council,  who  referred  it  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  who  referred  it  to  the  Attorney-General.  His  answer  was  :  "I 
see  nothing  in  point  of  law  but  that  their  majesties  may  gratify  the  petitioners, 
and  confirm  their  charter,  and  explain  the  eastern  boundary  as  is  desired." 

1693.  —  WILLIAM  BRADFORD  removed  from  Philadelphia,  and 
set  up  a  press  in  New  York  city,  where  before  there  had  been 
none. 

Bradford  was  soon  after  appointed  printer  to  the  government,  with  a  salary 


160  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1693-4. 

of  fifty  pounds  a  year,  and  held  this  position  for  about  thirty  years.     He  was  also 
the  public  printer  for  New  Jersey. 

1693.  —  THE  laws  of  the  province  of  New  York  were  first 
printed  this  year  by  William  Bradford,  in  a  small  folio  volume, 
in  the  imprint  of  which  he  announces  himself  as  "  Printer  to 
their  Majesties,  at  the  sign  of  the  Bible." 

It  is  supposed  that  Bradford  still  retained  an  interest  in  his  press  in  Philadel- 
phia, which  was  managed  by  Reinier  Jansen.  A  few  books  with  his  imprint  are 
still  in  existence. 

1693.  —  GOVERNOR  FLETCHER,  of  New  York,  in  obedience  to 
an  order  from  the  king,  called  a  meeting  of  commissioners,  from 
the  New  England  provinces,  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, at  New  York,  to  arrange   concerning  their  common  de- 
fence. 

He  says  "  that  some  sent  commissioners,  others  none.  Those  that  came  pre- 
tended they  could  not  proceed  to  act  without  a  full  meeting ;  so  that  design  was 
frustrated." 

Fletcher's  commission  had  authorized  him  to  command  the  militia  of  New 
Jersey  and  Connecticut.  On  a  visit  to  Hartford  concerning  this  matter,  the 
assembly  quoted  their  charter,  and  Wadsworth,  the  commander  of  the  militia, 
ordered  the  drums  to  beat,  so  that  the  reading  of  Fletcher's  commission  could 
not  be  heard.  Fitz-John  Winthrop  was  sent  to  Europe  by  Connecticut,  and  the 
objection  made  to  Fletcher's  commission,  that  it  infringed  upon  the  charter  of 
Connecticut,  was  sustained.  The  same  decision  was  given  to  the  case  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Governor  Phipps,  whose  commission  gave  him  the  command  of  the 
militia  of  that  province. 

Fletcher's  commission  had  also  authorized  him  to  administer  the  governments 
of  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware.  Going  to  Philadelphia,  he  called  an  assembly  in 
which  delegates  from  both  provinces  were  present.  The  assembly  would  not 
organize  for  business  until  the  existing  laws  and  liberties  of  the  province  were 
confirmed,  which  was  done. 

1694.  —  ORDERS  from   council  fixed  the  quota  of  troops  each 
colony  should  furnish  for  the  common  defence. 

New  York  was  threatened  by  the  French  and  Indians.  This  order  was  issued 
after  an  opinion  had  been  given  by  the  attorney-general,  who  decided  that  each 
colony  had  exclusive  control  over  its  own  militia  in  times  of  peace,  but  that  in 
case  of  war,  for  the  common  defence,  the  chief  commander  could,  with  the  aid 
and  assistance  of  the  governor,  order  out  a  certain  proportion  of  the  troops,  leaving 
enough  at  home  to  provide  for  defence.  Orders  were  given  to  Massachusetts  for 
three  hundred  and  fifty  men  for  the  defence  of  Albany ;  Rhode  Island,  forty- 
eight,  to  serve  under  the  governor  of  New  York ;  and  Connecticut  for  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  men. 

1694,  AUGUST.  —  Commissioners  from  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut  met  the  chiefs  of  the  Five 
Nations  at  Albany  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  Indians  from 
making  peace  with  the  French. 

Governor  Fletcher  represented  New  York ;  Governor  Hamilton,  New  Jersey ; 


J[(J94.]  ANNALS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  161 

John  Pynchon,  Samuel  Sewall,  and  Pcirce  Townsend,  Massachusetts ;  and  John 
Allen  and  Caleb  Stanley,  Connecticut.  There  were  twenty-five  sachems,  with 
other  Indians,  present.  The  journal  of  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Wadsworth,  who 
accompanied  the  delegation  from  Massachusetts,  has  been  printed  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts Collections. 

1694. — THE  monopoly  of  bolting  flour  held  by  New  York 
city  was  repealed,  through  the  earnest  remonstrance  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Long  Island  and  the  Hudson  River,  by  an  act  of  the  gen- 
eral assembly  "  against  unlawful  by-laws." 

This  repeal  of  the  monopoly  was  considered  such  a,  calamity  that  the  merchants 
and  city  fathers  of  New  York  city,  fearing  the  inevitable  ruin  of  the  city,  used 
every  exertion  to  have  it  restored.  They  petitioned  the  governor,  memorialized 
his  successor,  and  finally  raised  money  to  send  an  agent  to  London  to  petition  the 
king,  praying  for  the  repeal  of  the  law  abolishing  the  monopoly. 

1694.  —  CAROLINA  coined  halfpence. 

1694.  —  THE  assembly  of  New  Jersey  forbade  the  exportation 
of  "  any  timber,  planks,  boards,  oak  bolts,  staves,  heading,  hoops, 
or  hoop-poles,  except  to  some  parts  over  the  broad  seas." 

The  motive  given  for  this  legislation  was  the  better  encouragement  of  building 
ships  and  other  vessels  within  the  province.  The  manner  in  which  such  legis- 
lation was  received  by  the  other  colonies  appears  in  a  letter  from  Governor 
Fletcher  of  New  York  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  this  year.  He  speaks  of  the 
Jerseys  "  making  war  upon  us  in  point  of  trade,"  and  refers  to  the  above  act, 
"  by  which  they  will  draw  the  shipping  thither,  and  establish  a  free  port  to  the 
great  prejudice  of  this  place,  and  sink  the  trade  greatly ;  they  pay  no  duty  to  the 
king,  and  all  will  flock  to  it.  We  already  feel  that  of  Pennsylvania,  where  they 
trade,  under  no  regulations ;  this  being  much  nearer,  and  upon  the  same  river 
with  us,  will  utterly  ruin  the  revenue  of  the  Province." 

1694.  —  GOVERNOR  PHIPPS  of  Massachusetts  was  summoned  to 
England,  to  answer  the  charges  brought  against  him. 

He  died  soon  after  his  arrival  in  England,  and  the  Earl  of  Bellamont  was 
appointed  to  the  place.  Until  Bellamont's  arrival,  the  lieutenant-governor,  Stough- 
ton,  exercised  the  authority. 

1694.  —  Two  more  independent  companies  arrived  in  New 
York  from  England. 

They  were  sent  to  aid  in  its  defence. 

1694.  —  THE  administration  of  his  provinces  was  restored  to 
Penn. 

He  sent  over  Markham  as  his  deputy,  who  called  an  assembly,  which  refused 
to  submit  to  the  subordinate  position  assigned  them  by  the  frame  of  government. 
It  had  been  disregarded  by  Fletcher  during  his  administration. 

1694.  —  NICHOLSON  was  appointed  royal  governor  of  Mary- 
land. 

The  capital  was  removed  from  St.  Mary's  to  Annapolis.     An  act  was  passed 
establishing  free  schools,  for  the  support  of  which  duties  on  the  importation  of 
11 


162  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1694-  6. 

negroes  and  spirits,  and  the  export  of  skins,  furs,  beef,  and  pork,  were  appro- 
priated. 

1694-5.  —  A  PESTILENCE  raged  among  the  cattle  in  Mary- 
land. 

Over  twenty-five  thousand  cattle  and  sixty-two  thousand  hogs  are  said  to  have 
been  lost. 

1695.  —  RICE  was  first  planted  in  South  Carolina. 

A  vessel  from  Madagascar,  with  seed  on  board,  put  into  port  at  Charleston, 
and  John  Archdale,  governor  of  the  state,  procured  the  seed,  and  induced  the 
planters  to  sow  it.  Three  years  later,  in  1698,  sixty  tons  were  exported  from 
Charleston  to  England.  A  militia  law  was  passed,  giving  the  power  to  the  gov- 
ernor to  excuse  such  from  serving  as  he  thought  had  religious  scruples  against  it. 

1695.  —  THE  assembly  of  New  York  passed  an  act  declaring 
"  that  the  vestrymen  and  churchwardens  have  power  to  call  a 
dissenting  Protestant  minister,  and  that  he  is  to  be  paid  as  the 
ac^t  directs." 

By  official  influence  and  management,  the  churches  passed  gradually  into  the 
hands  of  the  Episcopalians.  Trinity  church,  New  York  city,  was  one  of  the 
churches  erected  by  the  act  of  1693. 

1695.  —  ANNAPOLIS,  Maryland,  was  made  a  port  of  entry,  with 
a  resident  collector  and  naval  officer. 

1695,  OCTOBER  3.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  an  act 
fixing  the  pay  of  the  public  officers. 

Such  service  had  been  heretofore  generally  gratuitous.  Now  the  governor  was 
given  ten  pounds  a  year,  the  deputy  governor  six,  the  assistants  each  four,  and 
the  deputies  three  shillings  a  day  during  the  session,  with  a  fine  of  six  for  non- 
attendance. 

1695.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  prohibited  the  export 
for  one  year  of  dressed  or  undressed  deer-skins. 

1695.  —  VIRGINIA  and  Maryland  each  voted  money  to  aid  in  the 
defence  of  New  York. 

1696.  —  AN  act  of  the  Virginia  assembly  fixed  the  salary  of  the 
ministers  at  sixteen  thousand  pounds  of  tobacco,  besides  per- 
quisites, and  a  glebe  to  be  provided  by  the  parish. 

There  were  about  fifty  parishes  in  the  province. 

1696.  —  A  NEW  act  of  settlement  secured  to  the  assembly  of 
Pennsylvania  the  right  of  originating  laws. 

A  veto  power  was  reserved  for  the  proprietary.  Markham  was  forced  to  grant 
this,  since  the  assembly  refused  otherwise  to  grant  money  for  the  aid  of  New 
York.  Penn  never  sanctioned  the  act. 

1696.  —  THE  Dutch  Reformed  Church  was  chartered  by  the 
New  York  assembly. 

They  were  ecclesiastically  dependent  upon  the  Presbytery  of  Amsterdam. 


1696.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  163 

1696.  —  THE  fort  at  Peraaquid  was  captured  by  the  French  and 
Indians. 

The  Massachusetts  general  court  petitioned  the  king  that  New  Hampshire, 
Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut  might  be  ordered  to  aid  in  the  defence  of  her  ter- 
ritory, the  burden  of  which  now  came  entirely  upon  her. 

1696.  —  THE  Spaniards  from  Yera  Cruz  erected  a  fort  at  Pen- 
sacola,  Florida. 

1696,  MAY.  —  The  house  of  deputies  of  the  Rhode  Island 
assembly  was  constituted  a  separate  branch  of  the  assembly, 
with  power  to  choose  their  own  speaker  arid  clerk. 

1696,  JULY.  —  A  French  force  from  Canada  was  so  successful 
against  the  Indians  that  they  sued  for  peace. 

Fort  Frontenac  was  reoccupied.  and  communication  with  the  posts  on  the  lakes 
reopened. 

The  fort  at  Pemaquid  was  captured  by  the  French  fleet  under  D'Ibberville,  a 
native  of  Canada. 

1696.  —  THE  French  Protestant  refugees  who  had  settled  in 
the  province  of  Carolina  were  naturalized  by  the  legislature. 

This  act  of  justice  was  done  in  answer  to  their  petition.  Heretofore  the 
English  prejudice  of  the  colonies  had  led  to  the  persecution  of  the  Huguenots, 
though  these  settlers,  both  here  and  elsewhere  in  the  country,  wherever  they 
settled,  were  noted  for  their  virtue  and  enterprise. 

1696.  —  "  THE  Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations"  was  organized 
by  an  act  of  Parliament,  to  control  the  interests  of  the  colonial 
trade  and  government. 

From  this  time  it  served  as  the  repository  of  all  official  knowledge  upon  these 
subjects,  and  as  the  agency  for  communication  with  the  governors  of  the  various 
provinces.  Yearly  reports  from  the  governors  were  required  to  questions  ad- 
dressed them  by  the  board. 

The  board  was  composed  of  a  president  and  seven  members,  known  as  "  The 
Lords  of  Trade."  At  the  same  time  any  direct  trade  between  Ireland  and  the 
colonies,  except  the  export  of  horses,  servants,  and  provisions,  was  prohibited. 
An  oath  was  imposed  upon  the  governors  of  the  chartered  colonies  to  enforce  the 
acts  of  trade.  All  colonial  acts  or  usages  in  conflict  with  them,  past  or  future, 
were  declared  null.  The  king's  revenue  officers  in  the  colonies  were  given  the 
same  power  those  in  England  had,  and  Edmund  Randolph  was  placed  at  their  head 
as  surveyor-general. 

1696.  —  THE  common  council  of  New  York  city,  in  an  address, 
said:  "When  the  bolting  began,  1678,  there  were  only  343 
houses.  In  1696  there  were  594.  The  revenue  in  1678,  79  and 
1680,  not  exceeding  £2000 ;  in  the  year  1687,  £5000.  In  1687 
there  were  3  ships,  7  boats,  8  sloops.  In  1694  there  were  60 
ships,  40  boats,  62  sloops ;  since  which  is  a  decrease.  In  1687 
New  York  killed  400  beefs,  in  1694,  near  4000.  Lands  had 
advanced  ten  times  in  value.  If  this  Act  (the  act  of  1694,  abol- 


164  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1697. 

ishing  the  monopoly  of  bolting)  continue,  many  families  in  New 
York  must  perish." 

This  same  year  the  population  complained  of  a  scarcity  of  bread,  and  the 
bakers  being  summoned  to  explain,  said  they  could  not  purchase  flour.  The 
aldermen  being  ordered  to  inquire  into  the  matter,  reported  that  there  were  in  the 
city  only  seven  hundred  bushels  of  corn,  and  the  population  being  six  thousand, 
it  would  not  suffice  for  a  week's  support.  They  ascribe  this  result  to  "the 
liberty  and  latitude  that  every  planter  hath  lately  taken,  of  making  his  house  or 
farm  a  market  for  his  wheat,  or  converting  the  same  into  flour  by  boalting  of  itt," 
and  this  under  pretence  of  a  privilege  they  conceive  they  have  obtained  by  virtue 
of  a  law  of  the  General  Assembly  entitled  an  act  against  unlawful  by-laws. 
Further  on  they  say  :  "  The  calamity  hath  produced  anarchy  in  the  Province,  and 
destroyed  the  reputation  of  New  York  flour." 

1697,  MARCH  16.  —  The  Earl  of  Bellamont  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire,  and 
captain-general  of  all  the  forces  of  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
and  the  Jerseys. 

1697.  —  COURTS  of  vice-admiralty  were  organized  in  all  the 
colonies. 

The  privateering  in  the  wars  with  France  had  very  generally  approached  piracy. 
It  was  the  era  of  Captain  Kidd.  These  courts  had  power  to  try  admiralty  and 
revenue  cases  without  a  jury.  The  crews  of  these  vessels,  many  of  which  were 
really  pirates,  spent  their  money  freely  in  the  colonial  ports,  and  were  looked  on 
with  such  favor  that  Virginia  was  the  only  colony  which  promptly  complied  with 
the  directions  sent  out  from  England  for  their  suppression. 

1697.  —  "VERY  good  serges,  druggets,  crapes,  camblets  (part 
hair)  and  good  plushes,  with  several  other  woolen  clothes,  besides 
Linnen,"  are  spoken  of  as  produced  by  the  settlements  at  Salem, 
Burlington,  and  other  parts  of  New  Jersey. 

Hemp  and  flax  were  cultivated,  and  wild  hemp  was  used  to  some  extent.  Fairs 
were  held  two  or  three  times  a  year  in  the  towns  for  the  disposal  of  the  products 
of  their  industry. 

1697.  —  AN  effort  was  made  to  introduce  the  manufacture  of 
linen  and  woollen  cloth  into  Maryland,  but  with  no  permanent 
success. 

1697.  —  THE  Massachusetts  assembly  sent  a  circular  letter  to 
the  assemblies  of  all  the  states  as  far  south  as  Maryland,  asking 
aid  for  the  defence  from  an  anticipated  attack  from  Canada  and 
France. 

The  peace  soon  proclaimed  made  it  unnecessary. 

1697,  DECEMBER.  —  The  peace  of  Ryswick  between  England 
and  France  was  proclaimed  in  Boston. 

By  the  terms  of  the  treaty  each  country  was  to  retain  the  same  territory  in 
America  it  had  held  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  Commissioners  to  ascertain 
boundaries  were  provided  for,  but  never  appointed.  Peace  was  also  made  with 


1698.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  165 

the  Eastern  Indians,  by  whose  attacks  the  outlying  eastern  towns  had  suffered  so 
severely,  many  of  them  being  entirely  destroyed,  and  the  growth  of  the  whole 
territory  seriously  retarded. 

1698.  —  THE  wages  of  hand-sawyers  in  Philadelphia  and  Bur- 
lington were  six  to  seven  shillings  a  hundred  feet  for  sawing  pine 
boards. 

1698,  APRIL.  —  Earl  Bellamont  arrived  in  New  York. 

His  instructions  were  to  investigate  the  charges  against  Fletcher,  to  enforce  the 
acts  of  trade,  suppress  piracy,  and,  if  possible,  capture  Kidd. 

1698.  —  A  COURT  of  chancery  was  established  in  New  York, 
the  governor  acting  as  judge. 
A  new  census  gave  18,067  inhabitants. 

1698.  —  MASSACHUSETTS  would  not  pass  laws  to  enforce  the  acts 
of  trade. 

"  They  were  too  much  cramped  in  their  liberties  already,  and  they  would  be 
great  fools  to  abridge,  by  a  law  of  their  own,  the  little  that  was  left  them,"  was 
the  way  the  councillors  stated  it.  At  this  time  the  doctrine,  that  they  were  Eng- 
lishmen and  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  of  Englishmen,  was  common,  while  a 
minister  maintained  "  they  were  not  in  conscience  bound  to  obey  the  laws  of  Eng- 
land, having  no  representatives  there  of  their  own  choosing."  In  Connecticut 
and  Rhode  Island  the  same  opinions  were  held. 

1698,  NOVEMBER  23.  —  Orders  from  the  British  cabinet  were 
sent  to  all  the  governors  of  the  colonies  to  capture  Captain  Kidd, 
should  he  appear  in  their  ports. 

1698.  —  WILLIAM  PENN  proposed  "a  brief  and  plain  scheme 
how  the  English  Colonies  in  the  North  parts  of  America,  —  viz., 
Boston,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia  and  Carolina,  —  may  be  made 
more  useful  to  the  crown  and  one  and  another's  peace  and  safety 
with  an  universal  concurrence." 

His  plan  was,  that  they  should  appoint  representatives,  or  deputies,  enough  to 
make  a  congress  of  twenty  persons,  which  should  meet  once  a  year,  or  oftener  if 
necessary,  at  some  central  point,  probably  New  York,  and  that  they  should  hear 
and  adjust  "all  matters  of  complaint  or  difference  between  province  and  prov- 
ince;" "consider  the  ways  and  means  to  support  the  union  and  safety  of  these 
provinces ; "  "  and  that  in  times  of  war,  the  king's  high  commissioner  shall  be 
general  or  chief  adviser  or  chief  commander  of  the  several  quotas,"  for  the  good 
and  benefit  of  the  whole. 

1698.  —  GOVERNOR  NICHOLSON  succeeded  to  the  governorship 
of  Virginia. 

He  opposed  all  attempts  at  manufactures,  and  advised  parliament  to  prohibit 
the  introduction  in  the  province  of  the  manufacture  of  cloth. 

1698.  —  THIS  year  Virginia  and  Maryland  imported  from  Great 
Britain  goods  to  the  value  of  £310,135  —  a  larger  amount  than 
in  any  one  of  the  next  forty  years. 


166  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1698. 

1698.  —  IT  was  ordered  in  Connecticut,  this  year,  that  the  gov- 
ernor, or  deputy  governor  and  magistrates,  should  be  called  the 
upper  house,  and  the  deputies  the  lower  house,  and  that  they 
should  sit  apart ;  no  bill,  however,  to  become  a  law  without  the 
consent  of  both. 

1698.  —  A  COMMITTEE  was  appointed  in  New  York  to  address 
the  king  upon  the  subject  of  the  repeal  of  the  monopoly  of  bolt- 
ing flour. 

The  city  recorder,  in  a  letter  to  them,  says  he  "is  grieved  to  find  the  great 
heat  he  saw  among  them,  at  the  last  meetings,  when  the  great  concern  in  hand  is 
considered,  no  less  than  the  livelihood  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  New  York." 

1698.  —  THOMAS  PAESONS  owned  this  year  a  grist-mill  at  Frank- 
fort, Pennsylvania ;  and  Richard  Dungworth  owned  another  not 
far  distant  in  Oxford  township. 

They  were  both  probably  on  Tacony  Creek. 

1698.  —  AN  Englishman,  writing  of  the  province  of  Pennsyl" 
vania  this  year,  speaks  of  the  "  famous  Derby  river,  which  comes 
down  from  the  country  by  Derby  Town,  whereon  are  several 
mills,  fulling  mills,  corn  mills,"  etc. 

"The  water  mills  far  exceed  those  of  England,  both  for  quickness  and  grind- 
ing good  meal,  there  being  great  choice  of  good  timber  and  earlier  corn  than  in 
the  aforesaid  place ;  they  are  made  by  one  Peter  Deal,  a  famous  and  ingenious 
workman,  especially  for  inventing  such  machines." 

1698.  —  THE  first  tannery  was  established  in  Newark,  New 
Jersey. 

In  1676  the  town  admitted  Samuel  Whitehead,  a  shoemaker  from  Elizabeth- 
town,  as  a  freeman,  "  on  condition  of  his  supplying  it  with  shoes." 

1698.  —  THE  college  in  Virginia  was  called  William  and  Mary, 
and  had  been  erected  at  Middle  Plantation,  and  an  act  was  passed 
to  erect  a  capitol  there,  for  the  assemblies  and  courts. 

A  town  to  be  called  Williamsburg,  and  to  be  laid  out  in  the  form  of  a  W,  was 
designed.  Por  the  erection  of  the  capitol  a  tax  of  fifteen  shillings  on  each  ser- 
vant imported,  "  not  born  in  England  or  Wales,"  and  twenty  shillings  on  "  every 
negro  or  other  slave,"  was  laid.  Religious  toleration,  in  consequence  of  orders 
from  England,  was  extended  to  dissenters,  though  those  who  denied  the  existence 
of  a  God,  or  the  Holy  Trinity,  or  the  truth  of  the  Christian  religion,  or  the  divine 
authority  of  the  Old  or  New  Testaments,  were  disqualified  from  office,  from  re- 
dress in  the  courts,  from  acting  as  executors  or  guardians,  and  were  to  be  impris- 
oned for  three  years.  Non-attendance  upon  church  once  in  two  months,  except 
for  cause,  was  fined,  the  penalty  not  to  be  exacted  from  those  who  as  often  as 
once  in  two  months  attended  some  duly  licensed  dissenting  chapel. 

1698.  —  A  PARTY  of  emigrants  from  Massachusetts  settled  in 
Carolina,  twenty  miles  from  Charleston,  and  called  the  spot  Dor- 
chester. 

A  Congregational  church  was  gathered  in  Charleston,  and  by  an  act  of  the 


1698-1700.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  167 

assembly  the  Episcopal  church  there  was  endowed  with  a  parsonage  and  yearly 
income,  and  the  Huguenots  were  enfranchised. 

1698.  —  The  trade  to  Africa  was  thrown  open. 

It  had  been  a  monopoly  in  the  hands  of  the  Royal  African  Company.  The 
trade  in  slaves  increased. 

1699.  —  THE  first  settlement  in  Louisiana  was  made  by  French 
Canadians  under  D'Ibberville,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  settlement  was  within  the  limits  of  the  present  state  of  Mississippi. 
D'Ibberville  was  the  first  to  ascend  the  Mississippi  from  its  mouth.  They  pro- 
ceeded as  far  as  the  Red  River,  and  knew  it  was  the  Mississippi  by  receiving  from 
the  Indians  a  letter  to  La  Salle,  which  had  been  left  with  them  by  Tonti  fourteen 
years  before. 

1699.  —  C'ALLIENS  became  governor  of  Canada,  Frontenac  hav- 
ing died. 

1699,  MARCH.  —  Instructions  were  sent  to  Lord  Bellamont  to 
examine  into  the  alleged  irregularities  in  the  colonies,  with  a 
view  of  taking  away  their  charters. 

It  was  charged  they  refused  to  take  oaths  of  allegiance,  that  they  encouraged 
illegal  traffic,  assumed  admiralty  powers,  and  refused  to  submit  to  the  royal 
courts  established. 

1699.  —  AN  act  of  the  assembly  of  Maryland  empowered  com- 
missioners to  grant  licenses  for  the  sale  of  liquors. 

The  price  was  twelve  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco  in  Annapolis,  or  within  two 
miles  of  it,  and  elsewhere  four  hundred  pounds. 

The  price  of  liquors  were  also  to  be  fixed  by  the  county  commissioners  and  the 
mayor  of  the  city  of  St.  Marys  in  January  and  August,  and  five  hundred  pounds 
of  tobacco  was  the  penalty  for  -selling  above  them.  Strong  beer  was  rated  at 
twenty  pounds  of  tobacco  a  gallon,  and  small  beer  at  ten. 

1699.  —  IT  was  enacted  by  parliament  that,  "  After  the  first 
day  of  December,  1699,  no  wool,  woolfels,  yarn,  cloth,  or  woolen 
manufactures  of  the  English  plantations  in  America,  shall  be 
shipped  in  any  of  the  said  English  plantations,  or  otherwise 
loaden,  in  order  to  be  transported  thence  to  any  place  whatso- 
ever, under  the  penalty  of  forfeiting  ship  and  cargo,  and  £500 
fine  for  each  offence ;  and  the  Governors  of  the  Plantations  and 
Officers  of  Customs  and  Revenue  there,  are  to  see  this  Act,  as  it 
relates  to  the  plantations,  duly  executed." 

1699.  —  THE  population  of  the  colonies  was  estimated  at  this 
time  as  about  two  hundred  and  sixty  thousand.     The  exports  to 
England  of  the  colonies  amounted  to  about  £320,000,  and  the 
imports  to  about  the  same.      Their  other  trade  was  estimated 
to  about  equal  this.     The  duties  collected  more  than  paid  the 
expenses. 

1700.  —  A  HOUSE  of  brick  was  built  in  Wicaco  on  the  Delaware. 


168  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1700. 

The  first  houses  built  by  the  Swedes  who  settled  in  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware 
were  very  rude,  being  of  the  character  of  the  huts  common  in  Northern  Europe  a 
century  before.  This  little  brick  house  was  considered  very  fine  when  finished. 
It  remained  standing  quite  into  this  century. 

1700.  —  A  COMMISSION  was  sent  to  Bellamont  to  investigate  the 
violations  in  Rhode  Island  of  the  acts  of  trade. 

The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  acts  "for  enabling  the  governor  to  put  in 
execution  the  statutes  of  trade,"  and  "  for  putting  in  force  the  laws  of  England  in 
all  cases  where  no  particular  law  of  this  colony  hath  provided  a  remedy."  Con- 
necticut also  offered  to  give  security  to  obey  the  acts  of  trade. 

1700.  —  CAPTAIN  KIDD  appeared  openly  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, and  was  arrested  and  sent  to  England. 

1700.  —  PARLIAMENT  authorized  the  appointment  of  commis- 
sioners in  the  colonies  to  try  pirates,  "  notwithstanding  any 
patents." 

Under  this  act  many  pirates  were  tried  in  courts  specially  organized  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  executed. 

1700.  —  A  SCHOOL  for  the  education  of  ministers  was  estab- 
lished at  Saybrook,  Connecticut. 

It  was  the  germ  from  which  eventually  Yale  College  arose. 

1700.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  laws  for  the 
suppression  of  piracy  and  illegal  trade. 

They  begged  to  be  excused  from  voting  three  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  towards 
the  defence  of  New  York,  which  had  been  asked  for  a  requisition  from  the  king, 
but  voted  two  thousand  pounds  to  sustain  the  government.  They  also  passed 
rigid  laws  for  the  regulation  and  punishment  of  negro  slaves. 

1700. —  A  SEPARATE  custom-house  was  established  for  East 
Jersey. 

New  York  had  claimed  to  be  the  sole  port  of  entry  for  New  Jersey ;  but  on  a 
trial  in  England  upon  this  point,  the  right  of  New  Jersey  to  a  custom-house  of  its 
own  was  decided.  The  settlers  petitioned  for  the  removal  of  the  proprietary 
authority. 

1700.  —  A  FRIENDS'  meeting-house  was  built  this  year  at  Salem, 
New  Jersey,  of  brick,  at  a  cost  of  four  hundred  and  fifteen  pounds, 
thirteen  shillings. 

It  does  not  appear  whether  the  bricks  were  imported  or  not. 

1700.  —  ROBERT  CALEP  published  "  More  Wonders  from  the  In- 
visible World." 

It  was  an  answer  to  Cotton  Mather,  and  denounced  the  action  of  the  ministers 
and  magistrates  of  New  England  in  the  witchcraft  delusion.  His  book  was  pub- 
licly burned  in  the  yard  of  Harvard  College  by  order  of  Increase  Mather.  Its 
practical  common  sense,  however,  had  a  great  influence  in  effectually  ending  the 
belief  in  witchcraft.  Calef  was  a  merchant  in  Boston,  and  died  at  Roxbury,  April 
13,  1719. 


1701.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  169 

1701.  —  A  CHARTER  was  agreed  upon  by  Penn  and  the  assembly 
for  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania. 

It  provided  for  an  assembly  to  meet  yearly,  consisting  of  four  delegates  from 
each  county,  or  a  greater  number  if  the  governor  and  assembly  should  agree  to  it. 

This  assembly  was  to  choose  a  speaker  and  other  officers,  "to  be  judges  of  the 
qualifications  and  elections  of  their  own  members,  sit  upon  their  own  adjourn- 
ments, appoint  committees,  prepare  bills,  impeach  criminals,  and  redress  griev- 
ances, with  all  other  powers  and  privileges  of  assembly  according  to  the  rights  of 
free-born  subjects  of  England,  and  the  customs  in  any  of  the  Queen's  plantations 
in  America."  The  legislature  consisted  of  only  one  branch,  the  council  having  no 
other  power  than  that  of  advising  the  governor.  Under  the  original  settlement  in 
1G82,  as  well  as  the  forms  tried  in  1683  and  1G96,  provisions  had  been  made  for  a 
representative  assembly.  This  was  known  as  the  "  Charter  of  Privileges."  The 
Delaware  counties  were  allowed  a  separate  administration.  Liberty  of  conscience 
was  specially  secured,  and  the  qualification  of  voters  was  made  a  freehold  of  fifty 
acres,  or  fifty  pounds. 

1701.  —  A  CHARTER  was  issued  by  William  Peun  to  the  city  of 
Philadelphia. 

It  provided  for  holding  two  markets  a  week  and  two  fairs  a  year,  on  the  16th 
and  two  following  days  of  May  and  November  of  each  year.  The  government  of 
the  city  was  vested  in  a  close  corporation,  the  original  members  of  which  were 
appointed  by  Penn,  and  who  had  the  perpetual  power  to  fill  all  vacancies.  Penn 
returned  to  England,  leaving  the  management  of  his  private  affairs  in  the  hands 
of  James  Logan. 

1701.  —  ABOUT  this  time  Matthew  Houlgate  built  a  fulling-mill 
upon  the  Wisahickou,  in  Pennsylvania. 

The  date  of  this,  one  of  the  first  mills  of  this  kind  in  the  province,  is  only  ap- 
proximate. Fulling-mills  are  spoken  of  as  in  operation  on  the  Darby  River,  about 
five  miles  from  Philadelphia,  before  this. 

1701.  — THE  Lords  of  Trade  wrote  to  Lord  Bellamont:  "This 
declining  to  admit  appeals  to  his  Majesty  in  council  is  a  matter 
that  you  ought  very  carefully  to  watch  against  in  all  your  govern- 
ments. It  is  a  humor  that  prevails  so  much  in  proprietary  and 
charter  colonies,  and  the  independency  they  thirst  after  is  now  so 
notorious,  that  it  has  been  thought  fit  these  considerations,  to- 
gether with  other  objections  against  these  colonies,  should  be 
laid  before  parliament;  and  a  bill  has  thereupon  been  brought 
into  the  House  of  Lords  for  re-uniting  the  right  of  government 
in  their  colonies  to  the  crown." 

A  court  in  New  Hampshire  had  refused  to  allow  an  appeal  to  the  king  from  its 
decision.  (See  Belknap's  New  Hampshire.) 

1701,  JUNE. — Joseph  Dudley  was  appointed  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  New  Hampshire,  and  was  made  vice-admiral  over 
these  places,  and  also  of  Rhode  Island  arid  King's  Province. 

1701.  —  An  Essay  upon  the  Government  of  the  English  Planta- 


170  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1701. 

tions  on  the  Continent  of  America,  by  an  American,  was  published 
this  year  in  London. 

It  criticised  Penn's  and  Davenant's  plans,  and  makes  the  suggestion  that  the 
delegates  should  be  more  equally  proportioned,  and  the  meetings  be  held  in  differ- 
ent places. 

1701.  —  DETROIT,  Michigan,  was  founded  by  Antoine  De  La 
Motte  Cadillac. 

The  site  of  the  city  had  been  visited  as  early  as  1610,  and  trading-posts  for  furs 
had  been  for  a  long  time  established  in  Michigan  by  the  French.  In  1763,  along 
with  the  other  French  possessions,  the  settlements  in  Michigan  came  under  the 
dominion  of  the  English. 

1701.  —  THE  Board  of  Trade  complained  to  the  king  of  the 
conduct  of  the  chartered  colonies. 

The  grounds  of  their  complaint  were  that  the  colonies  "had  not  in  general 
complied  with  the  late  act  of  Parliament ;"  that  "they  not  only  assumed  the 
power  of  making  by-laws  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  England,  and  destructive  to 
trade,  but  refused  to  transmit  their  acts  or  to  allow  appeals,  and  continued  to  be 
the  retreats  of  pirates  and  illegal  traders  and  the  receptacle  of  contraband  mer- 
chandise ;  "  they  lowered  the  value  of  coins,  thus  interfering  with  English  com- 
merce, and  encouraged  "woolen  and  other  manufactures  proper  for  England," 
and  "  contrary  to  the  true  intent  of  such  establishments."  In  consequence  they 
advised  the  resumption  of  their  charters,  and  the  establishment  of  "such  an 
administration  of  government  as  shall  make  them  duly  subservient  to  England." 

1701.  —  IN  Massachusetts  and  New  York  acts  were  passed  to 
prevent  Jesuit  or  popish  priests  from  entering  their  borders. 

Any  such  was  to  be  perpetually  imprisoned,  and  executed  if  they  attempted 
to  escape. 

1701.  —  THIS  year  permission  was  granted,  on  petition,  to  John 
Arnold,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  to  place  a  wind-mill  on  Fort 
Hill,  "  on  the  Town's  land,"  paying  such  rent  as  the  selectmen 
should  order. 

1701.  —  THE  merchants  of  New  York  complained  to  the  Board 
of  Trade,  and  then  to  the  House  of  Commons,  of  Lord  Bellamont's 
administration. 

An  inquiry  was  ordered,  but  Bellamont's  death  put  an  end  to  it.  The  discon- 
tent was  caused  by  his  zealous  enforcement  of  the  acts  of  trade. 

1701. —  NANFAN,  the  lieutenant  governor,  assumed  the  admin- 
istration of  affairs  in  New  York. 

A  violent  dispute  arose  between  the  two  factions  in  the  province.  The  assem- 
bly expelled  Robert  Livingston,  the  receiver  of  customs,  from  the  council,  and 
tried  Bayard  for  treason. 

1701.  —  ROBERT  LIVINGSTON,  of  New  York,  in  a  letter  to  the 
Lords  of  Trade,  advised  that  "  one  form  of  government  be  estab- 
lished in  all  the  neighbouring  colonies  on  this  continent." 


1701-2.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  171 

His  plan  proposed  "that  they  be  divided  into  three  distinct  governments,  to 
•wit :  —  That  Virginia  and  Maryland  be  annexed  to  North  and  South  Carolina. 
That  some  part  of  Connecticut,  New  York,  East  and  West  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  New  Castle  be  added  together,  and  that  to  Massachusetts  be  added 
New  Hampshire  and  Rhode  Island  and  the  rest  of  Connecticut." 

1701,  AUGUST.  —  A  lasting  peace  was  concluded  by  the  French 
at  Montreal  with  the  Indians. 

Envoys  were  sent  from  the  Five  Nations,  their  old  enemies,  who  began  to  be 
discontented  with  the  English  encroachments  on  their  territory. 

1702.  —  THE  first   iron   furnace  in  the  county  of  Plymouth, 
Massachusetts,  was  erected. 

It  was  built  by  Lambert  Despard,  with  his  associates,  in  the  town  of  Pembroke, 
then  a  part  of  Duxboro'.  It  was  finally  abandoned  for  want  of  fuel. 

1702.  —  ABOUT  this  time  "cotton  patches  "had  become  quite 
general  on  the  plantations  of  South  Carolina. 

1702,  MAY  4.  —  War  was  declared  by  England  against  France 
and  Spain. 

Hostilities  were  declared  in  all  the  colonies,  and  privateer  commissions  were 
issued  by  some  of  them. 

1702.  —  A  FRENCH  settlement  was  made  at  Mobile. 

Most  of  the  settlers  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  removed  to  it.  A  settle- 
ment was  also  made  on  Dauphin  Island,  at  the  entrance  to  Mobile  Bay. 

1702.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  made  at  Yincennes,  Indiana,  by 
French  Canadians. 

This  is  the  first  authentic  date  in  regard  to  its  occupancy  by  whites.  The  In- 
dians made  but  little  opposition  to  the  new  comers. 

1702.  —  THE  governorship  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey  was 
given  to  Edward  Hyde,  the  eldest  son  of  the  Earl  of  Clarendon, 
whose  title  was  Lord  Cornbury. 

His  instructions  were  elaborate,  comprising  nearly  one  hundred  articles.  The 
council  for  New  Jersey  consisted  of  twelve  persons,  appointed  by  the  crown  from 
a  list  of  names  furnished  by  the  governor,  and  liable  to  be  dismissed  by  him,  the 
grounds  for  such  dismission  being  sent  to  England.  The  lower  house  of  the 
assembly  consisted  of  twenty-four  delegates,  equally  divided  between  East  and 
West  Jersey.  They  were  required  to  be  owners  of  at  least  one  thousand  acres  in 
freehold,  and  were  chosen  for  an  indefinite  period.  The  right  of  suffrage  was 
restricted  to  freeholders,  or  owners  of  personal  property  to  the  value  of  fifty 
pounds.  The  assembly  sat  together  until  1738,  when  the  council  was  made  a  sep- 
arate branch,  the  governor  withdrawing  from  it,  and  no  longer  serving  as  its  pre- 
siding officer.  Liberty  of  conscience  was  guaranteed  to  all  "except  Papists." 
Quakers  could  hold  office,  an  affirmation  being  substituted  for  an  oath.  The 
churches  built  were  to  be  maintained,  and  more  to  be  built;  "the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer  read  each  Sunday  and  holy-day,  and  the  blessed  sacrament  adminis- 
tered according  to  the  rites  of  the  Church  of  England."  A  glebe  and  parsonage, 
•with  a  "competent  maintenance,"  were  to  be  provided  for  each  " orthodox "  min- 


172  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1702-3. 

ister,  a  certificate  from  the  bishop  of  London  of  his  conformity  "  to  the  doctrine 
and  discipline  of  the  Church  of  England "  being  necessary.  No  printing  was 
allowed  without  a  "  special  license  "  from  the  governor.  Justices  of  the  peace 
had  jurisdiction  in  cases  under  forty  shillings ;  in  civil  cases  county  courts  of 
common  pleas  ;  and  in  criminal  cases  county  courts  of  general  sessions,  composed 
of  all  the  justices  of  the  county.  Appeals  from  these  lay  to  a  supreme  court  of 
three  judges,  thence  to  the  governor  and  council,  and  thence  to  the  privy  council 
in  England.  The  governor  had  the  probate  of  wills  and  granting  of  marriage 
licenses,  and  claimed  the  power  of  a  court  of  chancery.  The  assembly  prevented 
the  establishment  of  the  Church  of  ^England  by  persistent  refusals  to  vote  grants 
for  the  purpose. 

1702,  SEPTEMBER  3.  —  Governor  Dudley  visited  Rhode  Island, 
and  claimed,  as  vice-admiral,  the  command  of  the  militia  of  that 
colony. 

Their  numbers  were  estimated  at  two  thousand  men.  Governor  Cranston  re- 
plied, that  he  could  not  comply  with  the  order  until  the  assembly  met.  It  was 
claimed  that  the  charter  gave  the  command  of  the  troops  to  the  civil  authorities, 
and  that  its  authority  was  paramount.  Dudley  ordered  the  major  to  parade  his 
troops  the  next  morning,  but  the  major  replied  he  could  not  order  them  out  except 
he  had  orders  from  the  assembly  or  the  governor.  The  treops  did  not  appear. 

1702,  SEPTEMBER.  —  William  Perm  was  made  the  agent  of 
Rhode  Island  in  England. 

1702.  —  THE  proprietors  of  New  Jersey  ceded  their  right  of 
jurisdiction  to  the  crown. 

This,  they  said,  had  "long  been  a  very  expensive  feather."  They  retained 
their  property  in  the  soil,  and  their  claim  to  quit-rents. 

1702.  —  AN  expedition  was  undertaken  from  Carolina  against 
the  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine. 

A  part  of  the  expedition  went  by  sea,  and  a  part  by  land ;  but,  Spanish  vessels 
appearing  from  Havana,  the  force  retreated,  leaving  their  ships  and  stores. 

1702,  DECEMBER.  —  Miles  Foster,  of  Amboy,  New  Jersey,  re- 
ceived from  the  Board  of  Proprietors  a  grant  of  a  town  lot  for 
having  built  the  first  sloop  launched  at  that  place. 

1702.  —  THE  first  issue  of  bills  of  credit  was  made  by  Carolina. 

The  issue  was  made  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  expedition  against  St.  Augus- 
tine. The  amount  issued  was  six  thousand  pounds.  A  tax  was  laid  on  peltries 
and  liquors  to  pay  the  bills  of  credit  in  three  years ;  a  double  tax  was  laid  upon 
non-resident  traders. 

1703.  —  IN  Carolina,  both  in  the  northern  and  southern  prov- 
inces, money  was  voted  for  building  churches  and  supporting  the 
ministers. 

The  proprietaries  were  anxious  to  establish  the  Church  of  England,  but  the 
dissenters  opposed  it.  From  the  time  of  Archdale,  it  became  a  custom  for  the 
governor  of  the  southern  province  to  give  a  commission  as  deputy  to  the  governor 
of  the  northern  one ;  but  in  all  other  respects  they  remained  separated,  each  hav- 
ing its  own  council  and  assembly. 


1703-4.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  173 

1703.  —  THE  Episcopal  church  was  established  in  Maryland. 

Protestant  dissenters  were  tolerated ;  and  it  was  the  introduction  of  this  clause 
in  the  act  which  secured  it  from  the  veto  which  had  been  given  three  times  to  a 
similar  act.  Catholics  were,  however,  forbidden  to  teach  or  preach,  and  mass 
could  not  be  said  publicly. 

1703.  —  THE  three  counties  comprising  Delaware  were  finally 
separated  from  Pennsylvania,  and  were  given  a  distinct  assembly. 

Until  the  Revolution,  however,  the  same  .governor  and  council  presided  over 
the  two  states,  and  not  until  1776  did  the  inhabitants  of  Delaware  adopt  a  con- 
stitution. 

1703.  —  IN  February,  John  Clarke  received  a  grant  of  twenty 
acres  on  the  southern  branches  of  the  Rahawck  "  for  his  encour- 
agement in  fitting  up  a  fulling-mill "  in  that  part  of  New  Jersey. 

This  was  the  first  mill  of  the  kind  in  the  province. 

1703,  MAY  12.  —  Commissioners  from  Rhode  Island  and  Con- 
necticut met  at  Stonington,  and  agreed  upon  a  line  between  the 
two  colonies. 

It  was  substantially  the  same  that  remains  to-day.  By  this  mutual  arrangement, 
a  dispute  which  had  lasted  forty  years,  and  had  been  the  cause  of  expensive  and 
useless  litigation,  was  settled. 

1703.  —  THE  assembly  of  New  York  refused  to  make  any  more 
extraordinary  appropriations,  unless  the  money  was  spent  by  a 
treasurer  of  their  own. 

They  had  voted  money  for  the  erection  of  batteries  at  the  Narrows,  and  could 
get  no  satisfactory  account  of  its  expenditure. 

1703.  —  NEWS-LETTERS,  or  written  circulars  containing  news, 
were  sent  this  year  by  John  Campbell,  the  postmaster  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  to  Fits;  John  Winthrop,  the  governor   of  Con- 
necticut. 

In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  for  1866-7  will  be 
found  nine  of  these  letters,  beginning  in  April  and  ending  in  October.  Such  let- 
ters were  sent  to  all  the  governors  of  New  England,  and  were  the  natural  precur- 
sors of  the  newspaper. 

1704.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  prohibited  the  exporta- 
tion of  leather,  deer-skins  dressed  in  the  hair,  and  beaver  and 
other  skins. 

The  acts  were  passed  on  petitions  of  the  shoemakers,  saddlers,  felt-makers,  and 
others.  The  price  of  shoes  was  fixed  —  men's  at  six  shillings  and  six  pence, 
women's  at  five  shillings. 

1704.  —  BY  an  act  passed  by  the  British  parliament :  "  For  en- 
couraging the  importation  of  naval  stores  from  her  Majesty's 
plantations  in  America,"  bounties  were  for  the  first  time  offered 
of  four  pounds  a  ton  on  tar  and  pitch,  three  pounds  upon  turpen- 


174  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1704. 

tine,  and  six  pounds  upon  water-rotted  hemp.     Upon  all  masts, 
yards,  and  bowsprits,  one  pound  a  ton  of  forty  feet. 

The  bounty  on  hemp  increased  its  culture,  particularly  in  Virginia  and  Caro- 
lina, and  improved  the  quality,  so  that  the  hemp  from  Virginia  was  said  to  be  equal 
to  any. 

1704.  —  A  PROCLAMATION  by  Queen  Anne  fixed  the  rates  for 
Spanish  and  other  foreign  coins  in  the  colonies. 

The  Spanish  dollar  was  rated  at  four  shillings  and  six  pence.  This  made  the 
pound  sterling  =  $4^..  New  England  coinage  being  twenty-five  per  cent,  less,  the 
pound  in  New  England  coinage  was  worth  §3.33. 

1704,  MARCH.  —  Deerfield,  then  the  north-western  frontier  town 
of  New  England,  was  attacked  and  destroyed  by  the  French  and 
Indians- 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  offered  rewards  for  Indian  prisoners  or 
scalps.  Captain  Church  was  sent  against  the  French  settlements  on  the  Penob- 
ficot  and  the  east,  with  six  hundred  men.  His  orders  were  not  to  attack  Port 
Royal.  It  was  estimated  that  every  Indian  scalp  taken  during  this  war  cost  the 
colony  about  a  thousand  pounds. 

1704,  APRIL  24.  —  Tlie  Boston  News  Letter,  the  first  successful 
periodical  issue  in  America,  was  begun  this  year. 

John  Campbell,  the  postmaster,  was  the  proprietor  of  this  issue.  It  was  printed 
weekly.  For  fifteen  years  it  was  the  only  newspaper  in  the  colonies.  It  was  at 
first  printed  by  Bartholomew  Green.  From  1707  to  1711,  it  was  printed  by  John 
Allen,  who  commenced  at  the  first  date.  In  1711,  Allen's  establishment  being 
destroyed  by  fire,  Green  again  commenced  its  printing;  and  in  1722  it  passed  into 
his  possession,  and  continued  in  that  of  his  family  until  1766.  The  first  number 
contained  but  one  advertisement,  and  that  was  the  proprietor's,  as  follows  :  — 

"  ADVERTISEMENT. 

"This  News  letter  is  to  be  continued  Weekly;  and  all  persons  who  have  any 
Houses,  Lands,  Tenements,  Farms,  Ships,  Vessels,  Goods,  Wares  or  Merchan- 
dizes &c.  to  be  Sold  or  Let ;  or  Servants  Run-away,  or  Goods  Stole  or  Lost :  may 
have  the  same  inserted  at  a  Reasonable  Rate,  from  Twelve  pence  to  Five  Shillings, 
and  not  to  exceed :  Who  may  agree  with  John  Campbel  Post-master  of  Boston. 

"  All  Persons  in  Town  and  Country  may  have  said  News-Letter  every  Week, 
Yearly,  upon  reasonable  terms,  agreeing  with  John  Campbel  Post-Master  for  the 
same." 

The  News-Letter  continued  in  existence  seventy-two  years,  for  eighteen  of 
which  it  was  under  Campbell's  control.  A  complete  file  of  it  (the  only  one  known) 
is  in  the  New  York  Historical  Society's  library.  John  Campbell  died  March  4, 
1728,  aged  seventy-five.  The  News-Letter  continued,  with  various  changes  in  its 
proprietorship,  until  it  ceased  in  March,  1776,  on  the  evacuation  of  Boston  by  the 
British  troops,  it  having  been  loyal  to  the  British  government,  and  the  only  paper 
issued  in  the  city  during  its  siege  by  Washington. 

1704.  —  THE  cancellation  of  the  paper  money  issued  this  year 
by  Massachusetts  was  postponed  for  two  years. 

1704.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  prohibited  the 
exportation  of  gunpowder,  and  authorized  "  the  undertakers  of 


1704-5.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  175 

the   powder-mill"   to  impress  workmen  by  a  warrant  from  a 
magistrate. 

The  order  was  made  previously  to  this  date. 

1704.  —  A  DUTY  was  laid  on  the  importation  of  hops  by  the 
assembly  of  Pennsylvania  in  order  to  encourage  their  home  cul- 
tivation. 

1704.  —  THE  assembly  of  Carolina  passed  an  act  obliging  all 
members  of  the  assembly  to  take  the  sacrament  according  to  the 
rites  of  the  Church  of  England,  or  subscribe  a  declaration  of 
their  adhesion  to  that  church. 

The  dissenters  objected,  but  the  churchmen  had  a  majority  of  one. 

1704.  —  THE  production  of  rice  in  Carolina  had  become  so 
great  that  it  was  put  in  the  list  of  "  enumerated  articles." 

1704.  —  FEEE  schools  were  established  in  Maryland. 

The  funds  for  their  support  were  raised  by  duties,  double  rates  being  imposed 
upon  non-residents.  Finally  a  free  school  was  established  in  each  county. 

1704.  —  DELAWARE  petitioned  for  a  royal  governor. 

1704.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  addressed  a  memorial 
to  Penn,  the  proprietary. 

They  charged  him  with  various  offences,  and  finally  with  betraying  the  colony. 
The  memorial  was  drawn  up  by  David  Lloyd,  their  speaker. 

1705.  —  LORD  CORNBURY,  the  governor  of  the  province  of  New 
York,  reporting  to  the  Board  of  Trade,  said,— 

"  I  am  well  informed  that  upon  Long  Island  and  Connecticut  they  are  setting  upon 
a  woollen  manufacture,  and  I  myself  have  seen  serge  made  upon  Long  Island  that 
any  man  may  wear.  Now  if  they  begin  to  make  serge,  they  will,  in  time,  make 
coarse  Cloth,  and  then  fine ;  we  have  as  good  fuller's  earth  and  tobacco  pipe  clay 
in  this  province  as  any  in  the  world ;  how  far  this  will  be  for  the  service  of  Eng- 
land I  submit  to  better  judgements ;  but,  however,  I  hope  I  may  be  pardoned  if  I 
declare  my  opinion  to  be  that  all  the  colloneys  which  are  but  twigs  belonging  to 
the  main  tree  (England)  ought  to  be  kept  entirely  dependent  upon  and  subservient 
to  England,  and  that  can  never  be,  if  they  are  suffered  to  goe  on  in  the  notions 
they  have,  that,  as  they  are  Englishmen,  soe  they  may  set  up  the  same  manufac- 
tures here  as  people  may  do  in  England ;  for  the  consequence  will  be,  if  once  they 
can  see  they  can  cloathe  themselves,  not  only  comfortably,  but  handsomely  too, 
without  the  help  of  England,  they,  who  are  already  not  very  fond  of  submitting  to 
government,  would  soon  think  of  putting  in  execution  designs  they  had  long  har- 
boured in  their  hearts.  This  will  not  seem  strange,  when  you  consider  what  sort 
of  people  this  country  is  inhabited  by." 

1705.  —  THE  province  of  Carolina  was  divided  into  parishes, 
and  the  Church  of  England  legally  established. 

A  board  of  twenty  lay  commissioners  were  appointed,  with  power  to  supervise 
the  morals  of  both  clergy  and  laity,  and  authority  to  present  and  remove  ministers. 
The  bishop  of  London  complained  of  it  as  an  intrusion  on  his  episcopal  rights,  and 
the  dissenters  denounced  it  as  a  Star-Chamber. 


176  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1705. 

1705,  DECEMBER.  —  An  expedition  from  Carolina  attacked  the 
Spanish-Indian  settlements  in  Florida. 

James  Moore,  with  fifty  white  men  and  a  thousand  Creek  Indians,  marched 
through  the  woods  against  them.  The  Spanish  fort  was  too  strong  for  them,  but 
they  plundered  and  burned  the  Indian  churches  and  villages,  and,  removing  the 
native  Indians,  gave  the  country  to  their  Indian  allies.  It  was  settled  by  the  Sem- 
inoles,  and,  when  they  were  removed  in  the  next  century,  traces  of  the  old  Span- 
ish settlements  were  found  overgrown  by  forests. 

1705.  —  The  government  of  Virginia  was  given  as  a  sinecure 
to  the  Earl  of  Orkney,  who  appointed  as  his  deputy  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  the  office  Edward  Nott. 

The  deputy  received  two  fifths  of  the  salary,  his  principal  obtaining  the  re- 
maining twelve  hundred  pounds.  The  arrangement  thus  introduced  continued  in 
practice  for  sixty-three  years,  the  successive  incumbents  of  the  office  being  Lord 
Albemarle,  Lord  Loudoun,  and  General  Amherst. 

1705.  —  THE  assembly  of  Virginia  made  a  fifth  revision  of  the 
Virginia  Code. 

All  children  were  "to  be  bond  or  free,  according  to  the  condition  of  their 
mothers."  All  servants  imported,  "  who  were  not  Christians  in  their  native 
country,"  were  to  "be  slaves,  notwithstanding  a  conversion  to  Christianity  after- 
ward." Negroes,  mulattoes,  and  Indians  could  not  hold  office,  bear  witness,  or 
own  slaves.  The  child  of  an  Indian,  the  child,  grandchild,  or  great-grandchild  of 
a  negro,  were  to  be  esteemed  mulattoes.  Masters  were  not  to  "whip  a  Christian 
white  servant  naked,"  without  an  order  from  a  justice  of  the  peace,  under  pen- 
alty of  a  fine.  Servants,  "not  being  slaves,"  justices  were  bound  to  listen  to  their 
complaints.  Runaway  and  irreclaimable  slaves  might  be  killed,  servants  might 
be  "dismembered."  Each  county  had  two  burgesses,  elected  by  the  freeholders. 
Those  entitled  to  vote  were  fined  for  neglecting  to  do  so.  The  vote  was  deter- 
mined "  upon  view,"  unless  a  poll  was  demanded,  when  it  was  taken  viva  voce, 
the  sheriff  keeping  the  roll.  Every  settler  had  a  right  to  fifty  acres  of  land,  and 
more  by  the  payment  of  a  shilling  for  each  ten  acres,  up  to  a  limit  of  five  hundred 
acres.  Settlers  with  more  than  five  tithablc  slaves  or  servants  might  take  up  two 
hundred  additional  acres,  but  no  single  patent  for  land  should  exceed  four  thou- 
sand acres.  Patents  were  void  in  three  years  unless  "  seated  and  planted  by  the 
building  of  one  house  of  wood  after  the  usual  manner  of  building  in  this  colony," 
and  clearing,  planting,  and  tending  one  acre.  Entails  could  be  docked  only  by  an 
act  of  the  assembly. 

1705.  —  THE  laws  of  Connecticut  against  the  Quakers  were 
declared  void  by  a  royal  order  in  council. 

1705.  —  DUDLEY,  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  proposed  an 
exchange  of  prisoners  with  the  governor  of  New  France,  which 
was  accepted. 

The  governor  of  New  France  proposed  a  suspension  of  hostilities,  which  the 
general  court  refused.  The  negotiations,  however,  took  some  time.  Dudley  was 
accused  of  sharing  in  the  shipment  of  munitions  in  the  ship  sent  with  the  prison- 
ers, and  four  Boston  merchants  were  imprisoned  and  fined  for  it,  though  the  pro- 
ceeding was  annulled  in  England. 


1706-7.]  AXNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  177 

1706.  —  THE  first  presbytery  was  held  at  Philadelphia. 

Of  the  members  forming  it,  only  one  (Jedidiah  Andrews  of  New  England,  a 
Harvard  graduate)  was  born  in  this  country.  All  the  others  were  Scotch  or  Irish 
emigrants. 

1706,  AUGUST.  —  Charleston,  in  Carolina,  was  attacked  by  an 
expedition  of  Spaniards  and  French. 

The  assailants  were  repulsed.  One  French  frigate  and  four  Spanish  sloops 
formed  the  attacking  force.  The  frigate  was  captured,  and  nearly  half  the  eight 
hundred  French  troops  who  landed  killed  or  made  prisoners. 

1706.  —  A  SECOND  issue  of  paper  money  was  made  in  Carolina. 
It  consisted  of  eight  thousand  pounds,  and  the  same  taxes  as  before  were  de- 
voted to  its  redemption. 

1706.  —  THE  assembly  in  Pennsylvania  made  an  affectionate 
address  to  Penn. 

His  friends  had  a  majority.  A  dispute  arose,  however,  between  Evans,  the  gov- 
ernor, and  the  assembly,  concerning  the  establishment  of  a  supreme  court  of  law 
and  equity,  Evans  wishing  to  reserve  for  himself  and  the  council  the  equity  juris- 
diction ;  and  as  no  compromise  could  be  made,  he  exercised  the  right  he  claimed 
under  the  charter,  but  which  the  assembly  denied,  of  establishing  courts  by  proc- 
lamation. 

1707. — THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  sent  to  Penn  a  list  of 
complaints  against  Evans,  the  governor,  and  James  Logan,  the 
colonial  secretary. 

Evans  was  recalled. 

1707. — THE  assembly  of  South  Carolina  passed  an  act  estab- 
lishing the  Church  of  England  as  the  religion  of  the  province, 
and  providing  for  its  support  at  the  public  expense. 

The  ministers  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  commissary  of  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don. This  establishment  gradually  absorbed  the  Dissenters,  and  remained  the 
legal  ecclesiastical  establishment  until  the  Revolution. 

1707.  —  THE  Dissenters  of  South  Carolina  brought  their  pro- 
test  against  the  acts  of  1704  before  the  House  of  Lords,  who 
decided  tbey  were  unreasonable  and  illegal. 

The  queen,  by  the  advice  of  the  crown  lawyers,  proclaimed  the  acts  void,  and 
directed  steps  to  be  taken  for  the  forfeiture  of  the  proprietary  rights. 

1707.  —  A  COMPANY  was  formed  at  Simsbury,  Connecticut,  to 
work  the  copper  mines. 

The  landholders  worked  the  mine,  paying  the  town  ten  shillings  for  each  ton 
produced.  The  proceeds  to  be  used  in  supporting  "an  able  schoolmaster  in 
Simsbury,  and  aiding  Yale  College." 

1707,  FEBRUARY.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  legislated 
to  control  the  prices  of  hides  and  shoes. 

The  law  was  "  for  preventing  the  deceits  and  abuses  by  tanners,  curriers,  and 
shoemakers." 

12 


178  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1707-8. 

1707.  —  AN  expedition  sailed  from  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
against  Acadie. 

It  was  repulsed  at  Port  Royal,  and  the  troops  suffered  much  from  disease. 
The  expedition  consisted  of  a  thousand  men,  under  Colonel  March,  and  were 
accompanied  by  an  English  frigate.  They  burned  the  houses  and  killed  the 
cattle,  and  destroyed  the  crops  along  the  Port  Royal  River.  Rhode  Island  and 
New  Hampshire  contributed  to  the  expedition,  and  issued  their  first  bills  of  credit 
to  pay  the  expense. 

1707.  —  THE  proclamation  to  regulate  the  currency  was  re- 
enforced  by  an  act  of  Parliament. 

1707.  —  GURDON  SALTONSTALL  was  elected  governor  of  Con- 
necticut. 

He  was  minister  of  New  London,  and  held  the  office,  by  re-election,  seventeen 
years.  His  election  was  an  innovation  upon  the  original  rule,  by  which  not  only 
ministers,  but  ruling  elders  were  disqualified  for  holding  civil  offices. 

1707.  —  A  JURY  in  New  York  acquitted  two  Dissenting  mis- 
sionaries, who  had  been  prosecuted  by  order  of  Cornbury,  the 
governor. 

Cornbury  claimed,  by  his  instructions,  to  deny  the  right  of  preachers,  or 
schoolmasters,  to  exercise  their  functions  without  a  license  from  the  bishop. 

1708.  —  NEW  JERSEY  petitioned  to  have  a  separate    govern- 
ment from  New  York,  and  Lewis   Morris  represented   to  the 
English  secretary  of  state  Cornbury's  vices  and  offences. 

The  population  of  the  state  was  then  about  forty  thousand. 

1708.  —  CORNBURY  was  removed  from  the  governorship  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  Lord  Lovelace  appointed  his 
successor. 

Cornbury's  creditors  in  New  York  arrested  him,  but  succeeding  soon  to  the 
earldom  of  Clarendon,  the  privilege  of  peerage  discharged  him  from  jail.  Love- 
lace died  soon  after  his  arrival,  and  Ingolsby,  the  lieutenant-governor,  assumed 
the  administration. 

1708.  —  THE  Connecticut  assembly  approved  the  Saybrook 
Platform. 

It  had  been  drawn  up  by  a  synod,  and  introduced  the  "Consociations"  of 
ministers. 

1708.  —  HAVERHILL,  on  the  Merrimac,  was  destroyed  by  the 
French  and  Indians. 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  petitioned  the  queen  to  assist  in  the  con- 
quering of  Canada  and  Acadie. 

1708,  APRIL  28.  —  The  first  general  census  of  Rhode  Island 
was  ordered  by  the  assembly. 

It  was  found  there  were  7181  inhabitants,  of  whom  1015  were  freemen;  56 
white  and  426  colored  servants. 


1708-9.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  179 

1708,  AUGUST.  —  A  letter  from  Colonel  Heathecote  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  from  New  York,  speaks  of  their  linen  manufac- 
tories. 

He  says  "  he  had  labored  hard  to  divert  the  Americans  from  going  on  with 
their  linen  and  woolen  manufactures.  But  that  already  three  quarters  of  what 
they  used  they  made,  especially  the  coarse  sort,  and  if  some  speedy  and  effectual 
ways  are  not  found  to  put  a  stop  to  it,  they  will  carry  it  on  a  great  deal  further, 
and,  perhaps,  in  time,  very  much  to  the  prejudice  of  our  manufactories  at  home. 
I  have  been  discoursed  with  by  some  to  assist  them  in  setting  up  a  manufactory 
of  fine  stuffs,  but  I  have,  for  the  present,  put  it  by,  and  will,  for  my  own  part, 
never  be  concerned  in  it,  nor  any  other  of  that  nature,  but  will  use  all  the  little 
interest  and  skill  I  have  to  prevent  it." 

Colonel  Heathecote  was  a  member  of  the  council  of  the  province,  and  had  ap- 
plied to  the  Board  of  Trade  for  the  contract  to  supply  naval  stores. 

1708,  OCTOBER  4.  —  The  assembly. of  Connecticut,  sitting  at 
New  Haven,  voted  fifty  pounds  "  for  the  bringing  up  and  main- 
taining of  dogs  in  the  northern  frontier  towns  in  that  colony,  to 
hunt  after  the  Indian  enemy." 

1709,  OCTOBER.  —  A  congress  of  several  governors  was  held 
at  New  London,  Connecticut,  to  consult  concerning  an  expedi- 
tion against  Canada. 

The  meeting  was  at  the  request  of  Colonel  Vetch.  As  the  expected  British 
fleet  did  not  arrive,  nothing  was  done,  and  later,  a  meeting  being  held  at  Boston, 
commissioners  were  sent  to  England  to  ask  for  aid. 

1709.  —  A  PRINTING-PRESS  was  established  this  year  at  New 
London,  Connecticut,  by  Thomas  Short,  from  Boston,  recom- 
mended by  B.  Green. 

He  printed  the  next  year  the  Saybrook  Platform  of  Church  Discipline,  and 
several  sermons,  but  died  in  three  or  four  years,  and  was  succeeded  by  Timothy 
Green,  a  son  of  Samuel  Green,  Jr.,  of  Boston,  who  was  made  the  public  printer 
with  a  salary  of  fifty  pounds  a  year. 

1709.  —  AN  edition  of  the  Psalms,  in  the  English  and  Indian 
languages,  was  issued  by  the  Cambridge  press,  with  the  imprint 
of  B.  Green  and  J.  Printer  on  the  title. 

1709.  —  CONNECTICUT,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey  made  their 
first  issue  of  bills  of  credit. 

They  were  issued  to  meet  the  expenses  of  preparing  for  an  expedition  against 
Canada,  undertaken  by  order  of  the  English  government,  by  whom  the  co-opera- 
tion of  a  fleet  was  promised.  The  defeat  of  the  allies  in  Spain  prevented  the 
coming  of  the  fleet,  and  the  expedition  was  abandoned.  Rhode  Island  also  took 
part  in  the  preparation  for  the  expedition,  and  issued  bills  of  credit  for  the  ex- 
penses. New  Hampshire  furnished  her  quota.  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania, 
called  upon  by  Governor  Gookin  to  aid,  protested,  "  with  all  humility,  they  could 
not  in  conscience  provide  money  to  hire  men  to  kill  each  other."  They  tendered 
the  queen,  however,  a  present  of  five  hundred  pounds,  which  Gookin  refused  to 
accept. 


180  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1710. 

1710,  SEPTEMBER  18.  —  An  expedition  against  Port  Royal 
sailed  from  Nantasket,  where  it  had  rendezvoused. 

The  fleet  consisted  of  twelve  ships-of-war  and  twenty-four  transports.  Of 
these,  fourteen  were  in  the  pay  of  Massachusetts,  two  of  New  Hampshire,  three 
of  Rhode  Island,  and  five  of  Connecticut.  They  carried  five  regiments,  under 
the  command  of  General  Nicholson.  In  six  days  they  arrived  at  Port  Royal  and 
laid  siege  to  it. 

1710,  OCTOBER  2.  —  Port  Royal  surrendered. 

The  loss  to  the  expedition  was  some  fifteen  men.  The  name  of  Port  Royal 
was  changed  to  Annapolis  Royal. 

1710.  —  THE  Drinkwater  Iron  Works,  near  Abington,  Massa- 
chusetts, were  erected. 

Cannon  and  shot  were  cast  here  in  the  Revolution. 

1710.  —  PENN  wrote  a  letter  to  the  assembly  of  Pennsylvania, 
in  which,  after  recapitulating  the  history  of  the  province,  he  sug- 
gested, that  unless  more  harmony  should  prevail,  he  would  be 
obliged  to  rid  himself  of  the  government  of  the  province. 

It  had  been  such  an  expense  to  him,  that  he  had  borrowed  money  from  his 
London  agent  at  usurious  interest,  and  secured  it  by  a  mortgage  on  the  province. 
He  now  began  negotiations  for  selling  his  sovereignty  to  the  queen  for  twelve 
thousand  pounds,  reserving  to  himself  the  quit-rents  and  the  property  in  the  soil. 

1710. — AN  act  of  parliament  extended  the  British  post-office 
system  to  America. 

Neal's  patent  had  expired.  New  York  was  made  the  chief  office,  and  the  mails 
were  brought  over  the  Atlantic  by  regular  packets.  The  rates  of  postage  were 
regulated.  A  line  of  posts  was  soon  established  on  Neal's  routes,  extending 
north  as  far  as  the  Piscataqua,  and  south  to  Philadelphia.  South  of  this,  as  far 
as  Williamsburg  in  Virginia,  the  mail  left  as  often  as  letters  enough  were  col- 
lected to  pay  the  postage,  and  even  more  irregularly  as  far  south  as  Carolina. 

1710.  — ROBERT  HUNTER  arrived  in  New  York  as  governor. 

The  assembly  he  called  refused  to  make  a  grant  for  more  than  a  year's  revenue, 
in  place  of  the  seven  years'  revenue  which  had  been  the  custom.  The  queen, 
it  was  claimed,  spent  yearly  twenty  thousand  pounds  in  maintaining  troops  and 
ships  for  the  defence  of  New  York ;  and  it  was  threatened  to  raise  a  revenue  by  act 
of  parliament.  Hunter  wrote  home  finally  that  the  assembly  was  resolved  to  put 
itself  on  a  footing  with  those  of  the  chartered  colonies,  and  he  could  not  pre- 
vent it. 

1710.  —  ALEXANDER  SPOTSWOOD  was  sent  as  lieutenant  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

He  carried  with  him  the  queen's  consent  to  the  extension  of  the  Habeas  Corpus 
Act  to  the  province.  Spotswood  went  with  an  expedition  over  the  Blue  Ridge. 

1710.  —  DURING  this  year  and  the  next  many  thousands  of 
Germans,  refugees  in  England  from  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  were 
sent  over  to  the  colonies  of  America. 


1711.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  181 

Some  three  thousand  were  sent  to  settle  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  under 
indentures  to  serve  the  queen  as  "grateful  subjects  in  the  production  of  tar." 
They  were  soon  dissatisfied  with  serving,  and  after  it  had  cost  some  twenty  thou- 
sand pounds  more  to  support  them  than  they  produced,  their  indentures  were 
cancelled,  and  they  formed  the  ny>st  industrious  settlements  in  the  valley  of  the 
Schoharie  and  the  upper  waters  of  the  Mohawk.  Three  or  four  thousand  were 
also  sent  to  Pennsylvania,  and  another  body  into  North  Carolina.  It  was  by 
these  settlers  that  the  Lutheran  and  German  Reformed  Churches  were  founded 
and  supported. 

1711,  JUNE.  —  A  congress  of  governors  was  held  at  New  Lon- 
don, Connecticut,  to  decide  concerning  the  quotas  from  the 
different  colonies. 

General  Nicholson  had  arrived  at  Boston  with  the  news  that  the  fleet  might  be 
expected  soon,  and  with  orders  to  attack  Canada,  and  commands  for  New  Eng- 
land, New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania,  to  have  their  quotas  in  readi- 
ness. 

1711,  JULY  30.  —  An  expedition  against  Canada  sailed  from 

Boston. 

A  fleet  to  assist  had  arrived  from  England  on  the  21st  of  June.  The  fleet  con- 
sisted of  fifteen  ships-of-war  and  forty  transports,  under  the  command  of  Sir 
Hovenden  Walker.  Five  British  regiments  and  two  colonial  ones,  aggregating 
nearly  seven  thousand  men,  were  embarked  on  the  fleet.  On  the  same  day  Gen- 
eral Nicholson  started  for  Albany  to  take  command  of  a  force  which  was  to 
prpceed  by  land  against  Montreal.  This  force  is  variously  stated  to  have  been 
four  thousand  and  two  thousand,  eight  hundred  of  which  were  Indians. 

1711,  AUGUST  22. — The  fleet  was  so  injured  by  a  storm  that 
the  expedition  was  abandoned. 

The  fleet  had  reached  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  was  waiting  for  the  transports. 
By  the  storm  nearly  a  thousand  men  were  lost.  The  land  expedition,  having 
heard  of  the  disaster  before  reaching  Lake  Champlain,  also  returned.  For  this 
expedition  Massachusetts  furnished  forty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit,  and 
New  York  issued  ten  thousand  pounds ;  Pennsylvania,  as  a  present  to  the  queen, 
contributed  two  thousand  pounds. 

1711.  —  A  Swiss  settlement  in  North  Carolina,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Neuse,  called  their  town  New  Berne. 

The  Germans  sent  out  by  the  proprietors  settled  themselves  on  this  river. 
The  Tuscaroras  considering  this  an  infringement  upon  their  lands,  seized  the 
surveyor-general,  Lawson,  burned  him  at  the  stake,  and  commenced  a  war. 
South  Carolina  sent  a  small  militia  force  to  assist  the  colonists,  together  with  a 
large  body  of  friendly  Indians,  and  the  Tuscaroras  agreed  to  peace. 

1711.  —  BY  an  act  of  parliament,  a  penalty  of  one  hundred 
pounds  was  attached  to  the  cutting  of  white  or  other  pine  trees, 
growing  upon  lands  not  owned  as  private  property,  or  such  as 
were  marked  by  the  surveyor,  in  New  England,  New  York,  and 
New  Jersey. 

The  penalty  was  recoverable  in  a  court  of  admiralty,  where  the  trial  was  with- 
out jury. 


182  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1711-12. 

1711.  —  A  SUPERIOR  COURT,  of  five  judges,  chosen  annually  by 
the  assembly,  was  organized  in  Connecticut. 

It  exercised  the  judicial  authority  heretofore  held  by  the  assistants. 

1712.  —  A  BANK,  or  stock  of  forty-eight  thousand  pounds,  was 
created  in  South  Carolina. 

Bills  of  credit  were  issued  to  this  amount,  and  loaned  upon  mortgages  of  real 
estate,  to  be  repaid  in  yearly  instalments. 

1712.  —  A  SECOND  grist-mill  was  erected  for  New  London* 
Connecticut,  on  the  Falls  of  Jordan  Brook,  by  Richard  Manwa- 
ring. 

1712.  —  ANDREW  SOULES  BRADFORD,  the  eldest  son  of  William 
Bradford,  who  in  1708  was  admitted  a  freeman  of  New  York 
city,  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and  took  charge  of  the  press  his 
father  had  left  there. 

The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  resolved  to  have  the  laws  printed,  and  appointed 
a  committee  "to  treat  with  Jacob- Taylor  and  the  other  printers  in  the  town," 
concerning  the  expense.  The  contract  was  finally  given  to  Andrew  Bradford, 
who  issued  them  the  next  year  in  a  folio  volume  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  pages. 

Andrew  Soules  Bradford  was  born  in  Philadelphia.  His  printing-house  was 
in  Second  Street.  He  also  kept  a  bookstore,  sold  tea,  and  carried  on  a  bindery. 
He  was  printer  to  the  government,  and  in  1732  was  postmaster  of  the  province. 

1712.  —  THE  Tuscaroras  renewed  the  war  in  North  Carolina. 

The  South  Carolina  forces  returning  home,  pillaged  some  of  the  Indian  vil- 
lages, and  carried  off  their  inhabitants  to  sell  as  slaves.  Spotswood,  the  gover- 
nor of  Virginia,  having  influenced  the  assembly  to  vote  assistance,  sent  it,  and 
succeeded  in  making  peace  with  a  portion  of  the  Tuscaroras. 

1712. —  THE  monopoly  of  trade  with  Louisiana  had  been 
granted  to  Anthony  Crozat. 

Crozat  agreed  to  send  two  ships  a  year  from  France  with  goods  and  emigrants. 
He  had  also  the  right  to  import  yearly  a  cargo  of  slaves  from  Africa.  The 
French  government  agreed  to  pay  fifty  thousand  livres  ($10,000)  a  year  towards 
the  support  of  the  civil  and  military  establishment. 

1712,  APRIL.  — A  real  or  pretended  plot  of  the  slaves  in  New 
York  city  caused  great  excitement  throughout  the  province. 

Nineteen  of  the  accused  were  hanged.  The  city  contained  at  this  time  five 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  forty  inhabitants. 

1712,  JUNE.  —  A  slave  code  was  enacted  in  South  Carolina. 

Slaves  without  a  pass  were  to  be  arrested  and  punished  on  the  spot  by  "mod- 
erate chastisement."  Negro  houses  were  to  be  searched  once  a  week.  The 
punishment  of  a  slave  for  theft,  for  the  first  offence,  was  public  and  severe  whip- 
ping ;  for  the  second,  loss  of  his  ear,  or  branding  on  his  forehead ;  for  the  third, 
having  his  "nose  slit;"  for  the  fourth,  "death  or  other  punishment,"  at  the 
discretion  of  the  court.  Two  justices  and  three  freeholders  made  a  competent 
court  for  sentencing  a  slave  to  death,  the  owner  to  be  indemnified  at  the  public 


1712-13.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  183 

expense.  Runaway  slaves  were  to  be  treated  with  similar  harshness.  For  the 
fourth  such  an  offence,  a  man  "  was  to  be  gelt,"  the  owner  to  be  reimbursed  if  he 
died  under  the  operation ;  if  a  woman,  whipped,  branded,  and  her  left  ear  cut  off. 
An  owner  killing  his  slave  through  "wantonness,  bloody-mindedness,  or  cruel 
intention,"  was  fined  fifty  pounds  "  current  money;  "  if  the  slave  belonged  to  an- 
other, twenty-five  pounds  to  the  public,  and  the  slave's  Value  to  the'  owner.  It 
was  made  lawful  for  slaves,  negro  or  Indian,  to  be  baptized,  and  receive  the 
Christian  religion;  but  "he  or  they  shall  not  therefore  be  manumitted  or  set 
free." 

1712,  JUNE.  —  An  act  was  passed  in  Pennsylvania  placing  a 
duty  of  twenty  pounds  upon  all  negroes  and  Indians  brought 
into  the  province  by  laud  or  water. 

It  was  refunded  if  they  were  re-exported  within  twenty  days.  Travellers  were 
allowed  six  months  before  claiming  the  drawback,  and  to  have  two  "negro  or 
Indian  slaves  "  attending  them.  The  queen  disallowed  and  repealed  this  act. 

1712,  AUGUST.  —  Massachusetts  passed  an  act  totally  prohibit- 
ing the  importation  of  Indian  slaves  under  pain  of  forfeiture. 

The  act  recites  "that  diverse  conspiracies,  outrages,  barbarities,  murders, 
burglaries,  thefts,  and  other  notorious  crimes  and  enormities,"  have,  "especially 
of  late,"  been  committed  by  "  Indians  and  other  slaves,"  within  "  several  of  her 
Majesty's  plantations  in  America." 

1713. —  WORCESTER,  Massachusetts,  was  permanently  settled. 

In  1848  it  was  incorporated  as  a  city.  It  is  an  important  railroad  centre, 
being  the  point  of  junction  of  six  different  lines.  It  is  a  great  manufacturing  place 
of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  machinery,  iron-works,  and  agricultural  implements. 

1713.  —  THE  town  of  New  London,  Connecticut,  granted  to 
Colonel  John  Livingston  what  right  it  had  to  Sawmill  Brook,  to 
erect  a  saw-mill  and  fulling-mill. 

1713.  —  A  LARGE  brick  house  was  built  at  Haddonn'eld,  New 
Jersey,  of  bricks  brought  from  England  by  Elizabeth  Haddon, 
whose  father  had  purchased  four  hundred  acres  there,  and  sent 
his  daughter,  aged  twenty,  to  make  a  settlement. 

The  place  was  named  after  Mm. 

1713,  APRIL  11.  —  The  treaty  of  Utrecht  was  signed,  and  the 
war  with  France  and  Spain  ended. 

Acadie,  now  Nova  Scotia,  Newfoundland,  and  Hudson's  Bay  passed  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  England.  By  the  treaty  Spain  passed  over  to  the  South  Sea  Com- 
pany a  contract  with  the  French  Guinea  Company  for  supplying  slaves  to  Spanish 
America,  and  the  South  Sea  Company  contracted  to  land  yearly,  in  the  New 
World,  forty-eight  hundred  slaves,  for  thirty  years. 

1713.  —  A  FORCE  of  militia  and  friendly  Indians  from  South 
Carolina  marched  against  the  Tuscaroras,  who  were  conquered. 

The  Indians  taken  captive  by  the  friendly  Indians  were  sent  to  South  Carolina 
and  sold  as  slaves.  The  Tuscaroras  abandoned  their  territory,  and  going  north- 
ward, were  taken  into  the  confederacy  of  the  Five  Nations,  as  a  sixth  nation. 


184  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1713-15. 

1713.  —  NORTH  CAROLINA  issued  her  first  bills  of  credit. 

The  amount  was  eight  thousand  pounds,  and  was  issued  to  meet  the  expenses 
of  the  Indian  war. 

1714.  —  A  PAPER-MILL  was   built  upon   Chester  Creek,  Dela- 
ware. 

It  was  afterwards  owned  by  a  Mr.  Wilcox,  who  used  to  furnish  Franklin  with 
paper.  The  mill  was  still  in  operation  in  18(50,  and  the  paper  made  by  hand. 

1714.  —  NEW  YORK  issued  bills  of  credit  to  the  amount  of  twenty- 
seven  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty  pounds  to  pay  its  arrears 
of  debt. 

1714,  JUNE  15.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  burned  publicly 
bills  of  credit  amounting  to  one  thousand  one  hundred  and  two 
pounds,  eight  shillings  and  six  pence. 

They  had  been  received  for  taxation  and  were  thus  redeemed. 

1714.  —  A  BANK  or  stock  of  fifty  thousand  pounds  was  created 
in  Massachusetts. 

It  was  a  scheme  similar  to  that  in  South  Carolina,  and  was  to  last  five  years, 
the  loans  being  made  for  that  time  upon  mortgages,  the  interest  and  one  fifth  the 
principal  being  paid  annually.  The  amount  was  distributed  among  the  counties, 
in  the  ratio  of  their  taxation,  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  trustees  to  be  loaned. 
This  plan  was  carried  out  in  preference  to  a  proposition  for  a  private  bank  to 
issue  bills  upon  its  own  responsibility. 

1714.  —  DUTIES  and  other  burdensome  regulations  were  imposed 
by  the  government  of  New  Jersey  upon  the  exportation  of  various 
articles  to  the  other  provinces. 

1714.  —  JAMES  FRANKLIN  settled  in  Boston,  having  brought  a 
press  with  him  from  England,  which  he  set  up. 

1714.  —  PAINTERS'  colors  were  advertised  for  sale  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

1714.  —  FRENCH  trading  settlements  were  made  upon  the 
Alabama  and  Red  rivers. 

The  first  was  near  the  present  site  of  Montgomery. 

1714.  —  THE  Board  of  Trade,  at  the  accession  of  the  House 
of  Hanover  to  the  English  throne,  was  curtailed  of  its  powers,  and 
made  a  committee  for  reference  and  report,  dependent  upon  the 
secretary  of  state  for  the  southern  department,  as  it  was  called. 

1715.  —  GOVERNOR  HUNTER  of  New  York  wrote  to  the  Board 
of  Trade  upon  the  subject  of  the  union  of  the  colonies. 

He  said :  "  It  is  matter  of  wonder,  that  hitherto  no  effectual  method  has  been 
thought  of  for  uniting  the  divided  strength  of  these  provinces  on  the  continent  for 
the  defence  of  the  whole." 

1715.  —  A  DUTY  of  three  pence  a  gallon  was  laid  on  wine  and 


1715.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  185 

rum  imported  into  Maryland,  except  from  England,  or  in  vessels 
built  and  owned  in  the  colony. 

1715,  JULY.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created  a  bank 
or  loan. 

Forty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  from  five  pounds  to  one  shilling  were  issued, 
apportioned  among  the  towns,  and  lent  at  five  per  cent,  interest  for  ten  years 
upon  mortgages  to  twice  the  value  of  land.  A  thousand  pounds  of  the  interest 
money  was  to  be  used  yearly  to  redeem  the  notes,  and  the  rest  for  the  expenses 
of  the  government. 

1715.  —  LINSEED  oil  was  made  in  New  York. 

. 

1715. — ANOTHER  issue  of  bills  of  credit  was  made  by  New 
York. 

The  bills  were  issued  for  erecting  fortifications  and  making  presents  to  the 
Indians,  and  were  to  be  redeemed  in  twenty-one  years  by  the  collection  of  an 
excise  duty  on  spirits. 

1715,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  laws  of  North  Carolina  were  revised, 
all  laws  not  specially  re-enacted  being  repealed. 

These  laws  are  the  earliest  extant.  They  were  enacted  at  "  a  general  bien- 
nial Assembly,  held  at  the  house  of  Captain  Richard  Sanderson,  at  Little  River," 
and  begin,  "By  his  Excellency  the  Palatine,  and  the  rest  of  the  true  and  absolute 
Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  present  General 
Assembly  for  the  north  east  part  of  the  said  province."  Among  these  laws  were : 
one  for  the  "better  observing  the  Lord's  day,  and  also  for  suppressing  profane- 
ness,  immorality,  and  divers  other  vicious  and  enormous  sins ; "  another  for 
"  establishing  the  church,  and  appointing  select  vestries  ;  "  liberty  of  conscience 
was  guaranteed,  and  the  Quakers  allowed  to  affirm ;  the  laws  of  England  were 
declared  "  the  laws  of  this  land,"  and  "  the  common  law  is  and  shall  be  in  force." 
Seven  years  possession  of  land  barred  the  right  of  entry. 

1715.  —  ORDERS  were  sent  from  England  to  all  the  colonial 
governors  not  to  consent  to,  any  laws  affecting  British  trade,  un- 
less they  contained  a  clause  suspending  their  operation  until  they 
received  the  royal  assent. 

A  bill  had  been  introduced  "for  regulating  the  chartered  governments,"  but 
roused  such  opposition  it  was  withdrawn.  In  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  the 
two  Carolinas,  the  royal  assent  was  not  necessary  for  the  passage  of  laws,  and 
hence  the  opposition  to  their  charters. 

1715.  —  THE  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  Gookin,  refused  to 
allow  Quakers  to  affirm,  and  in  consequence  the  administration 
of  justice  was  stopped. 

Gookin  placed  this  interpretation  upon  an  act  of  parliament  to  apply  for  five 
years  to  the  colonies,  allowing  Quakers  to  affirm  in  some  cases,  but  making  an 
oath  obligatory  in  jurymen  and  witnesses.  The  council  and  assembly  complained, 
and  Gookin  was  recalled. 

1715.  — AN  Indian  war  commenced  in  South  Carolina. 


186  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1715-16. 

The  Yamassees,  along  the  north  branch  of  the  Savannah  River,  began  it,  and 
were  joined  by  the  Catawbas,  Cherokees,  and  Creeks,  all  of  whom  had  taken  part, 
as  friendly  Indians,  in  the  late  war  with  the  Tuscaroras.  Martial  law  was  pro- 
claimed by  Governor  Craven,  and  an  embargo  laid  on  all  shipping.  Aid  was 
sent  the  colony  by  North  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  Governor  Hunter,  of  New  York, 
though  the  assembly  of  the  last  declined  granting  assistance,  as  they  had  never 
received  any  from  Carolina.  Governor  Craven  at  the  head  of  the  forces,  among 
which  were  such  slaves  as  could  be  trusted,  drove  the  Yamassees  back,  and  the 
other  tribes  soon  made  peace.  The  war  lasted  about  two  years,  and  its  damage 
was  estimated  at  about  one  hundred  thousand  pounds.  About  the  same  amount 
had  been  issued  for  expenses,  in  bills  of  credit.  Governor  Spotswood,  writing  the 
Board  of  Trade  this  year,  said,  "the  Indians  never  break  with  the  English  with- 
out gross  provocation  from  the  persons  trading  with  them." 

1715.  —  THE  population  of  the  colonies  was  reported  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  as  consisting  of  434,600,  of  which  375,750  were 
white,  and  58,850  negroes. 

Massachusetts  had  the  largest  population,  being  9G,000,  of  whom  2000  were 
negroes.  Virginia  stood  next  with  23,000  whites  and  9500  negroes.  The  immi- 
gration during  the  past  twenty-five  years  had  consisted  chiefly  of  negroes  and 
indented  servants,  chiefly  Irish  and  German.  The  majority  of  the  population  had 
been  born  on  the  soil. 

1715.  — THE  administration  of  Maryland  was  restored  to  Lord 
Baltimore,  the  son  of  the  original  proprietor. 

He  had  become  a  Protestant,  and  dying  soon  after,  his  infant  son  Charles,  the 
fifth  Lord  Baltimore,  succeeded  to  the  title.  The  administration  continued  in 
the  hands  of  John  Hart.  This  re-establishment  gave  the  proprietor  all  the  pow- 
ers of  an  hereditary  king.  Twelve  councillors  appointed  by  him  formed  the  upper 
house  of  the  assembly,  and  the  highest  legal  tribunal  of  the  province.  Four 
delegates  from  each  county,  and  two  from  Annapolis,  formed  the  lower  house,  and 
were  elected  every  three  years  by  the  freeholders,  and  possessors  of  personal 
property  to  the  amount  of  forty  pounds.  The  election  was  by  viva  voce,  and 
those  entitled  to  vote  were  fined  for  not  doing  so.  The  slave  code  which  had 
just  been  revised  continued  in  force.  All  children  born  of  "negroes  and 
slaves  "  were  slaves  for  their  natural  lives.  Baptism  should  not  confer  freedom. 
"  Any  person  whatsoever,"  travelling  out  of  his  county  without  a  pass  under  seal, 
could  be  arrested  and  confined  until  the  production  of  a  "  certificate,"  that  he  or 
she  was  not  a  servant,  and  before  being  set  at  liberty  had  to  pay  the  jailer  ten 
pounds  of  tobacco  a  day,  and  two  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco,  or  twenty  days 
service  to  the  person  making  the  arrest.  Branding,  fining,  and  imprisonment 
were  the  punishments  for  the  second  offence  of  blasphemy,  and  death  the  third. 
The  yearly  production  of  tobacco  in  the  province  amounted  to  thirty  thousand 
hogsheads  of  five  hundred  pounds  each. 

1716.  —  THE  parishes  of  South  Carolina  were  made  election 
districts. 

The  population  had  been  before  so  scattered  that  for  ninety-nine  years,  says 
Ramsey,  Charleston  had  been  the  centre  and  source  of  judicial  power.  The 
thirty-six  members  of  the  assembly  were  distributed  among  the  districts,  their 
elections  being  held  at  the  parish  churches. 


1716-17.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  187 

1716,  OCTOBER.  —  Samuel  Shute  arrived  in  Massachusetts  as 
governor. 

1716.  —  ANOTHEE  bank  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  was 
organized  in  Massachusetts. 

It  was  distributed  among  the  counties,  and  loaned  on  mortgages. 

1716.  —  THE  school  established  at  Saybrook  was  transferred  to 
New  Haven. 

The  name  of  Yale  College  was  given  in  honor  of  a  benefactor  of  that  name. 

1716. — A  DISPUTE  arose  in  New  Jersey  concerning  the  inter- 
pretation of  the  act  relating  to  the  affirmation  for  Quakers. 

The  chief  justice  decided  that  the  act  of  parliament  did  not  repeal  the  colonial 
acts  allowing  Quakers  to  always  affirm,  but  the  clerk  thought  differently,  and  re- 
fused to  admit  grand  jurymen  without  an  oath.  Governor  Hunter  supported  the 
chief  justice. 

1716.  —  LEMOINE  DE  BIENVILLE  built  Fort  Eosalie  on  the  bluff 
at  Natchez,  Mississippi. 

A  town  began  to  grow  up  about  it.  In  1729  the  fort  and  adjoining  settle- 
ments were  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  but  were  rebuilt  a  few  months  later  by  the 
Trench. 

1717.  —  A  LOAN  or  bank  was  organized  by  New  Hampshire. 

Its  issue  was  fifteen  thousand  pounds,  which  were  loaned  as  in  Massachusetts. 

1717.  —  THE  duties  imposed  in  1714  by  the  government  of 
New  Jersey  were  repealed,  as  being  "  prejudicial  to  the  inhabi- 
tants." 

1717. — THE  laws  of  Virginia,  preventing  the  recovery  of 
foreign  debt,  prohibiting  the  assembling  of  Quakers,  and  the 
holding  of  office  by  any  one  who  had  not  resided  three  years  in 
the  colony,  were  repealed  by  proclamation. 

The  attention  of  the  Board  of  Trade  had  been  called  to  them. 

1717.  —  SIR  WILLIAM  KEITH  was  appointed  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania, to  succeed  Gookin,  who  had  been  removed. 

1717.  —  A  DISPUTE  arose  in  Maine  with  the  king's  surveyor  of 
the  woods,  concerning  the  ownership  of  the  pine-trees. 

It  was  maintained  that  the  trees  belonged,  not  to  the  king,  but  to  the  people. 

1717.  —  SOUTH  CAROLINA  appealed  to  the  king  and  then  to  the 
parliament  to  have  the  province  placed  "  under  the  immediate 
protection  of  the  king." 

A  tax  of  ten  per  cent,  to  redeem  the  bills  of  credit  had  been  laid  upon  the  im- 
portation of  British  goods,  against  which  the  English  merchants  protested  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  the  proprietaries  disallowed. 

1717.  —  CROZAT  relinquished  his  patent  for  Louisiana,  and  the 


188  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1717-18. 

exclusive  trade,  for  twenty-five  years,  was  granted  to  the  Com- 
pany of  the  West. 

Crozat's  administration  had  been  pecuniarily  a  loss  to  him.  The  Company  of 
the  West  was  also  known  as  the  Mississippi  Company,  and  the  Company  of  the 
Indies.  It  enjoyed,  beside  the  monopoly  of  the  trade  with  Louisiana,  a  monopoly 
of  the  fur  trade  with  Canada.  It  was  the  company  which  obtained  such  reputa- 
tion from  Law's  connection  with  it.  It  undertook  to  introduce  six  thousand  white 
settlers,  and  half  as  many  negroes.  Grants  of  land  were  made  to  private  persons 
who  undertook  to  make  settlements ;  such  a  grant  of  twelve  miles  square,  on  the 
Arkansas,  was  given  to  Law,  who  undertook  to  settle  it  with  fifteen  hundred 
Germans.  At  the  date  of  the  transfer  of  the  patent,  the  colony  contained  about 
seven  hundred  people,  soldiers  included. 

1717.  —  BELLAMY,  a  noted  freebooter,  was  wrecked   on  the 
shore  of  Cape  Cod. 

Only  five  or  six  of  the  crew  escaped,  who  were  captured  and  hanged.  John 
Theach,  another  famous  freebooter,  was  captured  by  two  ships  sent  from  the 
Chesapeake  by  Spotswood,  the  governor  of  Virginia. 

1717. — THE  assembly  of  New  York  made  an  issue  of  bills 
of  credit  to  the  amount  of  forty-eight  thousand  pounds. 

It  was  issued  to  pay  debts  overlooked,  due  to  councillors,  members  of  the 
assembly,  and  others.  The  grand  jury  remonstrated,  and  were  reprimanded  by 
the  assembly. 

1718.  —  LANCASTER,  Pennsylvania,   then    known    as  Hickory 
Town,  was  settled. 

In  1730  it  received  its  present  name,  in  1818  was  made  a  city.  In  1777,  Con- 
gress sat  there  for  a  few  days,  and  from  there  Thomas  Paine  wrote  his  famous 
letter  to  Lord  Howe.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  state  from  1799  to  1812.  There 
is  a  large  manufactory  for  rifles,  for  the  quality  of  which  the  place  has  long  been 
famous. 

1718.  —  NEW  ORLEANS  was  founded. 

It  soon  acquired  importance  from  having  been  granted  to  the  company  formed 
by  John  Law  in  Paris,  two  years  previously. 

When  the  "  Mississippi  Bubble,"  as  Law's  scheme  was  called,  burst,  the  French 
resumed  the  control  of  the  country,  and  the  navigation  of  the  river  was  declared 
free. 

1718. — THE  Company  of  the  West  introduced  the  culture  of 
silk,  rice,  and  indigo  into  Louisiana. 

1718,  MAY.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act 
empowering  the  justices  throughout  the  province  to  four  times  a 
year  fix  the  prices  for  liquors ;  the  town-crier  was  to  proclaim 
them,  and  they  were  to  be  written  out  and  affixed  to  the  doors  of 
the  court-house. 

For  the  first  offence  the  fine  was  twenty  shillings,  for  the  third  five  pounds,  and 
the  loss  for  three  years  of  the  right  to  sell. 


1718-19.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  189 

1718,  JUNE.  —  The  common  council  of  Philadelphia  gave  per- 
mission to  such  of  the  trades  as  desired  it,  to  frame  and  present 
an  ordinance  by  which  they  should  be  incorporated. 

1718.  —  LINSEED  oil  was  made  in  Connecticut. 

1718.  —  A  ROPE- WALK  was  erected  in  New  York  city. 

1718.  —  STEED  BONNET,  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  pirates,  took 
refuge  on  the  coast  about  Cape  Fear. 

He  was  captured  by  an  expedition  sent  against  him  from  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  tried,  found  guilty,  and  executed  with  some  forty  others.  His  capture 
cost  the  province  about  ten  thousand  pounds. 

1719.  —  FROM  this  year  to  1725  the  clearances  at  Philadelphia 
averaged  one  hundred  and  nineteen  yearly. 

1719,  MAY.  —  The  disputed  boundary  line  between  Massachu- 
setts and  Rhode  Island  was  settled  by  commissioners  from  the 
two  colonies. 

1719.  —  LONDONDERRY,  in  New  Hampshire,  was  settled  by  a 
colony  of  Protestant  Irish,  who  named  the  place  after  London- 
derry, Ireland,  from  whence  they  came. 

This  was  one  of  the  first  settlements  made  by  the  Protestant  Irish  in  this 
country,  who,  known  as  the  Scotch-Irish,  have  been  of  such  service.  In  1842,  the 
descendants  of  this  original  settlement  were  estimated  at  over  twenty  thousand. 
Prom  the  advent  of  these  settlers  an  era  of  improvement  in  the  linen  industry  of 
the  country  dates.  The  settlement  at  Londonderry  very  soon  established  it  in 
their  midst,  and  extended  it  throughout  New  England.  The  introduction  of  the 
Irish  potato,  it  is  said,  is  also  to  be  ascribed  to  this  class  of  settlers. 

1719,  DECEMBER  21.  —  The  Boston  Gazette,  the  second  news- 
paper in  America,  was  issued. 

William  Brooker  had  been  appointed  postmaster  in  the  place  of  John  Camp- 
bell, and  commenced  this  sheet,  because,  it  is  said,  that  Campbell  refused  to  send 
his  sheet  through  the  mails.  The  News  Letter  said  of  it,  "I  pity  the  readers  of  the 
new  paper,  its  sheets  smell  stronger  of  beer  than  of  midnight  oil.  It  is  not  read- 
ing fit  for  the  people  !  "  While  the  Gazette  continued  in  Brooker's  possession,  it 
was  printed  by  James  Franklin,  Benjamin's  brother. 

1719,  DECEMBER  22.  —  Andrew  Bradford,  in  connection  with 
John  Copson,  began,  in  Philadelphia,  the  publication  of  the 
American  Weekly  Mercury,  the  third  newspaper  in  America. 

About  a  year  after  the  establishment  of  the  Mercury,  Bradford  was  summoned 
before  the  governor  and  council  for  an  article  which  had  given  offence,  and  com- 
pelled to  humbly  apologize  for  it,  being  told  at  the  same  time  "that  he  must  not 
presume  to  publish  anything  relating  to  the  affairs  of  this  or  any  other  of  his 
Majesty's  colonies  without  the  permission  of  the  governor  or  secretary." 

Bradford  was  the  postmaster  of  Philadelphia.  He  died  November  24,  1742, 
and  his  widow  conducted  the  paper  afterwards. 

1719.  —  RICHARD  WARDEN  advertises  in  Bradford's  Mercury, 
at  Philadelphia,  that  he  makes  and  sells  "  good  long  Tavern 


190  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1719. 

Tobacco  pipes  at  four  shillings  a  gross,  or  three  shillings  for  a 
larger  quantity,  and  also  burns  pipes  for  eight  pence  a  gross." 

1719.  —  A  COPPER  MINE  was  discovered  in  Hanover,  Hudson 
County,  New  Jersey,  by  Arent  Schuyler. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  worked  before  by  the  earlier  Dutch  settlers.  At  the 
time  of  the  Revolution,  the  shaft  had  been  sunk  nearly  200  feet.  About  1745, 
the  proprietor,  Col.  John  Schuyler,  imported  a  steam-engine  from  England,  to 
pump  the  water  from  the  mine,  and  Josiah  Hornblower  came  over  with  it  and  sot 
it  up.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  third  steam  engine  erected  in  America,  and  was 
probably  one  of  Newcomen's  atmospheric  engines.  It  continued  in  use  for  over 
forty  years. 

1719.  —  THE  legislature  of  Maryland  passed  an  act  by  which 
one  hundred  acres  of  land  should  be  laid  off  to  any  one  who 
would  erect  furnaces  and  forges  in  the  province. 

The  year  before  samples  of  iron  from  Maryland  and  Virginia  had  been  received 
in  England.  During  the  next  thirty  years  eight  furnaces  and  nine  forges  were 
erected  in  Maryland. 

1719.  —  THE  lead  mines  of  Missouri  were  discovered  about  this 
date. 

They  were  owned  by  the  Mississippi  Company,  and  in  1723  were  granted  to 
M.  Renault,  who  had  first  explored  them. 

1719.  —  IN  South  Carolina  the  assembly  declared  the  proprie- 
tors had  forfeited  their  rights'  in  the  province,  and  appointed 
James  Moore  to  govern  the  colony  in  the  king's  name,  and  also  a 
council  of  twelve. 

This  revolutionary  proceeding  was  the  culmination  of  a  long  dispute.  Robert 
Johnson  had  been  sent  out  as  governor,  with  instructions  from  the  proprietaries 
to  dissent  to  various  acts  of  the  assembly.  Johnson  kept  them  secret,  but  the 
assembly  becoming  aware  of  them,  maintained  that  the  proprietaries  could  not 
set  aside  acts  of  the  assembly  which  the  governor  had  once  approved.  Trott,  the 
chief  justice,  denying  this,  was  impeached.  The  proprietaries  ordered  the  assem- 
bly dissolved,  and  the  new  assembly  carried  through  the  revolution.  They  asked 
Johnson  to  act  in  the  king's  name,  and  on  his  refusal  appointed  Moore  as  gov- 
ernor. 

1719.  —  THE  House  of  Commons  passed  a  resolution  "  that  the 
erection  of  manufactories  in  the  colonies  tended  to  lessen  their 
dependency  on  Great  Britain." 

1719.  —  SHUTE,  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  claimed  his 
instructions  gave  him  the  control  of  the  printing-press,  but  the 
attorney-general  said  he  could  find  no  law  to  justify  an  indict- 
ment against  the  printers. 

The  House  had  made  a  remonstrance  concerning  the  acts  of  the  king's  sur- 
veyor, which  Shute  asked  them  not  to  print,  and  threatened  to  prevent  their  doing 
so,  and  ordered  the  printers  indicted,  with  above  result.  His  appeal  to  the  Board 
of  Trade  received  no  answer. 


1719-21.]       ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  191 

1719. — AN  order  was  sent  to  all  the  royal  governors  to  not 
consent  to  any  further  issue  of^bills  of  credit,  except  for  the 
payment  of  current  expenses. 

1720.  —  SOME  Irish-Scotch  settlers  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
began  the  manufacture  of  linen. 
Spinning  schools  were  established. 

1720.  —  THE  French  government  granted  a  patent  to  John 
Law's  company  to  work  the  Missouri  lead  mines;  and  Renault, 
accompanied  by  a  mineralogist,  La  Motte,  came  out  to  this 
country,  and  the  Potosi  and  La  Motte  mines  were  opened. 

Renault  returned  to  France  in  1742.  Up  to  that  time  not  much  had  been  done, 
the  ores  being  smelted  by  being  heaped  up  with  logs  and  burned. 

1720.  —  COVENTRY  FORGE,  on  French  Creek,  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  was  erected  about  this  time. 

1720.  —  A  FORGE  was  erected  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

It  was  attacked  in  1728  by  the  Indians,  but  they  were  repulsed  by  the  workmen. 

1720,  OCTOBER.  — •  William  Burnet  was  appointed  governor  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

The  assembly  of  New  York  passed  an  act  to  prevent  the  French  traders  with 
the  Indians  from  obtaining  their  supplies  from  Albany. 

1720.  —  THE  French  built  Louisburg,  at  Cape  Breton,  over- 
looking the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

By  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  the  French  had  gradually  withdrawn  from  the  penin- 
sula of  Nova  Scotia,  into  the  Island  of  St.  John's.  A  question  arose  as  to  the 
extent  of  Acadie,  as  surrendered  by  the  treaty.  According  to  the  French,  this 
embraced  only  Nova  Scotia,  as  it  is  now  known. 

1720.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  allowed  taxes  to 
be  paid  in  certain  articles  of  produce,  at  fixed  rates. 

1720.  —  LEGAL  steps  were  taken  in  England  to  vacate  the 
charter  of  Carolina. 

Pending  the  process,  the  crown  assumed  the  jurisdiction. 

1721.  —  CHARLEVOIX  visited  Niagara,  and  describes  it  in  a  let- 
ter to  Madame  de  Maintenon. 

He  accompanied  a  party  led  from  Montreal  by  Joucaire,  who  had  been  a  prisoner 
among  the  Senecas,  and  adopted  by  them.  Charlevoix  was  then  on  his  way  to 
New  Orleans.  A  permanent  trading  post  was  established  on  the  site  of  La  Salle's 
station. 

1721.  —  GOVERNOR  BURNET,  of  New  York,  erected  a  trading 
station  near  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee. 

This  was  the  first  time  the  English  flag  was  planted  on  the  Western  lakes.  A 
claim  was  made  to  the  territory  north  and  west  of  Lake  Ontario,  as  belonging  to 
the  Indians  under  English  protection. 


192  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1721. 

1721.  —  THE  assembly  of  New  Jersey  issued  forty  thousand 
pounds  of  bills  of  credit. 

They  were  loaned  in  small  sums  on  mortgages  of  real  estate. 

1721.  —  STONE  was  first  quarried  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

1721,  JUNE  13.  —  A  second  bank,  or  loan,  was  created  by  the 
assembly  of  Rhode  Island. 

Forty  thousand  pounds  were  issued  of  bills  of  credit,  on  the  same  terms  as  the 
former  loan.  Hemp  or  flax  was  to  be  received  in  payment  of  the  interest  on  the 
loans,  the  former  at  eight  pence,  and  the  latter  at  ten  pence  a  pound.  Specie  was 
so  scarce  that  an  English  halfpenny  passed  for  three  halfpence. 

1721.  —  THE  small-pox  raged  this  year  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts. 

It  had  been  brought  from  the  West  Indies.  There  were  5859  cases,  of  which 
844  were  fatal.  Dr.  Zabdicl  Boylston  introduced  inoculation,  trying  it  on  his  own 
son  first.  Cotton  Mather  had  seen  in  the  transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  an 
account  of  it,  and  brought  it  to  Dr.  Boylston's  attention.  Great  opposition  was 
made  to  its  introduction  by  the  other  practitioners,  and  it  was  denounced  as  an 
impious  attempt  to  thwart  the  providence  of  God,  who  in  his  wisdom  sent  the 
small-pox.  A  mob  threatened  to  hang  those  practising  it,  and  a  lighted  grenade 
was  thrown  into  Cotton  Mather's  house. 

1721.  —  SIR  FRANCIS  NICHOLSON  was  sent  to  South  Carolina  as 
provisional  royal  governor. 

He  brought  with  him  an  independent  company  of  soldiers,  which  was  main- 
tained at  the  expense  of  the  crown.  They  were  stationed  on  the  Altamaha,  to 
serve  as  a  defence  on  the  outposts  against  the  Spaniards.  An  assembly  he  called 
confirmed  all  the  late  revolutionary  proceedings,  and  established  the  system  of 
local  elections,  which  the  proprietors  had  objected  to.  It  also  voted  a  revenue  to 
be  raised  by  a  tax  on  liquors,  other  goods,  and  negroes  imported,  which  was 
intrusted  to  a  treasurer  of  their  own. 

1721.  —  THE  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  ordered  that  all  com- 
mon drunkards  should  be  publicly  posted  as  such  by  the  town 
councils,  and  all  dealers  forbidden  to  sell  liquor  to  such. 

The  law  was  afterwards  extended,  making  the  posting  obligatory  in  all  adjoin- 
ing towns. 

1721,  AUGUST  7.  —  James  Franklin  established  the  New  Eng- 
land Courant,  at  Boston ;  the  third  newspaper  in  the  colony. 

The  Courant  having  given  offence  to  the  clergy  and  some  members  of  the  gov- 
ernment, the  proprietor  was  imprisoned  on  a  warrant  from  the  speaker,  and  an 
order  obtained  from  the  general  court  forbidding  its  publication  until  its  contents 
were  submitted  to  the  secretary  of  the  province.  The  committee  appointed  by 
the  general  court  reported,  in  1722,  as  follows:  "The  committee  appointed  to 
consider  of  the  paper  called  the  New  England  Courant,  published  Monday  the 
fourteenth  current,  are  humbly  of  opinion  that  the  tendency  of  the  said  paper  is 
to  mock  religion,  and  bring  it  into  contempt,  that  the  Holy  Scriptures  are  therein 
profanely  abused,  that  the  revered  and  faithful  ministers  of  the  gospel  are  injuri- 
ously reflected  on,  His  Majesty's  Government  affronted,  and  the  peace  and  good 


1722.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  193 

order  of  His  Majesty's  subjects  of  this  Province  disturbed,  by  the  said  Courant  • 
and  for  precaution  of  the  like  offence  for  the  future,  the  Committee  humbly  pro- 
pose, That  James  Franklin,  the  printer  and  publisher  thereof,  be  strictly  forbidden 
by  this  Court  to  print  or  publish  the  New  England  Courant,  or  any  other  pamphlet 
or  paper  of  the  like  nature,  except  it  be  first  supervised  by  the  secretary  of  this 
Province  ;  and  the  Justices  of  His  Majesty's  Sessions  of  the  Peace  for  the  County 
of  Suffolk,  at  their  next  adjournment,  be  directed  to  take  sufficient  bonds  of  the 
said  Franklin,  for  Twelve  months  time."  The  question  of  inoculation,  which  the 
Courant  opposed,  was  supported  by  the  Mathers  and  other  clergymen,  though 
the  bishops  of  England  opposed  it.  The  writers  for  the  Courant  were  called 
the  Hell-Fire  Club,  by  the  clergy  and  authorities. 

The  Courant  was  continued,  however,  without  such  censorship,  being  issued  in 
the  name  of  James's  brother,  Benjamin,  even  after  the  latter  had  left  Boston  for 
Philadelphia.  Unwilling  to  submit  to  the  requirements  of  the  assembly,  James 
Franklin  left  Boston  finally,  and  went  to  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

1722,  SEPTEMBER  14.  —  A  congress  was  held  at  Albany  with 
the  chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Governor  Spotswood  of  Virginia,  Keith  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Burnet  of  New 
York,  negotiated  a  treaty  with  the  Six  Nations,  by  which  it  was  agreed  that  no 
more  hunting  or  war  parties  should  be  sent  by  these  nations  into  the  region  east 
of  the  Blue  Ridge. 

1722,  SEPTEMBER  22.  —  A  congress  was  held  at  Albany  with 
the  chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Governor  Keith  with  four  members  of  the  council  of  Pennsylvania,  the  gov- 
ernor of  New  York  with  seven  commissioners  for  Indian  affairs,  and  the  chiefs  of 
the  Six  Nations  were  present.  Tanachaha  was  the  Indian  speaker ;  he  was 
translated  into  Dutch,  and  then  into  English.  The  league  already  formed  was 
renewed.  The  Historical  Register  for  1723  has  the  proceedings. 

1722.  —  GOVERNOR  SPOTSWOOD,  of  Virginia,  was  removed,  and 
Hugh  Drysdale  appointed  in  his  place. 

Spotswood  was  made  postmaster-general  of  the  colonies. 

1722.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  offered  a  premium 
for  sail  duck  and  linen,  made  within  the  province  from  materials 
of  domestic  production. 

1722.  —  MASSACHUSETTS,  to  make  change,  issued  one,  two,  and 
three  pence  pieces,  printed  on  parchment,  to  the  amount  of  five 
hundred  pounds. 

The  pieces  were  round,  square,  and  six-sided. 

1722.  —  THE  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  granted  to  William 
Borden,  of  Newport,  a  bounty  of  twenty  shillings  for  each  bolt 
of  duck  manufactured  by  him  of  hemp  grown  in  the  Drovince 
and  equal  in  quality  to  good  Holland  duck. 

Borden  was  to  have  this  bounty  exclusively  for  five  years,  and  this  term  was 
extended  to  ten  years.  In  1725  he  received  a  loan,  for  three  years,  of  five  hun- 
dred pounds,  from  the  public  treasury.  In  1728  he  was  loaned  three  thousand 
pounds,  in  bills  of  credit,  to  be  printed  at  his  expense,  and  loaned  him  without 

13 


194  ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA.  [1722. 

interest,  for  ten  years,  on  his  giving  good  security  to  repay  it  at  that  time.  He 
was  to  make,  yearly,  one  hundred  and  fifty  bolts  of  good  merchantable  duck.  In 
1731  the  assembly  relieved  him  from  producing  the  stipulated  quantity,  and  con- 
tiriued  the  bounty  on  such  amount  as  he  should  produce. 

1722.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  made  an  issue  of  fifteen 
thousand  pounds,  in  bills  of  credit,  to  which  Governor  Keith 
assented. 

It  was  to  be  loaned  out  on  plate  or  real  estate,  at  five  per  cent,  interest,  pay- 
able in  eight  yearly  instalments.  Loan  offices  were  established  in  each  county, 
and  the  loans  were  to  range  from  ten  pounds  ten  shillings  to  one  hundred  pounds. 
If  the  money  remained  in  the  office  six  months  without  being  borrowed,  loans 
might  be  made  of  two  hundred  pounds. 

1722.  —  TIMOTHY  CUTTER,  the  rector  of  Yale  College,  was 
excused  from  his  rectorship,  on  account  of  his  conversion  to 
Episcopacy. 

Provision  was  made  for  securing,  in  future,  satisfactory  evidence  from  all 
rectors  of  "the  soundness  of  their  faith,  in  opposition  to  Armenian  and  prelatical 
corruptions." 

1722.  —  COPPER  ORE  from  the  plantations  was  placed  by  par- 
liament on  the  list  of  enumerated  articles. 

The  discovery  of  copper  deposits  in  New  York  was  the  cause  of  this  action. 

1722.  —  AN  expedition  from  Massachusetts  destroyed  the  Jesuit 
settlement  at  Norridgewock,  on  the  Upper  Kennebec. 

The  Jesuit  Father  Rasles  escaped,  but  his  papers  were  captured.  The  Indians 
retaliated  by  burning  Brunswick,  a  recent  settlement  on  the  Androscoggin. 

1722.  —  THE  South  Carolina  assembly  passed  an  act  for  the 
issue  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of 
credit. 

Twenty-eight  traders  in  Charleston  protested  to  the  governor,  Nicholson, 
against  this  issue.  They  said  that  "every  legislative  engagement  for  recalling 
the  various  emissions  of  bills  had  been  broken  through  by  every  assembly."  The 
assembly  pronounced  this  protest  as  a  "false  and  scandalous  libel,"  and  com- 
mitted its  authors  for  a  breach  of  privilege.  The  bill  was  refused  assent  in  Eng- 
land, and  instructions  were  sent  to  the  governor  to  consent  to  no  law  for  a  further 
issue  of  bills  of  credit,  nor  to  any  act  tending  to  divert  the  use  of  the  sinking  fund 
already  established  for  the  redemption  of  the  issues  in  circulation.  Such  was  the 
scarcity  of  circulation,  however,  that  the  assembly  made  rice,  at  a  fixed  rate,  a 
legal  tender  for  the  payment  of  debts. 

1722.  —  DANIEL  COXE  published,  in  London,  A  Description  of 
the  English  Province  of  Carolina,  by  the  Spaniards  called  Florida, 
and  by  the  French  La  Louisiane. 

His  book  proposed  that  all  the  British  colonies  on  the  continent  should  be 
"united  under  a  legal,  regular,  and  firm  establishment,  over  which  a  lieutenant  or 
supreme  governor  should  be  constituted  and  appointed  to  preside  on  the  spot,  to 
whom  the  governors  of  each  colony  should  be  subordinate."  He  also  proposed 


1722-3.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  195 

the  election  of  deputies  from  each  province,  to  form  a  "great  council  or  general 
convention  of  the  states  of  the  colonies."  Daniel  Coxe  was  the  son  of  a  large 
land  proprietor,  had  resided  in  the  country  many  years,  visited  most  of  the  colo- 
nies, been  speaker  of  the  New  Jersey  assembly,  and  died  in  Trenton  in  1739, 
while  holding  the  office  of  judge  in  the  superior  court  of  that  state. 

1722.  —  THE  Spaniards  obtained  possession  of  Pensacola, 
Florida,  in  consequence  of  the  peace. 

Within  the  past  three  years  it  had  twice  fallen  into  the  possession  of  the 
French. 

1722.  —  THE  Spaniards  established  military  posts  in  Texas. 

1722.  —  THE  failure  of  Law's  Royal  Bank  put  an  end  to  the 
active  immigration  in  Louisiana. 

The  colony  contained  several  thousand  inhabitants,  but  was  still  dependent 
upon  France  and  Saint  Domingo  for  its  supplies.  Charlevoix,  who,  in  January 
of  this  year,  arrived  at  New  Orleans,  speaks  of  it  as  containing  a  large  wooden 
warehouse,  a  shed  for  a  church,  two  or  three  small  houses,  and  a  number  of  huts 
crowded  together  without  any  order. 

1723.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  made  another  issue  of 
bills  of  credit  for  thirty  thousand  pounds. 

They  were  issued  on  the  same  terms  as  the  loan  of  the  year  before. 

1723.  —  CONNECTICUT  furnished  aid  to  Massachusetts  for  her 
defence  against  the  Indians. 

It  was  at  first  refused.  The  Mohawks  refused  to  take  up  arms  in  favor  of 
Massachusetts,  though  frequent  attempts  were  made  to  induce  them  to  do  so. 
Their  reply  was  that  the  surest  way  for  Massachusetts  to  obtain  peace  with  the 
Indians  was  to  restore  to  them  their  lands  and  captives  held  as  prisoners. 

1723.  —  THE  school  system  in  Maryland  was  introduced  prac- 
tically. 

Boards  of  visitors,  seven  for  each  county,  were  appointed  with  power  to 
fill  vacancies,  and  purchase  in  each  county  one  hundred  acres  for  a  boarding- 
school.  The  teachers  were  to  have  twenty  pounds  a  year,  and  the  use  of  the  land, 
and  were  to  be  "good  school  masters,  members  of  the  Church  of  England,  and 
of  pious  lives  and  conversation,  and  capable  of  teaching  well  the  grammar,  good 
writing  and  the  mathematics,  if  such  can  conveniently  be  got." 

1723.  —  THE  assembly  of  Maryland  forbade  the  importation  from 
Delaware  or  Pennsylvania,  of  "  bread,  beer,  flour,  malt,  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  or  other  grain  or  meal." 

Stallions  running  wild  could  be  shot,  to  prevent  "the  extravagant  multitudes 
of  useless  horses  that  run  in  the  woods."  The  law  was  copied  from  one  in  force 
in  Virginia. 

1723. —  SOUTH  CAROLINA  coined  pence  and  two-pence  pieces. 

1723.  —  THE  duty  laid  in  Virginia  on  the  importation  of  spirits 
and  negroes  was  repealed  by  proclamation. 


196  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1723-4. 

In  order  to  stop  the  practice  "of  levying  customs  on  the  trade  of  England." 
A  duty  on  the  importation  of  convicts  was  also  repealed. 

1723.  —  THE  assembly  of  Massachusetts  suggested  the  holding 
of  a  convention  of  the  colonies. 

This  suggestion  the  Board  of  Trade  pronounced  to  be  a  mutinous  proposal. 

1724.  —  THE  Virginia  assembly  reimposed  the  duty  on  spirits 
when  imported  from  elsewhere  than  Great  Britain. 

The  Board  of  Trade  had  intimated  that  the  duty  on  spirits  was  not  objection- 
able, provided  it  was  exacted  from  the  colonial  consumer,  instead  of  from  the 
English  exporter. 

1724.  —  THE  importation  of  slaves  to  Virginia  now  averaged 
one  thousand  a  year. 

Free  negroes,  mulattoes,  and  Indians,  though  freeholders,  were  deprived  the 
right  of  voting;  and  no  slave  was  to  be  emancipated,  "except  for  meritorious 
services,  to  be  adjudged  of  by  the  governor  and  council,  and  a  license  thereupon 
had  and  obtained." 

1724.  —  JOSEPH  TALCOT   was  elected  governor  of  Connecticut. 

Saltonstall  died. 

1724. —  FORT  DUMMER  was  erected  by  Massachusetts,  to  pro- 
tect the  towns  on  the  Connecticut  River  from  the  Indians. 

It  was  upon  the  site  of  Brattleborough,  Vermont,  and  was  the  first  settlement 
within  the  territory  of  that  state. 

1724.  —  A  SECOND  expedition  from  Massachusetts  surprised 
Norridgewock. 

The  settlement  was  pillaged  and  burned,  and  Rasles,  with  some  thirty  of  his 
Indian  disciples,  was  slain. 

1724.  —  THIS  year  the  ship-carpenters  of  London  complained 
of  the  increase  of  ship-building  in  the  colonies,  but  the  Board  of 
Trade  did  not  dare  venture  to  recommend  its  prohibition. 

1724.  —  THE  first  insurance  office  in  the  colonies  was  started 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1724.  —  THE  first  convention  of  booksellers,  for  the  regulation 
of  the  trade,  met  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 
Their  specific  object  was  to  increase  the  prices  of  books. 

1724.  —  FEBRUARY  18.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  an 
act  requiring  a  property  qualification  for  becoming  a  freeman. 

The  person  was  to  be  worth  one  hundred  pounds,  or  be  in  receipt  from  real 
estate  of  an  income  of  two  pounds  a  year.  The  eldest  son  of  a  freeman  might 
vote  in  his  father's  right.  The  law  was  not  to  disfranchise  those  who  were  free- 
men already,  without  this  qualification.  At  the  same  assembly  the  law  by  which 
the  freemen  of  the  towns,  though  not  of  the  colony,  were  forbidden  to  vote  for 
the  deputies,  was  repealed. 


1724-5.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  197 

1724,  OCTOBER.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  an  act  to 
prevent  the  tearing  of  the  bills  of  credit  into  fractional  parts, 
for  the  making  of  change. 

1724.  —  RICHARD  ROGERS,  of  New  London,  appealed  to  the 
assembly  of  Connecticut  for  the  exclusive  right  to  manufacture 
sail-cloth,  such  as  he  displayed  samples  of. 

The  next  year  the  patent  w,as  given  him. 

1724.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  prohibited  the 
use  of  scarfs  at  funerals,  as  a  "  burdensome  custom." 

1724.  —  THE  authorities  of  Massachusetts  ordered  that  "  mus- 
cles shall  not  be  used  for  making  lime,  or  anything  else,  except 
for  food  and  bait  to  catch  fish." 

1724.  —  AN  iron  mine  and  furnaces  were  working  on  the  Rap- 
pahannock,  in  Virginia. 

They  were  operated  by  Colonel  Alexander  Spotswood,  and  were  probably 
erected  a  few  years  before  this  date,  which  is  when  The  Present  State  of  Virginia, 
in  which  it  was  mentioned,  was  printed. 

1724.  —  IN  Louisiana  the   lower  part   of  the   province  was 
under  the  religious  regulation  of  the  Capuchins,  who  had  a  con- 
sent at  New  Orleans  ;  the  upper  part  was  under  the  Jesuits,  who 
igreed  to  keep  at  least  fourteen  priests  in  the  territory.     They 
lad  also  a  house  at  New  Orleans,  but  could  perform  no  religious 
rites  without  permission  from  the  Capuchins. 

The  priests  of  both  orders  were  supported  by  the  French  government.  A  convent 
:>f  Ursuline  nuns  was  established  at  New  Orleans.  Six  hundred  and  fifty  French 

}ldiers  and  two  hundred  Swiss  were  maintained  in  the  province.     Their  com- 

lander,  two  lieutenants,  a  senior  counsellor,  three  other  counsellors,  an  attorney- 
general,  a  clerk,  and  such  other  directors  as  might  be  in  the  province,  formed  the 
Superior  Council,  of  which  the  senior  counsellor  was  president,  and  was  the 
supreme  authority  in  civil  and  criminal  matters.  Other  local  tribunals  were  com- 
posed of  a  director  or  agent  of  the  company,  aided  by  two  inhabitants  in  civil,  and 
four  in  criminal  cases.  The  chief  products  were  rice,  tobacco,  and  indigo.  The 
orange  had  been  introduced  from  St.  Domingo,  and  the  fig  from  Provence. 

rheat  and  flour  were  beginning  to  be  received  from  the  French  settlements  in 

ic  Illinois  country. 

1725.  —  A  CONVENTION  of  ministers  held  in  Boston  sent  an  ad- 
Iress  to  the  general  court,  asking  them  to  appoint  a  time  for 
lolding  a  synod. 

The  two  branches  of  the  general  court  disagreed,  and  the  matter  was  postponed. 
The  lords  justices  hearing  of  it  wrote  a  letter  reprimanding  those  who  had  as- 
ented  to  it,  terming  such  a  proposition  an  invasion  of  her  Majesty's  supremacy. 

1725. —  GOVERNOR  KEITH  of  Pennsylvania  was  removed  from 
)ffice,  and  Patrick  Gordon  was  sent  out  to  take  his  place. 

1725,  OCTOBER  16.  —  William  Bradford  began  in  New  York  the 
mblication  of  the  New  York  Gazette. 


198  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1725-6. 

It  was  a  weekly  paper.  Bradford  was  sixty  years  old  when  he  commenced  it. 
He  died  in  New  York,  May  23,  1752,  aged  ninety-two.  His  tombstone  is  in  Trin- 
ity Church-yard.  The  Gazette  was  published  by  him  through  1742.  In  1743  its 
name  was  changed  to  the  New  York  Gazette  or  Weekly  Post-Boy,  which  was  pub- 
lished by  James  Parker,  who  had  been  an  apprentice  to  Bradford,  and  had  run 
away.  It  did  not  continue  long  in  existence. 

1725.  —  THERE  was  launched  at  Groton,  Connecticut,  a  ship  of 
seven  hundred  tons. 

It  was  built  by  John  Jeffrey,  who  had  emigrated  from  England,  and  was  given 
a  ship-yard  by  the  town  on  condition  of  his  building  this  "  great  ship,"  which  he 
contracted  to  make  the  largest  ship  that  had  ever  been  constructed  in  this  country. 

1725.  —  THE  assembly  of  South  Carolina  passed  two  laws  to 
encourage  the  making  of  salt  in  the  colony. 

At  the  end  of  the  year,  as  no  more  bills  of  credit  could  be  issued,  the  assembly 
added  to  the  bill  for  yearly  revenue  a  clause  to  stop  the  redemption  of  the  bills  of 
credit,  which  had  been  reduced  to  eighty-seven  thousand  pounds.  The  council 
objected  to  this  provision ;  and  the  assembly  denied  their  right  to  amend  money 
bills. 

1725.  —  THE  Penobscot  Indians  proposed  a  peace,  in  which  the 
Norridgewocks  took  part,  and  the  war  ended. 

Public  trading-houses  were  established  to  furnish  the  Indians  supplies  at  cost ; 
and  not  being  subject  to  the  greed  of  private  traders,  the  Indians  kept  the  peace 
many  years. 

1726.  —  IN  January,  John  Powell,  of  Boston,  memorialized  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts,  proposing,  if  suitably  aided,  to 
have  twenty  looms  for  making  sail-cloth  at  work  in  fifteen  or 
eighteen  months.     That  it  would  require  five  hundred  pounds 
for  each  loom  capable  of  producing  fifty  pieces  of  duck  a  year. 

A  committee  appointed  to  investigate  the  proposition  reported  in  June,  recom- 
mending a  bounty  of  twenty  shillings  for  each  piece  of  duck,  "thirty  six  yards 
long,  and  thirty  inches  wide,  a  good  even  thread,  well  drawn  and  of  a  good  bright 
color,  being  wrought  wholly  of  good  strong  water-rotted  hemp  or  flax,  of  the 
growth  of  New  England,  and  that  shall  weigh  between  forty  and  fifty  pounds, 
each  bolt,  and  for  fourteen  years,  as  is  usual  in  Great  Britain  and  elsewhere,  and 
the  memorialist  be  allowed  three  thousand  pounds,  he  giving  such  security  as 
your  Court  may  appoint,  two  thousand  pounds  in  hand,  and  the  other  one  thou- 
sand when  he  has  perfected  five  hundred  pieces  of  canvas,  that  shall  pass  the 
survey." 

1726.  —  IT  was  ordered  in  Massachusetts  that  hemp  and  flax 
should  be  taken  by  the  public  treasury  in  payment  of  taxes. 

Hemp  at  the  rate  of  four  pence  a  pound,  and  flax  at  the  rate  of  six  pence  a 
pound. 

1726.  —  IRON-WORKS  were  in  operation  in  Delaware. 

Governor  Keith  of  Pennsylvania  was  the  proprietor.  Their  location  is  not 
known. 


1726-7.]  ANNALS    OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  199 

1726.  —  WILLIAM  PAEKS  set  up  a  press  this  year  at  Annapolis, 
Maryland. 

The  printing  for  Maryland  had  previously  been  done  by  Andrew  Bradford,  at 
Philadelphia. 

1726.  —  A  WIND-MILL  was  erected  this  year  upon  a  half  acre 
of  ground  set  apart  in  1719  upon  Tower  Hill,  in  New  London, 
Connecticut. 

1726.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  made  at  Penacook,  where  a  town 
was  laid  out. 

The  settlement  was  afterwards  called  Rumford;  and  in  1765  its  name  was 
changed  to  Concord.  It  is  now  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  a  city  in  1853.  The  first  settlement  was  made  under  the  authority  of 
Massachusetts,  which  claimed  all  this  territory  as  within  her  chartered  limits. 

1726.  —  THE  disputed  boundary  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecti- 
cut' was  settled  before  the  king  in  council. 

The  suit  had  lasted  six  years. 

1726.  —  A  GRANT  was  obtained  by  Burnet,  governor  of  New 
York,  from  the  Indians,  of  a  strip  of  territory  sixty  miles  deep, 
long  the  borders  of  the  lakes. 

It  extended  along  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  from  Oswego  to  Cayuga  (now  Cleve- 
ind),  and  was  "to  be  protected  by  the  English  for  the  use  of  the  tribes." 

1726,  DECEMBER.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  passed  an 
ict  for  a  further  issue  of  bills  of  credit. 

The  council  refused  to  pass  it. 

1726.  —  AN  explanatory  charter  was  sent  to  Massachusetts, 
rhich  the  general  court  felt  obliged  to  accept. 

In  it  the  governor  was  expressly  given  the  right  to  cancel  the  election  of  the 
speaker,  and  the  house  was  forbidden  to  adjourn  by  its  own  vote  for  longer  than 
ro  days. 

1727,  JANUARY  20.  —  A  royal  decree  was  published  fixing  the 
boundary  line  between  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island. 

The  Board  of  Trade  had  reported  to  the  Privy  Council,  and  the  report,  which 
was  in  accordance  with  the  agreement  made  before,  was  accepted. 

1727,  FEBRUARY.  —  Jonathan  Edwards  was  settled  minister  at 
Northampton,  Massachusetts,  as  a  colleague  to  his  grandfather 
Solomon  Stoddard. 

JONATHAN  EDWARDS  was  born  at  East  Windsor,  Connecticut,  October  5,  1703, 
id  died  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  March  22,  1758.    As  a  theological  metaphysician, 
reputation  and  influence  have  been  very  great.     He  carried  out  the  doctrines 
of  Calvin  to  their  logical  results.     After  twenty-four  years'  pastorate  of  the  church 
it  Northampton,  he  was  forced  to  resign,  as  the  church  refused  to  accept  his  rigid 
lie  requiring  conversion  as  a  preliminary  for  the  sacrament.    From  Northampton 
ic  went  to  Stockbridge,  Massachusetts,  as  a  missionary  to  the  Indians,  and  there 


200  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1727. 

wrote  his  "Inquiry  into  the  Freedom  of  the  Will."  In  1758  he  was  installed  as 
president  of  Princeton  College,  of  which  his  son-in-law,  Aaron  Burr,  had  been 
president.  Here  he  died  of  small-pox  after  a  residence  of  a  few  weeks. 

1727,  MARCH  20. —  The  New  England  Weekly  Journal,  the 
fourth  newspaper  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  appeared. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Kneeland.  In  1741  it  was  united  with  the  Gazette, 
and  was  discontinued  in  1752. 

1727.  —  THE  provisions  of  the  clause  in  the  Navigation  Act  of 
1663,  referring  to  the  importation  of  salt  and  wine,  were  ex- 
tended also  to  Pennsylvania,  and  subsequently  to  New  York. 

1727.  —  WILLIAM  PARKS,  at  Annapolis,  printed  "a  complete 
collection  of  the  laws  of  Maryland,"  and  began  the  issue  of  the 
Maryland  Gazette  at  Annapolis,  the  first  newspaper  in  Maryland. 

He  continued  it  until  1736,  when  he  went  to  Virginia  to  establish  a  newspaper 
there.  In  1745  it  was  revived  by  Jonas  Green.  With  the  exception  of  a  short 
period,  at  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act,  it  continued  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Green, 
and  of  his  descendants,  until  in  1839  it  was  discontinued,  and  the  St.  Mary's 
Gazette  took  its  place.  A  file  of  it  is  in  the  Maryland  State  Library. 

1727.  —  WILLIAM  GOUCH  was  appointed  governor  of  Virginia. 

Drysdale  had  died. 

1727.  —  BURNET  was  removed  from  the  governorship  of  New 
York,  and  made  governor  of  Massachusetts. 

He  had  built  this  year  a  fort  at  Oswego,  partly  at  his  own  expense. 

1727.  —  THE  assembly  of  New  Hampshire  disputed  the  title 
of  Massachusetts  to  the  lands  that  colony  claimed. 

Both  of  the  provinces  made  grants  freely  in  it  in  order  to  induce  settlers. 

1727.  —  IT  was  granted  to  the  Episcopalians  of  Massachusetts 
that  the  tax  assessed  on  them  for  the  support  of  the  ministers 
might  be  devoted  to  the  support  of  their  own  clergy. 

1727.  —  THE  planters  of  South  Carolina  agreed  to  pay  no  taxes. 

They  claimed  to  be  unable  to  do  so  from  the  want  of  any  money  in  circulation, 
and  desired  a  further  issue  of  bills  of  credit.  Allen,  the  chief  justice,  having 
refused  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  for  a  councillor  named  Smith,  who  had  been 
active  in  getting  up  this  association,  a  party  of  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  plant- 
ers rode  into  Charleston,  and  set  him  free.  They  presented  at  the  same  time  a 
statement  of  their  grievances.  A  special  session  of  the  assembly  was  called  by 
the  council.  It  impeached  the  chief  justice,  and  quarrelled  with  the  council,  ad- 
journed on  its  own  authority,  and,  when  summoned  again,  refused  to  appear. 

1727.  —  A  NEW  assembly  in  New  Hampshire  limited  its  exist- 
ence and  that  of  its  successors  to  three  years. 

It  also  gave  all  owners  of  a  freehold  of  fifty  pounds  in  the  election  district, 
whether  residents  or  not,  the  right  to  vote  for  members  of  the  assembly.  To  be  a 
representative  required  a  freehold  six  times  as  large.  The  council  appointed  by 
the  king  consisted  of  twelve  members,  and  served  as  a  court  of  appeals. 


1728.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  201 

1728.  —  THERE  was  another  paper-mill  in  operation  at  Eliza- 
bethtown,  New  Jersey,  at  this  time. 

The  date  of  its  erection  is  not  known,  but  at  this  time  it  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  William  Bradford,  then  government  printer  for  the  province  of  New  York, 
who  resided  here  for  some  time. 

1728,  MAY.  —  Joseph  Higby,  of  Simsbury,  Connecticut,  peti- 
tioned the  general  court  for  a  monopoly  for  twenty  years  "  of 
practising  the  business  or  trade  of  steel  making." 

His  petition  states  that  he  had,  "  with  great  pains  and  cost,  found  out  and  obtained 
a  curious  art,  by  which  to  convert,  change,  or  transmit  common  iron  into  good 
steel,  sufficient  for  any  use,  and  was  the  very  first  that  ever  performed  such  an 
operation  in  America."  He  was  granted  a  patent  for  ten  years,  provided  he 
brought  the  art  to  "  any  good  and  reasonable  perfection,  within  two  years." 

1728,  JUNE.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  created  a  third 
bank,  or  loan  of  forty  thousand  pounds. 

The  loan  was  to  run  for  thirteen  years.  The  first  bank  had  been  renewed  at 
the  expiration  of  the  term  of  ten  years  originally,  and  was  now  extended  three 
more ;  and  the  same  course  was  followed  with  the  second  bank. 

1728.  — ON  the  13th  of  September  the  general  court  of  Mas- 
sachusetts granted  the  privilege  for  ten  years  of  a  paper-mill  to 
Daniel  Henchman,  Gillam  Phillips,  Benjamin  Faneuil,  Thomas 
Hancock,  and  Henry  Dering. 

The  conditions  of  this  privilege  were,  that  in  the  first  fifteen  months  they  were 
to  make  one  hundred  and  fifty  reams  of  brown  paper  and  sixty  reams  of  printing- 
paper  ;  and  the  next  year  to  make  fifty  additional  reams  and  afterwards  twenty- 
five  reams  of  superior  writing-paper  additional.  The  whole  yearly  production  to 
be  not  less  than  five  hundred  reams.  The  mill  was  erected  in  Milton,  near  Boston, 
on  the  Neponsct  River,  below  the  head  of  tide-water,  so  that  for  six  hours  out  of 
the  twenty-four  its  operation  was  suspended.  An  Englishman,  named  Henry 
Woodman,  was  employed  as  foreman ;  and  as  they  furnished  the  legislature  in 
1731  with  a  sample  of  the  paper  they  made,  the  mill  was  probably  built  the  year 
before.  Henchman,  who  seems  to  have  been  one  of  the  chief  promoters,  was  a 
bookseller  and  publisher  in  Boston. 

1728 IN  December  of  this  year,  Samuel  Keimer,  in  Phila- 
delphia, commenced  the  issue  of  The  Universal  Instructor  in  all 
Arts  and  Sciences,  and  Pennsylvania  Gazette,  the  second  news- 
paper issued  in  Pennsylvania. 

SAMUEL  KEIMER  had  just  established  the  second  press  in  Philadelphia  in  1723, 
when  Benjamin  Franklin  made  his  first  visit  there  at  seventeen  years  of  age. 
Franklin  found  Keimer  setting  up  an  elegy  upon  a  young  printer,  named  Aquilla 
Rose,  which  he  was  composing  mentally  at  the  same  time.  He  gave  Franklin 
employment.  Having  eventually  sold  out  his  business,  he  went  to  Barbadoes  and 
established  the  Barbadoes  Gazette,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  Caribbee  Islands. 
Keimer  died  in  1738. 

Keimer  sold  his  paper  to  Benjamin  Franklin  before  he  had  carried  it  on  a  year. 
On  the  28th  of  September,  1729,  Franklin  condensed  the  title  of  the  paper  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Gazette,  and  it  continued  under  his  management  until  1765.  After 


202  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1728-9. 

changing  its  name  to  the  Philadelphia  Gazette,  ceasing  to  appear  from  1802  to 
1804,  again  changing  to  Rolf's  Gazette  in  November  3,  1845,  it  was  merged  with 
the  North  American,  and  ended  its  career  of  one  hundred  and  seventeen  years. 

1728.  —  LUYKAS  HOOGHKERCH  was  granted,  on  petition,  by  the 
city  of  Albany,  New  York,  a  lease  of  two  acres  "  upon  ye  gallo- 
hill,  adjoining  and  near  a  small  run  of  water,  for  yc  term  of  fifty 
years,  for  ye  use  of  a  Brick-kiln  and  plain,  provided  he  and  his 
heirs  and  assigns  pay  therefor  to  the  Freemen  of  the  city, 
twelve  shillings  yearly  and  every  year,  and  he  doth  not  stop  the 
Roads  and  passes." 

It  was  the  custom  in  Albany  to  grant  such  leases. 

1728.  —  FOUR  furnaces  are  said  to  have  been  in  operation  in 
Pennsylvania. 

1728.  —  THE  council  of  South  Carolina  wrote  to  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle  that  "  the  government  was  reduced  to  the  lowest 
extremity,"  "  that  the  royal  prerogative  was  openly  trampled 
on,"  and  "  they  were  insulted  by  the  delegates  within  doors  and 
the  tumult  without." 

1728.  —  THE  Baptists  and  Quakers  in  Massachusetts  were 
allowed  to  pay  over,  for  the  use  of  their  own  clergy,  the  minis- 
terial tax  collected  from  them. 

1728.  —  THE  schoolmasters  in  Maryland  were  required  by  the 
assembly  to  teach  gratis  as  many  poor  children  as  the  visitors  of 
the  schools  should  direct. 

1728.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  an  issue  of 
fifty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit. 

Dummer,  the  lieutenant-governor  then  in  authority,  had  to  sign  it,  though 
against  his  instructions,  as  the  only  means  of  getting  his  salary. 

1728.  —  THE  population  of  Canada  was  about  thirty  thousand, 
Quebec  having  five. 

Most  of  the  officers  of  the  government  were  established  there.  The  adminis- 
tration was  vested  in  a  governor,  an  intendant,  and  a  supreme  council.  The  cus- 
tom of  Paris  was  the  law  of  New  France.  The  chief  trade  was  in  furs.  By  an 
edict  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  nobles  in  Canada  could  engage  in  this  trade  without 
injury  to  their  nobility;  but  it  was  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the  middle  class  of 
Montreal  and  Quebec.  The  lands  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence  were  held  by 
feudal  tenure  as  seigniories ;  their  cultivators  were  known  as  habitans,  and  were 
generally  better  off  than  lords,  who  looked  chiefly  to  places  in  the  state,  or  office 
in  the  army,  for  their  incomes.  Sufficient  coarse  linen  manufactories  were  estab- 
lished to  supply  the  local  demand. 

1729,  APRIL.  —  Burnet,  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  called 
the  general  court  at  Salem,  and  in  August  adjourned  them  to 
Cambridge. 

The  dispute  concerning  the  governor's  salary  had  lasted  for  years.  The  suc- 
cessive governors  had  been  instructed  to  demand  a  permanent  salary  of  a  thou- 


1729.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  203 

sand  pounds,  but  the  general  court  preferred  to  vote  the  salary  yearly.  This  dis- 
pute having  commenced,  other  subjects  arose,  and  both  parties  appealed  to  the 
authorities  in  England.  In  the  midst  of  the  discussion  Burnet  died,  and  Belcher, 
•who  had  been  sent  by  the  general  court  to  London  as  their  agent,  was  appointed 
to  the  position. 

1729,  OCTOBER.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an  act 
forbidding  practising  lawyers  from  being  deputies. 

The  act  was  repealed  at  the  next  session,  but  was  afterwards  repassed. 

1729,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  Natchez  Indians  attacked  the  French 
settlement  at  Fort  Rosalie. 

Two  hundred  of  the  settlers  were  massacred.  The  slaves,  being  unmolested, 
in  some  cases  joined  the  Indians.  This  attack  caused  great  fear  at  New  Orleans, 
both  of  insurrection  of  the  slaves  and  Indian  hostilities. 

1729.  —  BALTIMORE,  Maryland,  was  laid  out  as  a  town. 

It  was  incorporated  in  1796. 

1729.  —  IN  Salem,  New  Jersey,  the  court  made  a  rule  prescrib- 
ing the  price  and  quantity  of  drink  to  be  sold  in  the  county. 

"For  each  nib  of  punch,  made  with  double  refined  sugar  and  one  gill  and  a 
half  of  rum,  nine  pence ;  for  each  nib  made  with  single  refined  sugar,  and  one 
gill  and  a  half  of  rum,  eight  pence ;  for  each  nib  made  with  Muscavado  sugar  etc. 
seven  pence ;  for  each  quart  of  tiff,  made  with  half  a  pint  of  rum  in  the  same, 
nine  pence  ;  for  each  pint  of  wine,  one  shilling ;  for  each  gill  of  rum,  three  pence ; 
for  each  quart  of  strong  beer,  four  pence ;  for  each  gill  of  brandy,  or  cordial  dram, 
six  pence ;  for  each  quart  of  metheglin,  nine  pence ;  for  each  quart  of  cider,  four 
pence.  For  a  hot  dinner,  eight  pence ;  for  breakfast  or  supper,  six  pence.  Two 
quarts  of  oats,  three  pence;  stabling  and  good  hay,  each  night,  six  pence;  pas- 
ture, six  pence." 

1729.  —  Two  hundred  and  fifty-five  casks,  of  seven  bushels 
each,  of  flaxseed,  were  this  year  exported  from  Philadelphia. 

They  were  valued  at  one  pound  thirteen  shillings  a  cask. 

1729.  —  WILLIAM  PARKS,  who  introduced  the  printing-press 
into  Maryland,  in  this  year  set  up  the  first  press  in  Virginia,  at 
Williamsburg,  and  this  year  printed  Stith's  History  of  Virginia, 
and  the  Colonial  Laws. 

William  Parks  was  for  some  time  public  printer  for  both  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land, having,  it  is  said,  an  allowance  of  two  hundred  pounds  from  each  province. 

1729.  —  CONNECTICUT  and  New  Hampshire  passed  laws  allow- 
ing the  various  sects  to  apply  the  ministerial  tax  to  the  support 
of  their  own  clergy. 

1729.  —  SEVEN  of  the  eight  proprietors  of  Carolina  relinquished 
to  the  crown  for  a  certain  sum ;  the  eighth,  Lord  Carteret,  sur- 
rendered his  right  of  jurisdiction,  but  retained  his  interest  in  the 
soil. 

The  amount  paid  was  seventeen  thousand  five  hundred  pounds,  and  five  thou- 
sand more  for  arrears  in  quit-rents,  estimated  at  nine  thousand  pounds.  Lord 


204  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  "AMERICA.  [1729-30. 

Carteret's  proportion  was  set  off  for  him  next  to  the  Virginia  line,  which  had  been 
recently  surveyed  as  far  west  as  the  Blue  Ridge. 

1729.  —  WHEN  the  news  arrived  of  the  sale  of  Carolina  to  the 
crown,  the  governor  of  North  Carolina,  Everard,  made  large 
grants  of  land,  without  stipulation  of  price,  or  reserving  any  quit- 
rent,  and  the  assembly  made  an  issue  of  forty  thousand  pounds  in 
bills  of  credit. 

1729.  —  THE  king  in  council  confirmed  the  law  of  inheritance 
in  Connecticut,  by  which  daughters  with  sons  were  joint  heirs, 
and  lands  were   distributed  equally,  the  eldest  son   having   a 
double  share. 

This  was  the  law  in  New  England,  as  well  as  in  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Delaware. 

1730.  —  ELEAZER  PHILLIPS,  of  Boston,  this  year  set  up  the  first 
press  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

The  colonial  government  of  the  province  had  offered  a  reward  of  a  thousand 
pounds  to  any  printer  who  would  settle  in  the  province.  Three  printers  went 
there  in  consequence,  and  the  next  year  Phillips  obtained  the  appointment  of 
public  printer,  but  died  soon  after. 

1730.  —  AN  act  was  passed  in  Pennsylvania  to  increase  the 
issue  of  bills  of  credit  to  seventy-five  thousand  pounds. 

It  also  provided  for  its  reissue,  so  that  this  amount  should  be  kept  in  circulation 
for  ten  years.  The  proprietaries  consented  to  this  issue  on  condition  of  receiving 
an  equivalent  for  their  loss  in  quit-rents  from  the  depreciation  of  the  paper  money, 
and  instructed  the  governor  to  consent  to  no  more  issues.  The  dependence  of  the 
colonies  upon  foreign  trade  was  the  chief  cause  of  the  depreciation  of  their  bills 
of  credit.  The  widow  of  Penn  having  died,  the  sovereignty  of  the  province  was 
reunited,  under  Penn's  will,  in  his  three  sons  (John,  Thomas,  and  Richard)  by  his 
second  wife.  The  eldest  son  had  a  double  share. 

1730.  —  THE  dispute  concerning  his  salary  continued  with  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts  and  the  new  governor,  Belcher. 

1730.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  "act  for 
continuing  the  encouragement  for  raising  hemp,  and  imposing 
penalties  on  persons  manufacturing  unmerchantable  hemp  into 
cordage." 

A  bounty  of  three  halfpence  a  pound  was  granted  by  the  assembly  in  addition 
to  that  allowed  by  parliament. 

1730.  —  THE  first  shipment  of  hemp  from  the  colonies  to  Eng- 
land was  made  this  year. 

It  consisted  of  five  thousand  pounds  raised  in  New  England,  and  three  hun- 
dred pounds  raised  in  Virginia.  Besides  these,  raw  silk,  some  iron,  copper  ore, 
and  beeswax  from  Virginia  were  the  first  instalments  of  new  products. 

1730.  —  THE  French  in  Louisiana,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
friendly  Choctaws,  defeated  the  Natchez  Indians. 

The  prisoners  taken  were  sent  to  St.  Domingo,  and  sold  as  slaves. 


1730-1.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  205 

1730.  —  SIR  ALEXANDER  GUMMING  was  sent  to  Carolina  to  make 
a  treaty  with  the  Cherokees. 

He  held  several  councils  with  them,  and,  returning,  carried  with  him  seven  of 
their  principal  chiefs,  who  made  a  treaty  with  the  Board  of  Trade,  promising  to 
return  all  runaway  slaves,  and  acknowledged  themselves  subjects  of  Great  Britain. 

1730.  —  ROBERT  JOHNSON  was  sent  as  the  first  royal  governor 
of  South  Carolina. 

He  had  been  governor  before.  He  brought  with  him  a  remission  of  the  arrears 
of  quit-rents,  and  a  present  of  munitions  of  war. 

1730.  —  PURRYSBURG,  the  first  town  on  the  Savannah  River, 
was  settled  by  a  company  of  Swiss  immigrants. 

1730.  —  MANCHESTER,  New  Hampshire,  was  settled. 

The  settlement  was  called  Derryfield,  was  incorporated  under  that  name  in 
1751,  and  in  1810,  by  act  of  the  legislature,  the  name  was  changed  to  the  present 
one.  In  1846  the  town  received  a  city  charter.  Its  growth  is  owing  to  its  manu- 
facturing facilities,  being  on  the  Merrimac  River,  where  the  fall  of  the  river  is 
fifty-four  feet  in  a  mile,  giving  power  for  the  most  powerful  machinery. 

1730.  —  THOMAS  GODFREY,  of  Philadelphia,  invented  what  is 
known  as  Hadley's  quadrant. 

Dr.  Edmund  Hadley,  of  London,  the  next  year  gave  to  the  Royal  Society  of 
London  a  description  of  the  same  invention.  The  Society  voted  two  hundred 
pounds  to  Godfrey,  and  decided  that  they  were  both  entitled  to  the  merits  of  the 
invention.  Godfrey  was  a  self-instructed  mathematician. 

1730.  —  BY  order  of  the  Board  of  Trade  a  census  was  taken  of 
Rhode  Island. 

The  population  was  found  to  be  about  eighteen  thousand,  of  whom  fifteen 
thousand  three  hundred  were  whites,  sixteen  hundred  and  fifty  colored,  and  nine 
hundred  and  eighty-five  Indians. 

1731.  —  THE  House  of  Commons,  through  the  Board  of  Trade, 
had  instituted  an  inquiry  "  with  respect  to  laws  made,  manufac- 
tures set  up,  or  trade  carried  on,  detrimental  to  the  trade,  navi- 
gation or  manufactures  of  Great  Britain."     The  report  was  made 
this  year.     The  information  thus  acquired  was  very  probably  not 
wholly  correct,  the  amounts  returned  being  less,  since  the  colo- 
nists, knowing  full  well  that  the  purpose  of  gathering  it  was  to 
legislate  against  their  interests,  would  not  be  careful  to  give  the 
fullest  and  most  accurate  returns. 

The  report  read  as  follows:  "In  New  England,  New  York,  Connecticut, 
Rhode  Island,  Pennsylvania  and  the  County  of  Somerset  in  Maryland,  they  have 
fallen  into  the  manufacture  of  woolen  and  linen  cloth  for  the  use  of  their  own 
families  only ;  for  the  product  of  these  colonies  being^chiefly  cattle  and  grain,  the 
estates  of  the  inhabitants  depended  wholly  on  farming,  which  could  not  be  man- 
aged without  a  certain  quantity  of  sheep ;  and  their  wool  would  be  entirely  lost 
were  not  their  servants  employed  during  the  winter  in  manufacturing  it  for  the 
use  of  their  families. 


206  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1731. 

"  Flax  and  hemp  being  likewise  easily  raised,  the  inhabitants  manufactured 
them  into  a  coarse  sort  of  cloth,  bags,  traces,  and  halters  for  their  horses,  which 
they  found  did  more  service  than  those  they  had  from  any  part  of  Europe. 

"  However,  the  high  price  of  labor  in  America  rendered  it  impracticable  for 
people  there  to  manufacture  their  linen  cloth  at  less  than  twenty  per  cent,  dearer 
than  that  which  is  exported  from  home  for  sale.  It  were  to  be  wished  that  some 
expedient  might  be  fallen  upon  to  direct  their  thoughts  from  undertakings  of  this 
nature ;  so  much  the  rather  because  these  manufactures,  in  process  of  time,  may 
be  carried  on  in  greater  degree,  unless  an  early  stop  be  put  to  their  progress  by 
employing  them  in  naval  stores.  Wherefore  we  take  leave  to  renew  our  repeated 
.  proposals,  that  reasonable  encouragement  be  given  to  the  same.  Moreover,  we 
find  that  certain  trades  carried  on  and  manufactures  set  up  there  are  detrimental 
to  the  trade,  navigation  and  manufacture  of  Great  Britain.  For  the  state  of  these 
plantations  varying  almost  every  year  more  or  less,  so  in  their  trade  and  manufac- 
tures, as  well  as  in  other  particulars,  we  thought  it  necessary  for  His  Majesty's 
service,  and  for  the  discharge  of  our  trust,  from  time  to  time  to  send  general 
queries  to  the  several  governors  in  America,  that  we  might  be  the  more  exactly 
informed  of  the  condition  of  the  plantations ;  among  which  were  several  that 
related  to  their  trade  and  manufactures,  to  which  we  received  the  following 
returns,  viz. : 

"  The  Governor  of  New  Hampshire  in  his  answer,  said  that  there  were  no 
settled  manufactures  in  that  Province,  and  that  their  trade  principally  consisted 
in  lumber  and  fish. 

"  The  Governor  of  Massachusetts  Bay  informed  us  that  in  some  parts  of  this 
Province  the  inhabitants  worked  up  their  wool  and  flax  into  an  ordinary  coarse 
cloth  for  their  own  use,  but  did  not  export  any.  That  the  greatest  part  of  the 
woolen  and  linen  clothing  worn  in  this  Province  was  imported  from  Great  Britain, 
and  sometimes  from  Ireland ;  but  considering  the  excessive  price  of  labor  in  New 
England,  the  merchant  could  afford  what  was  imported  cheaper  than  what  was 
made  in  the  country.  There  were  also  a  few  hat  makers  in  the  maritime  towns, 
and  that  the  greater  part  of  the  leather  used  in  that  country  was  manufactured 
among  themselves,  etc. 

"  They  had  no  manufactures  in  the  province  of  New  York  that  deserves  men- 
tioning ;  their  trade  consisted  chiefly  in  furs,  whale  bone,  oil,  pitch,  tar  and  pro- 
visions. No  manufactures  in  New  Jersey  that  deserve  mentioning ;  their  trade 
being  chiefly  in  provisions  shipped  from  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  The  chief 
trade  of  Pennsylvania  lay  in  their  exportation  of  provisions  and  lumber;  no 
manufactures  being  established,  and  their  clothing  and  the  utensils  for  their 
houses  being  all  imported  from  Great  Britain.  By  further  advices  from  New 
Hampshire,  the  woolen  manufacture  appears  to  have  decreased;  the  common 
lands,  on  which  the  sheep  used  to  feed,  being  now  appropriated,  and  the  people 
almost  wholly  clothed  with  woolen  from  Great  Britain.  The  manufacture  of  flax 
into  linens,  some  coarse  and  some  fine,  daily  increased  by  the  great  resort  of  peo- 
ple from  Ireland  thither,  who  are  skilled  in  that  business.  By  late  accounts 
from  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  New  England,  the  assembly  have  voted  a  bounty  of 
thirty  shillings,  for  every  piece  of  duck  or  canvass  made  in  the  Province.  Some 
other  manufactures  are  carried  on  there,  and  brown  holland  for  women's  wear, 
which  lessens  the  importation  of  calicoes,  and  some  other  sorts  of  East  India 
goods.  They  also  make  some  small  quantities  of  cloth,  made  of  linen 
and  cotton,  for  ordinary  shirting.  By  a  paper  mill  set  up  three  years  ago, 
they  make  to  the  value  of  £200  sterling  yearly.  There  are  also  several  forges 
for  making  bar  iron,  and  some  furnaces  for  cast  iron  or  hollow  ware,  and 


1731.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  207 

one  slitting  mill  and  a  manufacture  for  nails.  The  Governor  writes  concerning 
the  woolen  manufacture,  that  the  country  people,  who  used  to  make  most  of  their 
clothing  out  of  their  own  wool,  do  not  now  make  a  third  part  of  what  they  wear, 
but  are  mostly  clothed  with  British  manufacture.  The  Surveyor  General  of  his 
Majesty's  woods  (Jeremiah  Dunbar)  writes  that  they  have  in  New  England  six 
furnaces  and  nineteen  forges  for  making  iron ;  and  that  in  this  Province  many 
ships  are  built  for  the  French  and  Spaniards,  in  return  for  rum,  molasses,  wines 
and  silks,  which  they  truck  there  by  connivance.  Great  quantities  of  hats  are 
made  in  New  England,  of  which  the  company  of  hatters  in  London  have  com- 
plained to  us  that  great  quantities  of  these  hats  are  exported  to  Spain,  Portugal, 
and  our  West  India  Islands.  They  also  make  all  sorts  of  iron  for  shipping. 
There  are  several  still-houses  and  sugar  bakeries  established  in  New  England. 

"  By  the  last  advices  from  New  York  there  are  no  manufactories  there  that 
can  affect  Great  Britain.  There  is  yearly  imported  into  New  York  a  very  large 
quantity  of  the  woolen  manufactures  of  this  Kingdom,  for  their  clothing,  which 
they  would  be  rendered  incapable  to  pay  for  and  would  be  reduced  to  the  neces- 
sity of  making  for  themselves,  if  they  were  prohibited  from  receiving  from  the 
foreign  sugar  colonies  the  money,  rum,  molasses,  cocoa,  indigo,  cotton,  wool 
&c.,  which  they  at  present  take  in  return  for  provisions,  horses  and  lumber,  the 
produce  of  that  province  and  of  New  Jersey,  of  which  he  affirms  the  British  Colo- 
nies do  not  take  above  one  half.  But  the  company  of  hatters  of  London  have 
since  informed  us  that  hats  are  manufactured  in  great  quantities  in  this  province. 

"  By  the  letters  from  the  Deputy-Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  he  does  not 
know  of  any  trade  in  that  Province  that  can  be  considered  injurious  to  this  King- 
dom. They  do  not  export  any  woolen  or  linen  manufactures ;  all  that  they  make, 
which  are  of  a  coarse  sort,  being  for  their  own  use.  We  are  further  informed 
that  in  this  Province  they  built  many  brigantines  and  small  sloops,  which  they  sell 
to  the  West  Indies. 

"  The  Governor  of  Rhode  Island  informs  us,  in  answer  to  our  queries,  that 
there  are  iron  mines  there,  but  not  a  fourth  part  enough  to  serve  their  own  use ; 
but  he  takes  no  notice  of  any  manufactures  there.  No  returns  from  the  Gover- 
nor of  Connecticut.  But  we  find  by  some  accounts  that  the  produce  of  this 
colony  is  timber,  boards,  all  sorts  of  English  grain,  hemp,  flax,  sheep,  black 
cattle,  swine,  horses,  goats  and  tobacco.  That  they  export  horses  and  lumber  to 
the  West  Indies,  and  receive  in  return  sugar,  salt,  molasses  and  rum.  We  like- 
wise find  that  their  manufactures  are  very  inconsiderable ;  the  people  being  gen- 
erally employed  in  tillage,  some  few  in  tanning,  shoemaking,  and  other  handi- 
crafts; others  in  building,  and  in  joiners',  tailors'  and  smiths'  work,  without  which 
they  could  not  subsist.  No  report  is  made  from  Carolina,  the  Bahama,  or  the 
Bermuda  Isles. 

"  From  the  foregoing  statement  it  is  observable  that  there  are  more  trades 
carried  on  and  manufactures  set  up  in  the  Provinces  on  the  continent  of  America 
to  the  northward  of  Virginia,  prejudicial  to  the  trade  and  manufactures  of  Great 
Britain,  particularly  in  New  England,  than  in  any  other  of  the  British  colonies ; 
which  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  for  their  soil,  climate,  and  produce  being  pretty 
nearly  the  same  with  ours,  they  have  no  staple  commodities  of  their  own  growth 
to  exchange  for  our  manufactures,  which  puts  them  under  greater  necessity,  as 
well  as  under  greater  temptations,  for  providing  themselves  at  home ;  to  which 
may  be  added,  in  the  charter  governments,  the  little  dependence  they  have  upon 
the  mother  country,  and  consequently  the  small  restraints  they  are  under  in  any 
matters  detrimental  to  her  interests.  And  therefore  we  humbly  beg  leave  to  re- 
peat and  submit  to  the  wisdom  of  this  Honorable  House  the  substance  of  what 


208  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1731. 

we  formerly  proposed  in  our  report  on  the  silk,  linin  and  woolen  manufactures 
hereinbefore  recited,  namely  —  whether  it  might  not  be  expedient  to  give  these 
Colonies  proper  encouragement  for  turning  their  industry  to  such  manufactures 
and  products  as  might  be  of  service  to  Great  Britain,  and  more  particularly  to  the 
production  of  naval  stores." 

1731.  —  IN  a  description  of  South  Carolina,  written  by  Peter 
Purry,  he  says :  "  Flax  and  cotton  thrive  admirably,  and  hemp 
grows  thirteen  to  fourteen  feet  high,  but  as  few  people  know 
how  to  order  it,  there  is  very  little  cultivated." 

1731,  JANUARY  8.  —  Thomas  Whitmarsh,  who  succeeded  Phil- 
lips  as  printer  in  Charleston,  set  up  the  South  Carolina  Gazette, 
the  first  paper  in  the  province. 

In  1733  he  died  of  the  epidemic  that  raged  there,  and  was  succeeded  by  Lewis 
Timothee,  a  French  Protestant  refugee,  who  had  worked  for  Franklin  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

1731,  JUNE.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created  another 
bank  or  loan,  to  the  amount  of  sixty  thousand  pounds. 

A  portion  of  the  interest  paid  upon  the  loans  was  to  be  used  in  paying  a 
bounty  of  five  shillings  for  every  barrel  of  whale-oil,  a  penny  a  pound  for  bone, 
and  five  shillings  a  quintal  for  codfish  caught  by  Rhode  Island  vessels  and  brought 
to  the  colony. 

1731,  AUGUST.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  suspended 
the  redemption  of  the  bills  of  credit,  and  made  a  new  issue  of 
one  hundred  and  four  thousand  pounds. 

The  issue  was  to  pay  the  debts  contracted  during  the  past  four  years  of  con- 
fusion ;  they  also  passed  an  act  to  confirm  defective  and  obsolete  titles. 

1731,  SEPTEMBER  27.  —  The  Weekly  Eehearsal  appeared  in  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Jeremy  Gridlcy,  and  was  printed  by  "  J.  Draper  for  the 
author."  Gridley  became  attorney-general,  and  died  in  17G7.  On  the  21st  of 
August,  1735,  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Boston  Evening  Post.  It  was  then 
in  the  possession  of  Thomas  Fleet.  On  the  9th  of  March,  1741,  the  general 
court  ordered :  "  That  the  Attorney  General  do,  as  soon  as  may  be,  file  an  Infor- 
mation against  Thomas  Fleet,  the  publisher  of  the  said  paper,  in  His  Majesty's 
Superior  Court  of  Judicature,  Court  of  Assize  and  General  Gaol  Delivery,  in 
order  to  his  being  prosecuted  for  his  said  offence,  as  law  and  Justice  requires." 
The  offence  was  publishing  a  simple  matter  of  news,  which  the  Court  "termed  a 
scandalous  and  libelous  Reflection  upon  His  Majesty's  Administration."  No 
further  proceedings  were  taken  on  the  matter.  On  the  24th  of  April,  1775,  the 
Post  appeared  for  the  last  time.  It  had  tried  to  be  so  neutral  in  the  rapidly  cul- 
minating dispute,  that  it  had  contained  not  a  word  concerning  the  battles  of 
Lexington  and  Concord,  which  had  just  taken  place. 

1731. — AT  Belcher's  request,  the  secretary  of  state  allowed 
him  to  accept  a  grant  for  a  year. 

As  he  firmly  refused  to  disobey  his  instructions  concerning  the  issue  of  bills 
of  credit,  the  public  officers  and  the  soldiers  remained  unpaid  nearly  two  years. 


1731.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  209 

1731.  —  THE  French  made  a  settlement  at  Crown  Point. 

The  settlement  was  made  by  a  party  from  Montreal,  and  was  within  one  hun- 
dred miles  of  Albany.  The  New  York  assembly  resolved  "that  this  encroch- 
ment,  if  not  prevented,"  would  produce  "the  most  pernicious  consequences  to 
this  and  other  colonies,"  and  informed  the  other  colonies  of  it.  Nothing  was 
done,  however,  to  disturb  the  French  in  their  peaceful  possession  of  the  post. 

1731.  —  A  SPECIAL  committee  reported  to  parliament  that  the 
number  of  hats  exported  from  New  York  and  New  England 
were  estimated  at  ten  thousand  a  year.  In  Boston  there  were 
sixteen  hatters,  one  of  whom  was  said  to  commonly  finish  forty 
hats  a  week.  The  hats  were  sent  to  the  Southern  plantations, 
the  West  Indies,  and  Ireland,  and  not  a  few  to  Great  Britain, 
according  to  the  complaint  made  to  the  Board  of  Trade  this  year 
by  the  felt-makers  of  London.  Parliament,  therefore,  passed  the 
following  act :  — 

"  No  hats  or  felts,  dyed  or  undyed,  finished  or  unfinished,  shall  be  put  on 
board  any  vessel  in  any  place  within  any  of  the  British  plantations ;  nor  be  laden 
upon  any  horse  or  other  carriage  to  the  intent  to  be  exported  from  thence  to  any 
other  plantation,  or  to  any  other  place  whatever,  upon  forfeiture  thereof,  and  the 
offender  shall  like  wise  pay  £500  for  every  such  offence.  Every  person  knowing 
thereof,  and  willingly  aiding  therein,  shall  forfeit  £40.  Every  officer  of  customs 
signing  any  entry  outward,  or  warrant  for  the  shipping  or  exporting  of  said  arti- 
cles, shall,  for  every  offence,  forfeit  £500."  By  the  same  statute  all  hat-makers 
were  obliged  to  serve  an  apprenticeship  of  seven  years,  nor  have  more  than  two 
apprentices,  while  no  negro  was  allowed  to  work  at  the  business  of  hat-making. 

1731.  —  A  SUBSCRIPTION  was  taken  up  in  Maryland  to  encour- 
age the  manufacture  of  linen. 

The  mayor  and  council  of  Annapolis  offered  five  pounds  as  a  reward  for  the 
finest  piece  of  linen,  grown  and  woven  in  Maryland,  which  was  presented  at  the 
next  fair  in  September;  three  pounds  for  the  next  best,  and  forty  shillings  for  the 
third  best ;  the  linen  to  remain  the  property  of  the  exhibitor.  Similar  rewards 
were  offered  in  Baltimore.  This  year  over  sixty  wagon  loads  of  flax-seed  were 
brought  into  Baltimore  for  shipment. 

1731.  —  A  CENSUS  in  New  York  showed  the  province  contained 
50,289  persons,  of  whom  7231  were  negroes.  The  city  contained 
8632. 

1731.  —  As  late  as  this  year,  it  is  said,  there  was  not  a  potter 
or  glass-maker  in  the  province  of  South  Carolina. 

1731. —  INDEPENDENCE  HALL,  Philadelphia,  or  the  Old  State 
House,  was  begun  this  year. 

1731.  —  EDWARD  BRADLEY  advertised  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Gazette  that  he  silvered  looking-glasses,  and  sold  window-glass 
by  the  box. 

1731.  —  THE    Hon.    Daniel    Oliver,   a    merchant   of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  who  died    this  year,  left   a  spinning-school   he 
had  erected  at  a  cost  of  six  hundred  pounds,  for  the  education 
of  the  children  of  the  poor  in  the  art  of  spinning. 
14 


210  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1731-2. 

1731.  —  BURRINGTON  was  appointed  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina by  Newcastle,  the  secretary  of  state. 

He  announced  a  remission  of  quit-rents,  but  rejected  with  contempt  the  protest 
of  the  assembly  regarding  the  extortionate  fees.  The  assembly  refused  to  pass 
any  acts  or  to  vote  a  revenue,  and  complained  to  England  of  his  "violence  and 
tyranny." 

1732.  —  WILMINGTON,    Delaware,    was    founded    by   Thomas 
Willing,  who   gave  it  the  name   of  Willing  Town,   afterwards 
changed  to  the  present  name. 

In  1832  it  received  a  city  charter.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  and  it  is 
noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  steam  engines,  railway  cars,  car  springs, 
and  matches. 

1732,  FEBRUARY. —  A  report  was  made  to  the  British  parlia- 
ment "  that,  in  Massachusetts,  an  act  was  made  to  encourage  the 
manufacture  of  paper,  which  law  interferes  with  the  profit  made 
by  the  British  merchants  on  foreign  Paper  sent  thither." 

1732,  MAY.  —  Richard  Fry  advertised  in  Thomas  Fleet's  paper, 
the  Rehearsal,  that  he  would  furnish  blank  books  twenty  per 
cent,  cheaper  than  they  could  be  had  from  London. 

He  also  returns  thanks  to  the  public  for  following  his  directions  in  previous 
advertisements  "for  gathering  rags,  and  hope  they  will  continue  the  like  method, 
having  received  upwards  of  seven  thousand  weight  already." 

1732,  JUNE  9.  —  A  charter  was  issued  to  twenty-one  trustees 
"  for  establishing  the  colony  of  Georgia  in  America." 

It  conveyed  seven  undivided  eighths  of  the  territory  between  the  Savannah 
and  Altamaha  rivers,  and  westward  from  the  heads  of  these  rivers  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Lord  Carteret  soon  after  conveyed  to  them  his  eighth  part  of  the  territory, 
which,  as  one  of  the  late  proprietaries  of  Carolina,  he  claimed.  These  trustees  had 
power  to  increase  their  number,  and  exclusive  right  of  legislation  for  twenty-one 
years.  Their  acts  were  not  to  be  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  England,  and  had  no 
force  until  approved  by  the  king  in  council.  A  "free  exercise  of  religion "  was 
guaranteed  to  all,  "except  papists."  "All  liberties,  franchises,  and  immunities 
of  free  denizens  and  natural  born  subjects,"  were  guaranteed  to  "all  and  every 
the  persons  that  shall  happen  to  be  born  within  the  same  province,"  in  all  respects 
as  if  born  in  Great  Britain.  A  council  of  thirty-four  formed  the  executive.  Fif- 
teen of  these  were  nominated  in  the  charter,  the  others  to  be  elected  by  the 
trustees.  They  could  grant  land  on  such  terms  as  they  saw  fit,  but  not  directly 
or  indirectly  to  any  trustee,  and  not  more  than  five  hundred  acres  to  any  one 
person. 

1732,  SEPTEMBER.  —  William  Cosby,  who  had  succeeded  to  the 
governorship  of  New  York,  became  involved  in  a  quarrel  with 
his  council. 

He  wrote  the  Board  of  Trade:  "That  it  was  necessary  to  insist  on  the 
king's  prerogative  at  a  time  when  his  authority  is  so  openly  opposed  at  Boston, 
and  proper  to  make  examples  of  men  in  order  to  deter  others  from  being  advo- 
cates for  Boston  principles."  He  had  suspended  several  members  of  the  council. 


1732.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  211 

1732,  SEPTEMBER  27.  —  James  Franklin  commenced  in  New- 
port, Rhode  Island,  the  Rhode  Island  Gazette. 

James  Franklin  died  in  1735,  and  the  press,  after  his  death,  was  managed  by 
his  widow,  Anne  Franklin,  assisted  by  her  daughters  as  compositors.  She 
printed  for  the  government  an  edition  of  the  laws  of  the  colony,  a  folio  volume 
of  three  hundred  and  forty  pages,  and  other  things.  Her  son  James  succeeded  to 
the  business  in  1752.  Only  twelve  issues  of  the  Gazette  are  known  to  have  been 
published.  It  was  printed  upon  a  half  sheet  of  cap  paper. 

1732,  OCTOBER.  —  The  bounty  in  Rhode  Island  upon  wolves 
was  raised  to  ten  pounds  each. 

1732,  OCTOBER.  —  The  Philadelphia  library  was  organized. 

It  was  the  first  subscription  library  in  the  country.  Benjamin  Franklin  was 
one  of  its  projectors.  The  subscription  was  two  pounds,  and  a  yearly  fee  of  ten 
shillings.  Franklin  was  librarian  the  second  year,  and  printed  the  catalogue  of 
the  collection. 

1732.  — THE  assembly  of  New  Jersey  petitioned  for  a  separate 
governor  from  that  for  New  York. 

Montgomery  had  died.     Their  request  was  refused. 

1732. — POOR  RICHARD'S  ALMANAC,  by  Benjamin  Franklin,  was 
published. 

1732.  —  STAGES  were  started  to  run  between  New  York  and 
Boston,  the  journey  occupying  fourteen  days. 

1732.  —  IN  De  Witt's  Farm  Map  of  New  York  city,  a  farm 
which  about  this  year  belonged  to  Sir  Peter  Warren,  is  called 
the  "  Glass  House  Farm." 

Glass  is  said  to  have  been  manufactured  before  this  in  New  York  city. 

1732.  —  THE  import  duty  kid  upon  the  importation  of  negro 
slaves  by  the  colonies  was  repealed  by  order  of  the  king. 

1732.  — ABOUT  this  time  a  paper-mill  was  erected  on  Chester 
Creek,  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Writing  and  printing  paper  and  pasteboard  were  made  here.  Bank-note  paper, 
used  in  the  continental  currency,  was  made  also  in  this  place  by  hand  process. 
The  mill  continued  in  operation  until  it  was  demolished  in  1829.  The  date  of 
the  erection  of  this  mill  is  not  certainly  known.  Mr.  Joel  Munsell,  in  his  History 
of  Paper  and  Paper-Making,  gives  1714  as  the  date  of  its  erection,  but  other 
authorities  give  later  dates. 

1732.  —  THE  Mississippi  company  abandoned  Louisiana  to  the 
French  crown. 

Bienville  was  appointed  governor.  The  Chickasaws  began  to  be  hostile  to 
the  French,  and  attack  their  boats  upon  the  Mississippi  on  their  passage  from 
above  to  New  Orleans. 

1732.  —  THE  young  proprietor  of  Maryland  arrived  in  the 
province. 


212  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEEICA.  [1732-3. 

1732. — THE  Board  of  Tra3e  reported  to  parliament  in  ex- 
planation of  the  complaints  made  by  the  British  merchants  of 
excessive  issues  of  paper  money  in  the  colonies ;  of  duties  on 
British  goods ;  discriminations  in  favor  of  colonial  ships  ;  and  of 
the  extension  of  manufactures  in  America. 

The  Board  said:  "That  in  Massachusetts,  the  chief  magistrate  and  every 
other  officer  being  wholly  dependent,  the  governors  are  tempted  to  give  up  the 
prerogative  of  the  crown  and  the  interest  of  Britain.  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island, 
and  Maryland  being  under  no  obligation  to  transmit  their  laws,  or  indeed  to  give 
any  account  of  their  proceedings,  it  is  not  surprising  that  governments  constituted 
like  these  should  be  guilty  of  many  irregularities.  Pennsylvania  had  evaded  her 
charter,  having  transmitted  since  the  year  1715  no  acts  of  assembly  for  the  royal 
revision,  except  occasionally  an  act  or  two.  Even  the  royal  governors  had  been 
negligent  in  sending  in  the  bills  which  the  provincial  legislatures  frequently  endeav- 
ored to  enact  repugnant  to  the  laws  and  interests  of  Britain,  which  however,  had 
been  always  disapproved  when  at  length  received."  New  instructions  were  sent 
to  the  governors  of  the  colonies  to  refuse  assent  to  any  laws  tending  to  injure 
English  trade,  or  giving  merchants  in  the  colonies  advantages  over  British  mer- 
chants. An  act  was  also  passed  "for  the  more  speedy  recovery  of  debts  in 
America,"  by  which  depositions  were  given  the  force  of  personal  testimony,  and 
lands  and  slaves  were  made  subject,  upon  such  evidence,  to  execution,  upon  sim- 
ple contracts  as  well  as  upon  written  contracts. 

1732.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts  voted  a  petition 
to  the  king  for  the  recall  of  the  instructions  to  the  governor. 

Their  agent  was  instructed,  if  their  petition  was  not  granted,  to  present  it  to 
the  House  of  Commons. 

1733,  JANUARY. —  A  colony  for  Georgia,  under  the  direction 
of  Oglethorpe,  touched  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

It  consisted  of  about  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  persons  in  thirty-five  families. 
The  recorder  and  two  bailiffs  constituted  their  town  court,  with  general  jurisdic- 
tion. The  Carolina  assembly  voted  a  supply  of  cattle,  rice,  and  boats.  They 
settled,  May  18,  upon  a  bluff  in  the  Savannah  River,  called  Yamacraw,  in  the 
possession  of  the  Creek  Indians,  who  permitted  the  settlement.  Subsequently,  at 
a  council,  the  Creeks  agreed  to  allow  them  all  the  land  below  tide-water  between 
the  Savannah  and  the  Altamaha,  except  the  three  southern  islands  on  the  coast 
and  a  reservation  above  the  town.  The  town  was  laid  out,  a  palisade  made  on 
the  land  side,  and  a  fort  built  and  mounted  with  cannon.  Ten  acres  were  laid  out 
for  an  experimental  garden  for  vines,  mulberry-trees,  and  drugs,  .and  a  store- 
house built.  The  company  had  chosen  for  their  seal  a  group  of  silk-worms  with 
the  motto,  Non  sibi  sed  aliis  (not  for  themselves,  but  for  others),  and  the  culture 
of  silk  was  expected  to  be  an  important  industry.  A  fresh  importation  of  immi- 
grants soon  arrived,  among  whom  were  forty  Jews,  whom  the  trustees  instructed 
Oglethorpe  to  give  no  encouragement. 

Savannah,  in  December,  1789,  was  granted  a  city  charter.  It  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  state,  has  one  of  the  best  southern  ports,  and  does  a  large  business  in 
exporting  cotton,  rice,  and  lumber.  Before  the  late  war,  steamers  ran  regularly 
to  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  the  West  Indies.  It  is  the  terminus  of 
three  railroad  lines,  —  that  between  Charleston  and  Savannah,  the  Central  road, 
connecting  with  all  the  roads  in  the  north  of  the  state,  and  the  Gulf  Railroad. 


1733.1  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  213 

1733,  JANUARY  23.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  suppressed 
lotteries,  in  private  hands,  which  had  recently  been  established. 

Their  reason  was,  that  by  these  "  unlawful  games,  called  lotteries,  many  peo- 
ple have  been  led  into  a  foolish  expense  of  money."  A  penalty  of  five  hundred 
pounds  was  imposed  on  the  promoters,  and  a  fine  of  ten  pounds  on  those  pur- 
chasing tickets. 

1733,  MAY.  —  The  king  decided  against  the  petition  from  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  colonial  agents  appealed 
to  parliament. 

Parliament  was  asked  to  intercede  "with  his  majesty  to  withdraw  the  royal 
orders,  as  contrary  to  their  charter,  and  tending  in  their  nature  to  distress,  if  not 
to  ruin  them."  The  Commons  resolved  that  the  complaint  "  was  frivolous  and 
groundless,  a  high  insult  upon  his  majesty's  government,  and  tending  to  shake  off 
the  dependency  of  the  colony."  The  Board  of  Trade  suggested  to  the  governor 
(Belcher)  that  if  the  general  court  persisted  in  refusing  supplies,  parliament 
might  interfere,  and  asked  "what  duties  may  be  laid  in  New  England  with  the 
least  burden  to  the  people."  The  result  was  that  the  general  court  voted  the 
supplies. 

1733,  AUGUST.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created  a  fifth 
bank  or  loan  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 

The  interest  was  five  per  cent.,  and  that  of  the  first  year  was  used  for  building 
a  pier  on  Block  Island  for  the  use  of  the  fisheries.  The  rest  of  the  interest  was 
to  be  divided,  half  to  the  public  treasury  and  the  other  half  to  the  towns. 

1733,  NOVEMBER  5.  —  The  first  number  of  the  New  "York 
Weekly  Journal  appeared. 

It  was  founded  by  John  Peter  Zenger,  and  was  in  opposition  to  the  Gazette^ 
which  was  in  the  interest  of  the  governor,  William  Cosby,  and  his  successor, 
Lieutenant-Governor  George  Clarke. 

1733,  NOVEMBER  7.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  pub- 
lished a  proclamation  warning  the  people  against  receiving  the 
bills  of  credit  of  Rhode  Island. 

The  council  proposed  prohibiting  their  circulation,  but  the  house  refused  to 
concur,  but  recommended  the  merchants  to  combine  in  refusing  to  take  them. 
Such  a  combination  was  made,  but  soon  fell  through. 

1733.  DECEMBER  3.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  empowered 
the  clergy  of  all  denominations  to  perform  the  ceremony  of  mar- 
riage, and  fixed  the  fee  at  three  shillings. 

Only  the  clergy  of  the  Church  of  England  and  the  Quakers  had  previously  this 
authority.  This  privilege  had  been  accorded  the  Quakers  by  the  king. 

1733.  —  THE  first  regularly  equipped  whaling  vessel  arrived  at 
Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  the  sloop  Pelican,  owned  by  Benjamin  Thurston.  She  brought  one 
hundred  and  fourteen  barrels  of  oil  and  two  hundred  pounds  of  bone,  upon  which 
the  bounty  was  paid. 


214  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1733-4. 

1733.  —  A  COLONY  of  Swiss  settled  at  Purrysburg,  South  Caro- 
lina, under  the  leadership  of  John  Peter  Purry,  of  Neufchatel. 

Cotton-seed,  probably  from  the  Levant,  were  planted  by  them,  and  they  tried 
to  establish  the  culture  of  silk. 

1733.  —  SOUTH  CAROLINA  coined  pence. 

1733. — THE  first  Freemasons'  lodge  in  the  country  was  organ- 
ized at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1733.  — JOHN  HARRIS  obtained  from  the  proprietaries  of  Penn- 
sylvania a  grant  of  three  hundred  acres  of  land  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  purchased  five  hundred  acres 
more  from  the  Indians. 

This  land  was  the  site  of  Harrisburg,  the  capital  of  Pennsylvania. 

In  1753  Harris's  son  was  granted  the  right  to  build  a  ferry  over  the  river;  in 
1784  the  town  was  laid  out,  and  then  called  Louisbourg;  but  in  1791  the  name 
was  changed  to  its  present  one,  and  in  1812  the  seat  of  the  state  government  was 
removed  there  from  Lancaster. 

1733.  —  MARYLAND  issued  ninety  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of 
credit. 

Each  county  was  to  have  a  thousand  pounds  to  pay  for  public  buildings. 
Three  thousand  pounds  were  to  be  devoted  to  the  erection  of  a  government  house. 
A  certain  sum  to  be  paid  planters  for  the  tobacco  they  burned,  and  the  rest  to  be 
lent  out  at  four  per  cent,  interest,  payable  one  third  in  1748,  and  the  rest  in  1764, 
the  interest  forming  a  sinking  fund  for  the  redemption  of  the  bills.  They  were 
made  a  legal  tender  for  everything  but  proprietary  and  clergy  dues. 

1733.  — THE  parliament  imposed  a  duty  upon  sugar,  molasses, 
and  rum  imported  into  the  colonies  from  the  Dutch  or  French 
West  Indies.  The  act  to  be  limited  to  three  years. 

The  act  was  intended  to  force  the  colonies  to  buy  their  supplies  of  these  arti- 
cles from  the  British  "West  India  Islands.  The  manufacture  of  rum  had  become 
an  important  industry  in  NCAV  England.  Rhode  Island  protested  against  this  act 
as  "  highly  prejudicial  to  her  charter,"  but  the  Commons  refused  to  receive  the 
petition  on  the  ground  that  the  bill  was  a  money  bill.  New  York  petitioned  the 
House  of  Lords,  saying  that  it  was  only  in  the  produce  of  the  West  Indies  that 
their  exports  there  could  be  paid  for.  The  agent  of  New  York,  Partridge,  wrote 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  in  forwarding  the  petition,  that  "  besides  the  injury  the 
bill  will  be  in  itself,  almost  tantamount  to  a  prohibition,  it  is  divesting  the  colony 
of  their  rights  as  the  king's  natural-born  subjects  and  Englishmen,  in  levying 
subsidies  upon  them  against  their  consent,  when  they  are  annexed  to  no  country 
in  Great  Britain,  have  no  representatives  in  Parliament,  nor  are  any  part  of  the 
Legislature  of  this  Kingdom."  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  expressed 
itself  also  in  opposition  to  the  act.  A  great  deal  of  molasses  was  imported,  but 
very  little  duty  was  paid. 

1734. —  THE  city  of  New  York  made  public  provision  for 
"  The  relief  and  setting  on  work  of  poor,  needy  persons,  and 
idle  vagabonds,  and  sturdy  beggars,  and  others  who  frequently 
commit  great  depredations,  and  having  lived  idly  become  de- 
bauched and  thievish." 


1734.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  215 

An  ordinance  was  passed  for  the  erection  of  a  poor-house  on  the  common,  two 
stories  high,  and  fifty-six  feet  by  twenty-four.  It  was  furnished  with  spinning 
wheels,  materials  and  tools  for  shoemaking,  flax  and  knitting  needles,  and  other 
appliances  for  the  occupation  of  its  inmates. 

1734.  —  THE  first  silk  raised  in  Georgia  was  taken  to  England 
by  Mr.  Oglethorpe. 

The  culture  of  silk  was  specially  encouraged  by  the  founders  of  Georgia. 
Lands  were  granted  for  it,  bounties  were  offered  for  it,  and  skilled  workmen  from 
all  parts  of  Europe  sent  over.  Trees  and  silk-worm  eggs  were  liberally  provided. 
This  first  produce  amounted  to  eight  pounds.  An  Italian  and  his  family,  the 
second  who  had  been  engaged,  was  paid  five  hundred  and  twenty  pounds,  for  six 
years,  to  take  charge  of  the  filature.  Next  year  a  lot  was  sent  over,  from  which  a 
silk  dress  was  woven  and  presented  to  Queen  Caroline,  who  wore  it  at  the  next 
levee.  The  accounts  of  the  trustees  contain  a  charge,  dated  1738,  "for  making 
a  rich  brocade  and  dyeing  the  silk  from  Georgia  £26." 

1734.  —  A  PAPER  of  cotton  seed  was  sent  to  the  settlement  of 
Georgia,  and  planted. 

1734.  — A  LETTER  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  from  Patrick  Gordon, 
the  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  mentions  the  production  of  silk  in 
that  province,  in  small  quantities,  equal  to  French  or  Italian. 

1734.  —  AN  iron  furnace  was  set  up  by  Philip  Livingston,  of 
Albany,  New  York,  at  Limerock,  Connecticut.  , 

Castings  were  made  here  in  1736.  This  was  the  first  of  the  series  of  founderies 
set  up  in  this  region.  In  the  Revolution,  the  Council  of  Safety  spent  over  a  thou- 
sand pounds  in  fitting  up  a  furnace  to  cast  shot  and  cannon,  and  keep  the  force 
sufficient  to  run  it  at  work. 

1734.  —  GOVERNOR  CROSBY,  of  New  York,  alludes  to  the  discov- 
ery of  rich  mines  in  New  Jersey,  and  of  lead  in  New  York. 
He  says,  "  but  as  yet  no  iron  work  is  set  up  in  this  province." 

1734.  —  A  CATHOLIC  church  was  built  in  Philadelphia,  and 
mass  publicly  celebrated. 

Governor  Gordon  thought  it  should  be  prohibited,  but  the  council  maintained 
the  charter  of  liberties  protected  it,  and  the  church  was  unmolested.  A  new  sect, 
called  the  Dunkers,  first  appeared  among  the  German  settlers.  .  Various  sects 
were  in  the  province,  but  each  supported  its  own  ceremonies  without  any  com- 
pulsory laws. 

1734,  NOVEMBER.  —  Gabriel  Johnston  was  sent  as  the  governor 
of  North  Carolina. 

Barrington  was  reprimanded  and  removed.  The  crown  officers  were  paid  from 
the  quit-rents,  but  as  the  legal  provision  for  their  collection  was  left  to  the  assem- 
bly, their  amount  and  collection  was  a  constant  source  of  dispute  between  that 
body  and  those  who  were  to  receive  them. 

1734.  —  THE  Virginia  assembly  levied  a  duty  of  five  per  cent, 
on  the  value;  on  the  importation  of  negro  slaves. 


216  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1734. 

It  was  payable  "by  the  buyer,"  and  continued  in  force  until  the  Revolution, 
being  at  times  increased. 

1734.  —  LORD  BALTIMORE  petitioned  the  king  to  be  confirmed 
in  his  title  to  the  whole  peninsula  between  the  Chesapeake  and 
the  Delaware. 

He  had  come  out  chiefly  to  settle  the  boundaries  of  his  province,  and  before 
starting  had  signed  an  agreement  with  Penn's  heirs,  fixing  the  southern  boundary 
of  Delaware  by  a  line  drawn  due  west  from  Cape  Henlopen  to  the  Chesapeake, 
the  west  boundary  being  a  tangent  from  the  middle  point  of  this  line  to  a  circle 
of  twelve  miles  radius  round  Newcastle.  The  southern  boundary  of  Pennsyl- 
vania was  a  line  due  west  through  this  tangent  to  a  parallel  of  latitude  fifteen 
miles  south  of  Philadelphia.  A  dispute  having  arisen,  peace  was  ordered  until 
the  English  court  of  chancery  should  decide  it.  Baltimore  returning,  Ogle 
resumed  the  administration. 

1734.  —  AN  "evangelical  community,"  from  Salzburg,  with 
their  ministers,  established  themselves  in  Georgia,  and  settled 
above  Savannah,  calling  their  village  Ebenezer. 

1734,  FEBRUARY.  —  In  Rhode  Island,  a  bounty  of  one  pound 
was  paid  for  bears,  and  the  same  for  wild  cats. 
In  1736  the  bounty  on  bears  was  raised  to  three  pounds. 

1734.  —  AN  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island, 
supplementary  of  one  passed  a  few  years  before,  "  for  regulating 
mills  within  the  colony." 

1734. —  THE  Boston  Weekly  Post  Boy  commenced  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Ellis  Huske,  the  postmaster,  who  is  supposed  to  have  sug- 
gested the  Stamp  Act  of  1765  to  the  British  government.  It  lived  about  twenty -five 
years. 

1734,  NOVEMBER  17.  —  John  Peter  Zenger  was  arrested  by  the 
authorities  of  New  York  city  on  a  charge  of  libel. 

He  was  kept  in  prison  nine  months  before  he  could  get  a  trial.  The  governor, 
William  Cosby,  issued  a  proclamation  on  November  6,  in  which  certain  numbers 
of  the  New  York  Weekly  Journal  arc  said  to  contain  "diverse  scandalous,  Viru- 
lent, False  and  Seditious  reflections,  not  only  upon  the  whole  Legislature,  in  gen- 
eral, and  upon  the  most  considerable  Persons  in  the  most  distinguished  stations  in 
the  Province,  but  also  upon  His  Majesty's  lawful  and  rightful  Government  and 
just  Prerogative,"  and  offering  a  reward  of  fifty  pounds  for  the  discovery  of  their 
author.  In  another  proclamation,  twenty  pounds  reward  was  offered  for  the 
discovery  of  the  "  author  of  two  late  scandalous  songs  or  Ballads,  printed  and 
dispersed  in  this  city,  highly  defaming  the  Administration  of  His  Majesty's  Gov- 
ernment in  this  Province."  The  specific  libel  upon  which  Zenger  was  tried  was 
this  sentence:  "the  people  of  this  city  (New  York)  and  province  think,  as  mat- 
ters now  stand,  that  their  liberties  and  properties  are  precarious,  and  that  slavery 
is  like  to  be  entailed  on  them  and  their  posterity,  if  some  past  tilings  be  not 
amended."  The  trial  took  place  on  the  4th  of  August,  1735,  the  Journal  being 
still  issued.  The  copies  containing  the  libels  and  the  ballads  were  burned  by  the 


1735.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  217 

hangman.  The  corporation  of  the  city  refused  to  attend,  though  directed  to  do 
so,  and  the  provincial  assembly  did  the  same.  Andrew  Hamilton,  the  speaker  of 
the  Pennsylvania  assembly,  was  brought  from  Philadelphia  to  defend  Zenger,  and 
made  a  most  effective  and  noticeable  speech.  The  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of 
not  guilty.  Zenger  continued  the  publication  of  the  Journal  until  his  death  in 
1746.  His  widow  then  carried  it  on  until  his  son  succeeded  to  it,  and  managed  it 
until  1752,  when  it  died  of  inanition.  Zenger  was  a  German,  and  came  to  this 
country  when  he  was  thirteen  years  of  age.  He  learned  his  trade  of  printer  from 
Bradford.  He  was  a  man  of  enterprise  and  is  said  to  have  imported  the  first 
spinet  into  this  country.  His  contest  for  the  freedom  of  the  press  was  of  great 
importance  in  strengthening  the  spirit  of  independence  which  was  then  beginning 
to  be  roused  in  the  colonies. 

1735,  JANUARY.  —  The  Moravians,  under  Count  Zinzendorf, 
established  a  colony  in  Georgia,  on  the  Ogeechee,  south  of 
Savannah. 

1735.  —  CHRISTOPHER  SOWER  commenced  printing  in  German- 
town,  near  Philadelphia,  about  this  time,  and  this  year  began  the 
publication  of  a  quarterly  journal  in  German. 

The  quarterly  was  afterwards  changed  to  a  monthly,  and  after  1744  to  a  weekly 
paper,  the  Germantown  Gazette,  and  was  continued  by  his  son  until  the  war  of 
the  Revolution,  A  complete  file  of  this  paper  is  still  in  the  possession  of  one  of 
his  descendants.  Sower  also  published  the  first  German  almanac  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  extracts  from  the  Laws  of  the  Province,  translated  into  German. 

1735.  —  THE  Hope  Furnace,  on  the  Paiuxet  River,  in  Rhode 
Island,  was  built  by  Samuel  Waldo. 

Cannon  and  other  munitions  of  war  were  made  here  in  the  Revolution. 

1735.  —  ROLAND  HOUGHTON,  of  Boston,  was  granted  by  the 
general  court  a  monopoly  for  his  "  new  theodolite,  to  last  seven 
years." 

1735.  —  THE  trustees  of  Georgia  issued  proposals  to  settlers. 

No  papists  were  to  be  allowed  in  the  settlement.  To  all  others  emigrating  at 
their  own  expense,  fifty  acres  of  land  were  given  for  each  indented  servant ;  no 
grant,  however,  to  exceed  five  hundred  acres.  Servants,  at  the  end  of  their  term, 
were  to  have  twenty  acres.  Settlers  sent  out  by  the  trustees  were  to  have  fifty 
acres,  subject  to  a  quit-rent  often  shillings.  On  failure  of  male  heirs,  all  land  to 
revert  to  the  trustees,  subject  to  a  right  of  dower.  No  land  to  be  alienated  with- 
out special  permission.  No  rum  was  allowed,  and  all  trade  with  the  West  Indies 
prohibited.  Negro  slavery  was  prohibited.  A  further  grant  of  twenty-six  thou- 
sand pounds  from  parliament,  increased  the  means  of  the  trustees. 

1735. —  CROSBY,  the  governor  of  New  York,  having  died,  two 
claimants  arose  for  the  office. 

Van  Dam  and  George  Clarke,  both  of  whom  claimed  the  office  by  virtue  of 
being  senior  councillor,  issued  orders  and  assumed  authority. 

1735.  —  JOHNSTON,  the  governor  of  North  Carolina,  undertook 
to  collect  the  quit-rents  on  his  own  authority. 
It  was  resisted.     His  death  soon  occurred. 


218  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1735-6. 

1735.  —  THE  French  in  Louisiana  attempted  the  conquest  of 
the  Chickasaws  by  »two  simultaneous  attacks. 

An  expedition  from  New  Orleans  ascended  the  Tombigbee  to  its  head,  and 
attacked  the  Chickasaw  stronghold  in  its  vicinity,  but  were  defeated  and  driven 
back.  Another  expedition  from  the  Illinois  attacked  a  more  northerly  fort  of  the 
Chickasaws,  and  were  also  defeated.  Its  leader,  D'Artagnctte,  with  others,  was 
captured  and  burned  at  the  stake.  Bills  of  credit  were  issued  in  Louisiana,  pay- 
able in  France. 

1736.  —  NEW  BRUNSWICK,  New  Jersey,  was  incorporated  as  a 
town,  having  been  settled  by  emigrants  from  Long  Island. 

During  the  war  it  was  at  various  times  the  head-quarters  of  the  opposing 
armies.  In  1784  it  received  a  city  charter.  It  is  extensively  engaged  in  manu- 
factures, the  establishments  employing  about  fifteen  hundred  hands,  and  capital  of 
$1,500,000. 

1736,  JUNE  14.  —  A  line  of  stages  was  started  between  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  and  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

The  Rhode  Island  assembly  granted  it  a  monopoly  for  seven  years. 

1736.  —  THE  "Warwick  charcoal  blast  furnace,  on  the  south 
branch  of  French  Creek,  Pennsylvania,  was  erected. 

This,  with  Redding's  furnace,  on  the  same  creek,  cast  cannon  for  the  govern- 
ment during  the  Revolution. 

1736.  —  BELLS  were  cast  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  by 
Abel  Parmlee. 

He  petitioned  the  general  court  for  a  monopoly  for  twenty  years,  but  was 
refused.  His  petition  states  that  his  was  the  first  bell  foundory  in  the  colonies. 

1736.  —  WILLIAM  PAEKS  commenced  at  Williamsburg,  Virginia, 
the  Virginia  Gazette,  the  first  newspaper  in  that  province. 

It  was  sometimes  printed  on  a  half  sheet  of  foolscap,  and  sometimes  on  a  whole 
one.  It  was  under  the  influence  of  the  governor.  Parks  continued  it  until  his 
death  in  1750.  The  next  year  it  appeared  with  the  imprint:  "Printed  by  \Vm. 
Hunter,  at  the  Post  Office,  by  whom  persons  may  be  supplied  with  this  paper. 
Advertisements  of  a  moderate  length  for  three  shillings  for  the  first  week,  and 
two  shillings  each  week  after."  At  Hunter's  death,  in  1761,  it  was  enlarged  and 
published  by  Joseph  Royle ;  at  his  death  by  Purdie  and  Dixon  until  the  Revolu- 
tion. During  the  Revolution  Purdie  managed  it. 

1736. —  GOVERNOR  JOHNSTON,  of  North  Carolina,  having  died, 
the  lieutenant-governor,  Broughton,  succeeded. 

The  assembly  issued  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit.  They 
were  to  be  lent  out  at  eight  per  cent,  interest,  five-eighths  of  which  was  to  be  made 
a  sinking  fund  for  their  redemption,  two-eighths  to  be  used  to  assist  "poor  Prot- 
estants "  who  should  settle  new  townships,  and  the  rest  for  the  management  of 
the  business. 

1736.  —  A  COMPANY  under  Oglethorpe  arrived  at  Savannah. 

It  consisted  of  two  hundred  and  twenty-one  persons,  whom  the  trustees  agreed 


1736-7.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  219 

to  support  a  year.  A  colony  of  Highlanders  also  settled  New  Inverness,  on  the 
Altamaha.  A  new  town  called  Frederica  was  established  on  the  Island  of  St. 
Simons,  and  a  post  called  Augusta,  at  the  head  waters  of  the  Savannah,  which 
goon  became  a  flourishing  trading  station.  Posts  were  established  on  the  coast 
further  south,  as  far  as  St.  John's,  which  was  claimed  as  the  limits  of  the  charter. 

1736.  — JOHN  WESLEY  established  a  Methodist  society  in  Sa- 
vannah, Georgia. 

He  and  his  brother  Charles  came  out  with  Oglethorpe  in  the  second  company. 

1737,  AUGUST  1.  — A  commission  of  twenty  persons,  five  of  the 
councils  each  from  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  and 
Nova  Scotia,  settled  a  dispute  concerning  boundaries  between 
New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts. 

Both  parties  appealed,  and  the  king  in  council  decided  the  question  concern- 
ing the  boundary  of  Maine  as  a  part  of  Massachusetts,  as  the  commission  had, 
and  as  it  now  exists ;  the  decision  concerning  the  boundaries  of  New  Hampshire 
and  Massachusetts  was,  that  the  southern  line  of  New  Hampshire  should  run  due 
•west  from  a  point  three  miles  north  of  the  most  southerly  bend  of  the  Merrimac. 
This  was  more  than  New  Hampshire  asked,  and  included  lands  which  had  been 
settled  under  grants  from  Massachusetts. 

1737.  —  CLARKE  was  confirmed  as  governor  of  New  York  by 
royal  instructions,  and  called  an  assembly. 

It  made  a  new  issue  of  bills  of  credit  for  forty-eight  thousand  three  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds.  Eight  thousand  three  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  were  to  be 
applied  to  the  current  expenses  of  the  province,  the  rest  was  distributed  among 
the  counties,  and  loaned  on  mortgages  for  twelve  years  at  four  per  cent.,  in  sums 
not  larger  than  one  hundred  pounds,  and  not  less  than  twenty-five.  The  interest 
to  pay  first  for  current  expenses,  and  then  used  for  the  benefit  of  the  province. 

1737.  —  THE  officers  in  North  Carolina  who,  under  the  gover- 
nor's orders,  distrained  for  the  quit-rents,  were  imprisoned  by 
the  assembly. 

1737.  —  GOVERNOR  BROUGHTON,  of  South  Carolina,  died,  and 
William  Bull,  the  president  of  the  council,  succeeded. 

1737.  • —  AN  act  of  the  assembty  of  Massachusetts  was  passed, 
placing  a  tax  on  carriages  and  other  luxuries  for  the  support  of 
a  public  spinning-school  in  Boston,  "  for  the  instruction  of  the 
children  of  the  town." 

This  institution  had  been  founded  some  time  before.  The  public  had  become 
much  excited  concerning  the  subject.  Some  of  the  Scotch-Irish  had  settled  in 
Boston  and  established  a  linen  manufactory.  A  public  meeting  was  called  to 
establish  the  school,  and  a  handsome  brick  building  was  erected  for  it  on  what  is 
now  Tremont  Street.  Its  front  was  decorated  with  the  figure  of  a  woman  holding 
a  distaff.  When  the  school  was  opened,  the  women,  rich  and  poor,  gathered  on 
the  Common  with  their  spinning-wheels,  and  engaged  in  a  friendly  competition  of 
skill  in  their  use.  The  school  was  continued  several  years,  and  the  result  of,turn- 
ing  public  attention  in  this  direction  was  very  marked  in  the  improvements  which 
began  about  this  time  to  be  made  in  the  processes  of  cloth-making. 


220  ANNALS   OF  NORTH    AMERICA.  [1737-8. 

1737. —  COPPER  COINS  were  struck  in  Granby,  Connecticut, 
from  inetal  obtained  from  the  mines  at  Simsbury. 

They  were  struck  by  Joseph  Higby,  and  were  known  as  Granby  coppers.  They 
are  now  very  scarce. 

1738.  —  CHELSEA,  then  called  Winnisimmet,  and  a  part  of  Bos- 
ton, was,  with  two  other  settlements,  incorporated  under  its 
present  name. 

The  reason  of  the  change  was,  that  the  people  found  it  inconvenient  to  attend 
the  town  meetings  in  Boston,  the  means  of  communication  being  by  the  ferry,  the 
oldest  in  the  United  States  having  been  started  in  1G31.  Chelsea  has  a  high  repu- 
tation for  ship-building. 

1738.  —  EASTON,  Penn.,  was  laid  out,  and  incorporated  in  1789. 

During  the  Revolution,  General  Washington  made  it  the  place  of  deposit  for 
British  prisoners.  It  is  a  manufacturing  depot,  the  neighboring  country  containing 
inexhaustible  beds  of  iron  ore  of  the  best  quality,  and  there  are  three  blast  fur- 
naces, manufacturing  about  thirty  thousand  tons  of  pig-iron  per  annum.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  the  Lehigh  Valley,  celebrated  for  its  anthracite  coal,  and  by  means 
of  railroads  has  an  unbroken  connection  with  New  York  and  the  lakes.  It  is  also 
the  outlet  of  a  rich  agricultural  country,  and  exports  largely  flour,  corn  meal,  and 
whiskey.  Lafayette  College  was  founded  here  in  1832. 

1738,  AUGUST. — Another  bank,  or  loan  of  one  hundred  thou- 
sand pounds,  was  created  by  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  similar  to  those  previously  created,  with  the  exception  that  the  principal 
and  interest  of  the  loans  were  secured  by  mortgage  on  real  estate.  In  the  pre- 
vious ones  only  the  principal  had  been  so  secured. 

1738.  —  GEORGE  THOMAS  was  made  governor  of  Pennsylvania. 

For  two  years,  Logan,  the  president  of  the  council,  had  administered  the  gov- 
ernment. 

1738.  —  A  LAW  was  passed  in  New  York  disfranchising  the 
Jews. 

1738.  —  LEWIS  MORRIS,  the  president  of  the  council,  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  New  Jersey. 

He  had  been  chief  justice  of  New  York,  and  was  removed  by  Crosby. 

1738.  —  A  MESSAGE  was  sent  to  St.  Augustine,  Florida,  to 
demand  of  the  Spaniards  the  return  of  the  runaway  slaves  from 
South  Carolina,  and  was  peremptorily  refused. 

All  trade  with  the  Spanish  settlements  in  America  was  strictly  prohibited  by 
the  home  government,  and  in  Spain  itself  only  the  port  of  Cadiz  was  permitted. 
The  taxes  also  laid  on  trade  stimulated  smuggling.  To  prevent  this  the  Spaniards 
kept  fleets  along  the  coast,  which  were  frequently  injudicious  in  the  exercise  of 
their  authority.  The  runaway  slaves  who  went  to  Florida  were  sheltered,  given 
lands,  and  organized  into  military  companies.  Oglethorpe  returned  again  this 
year  with  a  regiment  of  soldiers  and  a  commission  as  military  commander  for 
Georgia  and  the  Carolinas.  "To  give  no  offence,  but  to  repel  force  by  force," were 
his  instructions. 


1739.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMEKICA.  221 

1739.  —  THE  assembly  of  Maryland  passed  a  law  to  encourage 
the  erection  of  grist-mills. 

1739.  —  A  GERMAN  newspaper  was  issued  by  Christopher 
Sower  in  Germantown,  Pennsylvania. 

1739.  —  EXTRACTS  from  the  diary  of  Miss  Lucas,  of  this  year 
and  1741,  speak  of  the  pains  she  had  taken  to  plant  cotton  seed 
successfully. 

Miss  Eliza  Lucas  was  the  daughter  of  the  governor  of  Antigua,  and  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  was  in  charge  of  a  plantation  in  South  Carolina.  She  afterwards 
married  Mr.  Pinckney,  of  South  Carolina,  and  became  the  mother  of  Charles 
Cotesworth  Pinckney.  She  had  also  experimented  successfully  with  the  culture 
of  indigo. 

1739,  JANUARY.  —  Commissioners  from  England  and  Spain 
agreed  to  settle  the  dispute  as  to  the  limits  of  Carolina  and 
Florida. 

The  negotiations  were  broken  off  before  they  were  completed. 

1739,  MARCH.  —  Joseph  Mallinson  petitioned  the  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  for  a  grant  of  land,  in  consideration  of  the  ad- 
vantage his  manufacture  of  hollow- ware,  such  as  pots,  had  been. 

He  claimed  to  be  the  "sole  promoter"  of  casting  them  in  sand  moulds, 
"whereby  the  province  saved  annually  at  least  twenty  thousand  pounds  importa- 
tions." His  furnace  was  in  Duxbury.  The  court  granted  him  two  hundred  acres 
of  unimproved  land. 

1739.  —  NORTH  CAROLINA  had  a  population  of  ten  thousand, 
and  was  this  year  divided  into  three  counties,  and  these  into 
precincts. 

1739.  —  THE  French  again  attempted  to  conquer  the  Chicka- 
saws. 

Twelve  hundred  French  soldiers,  with  twice  as  many  friendly  Indians  and 
negroes,  were  assembled  at  the  bluff  upon  the  Mississippi,  now  the  site  of  Mem- 
phis. Their  ranks  were  so  thinned  by  disease  that  they  withdrew. 

1739,  AUGUST.  —  Oglethorpe  made  a  new  treaty  with  the 
Creeks  by  which  they  acknowledged  themselves  subjects  of 
Great  Britain,  and  agreed  to  exclude  from  their  territory  all  but 
English  settlers. 

Oglethorpe  travelled  through  the  woods  to  Coneta,  near  the  present  site  of 
Columbus,  on  the  Chattahoochee.  On  his  return  he  found  instructions  from 
England  to  attack  Florida. 

1739,  DECEMBER. — Oglethorpe  captured  the  Fort  of  Picolata, 
thus  securing  the  navigation  of  the  St.  John's. 

1739. — THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  established  a  loan  office 
to  loan  the  bills  of  credit. 

Its  operation  was  the  lending  the  bills  of  credit  of  the  state  on  real  estate 


222  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1740. 

security  to  double  the  value  of  the  loan,  to  be  repaid  in  sixteen  years  by  yearly 
instalments.  The  interest  was  four  per  cent.  The  interest  belonged  to  the  state. 
The  instalments,  for  ten  years,  were  re-let  for  the  rest  of  the  term,  until  the  last 
six  years,  when  they  were  burned.  The  trustees  of  the  loan  office  were  selected 
from  various  parts  of  the  state,  and  continued  four  years  in  office.  The  institu- 
tion continued  in  operation  forty  years. 

1740.  —  THE  WILMINGTON,  a  vessel  for  foreign  trade,  was  built 
at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  by  William  Shipley,  D.  Ferris,  and 
others. 

1740.  —  A  WIND-MILL  was  removed  from  Roxbury  and  placed 
on  Fort  Hill,  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1740,  AUGUST  19.  —  Circulars  were  sent  by  the  Board  of  Trade 
to  all  the  colonies,  forbidding  any  further  issue  of  bills  of  credit. 

1740,  SEPTEMBER  4.  —  Royal  letters-patent  were  issued  to  five 
commissioners  from  each  of  the  provinces  of  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  and  Nova  Scotia,  to  settle  the  disputed  boundary  be- 
tween Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts. 

Any  five  of  them  were  to  form  a  quorum,  and  either  colony  might  appeal  from 
their  decision  within  three  months  after  it  was  given,  and  it  was  to  be  final  after 
being  confirmed  by  the  king.  The  colonies  were  to  equally  pay  the  expense. 

1740,  SEPTEMBER  23.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created 
another  bank  or  loan,  of  twenty  thousand  pounds,  at  four  per 
cent,  interest. 

These  were  called  New  Tenor  bills ;  they  were  to  be  paid  in  silver  at  nine 
shillings  the  ounce,  or  gold  at  six  pounds,  thirteen  shillings,  and  four  pence  an 
ounce.  A  protest  was  made  against  this  issue  by  five  of  the  deputies,  and  entered 
on  the  record. 

1740.  —  A  BREWERY  was  established  by  Oglethorpe  in  Georgia, 
to  furnish  beer  for  the  troops. 

He  tried  to  stop  the  use  of  ardent  spirits,  and  always  destroyed  it  when  he 
found  it. 

1740.  —  CHRISTOPHER  SOWER  established  a  type  foundery  at 
Germantown,  Pennsylvania. 

He  cast  the  types  for  an  edition  of  the  Bible,  in  German,  and  afterwards  cast 
English  types.  The  type  foundery  founded  by  him  is  still  existing  in  the  hands 
of  his  successors. 

1740.  —  JONAS  GREEN,  the  son  of  T.  Green  of  New  London,  Con- 
necticut, commenced  printing  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  and  was 
made  public  printer  at  a  salary  of  five  hundred  pounds  currency. 

1740.  —  THE  Ancram  iron-works  were  erected  by  Philip 
Livingston  about  fourteen  miles  east  of  the  Hudson,  in  New 
York. 

The  ore  was  obtained  from  Salisbury,  Connecticut. 


1740.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  223 

1740.  —  GUN-STOCKS  were  made  by  Vander  Poel,  at  Beaver's 
Creek,  New  York. 

1740.  —  A  GREAT  fire  destroyed  many  houses  in  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

The  damage  was  estimated  at  a  million  of  dollars.  The  British  government 
voted  twenty  thousand  pounds  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers. 

1740.  —  GEORGE  WHITEFIELD  came  over  to  Georgia  and  founded 
an  orphan  house  near  Savannah,  for  which  he  had  collected  money 
in  England. 

To  collect  further  funds  he  visited  the  northern  colonies,  and  was  invited  to 
New  England,  where  he  was  instrumental  in  aiding  the  "  great  revival,"  which  at 
this  period  excited  the  religious  world  there. 

1740.  —  SOUTH  CAROLINA  voted  money  for  the  attack  on 
Florida. 

Forces  were  raised,  and  Oglethorpe  with  twelve  hundred  men  marched  to 
Florida  and  laid  siege  to  St.  Augustine,  but  was  forced  to  abandon  the  enterprise. 

1740.  — ALL  the  colonies  except  Georgia  were  called  upon  to 
aid  in  the  war  with  Spain,  and  furnish  their  quotas  for  an  Ameri- 
can regiment  of  thirty-six  hundred  men,  which  was  commanded 
by  Spotswood,  colonial  postmaster-general,  and  late  governor 
of  Virginia. 

Virginia  increased  the  tax  on  slaves  imported  to  ten  per  cent. ,  and  impressed 
"  the  able  bodied  persons  in  every  county  who  follow  no  lawful  calling  or  employ- 
ment," for  her  quota.  Pennsylvania  furnished  four  thousand  pounds  for  the 
king's  use,  —  the  governor,  Thomas,  to  use  it.  He,  to  raise  the  quota,  enlisted 
indented  servants,  who  obtained  their  freedom  by  entering  the  king's  service.  The 
assembly  remonstrated,  and  when  Thomas  would  not  discharge  such  from  the 
army,  they  kept  the  money  to  indemnify  the  masters. 

1740.  —  Two  banking  schemes  were  proposed  in  Massachusetts, 
and  opposed  by  Belcher  the  governor,  who  forbade  them. 

They  both  went  into  operation,  however,  and  issued  their  notes.  The  first  was 
called  the  "  silver  scheme,"  and  was  to  issue  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
pounds  in  notes,  to  be  redeemed  in  fifteen  years  in  silver ;  the  other,  known  as 
the  "  Land  Bank,  or  Manufactory  Scheme,"  was  to  issue  three  hundred  thousand 
pounds  redeemable  in  twenty  years  in  produce  and  manufactured  articles.  The 
first  was  advocated  by  the  merchants  and  traders,  those  to  whom  the  chief  end 
of  a  circulation  appeared  to  be  paying  for  their  foreign  supplies ;  the  second  was 
favored  by  farmers  and  mechanics,  those  whose  experience  taught  them  daily  that 
labor  was  the  only  source  of  wealth,  and  a  circulation  was  only  a  means  for  the 
exchange  of  its  products.  As  the  laws  authorizing  the  continuance  of  the  then 
existing  issues  of  circulating  bills  would  all  expire  in  1741,  a  violent  contraction 
of  the  currency  was  in  operation  with  its  inevitable  suffering,  not  only  of  specu- 
lators and  traders,  but  of  producers  also.  The  demand,  therefore,  for  some 
remedy  was  so  strong  that  Belcher,  who  opposed  both  schemes,  was  fearful  of  an 
insurrection  of  the  people  to  force  his  assent,  when,  suddenly,  he  was  recalled 
from  the  administration.  The  circulation  of  the  schemes  was  partly  issued,  when 


224  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1741. 

parliament,  extending  to  the  colonies  the  act  prohibiting  the  formation  of  unincor- 
porated joint-stock  companies  with  more  than  six  partners,  they  were  obliged  to 
wind  up  their  affairs  prematurely,  and  caused  great  disaster,  the  partners  being 
held  individually  responsible  for  the  notes  issued.  Both  in  Massachusetts  and 
South  Carolina  this  extension  of  the  act  was  loudly  complained  of. 

1741.  —  IN  January,  a  monthly  magazine,  printed  and  edited 
by  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  entitled  A  General  Magazine  and 
Historical  Chronicle  for  all  the  British  Plantations  in  America, 
was  published  in  Philadelphia. 

The  subscription  price  was  twelve  shillings  a  year.  It  was  issued  only  six 
months. 

This  year  a  second  monthly  magazine,  called  the  American  Magazine,  was 
started  in  Philadelphia  by  John  Wclbe. 

It  consisted  of  forty-eight  pages  Svo.,  but  did  not  survive. 

1741,  APRIL.  —  The  expedition  against  the  Spanish  West 
Indies  met  with  disastrous  failure. 

The  yellow  fever  decimated  the  troops ;  after  several  unsuccessful  attacks  on 
Carthagena,  the  attempt  to  capture  it  was  abandoned. 

1741,  JUNE  30.  —  The  commission  decided  concerning  the  dis- 
puted boundaries  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island. 

They  had  been  occupied  with  the  case  more  than  two  months.  Massachusetts 
appealed  from  every  portion  of  the  decision,  and  Rhode  Island  from  a  part  of  it. 

1741.  —  BEHRING'S  second  and  great  expedition  of  discovery 
started  this  year. 

It  lasted  sixteen  years. 

1741.  —  WILLIAM  SHIRLEY  was  appointed  Belcher's  successor 
as  governor  of  Massachusetts. 

1741.  —  To  pay  the  expenses  of  the  troops  raised  for  the  war 
with  Spain,  Massachusetts  made  a  new  issue  of  bills  of  credit. 

Shirley  received  permission  to  consent  to  the  issue. 

1741.  —  BENNING  WENTWORTH  was  appointed  governor  of  New 
Hampshire. 

He  was  a  native  of  the  province,  and  was  the  first  independent  governor  of  the 
state. 

1741,  JULY.  —  Massachusetts  contributed  five  hundred  troops 
to  an  expedition  against  Cuba,  undertaken  by  the  British  fleet 
under  Vernon. 

The  expedition  was  entirely  unsuccessful. 

1741.  —  IN  New  York  city  a  great  excitement  prevailed  from 
a  report  of  a  contemplated  insurrection  of  the  slaves. 

The  city  contained  about  nine  thousand  inhabitants,  of  whom  about  fifteen  hun- 
dred were  slaves.  Like  the  alarms  so  common  in  slave  communities,  it  was 


1742.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  225 

baseless,  and  upon  the  most  insufficient  evidence,  and  in  a  trial  where  they  had  no 
counsel,  eighteen  were  convicted  and  hanged,  thirteen  burned  at  the  stake,  and 
seventy-one  transported.  The  bar  of  New  York  then  consisted  of  eight  members, 
and  they  all  took  part  in  the  trials,  and  vied  with  each  other  in  fanning  the  base- 
less excitement.  It  ended  in  charging  a  non-juring  schoolmaster  with  being  a 
Catholic  priest  in  disguise,  and  inciting  the  slaves  by  a  promise  of  absolution.  He 
was  condemned  and  executed. 

1742.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  Journal  and  Weekly  Advertiser  was 
issued  in  Philadelphia  by  William  Bradford. 

He  was  the  grandson  of  the  founder  of  the  Gazette  in  New  York.  He  insti- 
tuted the  Carriers'  Address,  on  January  1,  1776.  His  journal  was  very  efficacious 
in  its  opposition  to  the  Stamp  Act. 

1742.  —  A  COTTON-GIN,  for  separating  the  fibre  from  the  seed, 
was  invented  by  M.  Dubreuil  of  Louisiana. 

M.  Dubreuil  built  on  his  plantation,  which  was  situated  on  a  portion  of  the 
present  city  of  New  Orleans,  the  first  sugar-mill  in  Louisiana.  The  cotton  fibre 
was  separated  before  this  by  hand,  and  a  pound  a  day  was  thought  to  be  a  fair 
day's  work. 

1742.  —  RICHMOND,  Virginia,  was  settled. 

Richmond  is  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  James  River.  It  has  extensive  cotton  and  tobacco  factories,  is 
also  the  centre  of  large  railroad  connections,  being  the  terminus  of  five  railroads. 
In  1779  it  was  made  the  capital  of  the  state,  at  which  time  it  was  only  a  small 
village.  During  the  late  war  it  was  made  the  seat  of  government  of  the  "  Con- 
federate States." 

1742.  — •  FANEUIL  HALL,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was  finished  in 
September,  and  presented  to  the  city  by  its  builder,  Peter  Faneuil. 
The  ground  floor  was  a  market,  over  it  a  town  hall  and  other 
rooms. 

Peter  Faneuil  was  born  in  New  Rochclle,  New  York,  in  1700,  a  descendant 
from  a  French  Huguenot  family.  He  died  at  Boston  March  3,  1743.  In  1740,  at 
a  public  meeting,  he  offered  to  erect  a  market-house  at  his  own  expense ;  but 
though  the  offer  was  accepted,  it  was  only  by  a  majority  of  seven.  The  hall  has 
been  rebuilt,  being  destroyed  by  fire  in  1761 ;  and  the  British  when  they  occupied 
Boston  used  it  as  a  theatre.  It  was  so  often  the  meeting-place  of  the  patriots  of 
the  Revolution,  and  so  many  important  debates  and  important  declarations  have 
had  birth  in  the  hall,  that  it  has  often  been  termed  "  the  Cradle  of  American 
Liberty." 

1742.  —  THE  first  mill  within  the  borough  of  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  was  built  this  year  by  Oliver  Canby,  near  the  end  of 
Orange  Street. 

To  this  mill  the  settlers  of  the  neighborhood  resorted,  and  those  from  New 
Jersey  and  the  inlets  along  the  Delaware  brought  their  grain  in  boats. 

1742.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  voted  three  thousand 
pounds  for  the  king's  use. 
15 


226  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1742-3. 

The  Board  of  Trade  had  rejected,  after  consideration,  the  doctrine  of  the 
assembly  that  the  proprietaries  should  defend  the  province,  in  consideration  of  the 
quit-rents  and  other  revenue. 

1742.  —  A  SPANISH  expedition  set  out  from  Havana  against 
Georgia  and  Carolina. 

It  was  repulsed  by  Oglethorpe  in  an  attack  on  Frederica,  and  returned  without 
effecting  anything. 

1742.  —  THE  discontented  colonists  of  Georgia  sent  Thomas 
Stevens  to  England  with  a  petition  charging  the  trustees  with 
peculation  and  mismanagement. 

The  House  of  Commons  in  committee  of  the  whole  resolved,  "  that  the  petition 
of  Thomas  Stevens  contains  false,  scandalous  and  malicious  charges."  Stevens 
the  next  day  was  reprimanded,  kneeling  before  the  bar  of  the  House.  The  House 
also  resolved  that  the  importation  of  rum  "would  be  an  advantage  to  the  colony 
of  Georgia,"  so  that  the  trustees  repealed  its  prohibition ;  the  attempt  to  allow  the 
importation  of  negroes  was  defeated  in  the  House  by  a  majority  of  nine.  The 
discontent  in  Georgia  appears  to  have  arisen  chiefly  among  those  of  the  colonists 
who  sought  in  colonization  a  chance  to  make  money  more  by  speculation  than 
by  labor. 

1742. — A  LAW  was  enacted  in  Connecticut,  that  settled  min- 
isters who  should  preach,  without  special  invitation,  in  other 
parishes  than  their  own,  should  lose  all  claims  on  their  salaries, 
and  if  they  came  from  other  colonies,  should  be  arrested  as  va- 
grants and  seut  away. 

It  was  aimed  at  the  revivalists. 

1742.  —  A  GERMAN  Lutheran  church  was  founded  in  Philadel- 
phia under  the  pastorship  of  Henry  Melchior  Muhlenburg,  from 
Hanover,  Germany,  who  had  just  arrived. 

1742.  —  THOMAS  BLADEN  was  made  governor  of  Maryland. 

He  was  a  native  of  the  province,  and  had  married  a  sister  of  Lord  Baltimore. 
He  soon  quarrelled  with  the  assembly. 

1742.  —  THE  American  Philosophical  Society  was  organized  at 
Philadelphia. 

1743.  —  AT  Oxford,  in  Warren  County,  New  Jersey,  a  charcoal 
furnace  was  erected. 

It  still  remains,  and  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  in  the  Union. 

1743.  —  JOHN  CLARKE,  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  made  an  organ 
for  the  Episcopal  church  there. 

1743.  —  CHRISTOPHER  SAUR,  or  Sower,  —  it  is  printed  in  both 
ways  in  his  German  and  English  publications,  —  printed  the 
Bible  in  German,  at  Germantown,  near  Philadelphia. 

This  Bible  was  in  quarto,  and  contained  1272  pages.  "  The  price  of  our 
newly  finished  Bible,  in  plain  binding,  with  a  clasp,  will  be  eighteen  shillings ; 
but  to  the  poor  and  needy  we  have  no  price." 


1743-4.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  227 

1743.  —  THE  oppressive  duties  upon  the  exportation  of  articles 
to  other  provinces  were  re-enacted  by  the  government  of  New 
Jersey,  and  continued  in  force  until  the  Revolution. 

1743,  AUGUST.  —  George  Clinton  succeeded  to  the  governor- 
ship of  New  York. 

He  was  an  admiral  in  the  British  navy.  The  assembly  passed  an  act  limiting 
its  existence  to  seven  years,  and  voted  money  to  fortify  Albany  and  Oswego. 

1743.  — THE  "  new  lights  "  in  Connecticut  began  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  law  allowing  Episcopalians,  and  other  "  sober  dis- 
senters," to  erect  their  own  churches. 

The  provisions  of  the  law  were  declared  not  to  apply  to  Congregationalists  or 
Presbyterians. 

1743.  —  OGLETHORPE  went  to  England  to  answer  charges 
brought  against  him. 

His  lieutenant-colonel  brought  them,  and  on  the  trial  was  convicted  of  false- 
hood, and  deprived  of  his  commission.  Oglethorpe  did  not  again  return  to 
Georgia. 

1743.  —  THE  government  of  Georgia  was  intrusted  to  a  presi- 
dent and  four  councillors. 

William  Stevens  was  made  president. 

1743,  DECEMBER.  —  James  Glen  was  appointed   governor  of 
South  Carolina. 

1744,  FEBRUARY  14.  —  Another  bank  or  loan  of  forty  thousand 
pounds  was  made  by  the  Rhode  Island  assembly. 

The  interest  was  to  be  four  per  cent.  A  protest  was  made  against  this  action, 
and  entered  on  the  records. 

1744,  MARCH  31.  —  England  declared  war  against  France. 

1744,  JUNE.  —  A  congress  was  held  at  Lancaster,  Pennsylva- 
nia, to  treat  with  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians. 

There  were  present  commissioners  from  Maryland,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  and 
New  York,  and  the  deputies  of  the  Six  Nations,  with  a  large  following.  The  jour- 
nal of  the  secretary  of  the  Maryland  commissioners  is  printed  in  the  Massachu- 
setts Historical  Collections.  The  treaty  made  with  the  Indians  at  this  time  was 
appealed  to  by  the  English  subsequently,  to  vindicate  their  claims  to  the  territory 
against  France.  The  Ohio  valley  was  bought  for  four  hundred  pounds,  the  colo- 
nies maintained. 

1744,  NOVEMBER  28.  —  A  lottery  was  authorized  by  the  Rhode 
Island  assembly. 

It  was  for  building  a  bridge  in  Providence :  five  thousand  tickets  at  three 
pounds  each,  and  a  thousand  prizes  amounting  to  twelve  thousand  pounds. 

1744,  DECEMBER  11.  —  The  appeals  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode 
Island  from  the  decision  of  the  commissioners  had  been  referred 


228  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1744-6. 

to  the  Committee  on  Plantations,  which  confirmed  the  decision  of 
the  commissioners. 

1744.  —  LEONARD  and  Daniel  Barnetz,  from  York,  Pennsylva- 
nia, built  a  brewery  in  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

1744.  —  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  published  his  account  of  the  open 
stove,  or  "  newly  invented  Pennsylvania  fireplace." 

This  is  still  known  as  the  Franklin  stove.  The  publication  was  illustrated  with 
a  copper  plate. 

1744.  —  THE  French,  from  Cape  Breton,  captured  Fort  Canso, 
on  the  northern  end  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Annapolis  was  twice  attacked  by  Canadians  and  Indians,  and  privateers  from 
Louisburg  threatened  the  entire  destruction  of  the  fisheries,  while  the  eastern 
Indians  began  again  their  hostilities.  Shirley  proposed  to  the  general  court  of 
Massachusetts  the  capture  of  Louisburg,  the  strongest  fort  north  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

1745.  —  A  STEAM-ENGINE  was  constructed  and  used  in  the  cop- 
per mine  of  Mr.  Schuyler  in  New  Jersey. 

It  was  probably  a  Newcomen  engine. 

1745,  MARCH.  —  An  expedition  against  Louisburg  set  sail  from 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  under  the  command  of  William  Pepperell, 
of  Maine. 

Massachusetts  provided  ten  vessels,  each  of  the  other  New  England  colonies 
one.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania  voted  money.  Connecticut,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Rhode  Island  also  furnished  men.  Sailors  to  serve  in  the  navy 
were  impressed  in  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island.  After  a  siege  of  seven  weeks 
Louisburg  surrendered.  William  Pepperell  was  made  a  baronet  for  his  services. 
Colonel  Gridley,  who  managed  the  batteries,  laid  out  the  intrenchments  at  Bunker 
Hill. 

1745.  —  THE  Indians  pushed  their  ravages  to  Saratoga  in  New 
York. 

Governor  Clinton  wrote  to  the  other  colonies  for  aid.  Massachusetts  declared 
war. 

1745.  —  MASSACHUSETTS  issued  bills  of  credit  for  between  two 
and  three  million  pounds. 

They  were  used  for  the  expenses  of  the  Louisburg  expedition. 

1745.  —  BALTIMORE,  Maryland,  was  incorporated,  and  the  Mary- 
land Gazette  was  published. 

1746,  APRIL  9.  —  Eight  regiments  were   sent  from  England 
under  General  St.  Clair,  and  orders  were  given  to  raise  an  army 
in  the  colonies  to  take  part  in  an  expedition  against  Canada. 

1746,  MAY  28.  —  A  royal  decree  was  issued  settling  the  dis- 
puted boundary  of  Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts  in  accordance 
with  the  decision  of  the  commissioners. 


1746.1  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  229 

An  appeal  had  been  made  from  the  decision  of  the  plantation  committee,  the 
case  heard  again  before  them,  and  their  decision  reaffirmed. 

1746,  JUNE  12.  —  The  Rhode  Island  Assembly  ordered  the 
purchase  and  return  of  twenty-two  Spaniards,  who  had  been 
seized  by  Rhode  Island  privateers,  and  sold  as  slaves. 

The  Spaniards  had  retaliated  by  seizing  a  portion  of  the  crew  of  one  of  the 
vessels,  and  imprisoning  them  in  Havana. 

1746.  —  JOHN  JEROM  and  Stephen  Jerom,  Jr.,  proposed  to  set 
up  "  evaporating  pans  "  for  making  salt  in  Connecticut. 

1746.  —  THE  New  York  Evening  Post  was  published  by  Henry 
De  Forrest. 

It  lived  about  a  year  only. 

1746.  —  PARLIAMENT  passed  an  act  forbidding,  under  a  penalty 
of  fifty  pounds,  the  repairing  or  manufacturing  of  sails  in  Great 
Britain,  or  the  colonies,  with  foreign-made  sail-cloth,  or  unstamped 
sail-cloth;  while  under  the  same  penalty  every  vessel  built  in 
either  country  was  obliged  to  have  her  first  suit  of  sails  made 
completely  of  new  sail-cloth  manufactured  in  Great  Britain. 

1746.  —  A  ROLLING  and  slitting  mill  was  built  by  John  Taylor, 
in  Thornbury  township,  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania. 

It  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  in  the  province,  and  was  in  operation  in 
1750,  when  parliament  called  for  a  return  of  such  enterprises.  It  was  returned 
by  the  sheriff  as  the  only  one. 

1746.  —  ORDERS  were  sent  to  the  colonies  to  raise  troops  for  an 
attack  on  Canada. 

They  were  to  be  paid  by  the  king.  The  orders  were  subsequently  counter- 
manded, but  not  before  the  levies  were  made.  Massachusetts  raised  thirty-five 
hundred  men;  Connecticut,  a  thousand;  New  Hampshire,  five  hundred;  Rhode 
Island,  three  hundred;  New  York  voted  sixteen  hundred,  and  resorted  to  im- 
pressment; New  Jersey,  five  hundred;  Maryland,  three  hundred;  Virginia,  one 
hundred;  Pennsylvania  voted  the  money  for  raising  four  hundred.  The  com- 
mand was  taken  by  Governor  Clinton  of  New  York,  while  William  Johnson  was 
to  lead  in  advance  a  party  of  Indians.  The  troops  collected  at  Albany,  but  the 
English  fleet  promised  to  co-operate  did  not  arrive,  and  at  the  same  time  the  colo- 
nies were  frightened  by  the  news  that  a  French  fleet  had  sailed  for  America.  To 
protect  Boston,  which  was  supposed  to  be  their  point  of  attack,  the  militia  was 
collected,  and  the  fort  on  Castle  Island  strengthened.  The  French  fleet  was,  how- 
ever, scattered  by  storms,  their  crews  decimated  by  pestilence,  and  they  returned 
to  France. 

1746.  —  LA  JONQUIERE  was  appointed  governor-general  of  New 
France. 

He  succeeded  Beauharnais,  who  had  held  the  office  twenty  years.  On  the 
death  of  the  admiral  commanding  the  French  fleet,  La  Jonquiere  was  appointed 
to  the  command,  and  returned  to  France  with  his  ship. 


230  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1746-7. 

1746.  —  THE  Presbyterians  of  New  Jersey  commenced  a  col- 
lege at  Elizabethtown. 

In  1748  a  new  charter  was  granted  it;  and  in  1757  it  was  moved  to  Princeton. 
Aaron  Burr  was  its  first  president,  Jonathan  Dickenson,  who  was  elected  to  that 
office  at  its  formation,  having  died  within  a  year. 

1746.  —  GOVERNOR  JOHNSON,  of  North  Carolina,  wrote  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  concerning  his  difficulties  with  the  assembly. 

He  said  "he  could  not  conceive  how  government  can  be  kept  up,  as  the  officers 
were  obliged  for  subsistence  to  live  dispersed  on  small  plantations,  as  their  salaries 
had  been  eight  years  in  arrears."  The  northern  counties  had  five  members,  and 
the  more  recent  ones  only  two.  Johnson  equalized  them,  and  moved  the  seat  of 
government  to  Wilmington.  The  northern  counties  refused  to  recognize  the  new 
assembly,  or  pay  the  taxes  it  laid. 

1746.  —  FAYETTEVILLE,  on  the  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina, 
was  settled  by  Scotch  Highlanders. 

They  were  sent  over  for  having  taken  part  in  the  rebellion  of  1745.  The 
change  in  their  condition  from  retainers  of  a  chief  to  land-owners  and  rent-payers 
induced  further  emigration. 

1746.  —  BELCHER,  formerly  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was 
sent  out  as  governor  of  New  Jersey. 

Since  the  death  of  Lewis  Morris,  the  administration  had  been  in  the  hands  of 
the  council. 

1746.  —  BY  the  death  of  John  Penn,  without  issue,  his  brother 
Thomas  succeeded  to  the  proprietorship  of  three  fourths  of  the 
province. 

The  dispute  between  the  assembly  and  the  proprietaries  continued.  The  prac- 
tice began  of  giving  secret  instructions  to  the  governor,  which  he  was  obliged  by 
his  bond  to  observe,  but  of  which  he  was  forbidden  to  inform  the  assembly. 

1747,  OCTOBER  28.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  ordered 
that  the  laws  and  orders  passed  at  each  session  should  be  printed 
and  distributed  among  the  towns. 

They  had  heretofore  been  copied  in  manuscript,  and  thus  distributed. 

1747,  OCTOBER.  —  Orders  were  received  from  England  to  aban- 
don the  expedition  against  Canada,  and  disband  the  forces  col- 
lected. 

1747,  DECEMBER  4.  —  Parliament  appropriated  eight  hundred 
thousand  pounds  to  repay  the  colonies  the  expenses  they  had  in- 
curred in  preparing  for  the  expedition  against  Canada. 

1747.  —  JARED  ELIOT,  a  clergyman  in  Connecticut,  published 
this  year  the  first  series  of  essays  on  husbandry  ever  issued  in 
this  country. 

1747.  —  INDIGO  was  exported  to  England  from  South  Carolina. 
The  next  year  a  bounty  of  six  pence  a  pound  was  ordered  for  its  cultivation. 


1747.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  231 

1747.  —  LA  GALISSONNIERE  was  appointed  governor-general  of 
New  France. 

1747.  —  COMMODORE  KNOWLES,  of  the  British  fleet  then  lying  in 
the  harbor  of  Boston,  impressed  several  men  to  serve  on  his 
vessel. 

The  people,  indignant,  captured  several  officers  who  happened  to  be  on  shore, 
and  held  them  as  hostages  for  the  safe  delivery  of  the  captured  men.  Surround- 
ing the  town-house,  they  demanded  redress  from  the  general  court.  The  governor 
called  out  the  militia,  but  they  were  in  no  haste  to  obey.  He  appealed  to  Knowles, 
who  offered  to  bombard  the  town.  The  governor  had  taken  refuge  in  the  castle, 
and  it  began  to  be  questioned  whether  this  was  not  an  abdication.  The  council 
ordered  the  release  of  the  officers.  Knowles  discharged  the  greater  part  of  the 
impressed  men,  and  sailed  away. 

1747.  —  CERTAIN  towns,  settled  under  grants  of  Massachusetts, 
claimed  to  be  within  the  limits  of  Connecticut,  and  asked  to  be 
received  within  her  jurisdiction. 

Their  request  was  granted  by  Connecticut,  though  Massachusetts  refused  to 
give  her  consent  when  asked.  The  towns  were  Suffield,  Somers,  Enfield,  and 
Woodstock.  They  wanted  to  escape  the  higher  taxation  of  Massachusetts  conse- 
quent on  the  expense  of  the  recent  war. 

1747.  —  A  VOLUNTEER  military  organization  was  formed  in  Phil- 
adelphia, and  money  was  raised  by  a  lottery  to  build  batteries  for 
defending  the  Delaware. 

A  rumor  had  spread  that  French  privateers  intended  to  attack  the  city,  and  the 
assembly  refused  to  do  anything,  being  chiefly  Quakers. 

1747.  —  MR.  LAW,  the  governor  of  Connecticut,  wore  this  year 
the  first  coat  and  stockings  made  of  silk  raised  in  the  province. 

In  1750  his  daughter  wore  the  first  silk  dress  made  from  material  produced  in 
the  country. 

1747.  —  THOMAS  WALKER,  a  land  surveyor  of  Virginia,  crossed 
the  ridge  dividing  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  from  the  head- 
waters of  the  Ohio. 

He  called  it  the  Cumberland  Mountains  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
who  had  just  gained  the  victory  at  Culloden. 

1747.  —  OGLE  was  again  made  governor  of  Maryland. 

1747.  —  THE  proprietaries  of  New  Jersey  appealed  to  the  king 
against  an  act  passed  by  the  assembly. 

They  were  supported  by  the  council.  The  act  was  one  of  oblivion  and  pardon, 
on  certain  conditions,  of  settlers  about  Elizabethtown  and  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state,  who  were  known  as  squatters,  having  settled  before  New  Jersey  was  a 
separate  province  on  lands  which  they  claimed  to  have  bought  from  the  Indians, 
with  the  approbation  of  the  then  governor  of  New  York.  These  settlers  had  banded 
together  for  self-protection,  and  resisted  all  attempts  to  dispossess  them.  The 
dispute  had  existed  for  a  long  time,  and  was  finally  referred  to  a  commission  of 
inquiry  ordered  from  England.  The  proprietaries  had  instituted  a  suit  in  the 


232  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA..  [1747-8. 

court  of  chancery  of  England,  which  remained  pending  for  over  a  hundred  years, 
and  was  decided  in  this  century,  when  the  lands  were  ordered  sold.  At  the  sale 
the  late  Charlotte  Cushman  was  present,  and  bought  large  tracts.  Upon  a  portion 
of  this  land,  which  had  been  considered  almost  worthless  as  a  sandy  barren,  there 
are  now  thriving  towns,  which,  like  Hammonton  and  Egg  Harbor,  bid  fair  to  be- 
come one  of  the  chief  wine-making  districts  of  the  country. 

1747-8.  —  BETWEEN  the  Novembers  of  these  years  seven  bags 
of  cotton  were  shipped  from  Charleston  to  England. 

They  were  valued  at  three  pounds,  eleven  shillings,  and  five  pence  a  bag.  It 
does  not  appear  certain  that  they  were  entirely  the  produce  of  the  colony. 

1748,  JANUARY  4.  —  The  Independent  Advertiser  commenced  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  printed  by  Rogers  and  Fowle.  Samuel  Adams  is  said  to  have  been  the 
chief  promoter  of  the  enterprise,  which  was  the  organ  of  the  liberal  party  then 
rising  into  existence.  In  1750  Rogers  retired  from  the  firm,  and  David  Fowlc 
continued  it.  In  1752  he  was  arrested,  and  confined  several  days  for  refusing  to 
give  the  name  of  the  writer  of  an  article  obnoxious  to  the  government.  The 
paper  was  discontinued  before  1753. 

1748,  FEBRUAEY  25.  —  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  accepted 
a  plan  for  funding  the  issues  of  bills  of  credit,  and  providing  a 
specie  currency  with  the  money  voted  by  parliament  to.  repay 
the  expenses  of  preparing  the  expedition  against  Canada. 

The  plan  was  proposed  by  Thomas  Hutchinson,  afterwards  the  governor. 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  refused  to  adopt  a  similar  plan. 

1748,  APRIL  19.  —  An  armistice  of  four  months  was  proclaimed 
between  England  and  France,  and  notice  of  it  sent  to  the  colonies. 

1748.  —  ON  the  23d  of  July  a  congress  was  held  at  Albany, 
New  York,  to  cultivate  friendship  with  the  Six  Nations  and  their 
allies. 

From  New  York  there  were  present  George  Clinton,  the  governor,  and  Caclwal- 
lader  Golden,  Philip  Livingston,  James  Delancy  and  Archibald  Kennedy,  of  the 
New  York  council ;  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  William  Shirley ;  Thomas 
Hutchinson,  Andrew  Oliver,  and  John  Choate,  as  commissioners ;  and  more  In- 
dians than  had  been  seen  together  before  by  any  one. 

1748,  OCTOBER  7.  —  The  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle. 

St.  Mary's  was  fixed  as  the  boundary  of  Florida.  Cape  Breton  and  Louisburg 
were  restored  to  the  French,  and  a  new  commission  was  appointed  to  settle  their 
boundaries  in  America. 

1748.  —  A  BOUNTY  of  sixpence  a  pound  was  offered  by  parlia- 
ment upon  all  indigo  raised  in  the  colonies,  and  exported  direct 
to  England. 

1748.  —  FIVE  hundred  stand  of  arms  for  the  province  of  Mas- 
sachusetts were  made  by  Hugh  Orr. 


1748.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  233 

They  were  made  in  his  shop  at  Bridgewater,  and  are  supposed  to  be  the  first 
muskets  made  in  this  country.  They  were  deposited  in  Castle  William,  and  car- 
ried away  by  the  British. 

Hugh  Orr  was  a  Scotchman,  and  was  devoted  to  his  adopted  country.  He  died 
in  1798,  aged  eighty-two. 

1748.  —  IN  Virginia  the  assembly  passed  an  act  allowing  parish 
vestries  to  select  their  own  rectors. 

1748.  —  JAMES  HAMILTON,  a  native  of  the  province,  was  made 
deputy  governor  of  Pennsylvania. 

He  supported  the  proprietary  interests  in  opposition  to  the  assembly. 

1748.  —  A  FREE  school  and  academy  was  established  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  projected  by  Franklin,  and  became  eventually  the  university  of  Penn- 
sylvania. The  Philadelphia  Library  and  the  Philadelphia  Hospital  were  also 
established. 

1748.  —  IN  North  Carolina  an  act  was  passed  for  the  collection 
of  the  quit-rents. 

1748.  —  THE  Duke  of  Bedford  was  placed  at  the  head  oj  colo- 
nial affairs. 

1748.  —  YIEGINIA  exempted  persons  engaged  in  the  iron- works 
from  taxation  for  seven  years. 

1748.  —  THE  Society  Library  was  founded  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina. 

1748.  —  THIS  year  and  the  next  the  entrances  and  clearances 
of  vessels  at  Philadelphia  were  about  three  hundred  each  year. 

1748. — THOMAS  FLEET  advertised  in  his  paper,  the  Boston  Even- 
ing Post:  "  Choice  Pennsylvania  Tobacco  paper,  and  Bulls  or  In- 
dulgancies  of  the  present  Pope  Urban  VIII. ,  by  the  single  Bull, 
Quire  or  Ream,  at  a  much  cheaper  rate  than  they  can  be  pur- 
chased of  the  French  or  Spanish  Priests." 

This  year  an  English  cruiser  had  captured  a  Spanish  prize,  in  the  cargo  of 
which  was  a  stock  of  Indulgences,  printed  only  upon  one  side  of  the  sheet.  Fleet 
bought  them  cheap,  and  used  them  to  print  ballads  upon,  the  back  of  each  Bull  be- 
being  large  enough  to  contain  two  songs  like  "  Black-Eyed  Susan."  Thomas  relates 
that  he  saw  numbers  of  them  made  this  use  of.  The  scarcity  of  paper  at  this  time  is 
shown  by  this  fact,  though  now  that  its  manufacture  was  commenced  in  America, 
it  was  not  as  scarce  as  in  the  earlier  days  of  the  colony,  when  Mr.  Robert  Salton- 
stall  was  fined  by  the  general  court  five  shillings  for  presenting  a  petition  on  so 
small  and  bad  a  piece  of  paper  that  the  court  felt  its  dignity  was  outraged. 

1748.  —  THE  Swedish  traveller,  Kalm,  remarks  of  the  houses  in 
New  York:  — 

"  The  walls  of  the  houses  are  whitewashed  within,  and  I  did  not  any  where  see 
hangings,  with  which  the  people  in  this  country  seem,  in  general,  to  be  little  ac- 
quainted. The  walls  are  quite  covered  with  all  sorts  of  drawings  and  pictures,  in 


234  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1749. 

small  frames.  On  each  side  of  the  chimneys  they  usually  have  a  sort  of  alcove, 
and  the  wall  under  the  window  is  wainscoted,  with  benches  near  the  window. 
The  alcoves,  as  well  as  all  of  the  wood  work,  are  painted  with  a  blueish-gray 
color."  The  houses  in  Albany  conformed  much  to  the  old  style,  but  were  very 
neat.  The  gable  ends,  facing  the  street,  were  of  brick,  while  the  walls  were  of 
wood.  This  peculiarity  he  noticed  also  in  New  Jersey.  The  roofs  in  Albany  were 
chiefly  white-pine  shingles,  the  clay  in  the  vicinity  not  being  considered  fit  for 
making  tiles,  while  the  extensive  forests  north  of  the  city  were  already  sufficiently 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  shingles  to  make  the  town  quite  a  market  for  them. 

1749.  —  THE  "  Moravian  Brethren  "  began  to  emigrate  to  Amer- 
ica, encouraged  by  the  act  of  parliament  which  acknowledged 
them  as  belonging  to  the  Established  Church.  Their  chief  seat 
in  this  country  is  at  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania. 

1749,  MARCH.  —  A  grant  was  made  in  England  to  the  "  Ohio 
Company  "  of  five  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land  on  the  east 
bank  of  that  river. 

The  company  had  also  the  monopoly  of  the  Indian  trade.  The  French  consid- 
ered this  an  encroachment,  claiming  by  the  right  of  discovery  and  occupation  all 
the  lands  watered  by  the  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi. 

1749,  APRIL.  —  De  la  Galissonniere,  the  governor- general  of 
New  France,  sent  an  expedition  to  traverse  the  western  country 
from  Detroit  to  the  mountains,  and  take  possession  of  it  for 
France,  warning  English  traders  away  from  it. 

1749,  AUGUST  21. —  The  trustees  of  the  bills  of  credit  of 
Rhode  Island  reported  to  the*  assembly  that  more  than  half  a 
million  of  pounds,  of  the  issues  of  the  various  banks,  had  been 
received  by  them. 

As  fast  as  they  were  received  they  were  burned. 

1749.  —  A  SOCIETY  was  formed  in  Boston  for  promoting  indus- 
try and  frugality. 

The  assembly  purchased  the  "  Spinning  House"  in  Boston,  and  granted  four 
townships  of  land  to  the  foreign  Protestants,  and  the  use  of  the  provincial  frigate 
to  bring  them. 

1749.  —  BOUNTIES  were  offered  by  the  trustees  of  the  settle- 
ment in  Georgia  to  every  woman  who  should  within  a  year  be- 
come skilled  in  reeling  silk ;  and  sheds  for  carrying  on  the  work 
were  built  and  supplied  with  machines. 

Fourteen  young  women  claimed  the  bounty,  and  a  thousand  pounds  of  cocoons 
raised  this  year  were  reeled  by  them  so  well  that  the  silk  commanded  the  highest 
price  in  England. 

1749.  —  PARLIAMENT  passed  an  act  admitting  silk  free  from 
Georgia  and  Carolina,  in  order  to  encourage  its  production. 

1749.  —  THE  trustees  of  Georgia  consented  that  slavery  should 
be  introduced  into  that  province. 

All  masters,  under  a  fine  of  five  pounds,  should  compel  their  negroes  "to  at- 


1749-50.]  ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  235 

tend  at  some  time  on  the  Lord's  day  for  instruction  in  the  Christian  religion." 
The  settlers  were  very  strenuous  for  permission  to  hold  slaves.  Those  who  op- 
posed it  were  abused  and  traduced,  and  numbers  of  them  had  been  introduced  as 
indented  servants  for  life  or  for  a  hundred  years. 

1749.  —  HALIFAX  was  established  as  a  fort  and  military  colony. 

It  was  named  after  the  president  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  was  intended  to 
guard  the  fisheries  and  commerce.  Ports  were  also  established  at  the  head  of  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  and  the  French  in  Nova  Scotia  were  obliged  to  take  an  uncondi- 
tional oath  of  allegiance. 

1749.  —  DE  LA  JONQUIERE  entered  on  his  administration  of  New 
France  as  governor-general. 

The  commissioners  to  settle  the  respective  boundaries  of  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish met  at  Paris,  and  troops  from  Canada  built  the  forts  Beau  Sejour  and  Gas- 
pereau  between  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  A  new  mission 
and  fort  were  established  at  Oswegatchie  (now  Ogdensburg),  and  the  fort  at  Niag- 
ara strengthened,  and  the  Indians  excited  against  the  English  claim  over  their 
lands. 

1749.  —  A  LOTTERY  was  opened  in  New  York  city  for  the  pur- 
pose of  founding  a  college. 

It  was  called  King's  College  (now  Columbia).  In  1752  it  was  chartered  as  an 
exclusively  Episcopal  institution. 

1749.  —  THE  Swedish  traveller,  Kalm,  speaking  of  the  James 
River  colony,  says :  — 

"  They  make  scarce  any  manure  for  their  corn-fields,  but  when  one  piece  of 
ground  has  been  exhausted  by  continual  cropping  they  clear  and  cultivate  another 
piece  of  fresh  land,  and  when  that  is  exhausted  proceed  to  a  third.  Their  cattle 
are  allowed  to  wander  through  the  woods  and  uncultivated  grounds,  where  they  are 
half  starved,  having  long  ago  extirpated  all  the  annual  grasses  by  cropping  them 
too  early  in  the  spring,  before  they  had  time  to  form  their  flowers  or  to  shed  their 
seeds."  The  following  testimony  concerning  the  condition  of  agriculture  in  Vir- 
ginia at  about  this  time  was  given  in  1842  by  the  Honorable  James  M.  Garnett,  of 
Virginia.  He  says,  "  Previous  to  our  revolutionary  war,  as  I  have  been  told  by  the 
farmers  of  that  day,  no  attempts  worth  mentioning  were  made  to  collect  manure 
for  general  purposes,  all  that  was  deemed  needful  being  saved  for  the  gardens  and 
tobacco-lots,  by  summer  cowpens.  These  were  filled  with  cattle  such  as  our  mod- 
ern breeders  would  hardly  recognize  as  belonging  to  the  bovine  species.  In  those 
days  they  were  so  utterly  neglected  that  it  was  quite  common  for  the  multitudes 
starved  to  death  every  winter  to  supply  hides  enough  for  shoeing  the  negroes  on 
every  farm.  This  was  a  matter  so  generally  and  constantly  anticipated,  that  my 
own  grandfather,  as  I  have  heard  from  unquestionable  authority,  was  once  very 
near  turning  off  a  good  overseer  because  cattle  enough  had  not  died  on  the  farm 
of  which  he  had  the  supervision  to  furnish  leather  enough  for  the  above  purpose. 
When  any  cattle  were  fattened  for  beef,  almost  the  only  process  was  to  turn  them 
into  the  corn-fields  to  feed  themselves.  Sheep  and  hogs  were  equally  neglected." 

1750.  —  LYNN,  Massachusetts,  began  to  improve  in  the  manu- 
facture of  shoes. 


236  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1750. 

• 
It  is  said  that  John  Adam  Dagyr  (a  Welshman  who  settled  there  this  year) 

gained  a  reputation  for  the  superior  character  of  his  work,  and  taught  many  others 
his  methods.  So  marked  was  the  advance,  that,  in  1764,  a  Boston  correspondent 
of  the  London  Chronicle  said  that  the  shoes  for  women,  made  in  Lynn,  for  strength 
and  beauty  surpassed  those  usually  imported  from  London. 

1750.  —  THE  use  of  the  Southern  live-oak  in  ship-building  be- 
gan about  this  year,  and  its  use  added  to  the  reputation  of  Amer- 
ican-built vessels. 

1750,  FEBRUARY.  —  The  committee  of  the  Rhode  Island  assem- 
bly, appointed  for  the  purpose,  reported  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons that  since  May,  1710,  three  hundred  and  twelve  thousand 
three  hundred  pounds  had  been  issued  in  bills  of  credit,  of  which 
one  hundred  and  seventy-seven  thousand  had  been  burned,  and 
one  hundred  and  thirty-five  thousand  were  now  outstanding. 

The  amount  issued  was  estimated  in  coin  as  worth  about  thirty-six  thousand 
pounds. 

1750.  —  IN  June,  a  public  filature  of  silk  was  opened  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  erected  by  a  subscription,  which  Benjamin  Franklin,  who  was  the  agent 
of  the  London  Society  of  Arts  in  the  province,  had  set  on  foot,  and  by  which 
nearly  nine  hundred  pounds  were  raised.  In  1771  two  thousand  and  three  hundred 
pounds  of  cocoons  were  brought  to  this  institution,  and  bought  by  it.  They  came 
from  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware. 

1750.  —  ABOUT  this  time  a  glass  factory  was  established  in  New 
Jersey,  known  as  Wistar's  Glass- Works. 

It  was  in  Salem  County,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  from  Allowaystown.  It 
employed  many  Germans,  who  settled  at  Freasburgh. 

1750.  —  PARLIAMENT  passed  an  act  admitting  bar-iron  from  the 
colonies  free  in  London,  and  pig-iron  in  the  rest  of  England,  and 
forbidding  the  erection  in  the  colonies  of  slitting,  rolling,  and 
plating  mills.  All  new  ones  were  to  be  considered  nuisances. 

In  the  reports  to  parliament  it  appeared  that  Massachusetts  Bay  contained  two 
slitting  and  rolling  mills,  Pennsylvania  one,  and  New  Jersey  one,  not  then  in  use. 
Massachusetts  contained  one  plating  forge,  working  with  a  tilt-hammer ;  Connec- 
ticut, six ;  New  York,  one ;  New  Jersey,  one,  not  in  use ;  Pennsylvania,  one ; 
Maryland,  one,  with  two  hammers.  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  New  Jersey 
had  each  one  steel  furnace,  and  Pennsylvania  two. 

1750.  —  HUGH  GAINE  this  year  set  up  a  press  in  New  York 
city,  and  commenced  the  publication  of  the  New  York  Mercury. 

1750.  —  THE  trustees  of  the  settlement  in  Georgia  sent  over 
two  commissioners  to  encourage  the  culture  of  silk. 

The  next  year  they  erected  at  Savannah  a  public  silk-house,  or  filature,  which 
went  into  operation  in  May.  Six  thousand  three  hundred  pounds  of  cocoons  were 
received  there  this  year ;  two  thousand  of  which  were  sent  by  the  Germans  at  Eben- 
ezer,  and  the  remainder  from  the  orphan  house  founded  by  Whitefield. 


1750-51.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  237 

1750.  —  ABOUT  this  year  a  colony  of  Quakers  from  Ireland  set- 
tled at  Caraden,  South  Carolina,  and  built  several  mills  on  Pine 
Tree  Creek. ' 

1750.  —  THE  first  theatrical  performance  took  place  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

The  play  was  Otway's  "  Orphan."  It  was  an  amateur  performance  in  a  coffee- 
house by  some  young  Englishmen.  The  selectmen  passed  a  law  forbidding  dra- 
matic performances,  which  was  in  force  for  twenty-five  years. 

1750.  —  THE  governor  of  Nova  Scotia  appealed  to  Massachu- 
setts for  aid  against  the  encroachments  of  the  French. 
Fort  Lawrence  was  built  opposite  Beau  Sejour. 

1750.  —  THE  monopoly  of  the  Royal  African  Company  having 
expired,  the  slave-trade  was  thrown  open. 

The  duties  placed  by  the  colonies  on  the  importation  of  slaves  were  considered 
impediments  to  British  commerce,  and  in  several  cases  received  the  royal  veto. 

1750.  —  THE  slave  code  of  South  Carolina  was  revised. 

It  provided  that  "  all  negroes,  Indians,  mulattoes  and  mestizoes  (free  Indians 
in  amity  with  this  government,  and  negroes,  mulattoes  and  mestizoes  who  are  now 
free  excepted)"  "and  all  their  issue  and  offspring  born  and  to  be  born,  shall  be, 
and  they  are  hereby  declared  to  be  and  remain  forever  hereafter  absolute  slaves, 
.  and  shall  follow  the  condition  of  the  mother,  and  shall  be  claimed,  held,  taken, 
reputed  and  adjudged  in  law  to  be  chattels  personal."  A  white  man  might  vol- 
unteer to  bring  a  suit  for  freedom  in  behalf  of  a  person  claimed  to  be  a  slave,  but 
the  burden  of  proof  lay  upon  the  plaintiff.  It  was  forbidden  that  slaves  should 
hire  their  own  time,  or  any  plantation,  own  any  boat,  raise  any  stock,  engage  in 
any  trade  on  their  own  account,  be  taught  to  read  or  write,  or  be  dressed  in  any 
other  than  a  prescribed  cloth.  Any  constable  could  seize  a  negro  better  dressed, 
and  take  the  clothes  for  his  own  use.  Fines  were  imposed  for  the  murder  or 
maiming  of  a  slave.  In  North  Carolina,  as  in  Virginia,  no  slave  could  be  made 
free,  except  by  the  governor  and  council  for  meritorious  service.  In  Virginia  it 
was  enacted  that  slaves  set  free,  without  the  leave  of  the  governor  and  council, 
could  be  sold  at  auction  by  the  churchwardens.  Slavery  existed  in  all  the  colo- 
nies, as  did  also  the  system  of  indented  servants,  the  regulations  for  these  being 
in  some  of  the  provinces  almost  as  harsh  as  those  for  slaves. 

1750.  —  THE  money  voted  by  parliament  having  arrived  in 
silver,  Massachusetts  attempted  a  specie  circulation. 

The  bills  were  redeemed  at  twenty  per  cent,  discount,  and  silver  was  declared 
the  legal  tender  at  six  shillings  and  eight  pence  the  ounce.  Laws  were  made  pro- 
hibiting the  circulation  of  bills  of  credit  of  other  colonies  within  her  limits.  Con- 
necticut called  in  hers,  but  Rhode  Island  would  not. 

1751.  — JAMES  PARKER,  a  native  of  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey, 
Bet  up  a  press  in  Woodbridge,  where  he  printed  the  "Laws  of 
the  Province,"  edited  by  Judge  Nevill,  in  a  folio  volume,  which 
sold  for  five  dollars. 

James  Parker  also  published  a  monthly  magazine  for  about  two  years.     He 


238  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1751. 

removed  his  press  in  1765  for  a  time  to  Burlington,  the  capital  of  the  province, 
and  printed  there  Smith's  History  of  New  Jersey. 

1751.  —  AN  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island 
for  the  encouragement  of  flax  and  wool  growing,  and  their  man- 
ufacture into  cloth. 

1751.  —  THE  Sterling  Iron- Works,  a  charcoal  blast  furnace, 
were  erected  at  the  outlet  of  Sterling  Pond,  in  the  southern  part 
of  Warwick.  New  York. 

They  were  built  for  the  manufacture  of  anchors,  and  named  from  General  Wil- 
liam Alexander  (Lord  Stirling),  who  owned  the  land.  They  were  very  important 
works.  The  immense  chain,  stretched  across  the  Hudson  at  West  Point  during 
the  Revolution,  was  forged  here,  and  delivered  in  six  weeks,  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Colonel  Timothy  Pickering,  and  remained  during  the  war  unbroken. 
It  weighed  one  hundred  and  eighty-six  tons,  the  links  weighing  one  hundred  and 
forty  pounds  each. 

1751.  —  THE  "  enumerated  articles  "  which  could  be  exported 
only  to  Great  Britain,  or  to  other  colonies,  by  the  prepayment  of 
duties,  were  as  follows :  — 

Ginger,  cotton,  dye-woods,  sugars,  tobacco,  indigo,  molasses,  furs,  copper  ore, 
pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  masts,  and  spars. 

1751,  MARCH  18.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created  an- 
other bank  or  loan  for  twenty-five  thousand  pounds. 

The  interest  was  five  per  cent.  The  assembly  also  passed  an  act  that  tlie  bills 
were  to  be  worth  silver  at  six  shillings  nine  pence  the  ounce,  and  that  this  amount 
was  worth  sixteen  shillings  in  the  new  tenor  bills,  and  sixty-four  shillings  in 
the  old  tenor  notes.  On  these  new  bills  "death  to  counterfeit  this  bill"  was 
printed. 

1751,  MARCH  18.  —  Parliament  passed  an  act  making  the 
new  year  begin  on  the  1st  of  January,  instead  of  the  25th  of 
March. 

The  correction  of  eleven  days  in  the  month  was  not  to  take  effect  until  Septem- 
ber, 1752,  the  day  succeeding  the  second  of  which  was  counted  as  the  fourteenth. 

1751,  MAY  20. — Parliament  passed  an  act  "to  regulate  and 
restrain  paper  bills  of  credit "  in  the  New  England  colonies. 

Unless  they  were  to  be  redeemed  within  a  year,  or  in  case  of  war  or  invasion. 
Massachusetts  had  applied  for  such  a  bill. 

1751.  —  A  CONGRESS  was  held  with  the  Six  Nations  and  their 
allies  on  July  6. 

The  governor  of  New  York,  George  Clinton,  had  invited  all  the  governors  from 
New  Hampshire  to  South  Carolina  to  be  present  at  a  congress  with  the  Six  Nations, 
and  also  to  send  proper  presents  to  the  Indians.  This  was  the  first  time  South 
Carolina  had  taken  part  in  these  congresses.  She  sent  one  commissioner,  and  a 
present  which  was  considered  too  small  to  be  effective,  and  six  Indian  delegates 
belonging  to  the  tribe  of  the  Catawbas,  who  had  been  long  enemies  of  the  Six 


1751-2.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  239 

Nations.  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  South  Carolina  were  the  only  states 
which  sent  presents ;  the  assemblies  of  the  other  provinces  declined  so  doing.  The 
commissioners  from  New  York  were  Governor  Clinton,  and  from  the  council  Cad- 
wallader  Colden,  James  Delancy,  and  Edward  Holland ;  from  Massachusetts,  Jacob 
Newdell,  Joseph  Dwight,  and  Oliver  Partridge  ;  from  Connecticut,  William  Pitkin 
and  John  Chester ;  and  from  South  Carolina,  William  Bull,  Jr.  The  journal  of 
the  commissioners  from  Massachusetts  is  printed  in  the  Massachusetts  Archives. 

1751.  —  CHRISTOPHER  GIST  was  sent  by  the  Ohio  Company  to 
explore  their  territory. 

With  an  agent  of  Pennsylvania,  Croghan,  he  penetrated  as  far  as  the  Miami, 
and  made  treaties  with  the  Indians. 

1751.  —  HENRY  PARKER  was  made  president  of  Georgia. 

1751.  —  THE  king,  in  council,  disallowed  and  declared  void  ten 
of  the  fifty-seven  laws  of  the  revised  Virginia  code. 

The  assembly  addressed  the  king  on  the  subject ;  they  did  not  like  the  sugges- 
tion that  any  of  their  laws  were  subject  to  be  made  void. 

1752.  —  THE  first  house  of  any  size  on  the  site  of  the  city  of 
Troy,  New  York,  was  built  by  Matthias  Vanderheyden. 

The  tract  was  laid  out  and  surveyed  between  1786  and  1790.  It  was  called 
Vanderheyden's  Eerry  until  January  5,  1789,  when  the  name  of  Troy  was  adopted, 
at  which  time  there  were  five  stores  and  about  twelve  houses.  On  the  18th  of 
March,  1791,  it  was  made  a  town.  The  first  state  incorporation  was  April  2,  1801 ; 
a  second,  April  9,  1805  ;  the  city  charter  was  granted  April  12,  1816.  Its  position 
makes  it  a  great  centre  both  for  railroad,  canal,  and  steam  transportation,  and  its 
manufactories  are  extensive,  the  most  important  being  those  of  iron,  coaches, 
cars,  collars,  shirts,  breweries,  and  distilleries.  The  Troy  Savings  Bank,  the 
third  incorporated  in  the  state,  was  established  April  23,  1823. 

1752.  —  THE  bell  in  Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia,  which 
announced  the  independence  of  the  colonies  on  July  4, 1776,  was 
imported  from  England,  and,  owing  to  its  being  cracked  by  a 
stroke  of  the  clapper,  was  recast  in  Philadelphia  by  Isaac  Norris. 

It  was  probably  owing  to  Mr.  Norris  that  the  inscription,  "Proclaim  liberty 
throughout  all  the  land,  unto  all  the  inhabitants  thereof"  (Leviticus  xxv.  10),  was 
engraved  on  it.  In  1776,  while  the  British  held  Philadelphia,  the  bell  was  taken 
to  Lancaster.  After  its  return  it  was  used  as  the  state-house  bell  until  1828 ;  since 
when  it  has  been  used  only  on  extraordinary  occasions. 

1752.  —  THE  first  use  of  granite  for  building  purposes  was  in 
the  erection  of  King's  Chapel  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  furnished  by  John  Hayward  of  Braintree. 

1752.  —  ABOUT  this  year  an  edition  of  the  Bible  in  English,  in 
small  4to,  was  printed  in  Boston. 

This  edition  was  printed  by  Kneeland  and  Green.  Kneeland  was  the  publisher 
of  the  New  England  Journal,  the  fourth  paper  in  the  colony,  and  Green  was  the 
son  of  Timothy  Green,  the  second  printer  of  Connecticut.  The  edition  was  made 
for  Daniel  Henchman,  of  Boston,  a  bookseller,  and  the  builder  of  the  first  paper- 


240  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1752. 

mill  in  New  England.  As  the  English  universities  enjoyed  the  monopoly  in  Eng- 
land of  printing  the  Bible,  and  the  privilege  was  supposed  to  extend  to  the  colo- 
nies, this  edition  had  to  be  surreptitiously  issued,  and  was  made  a  copy  of  an 
English  print,  bearing  the  title  of  the  copy  which  served  as  its  model,  viz.  :  "Lon- 
don :  Printed  by  Mark  Baskett,  Printer  to  the  King's  Most  Excellent  Majesty." 
The  edition  consisted  of  only  seven  or  eight  hundred  copies,  and  the  circumstances 
under  which  it  was  issued  caused  it  to  excite  no  attention.  Thomas,  the  author 
of  the  History  of  Printing,  who  was  an  apprentice  in  Boston  a  few  years  after- 
wards, heard  the  compositors  who  did  the  work  speak  of  it,  and  the  circumstances 
were  related  by  Governor  Hancock,  who  was  a  relative  of  Henchman,  and  owned 
a  copy  of  it.  A  duodecimo  edition  of  the  New  Testament  was  soon  after  issued  in 
the  same  way  by  Rogers  and  Fowle  of  Boston. 

1752.  —  THE  Marquis  Du  Quesne  succeeded  as  the  governor- 
general  of  New  France. 

He  sought  to  induce  the  Indians  to  disregard  their  treaties  with  the  English, 
and  surrender  the  traders  of  that  nation  as  interlopers.  The  Indian  village  Piqua, 
on  the  Miami,  refusing  to  do  this,  was  burned,  the  traders  seized,  and  their  stocks 
confiscated. 

1752,  JUNE.  — The  trustees  of  Georgia  surrendered  their  rights 
under  charter  to  the  crown. 

They  had  had  grants  from  parliament  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  thousand  six 
hundred  pounds,  and  seventeen  thousand  six  hundred  pounds  had  been  contrib- 
uted by  private  persons  to  aid  the  settlement.  There  were  in  the  province  about 
seventeen  hundred  white  and  four  hundred  negro  inhabitants,  who  lived  in  three 
small  towns  and  on  scattered  plantations.  The  exports  for  the  three  preceding 
years  had  amounted  to  not  quite  thirteen  thousand  pounds.  Soon  after  the  sur- 
render the  inhabitants  of  Dorchester,  in  South  Carolina,  which  had  been  settled 
from  New  England,  and  who  had  carried  their  church  organization  with  them,  re- 
moved in  a  body,  and  settled  on  the  river  midway  between  the  Savannah  and  Al- 
tamaha. 

1752,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  first  theatrical  performance  by  profes- 
sionals in  the  country  was  held  at  Williarasburg,  Virginia. 

The  play  was  the  "Merchant  of  Venice,"  performed  by  a  company  from  Lon- 
don, under  the  direction  of  William  and  Lewis  Hallam.  A  part  of  the  company 
seems  to  have  performed  before  at  Annapolis,  representing  the  "  Beau's  Strata- 
gem." The  company  was  ambulatory,  and  travelled  through  the  provinces, 
avoiding  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts,  where  the  law  was  against  them.  In 
1753  theatres  were  opened  in  New  York  and  Annapolis,  Maryland;  in  Albany,  in 
1769 ;  Baltimore,  in  1773 ;  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  1774 ;  Newbern,  North 
Carolina,  in  1788,  and  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in  1792. 

1752.  —  THE  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  in  December, 
granted  Isaac  C.  Winslow  and  others  the  sole  privilege  to  make 
glass  in  the  province. 

1752.  —  LIEUTENANT- GOVERNOR  ROBERT  DINWIDDIE,  of  Virginia, 
who  entered  on  the  office  this  year,  commended  to  the  Board 
of  Trade  the  formation  of  two  great  political  divisions  in  the 
country. 


1752-3.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  241 

They  were  to  be  a  northern  and  a  southern  one ;  and  with  it  he  proposed  a 
scheme  for  forming  an  alliance  with  all  the  Indians. 

1752.  —  ARCHIBALD   KENNEDY,   the   receiver-general   of  New 
York,  published  in  London  a  pamphlet  advocating  a  plan  of 
union  of  the  colonies. 

He  advocated  a  yearly  meeting  of  commissioners  from  the  various  colonies  at 
New  York  or  Albany,  to  arrange  the  quotas  and  apportionate  the  expense,  and 
provide  for  the  joint  payments  for  the  importation  of  emigrants.  He  says, 
"From  upwards  of  forty  years'  observations  upon  the  conduct  of  our  colonial 
assemblies,  and  the  little  regard  paid  by  them  to  instructions,  if  it  is  left  alto- 
gether with  them  the  whole  will  end  in  altercation  and  words." 

1752. — THE  Ohio  Company  built  a  fort  at  Redstone  (now 
Brownsville),  on  the  Monongahela. 

The  Indians  who  had  migrated  to  that  region  from  the  Susquehanna  were  dis- 
contented and  alarmed  at  seeing  this  region  occupied  by  the  English. 

1753,  JANUARY  3.  —  The  Boston  Gazette,  or  Weekly  Advertiser, 
appeared  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  printed  by  Samuel  Knceland.  It  was  discontinued  in  March,  1755,  in 
consequence  of  the  enforcement  of  the  provincial  stamp  act. 

1753.  —  THE  anniversary  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Industry  and  Frugality  was  celebrated  with  great  enthusiasm  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

A  gathering  of  three  hundred  young  women,  each  with  a  spinning-wheel,  at 
work,  was  arranged  on  the  Common,  in  three  rows.  The  weavers  also  assembled, 
dressed  in  cloth  of  their  own  manufacture,  with  one  of  the  number  carried  upon 
a  platform,  at  work  with  her  loom. 

1753.  —  THE  tax  on  carriages  was  renewed  in  Massachusetts 
for  the  support  of  spinning-schools,  and  each  town  was  allowed  to 
send  one  person,  at  least,  to  be  gratuitously  instructed  in  the  art. 

1753. —  A  LOTTERY  was  organized  in  Baltimore  for  the  pur- 
pose of  building  a  public  wharf. 

1753.  —  IN  "  Poor  Richard's  Almanac,"  Franklin  gave  an  ac- 
count of  his  invention  of  the  lightning-rod. 

1753.  —  AN  expedition  from  Montreal  built  a  fort  at  Presque 
Isle,  now  Erie,  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie. 
They  afterwards  built  forts  at  La  Bceuf  and  Venango. 

1753.  —  THE  Board  of  Trade  reported  to  the  king : 

"As  the  French  had  not  the  least  pretence  of  right  to  the  territory  on  the 
Ohio,  an  important  river  rising  in  Pennsylvania  and  running  through  Virginia, 
it  was  a  matter  of  wonder  what  such  a  strange  expedition  in  time  of  peace  could 
mean,  unless  to  complete  the  object  so  long  in  view,  of  conjoining  the  St.  Law- 
rence with  the  Mississippi."  The  English  government  had  at  last  become  aware 
that  the  French  had  long  designed  a  vast  empire  in  America.  Lord  Holderness, 
who  had  succeeded  the  Duke  of  Bedford  as  secretary  of  state,  wrote  to  the  gov- 

16 


242  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1753-4. 

ernors  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  that  "  whenever  the  French  were  found 
•within  the  undoubted  limits  of  their  provinces,"  force  should  be  used  to  repel 
force. 

1753,  SEPTEMBER.  —  Dinwiddie  made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians 
on  the  Monongahela,  and  purchased  the  right  from  them  to  erect 
a  fort  at  its  juncture  with  the  Alleghany. 

He  sent  George  Washington,  then  a  surveyor,  with  a  message  to  the  French 
fort  at  La  Boeuf,  asking  explanations  of  their  encroachments,  and  the  release  and 
indemnification  of  the  captured  traders.  Washington,  with  Gist,  delivered  his 
message,  and  was  politely  received,  the  commander,  St.  Pierre,  promising  to 
transmit  the  message  to  his  superiors  in  Canada.  In  his  conversation  with  the 
French  officers,  Washington  found  that  they  had  no  intention  of  giving  up  their 
occupation  of  the  territory. 

1753. —  DINWIDDIE  sent  an  expedition  to  build  a  fort  at  the 
junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela. 

It  was  not  known  whether  it  was  within  the  limits  of  Virginia  or  Pennsylvania. 

1753.  —  THE  assembly  of  Virginia  sent  Peyton  Randolph  as 
their  agent  to  England  to  complain  of  a  fee  recently  imposed  on 
the  patents  for  lands. 

They  did  not  recognize  the  governor's  apprehensions  of  the  French  encroach- 
ments, and  took  no  notice  of  his  request  for  money  to  resist  them.  The  foe,  which 
had  been  for  a  long  time  usual  in  other  colonies,  had  been  recently  introduced 
into  Virginia,  and  its  payment  was  there  regarded  as  a  betrayal  of  the  rights  of 
the  people. 

1753.  —  SIR  DANVERS  OSBORNE  was  sent  as  governor  of  New 
York. 

He  committed  suicide  soon  after  his  arrival,  and  James  Delanccy,  the  lieuten- 
ant-governor, succeeded. 

1753.  —  THE  Athenaeum  Library  was  founded  at  Providence, 
Rhode  Island. 

1754,  JANUARY.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  voted  ten  thousand 
pounds  for  the  defence  of  the  frontiers. 

Washington  had  returned  from  his  mission.  Dinwiddie  asked  the  neighbor- 
ing colonies  for  aid.  Pennsylvania  offered  aid  in  an  issue  of  bills  of  credit, 
which  the  governor  could  not  agree  to  on  account  of  his  instructions.  Maryland 
gave  no  aid,  the  assenibly  being  engaged  with  Governor  Horatio  Sharpc  in  a 
dispute  concerning  supplies.  North  Carolina  made  an  issue  of  bills  of  credit,  and 
voted  four  hundred  and  fifty  men. 

1754,  APRIL.  —  The  French,  under  Contrecceur,  drove  away 
Dinwiddie's  soldiers,  who  were  building  a  fort  at  the  head  of 
the  Ohio,  and  commenced  themselves  a  fort  there,  which  they 
called  Du  Quesne. 

A  regiment  of  six  hundred  men  from  Virginia,  with  others  from  New  York 
and  South  Carolina,  had  been  sent  under  Frye  as  colonel  and  Washington  as 
lieutenant-colonel.  Hearing  this,  the  advance-guard,  under  Washington,  pushed 


1754.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.     •  243 

forward,  and  at  Great  Meadows  met  and  defeated  an  advance-guard  of  the  French 
under  Jumonville.  Frye  having  died,  Washington  took  command,  and  erected 
Fort  Necessity  at  Great  Meadows.  A  superior  force,  under  M.  de  Villier,  forced 
him  to  retire  from  the  fort  to  Mill's  Creek,  where  he  built  Fort  Cumberland. 

1754.  —  THOMAS  JOHNSON,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  made  an 
organ  for  the  use  of  a  church. 

1754. — LORD  HOLDERNESS  wrote  circular  letters  to  all  the 
governors,  appointing  a  convention  at  Albany  of  delegates 
chosen  by  their  assemblies. 

The  purpose  of  the  congress  was  to  prepare  for  resistance  to  the  aggressions 
of  France  by  renewing  the  treaty  with  the  Six  Nations.  This  was  the  second  call 
foj;  a  congress  based  on  the  principle  of  representation,  or  for  a  body  composed 
of  delegates  chosen  by  the  assemblies.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and 
the  four  colonies  of  New  England,  appointed  delegates.  While  the  treaty  with 
the  Indians  was  making,  the  congress  resolved  to  consider  whether  the  union  of 
the  colonies  for  mutual  defence  was  not  desirable.  Franklin  presented  a  plan  he 
had  prepared.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  report  on  it,  and  brought  in,  four 
days  afterwards,  a  paper  they  called  '•  Short  hints"  for  a  union,  which  was 
accepted  after  debate,  and  it  was  ordered  that  the  commissioners  lay  it  before 
their  constituents,  that  copies  be  sent  to  the  colonies  not  represented  in  the  con- 
gress, and  that  a  copy  be  sent  to  England.  The  congress  adjourned  on  the  llth 
of  July.  The  plan*  was  rejected  by  the  assemblies  of  the  colonies,  and  a  copy 
having  been  sent  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  it  was  laid  before  the  king.  No  action 
was  taken  on  it  by  the  Privy  Council.  In  1789  an  article  was  printed  in  the 
American  Museum,  vol.  5,  entitled  Reasons  and  Motives  on  which  the  Plan  of 
Union  was  formed,  written  by  Franklin,  which  ends  with  this  note,  omitted  in 
Sparks's  edition  of  Franklin's  works,  but  evidently  written  by  Franklin  himself. 
"  On  reflection  it  now  seems  probable  that  if  the  foregoing  plan,  or  something 
like  it,  had  been  adopted  and  carried  into  execution,  the  subsequent  separation 
of  the  colonies  from  the  mother  country  might  not  so  soon  have  happened,  nor  the 
mischief  suffered  on  both  sides  have  occurred,  perhaps  during  another  century. 
For  the  colonies,  if  so  united,  would  have  really  been,  as  they  then  thought 
themselves,  sufficient  for  their  own  defence ;  and,  being  trusted  with  it,  as  by  the 
plan,  an  army  from  Britain,  for  that  purpose,  would  have  been  unnecessary. 
The  pretences  for  framing  the  Stamp  Act  would  then  not  have  existed,  nor  the 
other  projects  for  drawing  a  revenue  from  America  to  Britain  by  acts  of  parlia- 
ment, which  were  the  cause  of  the  breach,  and  attended  with  such  terrible 
expense  of  blood  and  treasure ;  so  that  the  different  parts  of  the  empire  might 
still  have  remained  in  peace  and  union.  But  the  fate  of  this  plan  was  singular. 
After  many  days'  thorough  discussion  of  all  its  parts  in  congress,  it  was  unani- 
mously agreed  to,  and  copies  ordered  to  be  sent  to  the  assembly  of  each  province 
for  concurrence,  and  one  to  the  ministry  in  England  for  the  approbation  of  the 
crown.  The  crown  disapproved  it,  as  having  too  much  weight  in  the  democratic 
part  of  the  constitution,  and  every  assembly  as  having  allowed  too  much  to  pre- 
rogative; so  it  was  totally  lost."  "The  Journal  of  the  Proceedings"  of  this 
Congress  has  been  printed  in  the  Pennsylvania  Archives,  and  in  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society's  Collections. 

1754.  —  THE  Society  Library  was  founded  in  New  York. 


244  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  [1754-5. 

1754.  —  THE  lead  mines  on  New  River,  in  Wythe  county, 
Virginia,  were  opened. 

These  mines  are  still  in  operation. 

1754.  —  THE  Massachusetts  assembly  prohibited  the  exporta- 
tion of  sheep,  and  the  killing  them  under  two  years  of  age  for 
food,  except  for  the  use  of  the  owner's  family. 

1754.  —  CHARLES  CARROLL  erected  "at  the  Mount,"  in  Balti- 
more, some  brick  buildings  from  material  imported  for  the  pur- 
pose. 

1754.  —  The  South  Carolina  assembly  procured  and  distributed 
to  the  planters  indigo  seed  from  Guatemala. 

The  native  plant  was  found  the  best,  and  the  culture  commenced  with  spirit. 
Ramsey  says :  "It  proved  more  really  beneficial  to  Carolina  than  the  mines  of 
Mexico  or  Peru  are,  or  ever  have  been,  either  to  Old  or  New  Spain." 

1754.  —  THE  exports  from  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  included 
about  five  thousand  tanned  hides,  over  a  thousand  in  the  hair, 
and  nearly  nine  hundred  hogsheads  of  deer  skins. 

The  year  before  North  Carolina  exported  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  of 
tanned  leather,  and  thirty  thousand  deer-skins ;  and  Georgia,  two  years  before, 
exported  nearly  three  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  deer-skina  and  fifty  thousand 
of  leather. 

1754.  —  MARYLAND  voted  six  thousand  pounds,  and  New  York 
five  thousand,  in  aid  of  Virginia. 

England  sent  ten  thousand  pounds.  Dinwiddie  having  divided  the  Virginia 
regiment  into  companies,  Washington  left  the  service.  A  commission  was  received 
from  England  giving  the  chief  command  of  the  forces  to  be  used  against  the 
French  to  Governor  Sharpe  of  Maryland. 

1754. — UNDER  a  form  of  government,  matured  by  the  Board 
of  Trade,  and  authorized  by  the  king,  the  first  representative 
assembty  in  Georgia  was  called  this  year  by  the  governor. 

It  was  composed  of  nineteen  delegates  from  three  districts,  and  had  powers 
similar  to  other  assemblies  in  the  colonies.  John  Reynolds  was  commissioned  as 
governor,  and,  with  the  council,  established  a  general  court,  with  jurisdiction  in 
criminal  matters  and  civil  cases  above  forty  shillings,  with  appeal  to  the  gover- 
nor and  council,  and  finally  to  the  king  in  council.  Offences  by  slaves  were  to  be 
tried  by  a  single  justice  without  a  jury. 

1755,  JANUARY  1.  —  The   Connecticut   Gazette,  the  first  news- 
paper in  Connecticut,  was  issued  by  James  Parker  &  Co.,  at 
New  Haven. 

1755,  JANUARY.  —  The  assembly  of  Georgia  met* 

The  deputies  had  to  own  five  hundred  acres  to  be  qualified,  and  voters  had 
to  have  fifty.  This  right  was  soon  given  to  owners  of  town  lots.  Twelve  acts 
were  passed,  three  of  which  were  against  five  members  who  were  expelled.  The 
militia  was  organized,  roads  laid  out,  fences  regulated,  a  market  organized  at 


1755.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  245 

Savannah,  and  a  light-house  at  Tybee  Island ;  slaves  regulated,  the  rate  of  inter- 
est ascertained,  appropriations  made  for  the  government,  and  an  issue  of  three 
thousand  pounds  of  bills  of  credit  ordered.  The  Board  of  Trade  disallowed  this 
last  act.  Money  was  lodged  to  pay  the  sight-bills  for  small  amounts  drawn  on  the 
trustees,  which  had  up  to  this  time  performed  the  function  of  a  circulation  in 
Georgia. 

1755,  APRIL  7. —  The  Boston  Gazette  and  Country  Gentleman 
was  published  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  established  by  Edes  and  Gill,  and  was  the  organ  of  the  advanced  revolu- 
tionary party.  In  1775  it  Avas  temporarily  moved  to  Watertown  while  the  British 
held  Boston.  After  1794  it  was  published  by  Benjamin  Edes  alone,  and  in  1798 
he  issued  his  farewell  address.  The  paper  had  lost  its  influence  and  circulation, 
and  five  years  afterwards  he  died. 

1755,  APRIL.  —  Braddock  met  the  colonial  governors  at  Alex- 
andria, and  the  plan  of  the  campaign  was  settled  upon. 

He  was  in  person  to  lead  the  expedition  against  Tort  Du  Quesne.  Shirley, 
with  another  force,  was  to  march  against  Niagara.  Johnson  was  to  capture  Crown 
Point,  and  a  fourth  expedition  was  to  expel  the  French  from  Nova  Scotia.  In 
Massachusetts  the  exportation  of  provisions,  except  to  other  British  provinces, 
was  forbidden,  and  the  treasurer  was  authorized  to  borrow  fifty  thousand  pounds, 
for  two  years,  pledging  the  taxes.  An  excise  tax  was  laid  on  liquor,  against 
which  some  of  the  towns  appealed,  but  the  Board  of  Trade  sustained.  New 
Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut  issued  bills  of  credit,  and  raised  men. 
New  York  voted  an  issue  of  forty-five  thousand  pounds  and  eight  hundred  men. 
New  Jersey  issued  seventy  thousand  pounds  and  five  hundred  men.  In  Pennsyl- 
vania, Robert  II.  Morris,  to  whom  Hamilton  had  resigned  the  office  of  deputy- 
governor,  would  not  consent  to  the  issue  of  bills  of  credit  unless  the  excise  tax 
was  limited  to  five  years  for  its  redemption.  The  assembly  wanted  it  to  be  for 
twelve  years,  since  they  had  the  control  of  the  money  thus  raised.  The  dispute 
continued,  until  the  assembly,  without  consulting  the  governor,  issued  fifteen 
thousand  pounds,  appropriating  one  third  to  Braddock's  expedition  and  two  thirds 
to  that  against  Crown  Point.  Maryland  voted  an  issue  of  ten  thousand  pounds,  to 
be  redeemed  in  the  fines  and  forfeitures.  As  these  were  claimed  by  the  proprie- 
taries, the  council  refused,  and  the  appropriation  went  by  default.  In  Virginia, 
the  assembly  voted  twenty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit ;  the  first  issue  in 
the  province.  North  Carolina  voted  eight  thousand  pounds.  The  new  governor, 
Arthur  Dobbs,  soon  was  engaged  in  disputes  with  the  assembly.  South  Carolina 
proposed  aid,  but  it  was  defeated  by  a  dispute  between  the  governor  and  council 
and  the  assembly  as  to  the  method  of  raising  it.  No  aid  was  expected  from 
Georgia. 

1755,  MAY. —  Governor  Morris,  of  New  Jersey,  in  a  letter  to 
Thomas  Penn,  speaks  of  a  fire-engine  the  Schuylers  had  erected 
at  their  mine  in  New  Jersey,  and  suggests  such  an  engine  would 
be  of  advantage  to  a  copper  mine  in  which  Penn  was  interested. 

1755.  —  THE  great  earthquake  at  Lisbon,  Spain,  drove  many 
to  seek  refuge  in  this  country,  and  among  them  many  Hebrews, 
who  settled  in  Rhode  Island. 

Some  of  them  were  subsequently  naturalized,  and  others  were  refused  on 
petitioning  for  the  same  privilege.  A  shock  of  an  earthquake  in  New  England 


246  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1755. 

this  year  is  supposed  to  have  been  caused  by  the  same  t  concussion  that  almost 
ruined  Lisbon. 

1755.  —  SIR  THOMAS  ROBINSON,  who  had  succeeded  to  the 
oversight  of  the  colonies,  together  with  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
the  commander  of  the  forces,  prepared  for  a  vigorous  prosecu- 
of  the  war. 

The  colonial  troops  were  made  subject  to  rules  and  discipline  of  the  regulars 
when  serving  with  them,  and  the  assemblies  were  required  to  furnish  quarters 
and  supplies  for  them.  General  Braddock,  with  his  regiments,  was  sent  as  com- 
mander to  the  Chesapeake.  Two  regiments,  to  be  paid  by  the  crown,  were 
ordered  raised  in  New  England,  and  the  other  colonies  were  called  upon  for 
their  quotas.  Pennsylvania,  as  the  Quakers  had  scruples  concerning  war,  was 
to  raise  three  thousand  men,  enlisted  by  authority  of  the  crown. 

1755.  —  MRS.  PINCKNEY  took  enough  silk  with  her  to  England, 
raised  by  herself  in  South  Carolina,  to  make  three  silk  dresses. 

As  Miss  Lucas,  Mrs.  Pinckney  has  been  mentioned  for  her  efforts  at  the  culture 
of  indigo  and  cotton.  One  of  the  dresses  made  from  this  silk  was  presented  to  the 
Princess  Dowager  of  Wales,  another  was  given  to  Lord  Chesterfield,  and  the 
third,  Dr.  Ramsey,  in  1809,  says,  "in  the  possession  of  her  daughter,  Mrs.  Horry, 
is  remarkable  for  its  beauty,  firmness,  and  strength." 

1755.  —  JAMES  DAVIS  set  up  a  press  in  Newbern,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  this  year,  in  December,  commenced  ihQ. North  Carolina 
Gazette. 

He  was  appointed  postmaster  by  Franklin  and  Hunter,  and  in  1773  published 
an  edition  of  the  Laws  of  the  Province.  The  Gazette  was  printed  about  six  years, 
and  then  discontinued.  On  the  27th  of  May,  1768,  it  was  revived,  and  continued 
until  after  the  war  began. 

1755.  —  THE  mail  was  this  year,  in  New  York,  despatched 
once  a  week,  instead  of  once  in  two  weeks,  as  heretofore. 

1755.  —  AT  this  time  Detroit  occupied  about  three  acres, 
which  were  surrounded  by  pickets  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five 
feet  high.  They  were  pierced  by  four  gates,  defended  by 
block-houses  and  four  guns.  The  houses,  about  eighty  to  one 
hundred  in  number,  were  built  of  logs,  and  divided  by  alleys  ten 
to  sixteen  feet  wide.  The  population  amounted  to  about  three 
or  four  hundred. 

1755.  —  THE  neutral  French  in  Acadie,  on  a  suspicion  that 
they  afforded  aid  to  their  compatriots,  were  carried  away  from 
their  homes  and  distributed  throughout  the  colonies. 

An  expedition  for  the  purpose  was  arranged  with  the  English  fleet  under 
Boscawen,  and  did  the  work  in  the  most  atrociously  cruel  way.  The  people  were 
scattered  all  through  the  colonies,  and  had  frequently  to  be  supported  at  the 
public  expense. 

1755.  —  A  FRENCH  fleet  sailed  from  Brest  with  four  thousand 
troops,  under  Dieskau,  for  America. 


1755-6.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  247 

An  English  fleet  was  sent,  under  Boscawen,  to  intercept  them  off  Newfound- 
land. Most  of  the  French  ships  escaped,  and  a  thousand  men  were  landed  at 
Louisburg. 

1755. — THE  French  ambassador  was  recalled  from  London, 
and  the  English  government  issued  letters  of  marque. 

Though  no  war  had  yet  been  declared,  both  parties  had  commenced  hostilities. 

1755,  JUNE.  —  An  expedition  from  Boston,  under  the  command 
of  John  Winslow,  proceeded  against  the  forts  in  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

The  expedition  was  easily  successful. 

1755,  JULY  9. — Braddock's  expedition  was  defeated  when 
within  five  miles  of  Fort  Du  Quesne,  and  forced  to  retreat. 

Washington,  who  had  accepted  Braddock's  invitation  to  accompany  him  as 
aid-de-camp,  conducted  the  retreat,  Braddock  being  killed. 

1755.  —  THE  expedition  against  Niagara  reached  Oswego,  and 
built  two  forts,  constructed  boats,  and  made  other  preparations 
for  attacking  Niagara,  but  returned,  putting  off  the  expedition 
until  the  next  season. 

A  garrison  was  left  at  Oswego. 

1755.  —  THE  Crown  Point  expedition  built  Fort  Lyman,  called 
afterwards  Fort  Edward,  at  the  head  of  boat  navigation  on  the 
Hudson,  and  advanced  to  Lake  George,  where  the  battle  of 
Lake  George  was  fought,  and  the  French  driven  to  Crown  Point. 

General  Johnson,  in  command  of  the  colonial  forces,  was  wounded,  and  Gen- 
eral Lyman,  of  Connecticut,  conducted  the  operations.  Johnson  was  knighted. 
The  French  general  Dieskau  was  mortally  wounded. 

1755.  —  FORT  WILLIAM  HENRY  was  built  at  the  head  of  Lake 
George. 

The  French  built  a  fort  at  Ticonderoga. 

1755.  —  THE  defeat  of  Braddock  having  left  the  frontiers  open, 
Virginia,   Maryland,  and   Pennsylvania  voted  further  supplies, 
and  a  convention  of  governors  at  New  York  met  to  arrange  for 
the  next  year's  campaign. 

1756,  JANUARY.  —  The  Pennsylvania  assembly  voted  to  enroll 
a  volunteer  militia. 

It  had  been  agreed  by  the  convention  of  governors  to  attack  Fort  Du  Quesne, 
Niagara,  and  Crown  Point,  and  that  twenty  thousand  men  were  necessary.  New 
York  voted  seventeen  hundred  men  as  her  quota,  and  an  issue  of  forty  thousand 
pounds.  Franklin  was  made  colonel,  with  command  of  the  frontier  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  erected  a  chain  of  forts  and  block-houses  from  the  Maryland  line  to 
the  Delaware,  at  the  base  of  the  Kittatinny  mountains.  The  proprietary  party  did 
not  like  the  volunteer  militia,  and  the  king  soon  vetoed  it.  Deputy-Governor 
Morris  was  superseded  in  May  by  William  Denny. 


248  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1756. 

1756,  FEBRUARY.  —  The  Rhode  Island  legislature  issued  eight 
thousand  pounds  of  bills  of  credit,  to  pay  the  expenses  of  war 
preparations. 

These  bills  were  called  "  lawful  money,"  and  were  printed  from  type.  Their 
value  was  stated,  in  silver,  at  six  shillings  and  eight  pence  an  ounce. 

1756,  MARCH.  —  Maryland  granted  forty  thousand  pounds, 
raised  chiefly  by  bills  of  credit. 

The  proprietary  relinquished  his  fines  and  forfeitures.  The  act  of  issue  re- 
quired Papists  to  pay  double  taxes  for  the  redemption  of  the  bills,  and  the  lands 
of  the  proprietary  were  also  taxed.  A  fort  called  Frederick  was  built  on  the 
Potomac,  at  the  bend  nearest  the  Pennsylvania  line. 

1756,  MARCH  13.  —  The  parliament  made  a  grant  to  the  colo- 
nies of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  thousand  pounds  for  their  expen- 
ses for  war  purposes  during  the  last  year. 

A  regiment  was  to  be  enlisted  in  the  colonies,  commissions  in  which  were  given 
to  foreign  officers.  Indented  servants  were  enlisted,  their  masters  being  paid  their 
time. 

1756,  MAY  18.  —  War  was  formally  declared  by  England 
against  France. 

It  had  been  actively  carried  on  by  the  colonists  for  nearly  two  years. 

1756,  JUNE  8.  —  A  bankruptcy  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly 
of  Rhode  Island. 

1756.  —  WASHINGTON  had  command  of  the  Virginia  forces. 

They  were  insufficient,  being  only  about  fifteen  hundred  men,  distributed 
through  the  forts.  The  governor,  Dinwiddie,  wrote  to  the  Board  of  Trade  :  "  We 
dare  not  part  with  any  of  our  white  men  to  any  distance,  as  we  must  have  a 
watchful  eye  over  our  negro  slaves." 

1756,  JUNE.  —  Two  regiments  from  England,  under  General 
Abercrombie,  arrived. 

General  Abercrombie  outranked  Shirley,  who  had  collected  seven  thousand 
men  at  Albany,  together  with  the  remains  of  Braddock's  two  regiments.  The  war 
office  had  given  the  Earl  of  Loudoun  a  commission  as  commander,  and  Abercrom- 
bie delayed  for  his  arrival.  Philip  Schuyler  and  William  Alexander,  known  as 
Lord  Stirling,  served  in  this  campaign. 

1756,  AUGUST  15.  —  The  forts  at  Oswego  surrendered  to  the 
French. 

Montcalm,  who  had  recently  arrived  from  France  with  re-enforcements,  with  a 
force  of  five  thousand  men  laid  siege  to  them,  and  the  commanding  officer  being 
killed  the  troops  surrendered  as  prisoners  of  war.  All  the  artillery,  stores,  and 
the  flotilla  built  for  the  attack  on  Niagara  were  captured.  The  French,  to  please 
their  Indian  allies,  destroyed  the  fort. 

1756.  —  DANIEL  FOWLE,  of  Boston,  set  tip  a  press  this  year  in 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  and  issued  on  the  7th  of  October 
the  New  Hampshire  Gazette. 


1756-7.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEEICA.  249 

He  printed  the  laws  and  did  other  work  for  the  government.  He  had  been  im- 
prisoned in  Boston  on  account  of  the  Independent  Advertiser.  He  had  opposed 
the  excise  tax.  He  continued  the  Gazette  until  1785,  when  it  passed  into  the  hands 
of  Melcher  and  Osborn.  Daniel  Fowle  died  in  1787. 

1756.  —  A  DISPUTE  arose  between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia 
concerning  the  navigation  of  the  Savannah  River. 

The  people  of  Georgia  seized  several  vessels  belonging  to  Carolina,  and  the 
people  of  the  latter  had  armed  their  vessels. 

1756.  —  THE  Marquis  de  Yaudreuil  de  Cavagnal  was  appointed 
to  succeed  Du  Quesne  as  governor  of  France. 

Du  Quesne  returned  to  the  navy. 

1756.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  voted  thirty  thousand 
pounds  in  bills  of  credit. 

The  money  was  to  be  devoted  to  the  support  of  twenty-five  companies  of 
rangers,  to  serve  against  the  Indians,  who  were  attacking  the  outlying  settlements. 
It  was  to  be  redeemed  by  a  continuance  for  ten  years  of  the  excise  tax.  In  this 
service  against  the  Indians,  Armstrong  and  Mercer,  both  of  whom  served  in  the 
Revolution,  took  a  part.  The  Quakers  maintained  that  the  Indians  did  not 
become  hostile  until  they  had  been  driven  to  become  so  by  wrongs,  and  formed 
an  association  to  bring  about  a  peace,  which  they  succeeded  the  next  year  in 
making  at  Lancaster. 

1756.  —  WILLIAM  H.  LITTLETON  succeeded  as  governor  of  South 
Corolina. 

The  assembly  voted  four  thousand  pounds  to  raise  troops  to  garrison  the  forts 
which  had  been  erected.  Fort  Prince  George,  on  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the 
Savannah,  and  Fort  Loudoun,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Tennessee.  Troops  from 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina  presently  arrived.  It  was  feared  the  Indians  would 
become  hostile. 

1757,  JANUARY.  —  The   yearly  military   council  was   held   at 
Boston,  and  Loudoun  proposed  as  the  campaign  this  year  the 
defence  of  the  frontiers  and  an  attack  on  Louisburg. 

New  York,  New  England,  and  New  Jersey  were  called  on  for  six  thousand 
men  to  serve  as  garrisons  for  forts  William  Henry  and  Edward. 

1757,  APRIL.  —  The  Pennsylvania  assembly  voted  a  levy  of 
one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 

They  said  nothing  about  taxing  the  proprietary  estates,  but  sent  Franklin  to 
England  to  complain  of  this  and  the  secret  instructions  to  the  deputy-governors. 
Five  companies  of  Royal  Americans  were  provided  to  guard  the  frontiers,  on  con- 
dition that  two  hundred  recruits  should  be  raised  for  South  Carolina. 

1757,  JULY  9.  —  Loudoun  sailed  from  New  York  to  attack 
Louisburg. 

At  Halifax  he  was  re-enforced  with  a  fleet  from  England.  Before  beginning 
his  attack  a  French  fleet  anchored  in  the  harbor,  and  Loudoun  returned  to  New 
York. 


250  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1757-8. 

1757,  JULY.  —  Thomas  Pownall  arrived  in  Massachusetts  as 
governor. 

Shirley  was  deprived  of  his  governorsliip  and  military  command. 

1757,  AUGUST  3.  —  Fort  William  Henry  surrendered  to  the 
French  under  Montcalm. 

The  French  retired  after  the  capture  to  Canada. 

1757.  —  POWNALL,  who  had  also  a  commission  as  lieutenant- 
governor  of  New  Jersey,  after  the  death  of  Belcher  went  there 
to  assume  the  position,  but  finding  it  impracticable  to  be  there 
and  in  Massachusetts  at  the  same  time,  the  government  of  New 
Jersey  was  given  to  Francis  Bernard. 

1757,  AUGUST  22.  —  The  Boston  Weekly  Advertiser  was  issued 
at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  printed  by  Green  and  Russell.  It  changed  its  name  two  years  after  to 
Green  and  Russell's  Post  Boy  and  Advertiser,  and  afterwards  to  the  Massachusetts 
Gazette  and  Post  Boy  and  Advertiser.  In  1768  it  was  united  with  the  News- 
Letter,  but  separated  again  in  1769.  In  1773  it  was  published  by  Mills  and 
Hicks,  and  discontinued  in  1775.  It  was  a  supporter  of  the  Home  Government. 

1757.  —  SOUTH  CAROLINA  exported  indigo  to  the  value  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  pounds. 

The  best  indigo  was  raised  on  Edisto  Island.  An  acre  raised  an  average  of 
fifty  pounds.  The  apparatus  was  not  expensive,  and  the  process  required  chiefly 
skill  and  care.  We  now  import  yearly  about  a  million  pounds.  The  culture  of 
cotton  has  entirely  superseded  that  of  indigo. 

1757.  —  MASSACHUSETTS  and  South  Carolina,  though  they  did 
not  deny  the  power  of  parliament  to  quarter  troops  in  the  colo- 
nies, objected,  and  difficulties  arose  in  Boston  and  Charleston 
concerning  this  matter,  which  finally  were  settled. 

1757.  —  THE  governorship  of  Georgia  was  given  to  Henry 
Ellis. 

Forts  were  built  at  the  outposts,  and  in  November  a  new  treaty  of  peace  was 
made  with  the  Creeks. 

1757,  DECEMBER  30.  —  A  circular  letter  was  sent  to  the  colo- 
nies, calling  upon  them  to  raise  twenty  thousand  men  for  the 
vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war  against  the  French,  and  promis- 
ing aid  from  parliament  for  their  pay. 

William  Pitt,  afterwards  Earl  of  Chatham,  had  taken  a  place  in  the  cabinet, 
and  assumed  the  control  of  foreign  and  colonial  affairs,  and  the  management  of 
the  war. 

1758.  —  THIS  year  the  newspapers  in  New  York,  which  had 
previously  been  carried  by  the  mail  free,  were,  on  account  of  their 
"  great  increase,"    ordered  to  pay   nine   pence  a  year  for  fifty 
miles,  and  one  shilling  and  six  pence  for  one  hundred  miles. 


1758.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  251 

1758,  JUNE  12.  —  James  Franklin,  the  son  of  James,  established 
this  year  the  Newport  Mercury,  which  continued  clear  into  this 
century. 

James  Franklin  suddenly  left  Newport,  and  never  returned.  His  mother,  Mrs. 
Anne  Franklin,  carried  on  the  paper  until  her  daughter  married  Samuel  Hall,  who 
then  took  charge  of  it.  Subsequently  he  sold  out  to  Solomon  Southwick,  who 
discontinued  it  temporarily  in  1776,  lest  the  British  should  destroy  his  plant. 

1758,  JULY  4.  —  THE  filature  at  Savannah  was  burned. 

It  was  rebuilt  on  a  larger  scale  the  next  year.  During  the  next  eight  years 
nearly  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  cocoons  were  received  at  it,  chiefly  from 
the  Germans  at  Ebenezer. 

1758,  JULY  9.  —  The  attack  upon  Ticonderoga  by  the  English 
and  colonial  troops  was  repulsed,  with  a  loss  of  two  thousand 
killed  and  wounded. 

General  Abercrombie  was  in  command,  and  was  removed  for  the  defeat. 
Montcalm  commanded  the  defence.  Charles  Lee,  who  subsequently  served  in 
the  army  of  the  Revolution,  was  wounded. 

1758,  JULY  27.  —  Louisburg  surrendered  to  the  English. 

The  fleet,  under  Admiral  Boscawen,  consisted  of  thirty-seven  ships  of  war, 
and  the  army  of  ten  thousand  men  was  under  the  command  of  General  Amherst. 
The  place  was  defended  by  three  thousand  men  and  eleven  ships  of  war,  and  re- 
sisted a  siege  of  seven  weeks.  The  capitulation  included  Louisburg,  St.  John's 
(now  Prince  Edwards),  and  their  dependencies.  Henceforth  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  remained  English. 

1758,  AUGUST  8.  —  The  New  London  Summary  was  published 
at  New  London,  Connecticut. 

Its  publisher  was  Timothy  Green,  who  continued  it  until  his  death  in  1763, 
when  it  was  discontinued. 

1758.  —  THE  South   Carolina  and  American  General  Gazette, 
was  published  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
It  was  published  by  Robert  Wells. 

1758.  —  PRESIDENT  STILES,  of  Yale  College,  Connecticut,  began 
his  experiments  in  silk  culture. 

He  planted  three  mulberry  trees,  which  he  called  ABC.  He  was  one  of  the 
foremost  advocates  for  the  culture  of  silk  in  the  colonies,  and  kept  a  manuscript 
journal  upon  the  subject,  which  is  still  preserved  in  the  library  of  Yale  College. 

1758.  —  SILK  was  raised  this  year  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

1758.  —  MASSACHUSETTS  voted  seven  thousand  men;  Connec- 
ticut, five  thousand;  New  Hampshire  and  Rhode  Island,  each 
five  hundred ;  New  York,  two  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty ; 
New  Jersey,  a  thousand ;  Pennsylvania,  one  hundred  thousand 
pounds  for  enlisting  two  thousand  seven  hundred  men;  Virginia, 
two  thousand  men. 

To  meet  the  expenses    taxes  were  very  heavy,   and  a  bankrupt  law  was 


252  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1758-9. 

passed  in  Massachusetts,  but  disallowed  in  England.  The  colonial  officers  vrere 
recognized.  Large  re-enforcements  were  sent  from  England.  Abercrombie  had 
fifty  thousand  men  under  his  command,  of  whom  twenty-two  thousand  were  regulars. 
The  population  of  Canada,  fit  for  arms,  did  not  exceed  twenty  thousand,  and  the 
strain  upon  her  resources  had  been  such  that  there  was  almost  a  famine,  so  many 
men  had  been  taken  from  production.  France  could  give  no  assistance,  and  the 
regular  troops  in  Canada  amounted  only  to  four  or  five  thousand  men. 

1758,  AUGUST  27.  —  An  attack  by  the  colonial  troops  under 
Colonel  Bradstreet  upon  Fort  Frontenac  (now  Kingston)  was 
successful. 

Nine  armed  vessels  and  a  great  quantity  of  military  stores  were  captured,  and 
the  fort  was  destroyed.  Among  the  officers  who  served  in  the  attack  were  Wood- 
hull  and  Van  Schaick,  who  afterwards  served  in  the  Revolution. 

1758,  NOVEMBER  25.  —  A  detachment  of  the  expedition  against 
Fort  Du  Quesne  found  the  fort  deserted. 

A  garrison  of  Virginia  troops  was  left  to  hold  it,  and  the  name  was  changed 
to  Fort  Pitt.  Pittsburg  now  occupies  the  site.  Virginia  and  Maryland  were  re- 
lieved from  fear  of  the  Indians,  and  so  was  Pennsylvania,  the  proprietaries  of 
which  released  all  claims  to  the  country  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 

1758.  —  FORT  POWNALL  was  built  on  the  Penobscot,  to  keep 
the  eastern  Indians  in  check. 

1758.  —  GOVERNOR  DENNY,  of  Pennsylvania,  consented  to  an 
act,  in  which  the  proprietary  estates  were  included. 

He  was  voted  a  liberal  salary  by  the  assembly,  but  was  removed  from  the 
office  next  year  by  the  proprietaries. 

1758.  —  GEORGIA  was  this  year  divided  into  eight  parishes. 

1758.  —  FORT  SCHUYLER  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  Utica,  New  York. 

The  site  of  the  city  was  included  in  the  grant  called  Coely's  Manor,  made  in 
1734,  but  there  was  no  settlement  made,  and  in  1787  there  were  but  three  log- 
huts  in  the  place.  In  1813  it  had  only  1700  inhabitants,  and  not  until  the  opening 
of  the  Erie  Canal  did  the  town  begin  to  assume  any  importance. 

1758.  —  THE    first    sugar-mill   was  built  on  the   Mississippi 
River,  a  little   below   New   Orleans,  by   Mr.    Dubreuil   on   his 
plantation. 

1759,  FEBRUARY  16.  —  The  New  York  Gazette  was  issued  in 
New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  William  Weyman,  and  was  a  revival  of  Bradford's 
Gazette,  and  Parker's  Gazette  and  Post  Boy.  Parker  returned  and  became  a 
partner  with  Weyman.  In  1763  Parker  retired  from  the  firm  and  continued  the 
printing  business. 

1759.  —  BARNABY,  who  travelled  through  the  colonies,  wrote 
of  them :  "  Nothing  can  exceed  the  jealousy  and  emulation 
which  they  possess  in  regard  to  each  other.  The  inhabitants  of 


1759-60.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  253 

Pennsylvania  and  New  York  have  an  inexhaustible  source  of 
animosity  in  their  jealousy  for  the  trade  of  the  Jerseys.  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  and  Rhode  Island  are  not  less  interested  in  that  of 
Connecticut.  Were  they  left  to  themselves,  there  would  soon 
be  a  civil  war  from  one  end  of  the  continent  to  the  other." 

1759.  —  ON  the  7th  of  March  the  New  York  assembly  ordered 
"  that  the  members  of  New  York,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  be 
a  committee  of  correspondence,  to  correspond  with  the  agent  of 
this  colony  at  the  court." 

This  date  is  variously  given  as  the  7th  and  the  4th. 

1759.  —  ABOUT  this  year  the  manufacture  of  horn  combs  was 
commenced  by  Enock  Noyes,  of  West  Newbury,  Massachusetts. 

'  They  were  made  this  year  also  in  Philadelphia. 

1759.  —  Parliament  appropriated  two  hundred  thousand  pounds 
to  repay  the  colonies  for  their  war  expenses  the  year  before. 

1759,  JULY  25.  —  The  garrison  holding  the  fort  at  Niagara 
surrendered  to  the  colonial  forces. 

General  Prideaux,  in  command,  was  killed,  and  Sir  William  Johnson  assumed 
the  command. 

1759,  JULY  26.  —  Ticonderoga  surrendered  to  the  expedition 
under  General  Amherst. 

Crown  Point  was  found  deserted  by  the  garrison  a  few  days  afterwards.  The 
garrisons  had  been  weakened  to  aid  the  force  at  Quebec. 

1759,  SEPTEMBER  18.  —  Quebec  surrendered  to  the  expedition 
under  General  Wolfe. 

Both  Wolfe,  and  Montcalm,  the  French  commander,  were  killed.  The  army 
had  in  the  night  climbed  the  face  of  the  precipice  which  the  French  had  considered 
impassable. 

1760. — IN  May  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts  decreed  "fish- 
ing, being  advantageous,  and  likely  to  be  impaired  by  using  Tor- 
tudas  salt,  which  leaves  spots  on  fish  by  reason  of  shells  and  trash 
in  it,  that  no  fish  salted  with  Tortudas  salt,  and  thereby  spotted, 
shall  be  accounted  merchantable  fish." 

1760.  —  ABOUT  this  year  a  pottery  was  commenced  at  Camden 
South  Carolina,  by  an  Englishman  named  Bartlam. 

1760.  —  RUSSIAN  traders  landed  in  Alaska. 

1760.  —  PAPER-HANGINGS  and  carpets  were  advertised  for  sale 
in  New  York  city. 

1760. —  A  COMPANY  of  actors  from  England  performed  in  Wil- 
liamsburg.  Virginia. 

The  next  year  they  went  to  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  having  obtained  a 


254  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1760. 

license  to  act,  a  theatre  was  built  for  them.     The  manager  was  David  Douglass. 
The  company  afterwards  played  in  Providence. 

1760.  —  THE  assessors  this  year  reported  within  Philadelphia 
County  eighty-three  grist-mills  and  forty  saw-mills. 

1760.  —  THE  assembly  of  South  Carolina  voted  to  raise  a  thou- 
sand men,  for  defence  against  the  Indians. 

A  premium  of  twenty-five  pounds  was  offered  for  each  Indian  scalp.  North 
Carolina  offered  the  same  premium,  and  authorized  the  making  slaves  of  captive 
Indians. 

1760,  MAY.  — Yaudreuil,  the  governor- general  of  Canada,  made 
an  attempt  to  recover  Quebec. 

Murray,  commanding  the  garrison  at  Quebec,  moved  out  to  meet  the  French, 
and  was  defeated,  and  driven  back  and  besieged.  The  fortunate  arrival  of  some 
ships,  which  De  Leir,  the  commander  of  the  French,  supposed  was  the  expected 
English  fleet,  saved  the  city,  for  the  French  returned  to  Montreal. 

.1760,  AUGUST.  —  The  Cherokee  Indians  captured  Fort  Lou- 
doun. 

The  garrison  surrendered,  and  a  part  of  them  were  massacred,  the  rest  being 
detained  as  prisoners. 

1760,  AUGUST.  —  Francis  Bernard  succeeded  to  the  governor- 
ship of  Massachusetts. 

He  had  been  governor  of  New  Jersey. 

1760,  SEPTEMBER  9.  —  Montreal  surrendered  to  the  English. 

Three  expeditions  had  been  sent  against  it.  The  main  one,  under  General  Am- 
herst,  descended  from  Oswego  down  the  lake  and  the  St.  Lawrence;  another, 
under  General  Murray,  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  from  Quebec ;  and  a  third,  under 
Colonel  Haviland,  advanced  by  Lake  Champlain  from  Crown  Point.  The  united 
forces  amounted  to  nearly  twenty  thousand  men.  The  capitulation  embraced  not 
only  Montreal,  but  all  the  other  ports  of  Western  Canada.  The  regular  troops 
were  sent  to  France,  and  the  inhabitants  guaranteed  their  property  and  religion. 
Some  twenty  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of  bills  on  France,  much  of  which  had 
been  used  as  a  circulation,  was  still  outstanding,  and  very  little  of  it  was  ever 
obtained  by  the  holders. 

1760.  —  THOMAS  BOONE  was  appointed  governor  of  South 
Carolina. 

1760.  —  JOSEPH  HARDY  was  appointed  governor  of  New  Jersey. 

1760. — WILLIAM  BULL,  the  lieutenant-governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, succeeded  to  the  administration. 

He  was  a  native  of  the  province.  Littleton  had  been  transferred  to  the  gover- 
norship of  Jamaica. 

1760.  —  THE  assembly  of  Virginia  reduced  the  importation 
duty  on  slaves  to  ten  per  cent. 

It  had  been  raised  to  twenty.  The  argument  was  that  the  high  duty  lessened 
the  importation. 


1760-1.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  255 

1760.  —  THE  proprietaries  of  Pennsylvania  superseded  Deputy- 
Governor  Denny,  and  gave  Hamilton  the  place. 

They  petitioned  also  for  the  royal  veto  upon  seventeen  acts  the  assembly  had 
passed,  by  which  they  were  bound,  although  the  acts  were  contrary  to  their 
instructions.  The  case  was  heard  before  the  Board  of  Trade,  Franklin  appearing 
for  the  assembly.  Six  of  the  acts  were  disallowed,  but  the  right  to  tax  the  pro- 
prietary estates  was  sustained. 

1760.  —  CADWALLADER  GOLDEN  was  appointed  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  New  York. 

Delancey  had  died  suddenly. 

1760.  —  LIVERPOOL,  Queen's  County,  Nova  Scotia,  was  settled 
by  emigrants  from  Massachusetts. 

In  the  first  few  years  they  endured  great  hardships.  It  is  now  a  flourishing 
town,  carrying  on  a  large  fishery  of  salmon,  mackerel,  and  herring,  and  exporting 
vast  quantities  of  lumber.  Its  harbor  is  always  open. 

1761,  JUNE.  —  The  Cherokees  were  defeated  and  their  villages 
burned. 

The  Indians  sued  for  peace,  which  was  made  with  them.  Grant  had  been  sent 
with  a  highland  regiment,  and  his  force  was  increased  with  levies  in  Carolina.  Mid- 
dleton,  Moultrie,  Gadsden,  and  Marion,  who  served  subsequently  in  the  Revolution, 
took  part  in  this  campaign. 

1761,  OCTOBER.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  granted  per- 
mission to  a  lottery  for  making  a  passage  round  Pautucket  Falls. 

The  following  provision  is  noticeable  :  "So  that  fish  of  almost  every  kind,  who 
choose  fresh  water  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  may  pass  with  ease." 

1761.  —  IN  November,  James  Otis  of  Boston,  made  his  argu- 
ment on  writs  of  assistance. 

A  collector  of  the  city  had  applied  to  the  superior  court  of  Massachusetts  for 
"  a  writ  of  assistance,"  or  an  authorization  to  search  any  house  for  merchandise 
liable  to  duty,  and  the  grant  of  the  order  was  opposed  by  Otis.  The  writs  were 
granted. 

James  Otis  was  born  in  West  Barnstable,  Mass., February  5, 1725 ;  died,  in  Ando- 
ver,  May  23,  1783.  To  make  this  speech  he  resigned  his  office  of  advocate-general, 
refusing  to  argue  in  favor  of  the  writs  of  assistance.  In  1762  he  was  elected  to 
the  legislature.  In  June,  17G5,  he  introduced  the  motion  for  the  calling  of  a  con- 
gress from  the  several  colonies.  In  17G9,  finding  the  commissioners  of  customs 
had  sent  accusations  against  him  to  England,  he  denounced  them  in  the  Boston 
Gazette.  The  next  evening,  at  a  coffee-house,  Robinson,  one  of  the  commission- 
ers, struck  him  on  the  head.  In  1771  he  was  again  chosen  representative,  but 
from  the  time  of  his  encounter  with  Robinson  to  his  death  he  was  always  deranged, 
his  lucid  intervals  being  only  temporary.  He  was  struck  by  lightning  while  stand- 
ing in  the  doorway  of  the  house  where  he  lived  in  Andover. 

1761.  —  JAMES  ADAMS  set  up  a  press  this  year  in  Wilmington, 
Delaware. 

Adams  had  previously  had  a  press  in  Philadelphia.     In  1762  he  issued  pro- 


256  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1761-2. 

posals  for  the  Wilmington  Courant.    Before  his  arrival  the  printing  of  the  province 
was  done  in  Philadelphia. 

1761.  —  GENERAL  MONCTON  was  commissioned  as  governor  of 
New  York. 

He  sailed  with  a  fleet  against  the  French  in  the  West  Indies,  aided  by  colonial 
troops.  Generals  Montgomery,  Gates,  and  Lyman  served  in  this  expedition, 
which  was  successful  in  conquering  for  England  all  the  French  islands  in  the 
Caribbees. 

1762.  —  FAYETTEVILLE,  North  Carolina,  on  the  Cape  Fear  River, 
was  settled. 

In  1784  it  received  its  present  name,  being  known  before  as  Cross  Creek. 
In  1831  it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire,  and  a  subscription  was  taken  up  by  the 
people  of  the  whole  country  for  its  relief,  amounting  to  about  one  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  the  state,  and  exports  large  quan- 
tities of  lumber,  tar,  and  turpentine. 

1762.  —  HENRY  WILLIAM  STEIGEL,  a  German  baron,  laid  out  the 
village  of  Manheim,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  erected  iron- works  and 
glass-works. 

The  attempt  was  unsuccessful.  The  baron  sought  to  introduce  some  of  the 
customs  of  feudalism.  The  outbreak  of  the  war  stopped  his  receipt  of  money 
from  Europe.  The  glass-works  were  abandoned,  and  the  iron-works  were  sold  to 
a  Mr.  Coleman,  by  whom  they  were  successfully  carried  on. 

1762,  JANUARY  4.  —  England  declared  war  against  Spain. 

1762,  FEBRUARY  6.  —  Parliament  appropriated  one  hundred  and 
thirty-three  thousand  pounds  to  the  colonies  for  war  expenses. 

1762,  APRIL. — James  Rivington  established  in  New  York  the 
Royal  Gazette,  a  newspaper  in  support  of  the  royalist  principles. 

James  Rivington  was  a  London  bookseller,  who  settled  in  Philadelphia  in  17CO. 
The  next  year  he  moved  to  New  York,  and  began  business  there  with  branch  houses 
in  Boston  and  Philadelphia.  The  Royal  Gazette  claimed  at  one  time  to  have  a 
subscription  list  of  three  thousand.  Its  persistent  misrepresentations  of  the  popu- 
lar movement  of  the  Revolution  caused  it  to  be  called  Rivington's  Lying  Gazette 
by  the  patriots.  The  paper  was  first  called  Rivington's  New  York  Gazetteer,  or 
the  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  Hudson  River,  and  Quebec  Advertiser.  Its  office  was 
twice  sacked ;  once  by  the  Sons  of  Liberty,  and  the  second  time  by  the  Connec- 
ticut militia.  After  this,  Rivington  went  back  to  England,  obtained  the  appoint- 
ment as  the  king's  printer,  and,  returning,  reissued  his  paper,  changing  its  name 
to  Rivington's  Royal  Gazette.  When  the  Revolution  was  drawing  to  a  close,  he 
called  it  Rivington's  New  York  Gazette  and  Universal  Advertiser,  and  its  publi- 
cation ceased  in  1783.  Rivington  himself  died  in  1802,  at  the  age  of  78. 

1762,  JULY  30.  —  The  English  fleet  and  army  captured  the 
Moro  Castle  in  Cuba. 

Havana  surrendered  on  the  13th  of  August.  The  wealth  captured  was  esti- 
mated at  three  millions  of  pounds. 


1762.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  257 

1G72,  JULY.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an  act 
forbidding  theatrical  representations. 

1762.  —  WILLIAM  GODDARD  set  up  the  first  press  in  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  this  year.  He  commenced  this  year  the  issue  of 
the  Providence  Gazette  and  Country  Journal. 

William  Goddard  went  afterwards  to  Philadelphia,  and  later  to  Baltimore. 
For  about  two  years  the  Gazette  was  published  by  Sarah  Goddard  &  Co.,  the 
senior  partner  of  the  firm  being  his  mother,  and  the  Co.,  John  Carter,  who  was 
subsequently  the  proprietor. 

1762.  —  A  LAW  was  passed  in  Massachusetts  making  gold  a 
legal  tender  at  two  and  a  half  pence  silver  per  grain. 

It  had  previously  circulated  by  weight,  and  silver  was  the  general  currency. 
The  rate  for  gold  being  five  per  cent,  more  than  it  was  worth,  silver  was  ex- 
ported. 

1762.  —  PUBLIC  notice  was  given  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
that  the  spinning-school  was  again  opened  in  the  "  Manufacturing 
House,"  where  any  one  who  wished  might  come  to  learn,  gratis, 
and  after  three  months'  instruction  wouFd  be  paid  for  spinning. 

A  premium  of  eighteen  pounds  was  at  the  same  time  offered  for  the  four  best 
spinners. 

1762.  —  THE  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Arts, 
Manufactures,  and  Commerce,  in  London,  offered  premiums  for 
cocoons  raised  in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina. 

1762. — -AN  act  of  the  assembly  of  New  York  creating  two 
precincts,  authorizes  the  choice  of  "  one  precinct  clerk,  one 
supervisor,  two  assessors,  one  collector,  three  overseers  of  the 
poor,  three  fence  viewers,  one  pound  master,''  and  in  certain  con- 
tingencies, "  four  constables  and  six  overseers  of  the  highways." 

These  were  to  be  yearly  chosen  "by  the  majority  of  the  voices,  of  the  inhabit- 
ants "  assembled  in  town  meeting. 

1762. — WILLIAM  MOORE,  a  native  of  Ireland,  removed  from 
Delaware  to  Baltimore,  and  purchased  mill-sites  there.  The 
upper  ones  he  sold  to  Joseph  Ellicott  and  others,  who  built  a  mill 
"  opposite  the  site  of  the  jail." 

1762,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  By  the  treaty  of  Fontainebleau,  France 
surrendered  all  her  territorial  possessions  in  America. 

Canada  and  its  dependencies,  with  all  the  region  east  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
island  of  New  Orleans  excepted,  passed  to  England's  jurisdiction.  Spain  ceded 
to  England  Florida  in  exchange  for  Havana,  while  Louisiana  was  given  to  Spain. 
The  entire  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  was  to  be  free.  France  was  to  retain  all 
her  former  rights  in  the  fisheries  of  Newfoundland.  The  transfer  of  Louisiana 
was  very  distasteful  to  the  ten  thousand  inhabitants  it  contained,  and  it  was  six 
years  before  Spain  took  possession  of  the  country.  The  treaty  was  signed  Feb- 
ruary 10,  1763.  The  above  date  is  when  preliminary  articles  of  peace,  agreeing 
upon  an  armistice,  were  signed. 

17 


258  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1763. 

1763. — WYOMING  VALLEY,  Perm.,  which  had  been  purchased 
of  the  Delaware  Indians  in  1753,  by  an  association  called  the 
Susquehanna  Company,  formed  in  Connecticut,  was  first  settled. 

Soon  after,  the  settlement  was  attacked  by  the  Indians,  the  settlers  driven  away, 
and  for  some  years  the  valley  remained  uninhabited. 

1763.  —  ST.  Louis  was  occupied  as  a  trading  post  by  the 
brothers  August  and  Pierre  Chouteau,  traders  in  furs,  and  given 
its  present  name. 

Their  right  to  trade  was  granted  by  M.  D'Abadie,  then  director-general  of 
Louisiana,  in  1762,  and  the  company  of  which  the  brothers  were  the  leaders  built 
a  house  and  four  stores,  of  which  they  took  possession  February  13,  1764.  Their 
descendants  are  still  engaged  in  the  fur  trade  of  the  West  and  Southwest,  and 
Pierre  Chouteau  lived  in  St.  Louis  until  1849,  when  he  died,  aged  89.  St.  Louis 
was  granted  a  city  charter  in  1822,  at  which  time  it  had  about  five  thousand  inhab- 
itants. It  is  the  leading  city  of  the  West,  and  has  an  immense  trade  and  large 
manufacturing  interests. 

1763,  MARCH  26.  —  Parliament  appropriated  one  hundred  and 
thirty-three  thousand  pounds  for  the  American  colonies. 

1763,  JUNE  13.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  decreed  that 
silver  and  gold  should  be  the  only  legal  tender  for  contracts, 
except  by  special  agreement. 

It  also  fixed  the  values  at  which  the  paper  currency  should  circulate. 

1763.  —  ADMIRAL  COLVILL,  in  a  letter  from  Halifax,  dated  Oc- 
tober 22,  gave  notice  to  the  governor  of  Rhode  Island  that  the 
"  Squirril "  would  be  stationed  at  Newport  to  execute  the  revenue 
acts. 

Newport  was  then  one  of  the  chief  commercial  ports  of  the  country.  The 
newspapers  of  the  time  give  notice  of  the  arrival  of  other  vessels  at  various  ports 
for  the  same  purpose. 

The  Boston  Evening  Post,  November  21,  said:  "The  sugar  act  has  from  its 
first  publication  (1733)  been  adjudged  so  unnatural,  that  hardly  any  attempts  have 
been  made  to  carry  it  into  execution." 

Hutchinson  says:  "The  terms  Whig  and  Tory  had  never  been  much  used  in 
America,"  but  that  "  all  on  a  sudden  the  officers  of  the  crown,  and  such  as  were 
for  keeping  up  their  authority,  were  branded  with  the  name  of  Tories." 

1763,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  The  Gazette  was  published  in  New  Lon- 
don, Connecticut. 

Its  name  was  changed  in  1773  to  the  Connecticut  Gazette. 

1763,  DECEMBER  2.  —  A  synagogue  was  dedicated  in  Newport, 
Rhode  Island. 

1763. —  THE  mill-sites  on  the  Patapsco,  in  Maryland,  were 
occupied  for  corn-mills  by  Joseph  Ellicott  and  J.  &  H.  Burgess, 
from  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

1763.  — AN  act  of  parliament  prohibited  the  issue  of  bills  of 
credit  as  a  legal  tender. 


1763-4.]        ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  259 

1763.  —  BY  proclamation  three  new  provinces  were  created  in 
America. 

These  were  East  Florida,  West  Florida,  and  Quebec.  East  Florida  was 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  St.  Mary's  River,  the  territory  to  the  Altamaha 
being  annexed  to  Georgia.  West  Florida  was  bounded  by  the  Appalachicola,  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Mississippi,  and  Lakes  Pontchartrain  and  Maurepas.  The 
northern  line  was  the  thirty-first  degree  of  north  latitude,  which  was  afterwards 
extended  to  a  line  due  east  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo,  in  order  to  include 
Natchez  and  the  settlements  about  it.  Quebec  was  bounded  by  a  line  from  the 
southern  end  of  Lake  Nepissing,  striking  the  St.  Lawrence  at  the  forty-fifth  degree 
of  north  latitude,  and  following  that  parallel  to  the  head-waters  of  the  Connecti- 
cut, taking  in  a  part  of  Lake  Champlain ;  thence  along  the  highlands  dividing  the 
water-sheds  of  the  St.  Lawrence  from  those  that  fall  into  the  sea.  Lands  were 
given  the  discharged  soldiers,  and  all  private  purchases  from  the  Indians  were 
prohibited,  nor,  except  in  Florida  and  Quebec,  were  lands  to  be  taken  up  beyond ' 
the  head-waters  of  the  streams  flowing  into  the  Atlantic. 

1763.  —  A  SIMULTANEOUS  attack  was  made  by  the  Indians  along 
the  whole  frontier  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 

All  the  ports  in  the  western  country,  except  Niagara,  Detroit,  Fort  Pitt,  and 
Ligonier,  were  taken,  and  the  last  three  were  blockaded.  In  Pennsylvania  the 
excitement  produced  such  a  rage  against  the  Indians,  who  were  called  the  children 
of  Ham,  that  the  converts  of  the  Moravians  were  massacred,  and  a  mob  advanced 
to  Philadelphia  to  kill  such  as  had  escaped  there. 

1763.  —  THE  Cape  Fear  Gazette  and  Wilmington  Advertiser  was 
issued  at  Wilmington,  North  Carolina. 

It  was  published  by  Andrew  Stewart,  who  had  recently  established  a  printing- 
press  there.  It  lived  until  17G7. 

1763.  —  JAMES  JOHNSON,  a  Scotchman,  established  a  press  in 
Savannah,  Georgia. 

Before  this  the  public  printing  for  the  province  was  done  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina.  Johnson  was  made  the  public  printer  and  was  handsomely  paid  for  it. 
He  published  an  edition  of  the  Laws,  and  in  17C3,  on  the  17th  of  April,  com- 
menced the  Georgia  Gazette.  He  continued  this  paper  twenty-seven  years,  and 
before  the  Revolution  it  was  the  only  paper  in  the  province. 

1763.  —  THE  importations  of  British  manufactures  to  the  colo- 
nies of  America  amounted  to  fifteen  millions  of  dollars  this  year. 

1763.  —  MASON  and  Dixon,  two  surveyors,  engaged  to  run  the 
boundary  line  between  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  erected  an 
observatory  in  the  southern  part  of  Philadelphia. 

This  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  observatory  in  the  country. 

1764.  —  A  LETTER,  in   September,  from  Virginia,  shows  the 
public  feeling  of  the  time. 

It  says  :  "  The  acts  of  Parliament  have  made  such  impressions  on  the  minds  of 
the  northward  people,  and  the  men-of-war  so  strictly  enforce  them,  that  there  is  an 
entire  stagnation  of  trade.  Nothing  do  they  talk  of  but  their  own  manufactures ; 


260  ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1764. 

the  downfall  of  England  and  the  rise  of  America  is  sung  by  the  common  ballad- 
singers  about  the  streets,  as  if  in  a  little  time  we  should  supply  ourselves  with 
most  of  the  necessaries  we  used  before  to  take  from  England." 

Another  letter  from  Boston,  in  October,  says:  "The  practice  of  putting  on 
mourning  at  funerals  is  already  almost  abolished  in  this  town ;  the  new  method  of 
only  wearing  a  crape  tied  around  the  arm  is  introduced  in  several  of  the  neigh- 
boring towns,  and  it  is  to  be  wished  it  might  prevail  throughout  the  government ; 
the  saving  to  this  town  only,  it  is  judged,  would  be  twenty  thousand  pounds  per 
annum." 

The  first  funeral  conducted  without  mourning  and  gifts  was  that  of  Ellis  Cal- 
lender. 

1764.  —  IN  November,  the  "  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Arts, 
Agriculture,  and  Economy,"  was  organized  at  New  York  city. 

The  chief  object  of  the  society  was  stated  to  be  the  encouragement  of  the 
manufacture  of  linen,  thereby  increasing  the  value  of  land,  giving  employment  to 
the  poor,  and  saving  the  public  large  sums  of  money  and  heavy  debts  for  Eng- 
lish goods.  At  a  meeting  in  December,  committees  were  appointed  on  arts,  on 
agriculture,  on  economy,  and  on  correspondence.  Premiums  were  afterwards 
offered  for  linen  thread  and  cloth,  and  various  other  articles.  The  use  of  mourn- 
ing at  funerals  was  objected  to,  and  the  use  of  homespun  for  garments  became 
general. 

1764.  —  PARLIAMENT  extended  the  prohibition  of  the  issue  of 
paper  money  to  all  of  the  colonies. 

1764.  —  ROBERT  SANDEMAN  landed  at  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
from  Glasgow. 

He  was  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  Sandemanians. 

1764,  FEBRUARY  27.  —  Rhode  Island  College  was  incorporated 
by  the  Rhode  Island  assembly. 

It  is  now  known  as  Brown  University.  It  was  at  first  located  at  Warren,  but 
six  years  after  was  removed  to  Providence.  The  college  was  founded  by  the 
Philadelphia  Association  of  Baptist  Churches,  for  the  education  of  their  minis- 
ters. The  charter  expressly  forbids  the  use  of  religious  tests ;  of  the  thirty-six 
trustees,  twenty-two  must  be  Baptists,  and  five  Quakers,  five  Episcopalians,  and 
four  Congregationalists.  The  name  was  changed  in  honor  of  Nicholas  Brown,  of 
Providence,  who  was  a  generous  benefactor  to  the  college. 

1764,  MARCH  9.  —  Resolutions  were  passed  in  parliament  in 
favor  of  a  stamp  act. 

The  scheme  of  taxation  was  brought  forward  by  the  prime  minister,  Grenville. 
It  had  been  spoken  of  before,  and  news  of  the  intention  had  been  received  by  the 
colonies.  The  resolution  was  "  that  Parliament  had  a  right  to  tax  the  colonies," 
and  such  a  stamp  act  as  the  minister  proposed  was  recommended.  In  April  the 
"Sugar  act"  was  put  in  force,  reducing  one  half  the  duties  on  imported  sugar 
and  molasses,  and  levying  duties  on  coffee,  pimento,  French  and  East  India 
goods,  and  wines  from  Madeira  and  the  Azores,  and  adding  iron  and  lumber  to  the 
enumerated  articles.  The  preamble  described  it  as  an  act  for  "raising  a  revenue 
for  defraying  the  expenses  of  defending,  protecting  and  securing  his  majesty's 
dominions  in  America."  Increased  jurisdiction  was  given  the  colonial  admiralty 
courts,  for  the  collection  of  this  revenue. 


1764.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  261 

1764,  MARCH  24.  —  A  circular  letter  was  issued  by  the  Pres- 
byterians of  Philadelphia,  preparatory  to  the  organization  of  a 
synod. 

1764,  APRIL  19.  —  George  III.,  on  proroguing  parliament,  spoke 
of  the  "  wise  regulations  which  had  been  established  to  augment 
the  public  revenues,  to  unite  the  interests  of  the  most  distant 
possessions  of  the  crown,  and  to  encourage  and  secure  their  com- 
merce with  Great  Britain." 

1764,  MAY  24.  —  The  annual  town  meeting  was  held  at  Boston, 
and  protested  against  the  proposed  system  of  taxation  of  the 
colonies. 

A  set  of  instructions,  •written  by  Samuel  Adams  to  its  representatives  concern- 
ing their  course  in  the  next  meeting  of  general  court,  were  adopted.  They  closed 
with  saying :  "  As  his  majesty's  other  Northern  American  colonies  are  embarked 
with  us  in  this  most  important  bottom,  we  further  desire  you  to  use  your  endeav- 
ors, that  their  weight  may  be  added  to  that  of  this  province ;  that  by  the  united 
applications  of  all  who  are  aggrieved,  all  may  happily  obtain  redress."  These 
instructions  were  drawn  up  by  Samuel  Adams,  and  were  printed  in  the  papers  of 
the  day.  The  original,  in  Adams's  handwriting,  is  still  preserved  among  his 
papers. 

1764,  NOVEMBER  19.  —  The  Connecticut  Courant  was  issued  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut. 

A  specimen  number  was  issued  on  the  29th  of  October.  It  was  published  by 
Thomas  Green.  During  the  war  its  publisher  was  Ebenezer  Watson.  Various 
changes  in  its  proprietorship  have  occurred  in  its  existence  down  to  the  present 
time.  Green  was  a  grandson  of  Timothy  Green  of  New  London.  His  press  was 
the  first  in  Hartford,  and  the  Courant  the  third  newspaper  in  Connecticut. 

1764.  —  THE  first  medical  school  in  the  country  was  established 
at  Philadelphia. 

It  was  added  to  the  Pennsylvania  College.  Doctors  Shippen  and  Morgan,  both 
natives  of  the  province,  were  chiefly  instrumental  in  establishing  it. 

1764.  —  COPLEY  began  to  paint  portraits  in  Boston,  and  Benja- 
min West  in  New  York. 

1764.  —  FRANCIS  BERNARD,  in  his  Principles  of  Law  and  Polity, 
published  this  year  in  London,  spoke  of  the  advantage  of  unifying 
the  administration  of  the  colonies. 

Bernard  had  been  governor  of  New  Jersey,  and  was  governor  of  Massachusetts 
at  the  time  of  this  publication.  In  his  work  he  says:  "To  settle  the  American 
governments  to  the  greatest  possible  advantage,  it  will  be  necessary  to  reduce  the 
number  of  them ;  in  some  places  to  unite  and  consolidate ;  in  others  to  separate 
and  transfer ;  and  in  general  to  divide  by  natural  boundaries  instead  of  imaginary 
lines.  If  there  should  be  but  one  form  of  government  established  for  the  North- 
American  provinces,  it  would  greatly  facilitate  the  reformation  of  them.  .  .  . 
A  nobility,  appointed  by  the  king  for  life  and  made  independent,  would  probably 
give  strength  and  stability  to  the  American  governments  as  effectually  as  heredi- 
tary nobility  does  to  that  of  Great  Britain." 


262  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1764. 

1764.  —  A  PAMPHLET,  by  James  Otis,  entitled  TJie  Rights  of  the 
British  Colonies  asserted  and  proved,  was  published  in  Boston. 

This  pamphlet  was  reprinted  in  London.  It  held  that  in  theory,  civil  govern- 
ment was  of  God,  and  the  people  were  the  original  possessors  of  power ;  that  in 
fact  the  British  constitution  was  the  embodiment  of  power,  and  that  by  this  the 
colonies  enjoyed  the  right  of  governing  and  taxing  themselves  through  their  local 
legislatures.  The  English  reprint  was  thus  advertised  in  a  London  paper  :  "  As 
the  ministry  propose  to  tax  the  Americans,  this  excellent  treatise,  which  was 
lately  published  in  the  colonies  and  universally  approved  of  there,  is  highly  neces- 
sary for  the  perusal  of  the  members  of  both  Houses,  and  of  such  who  choose  to 
make  themselves  masters  of  an  argument  so  little  understood,  but  of  so  great 
consequence  to  every  British  subject  and  lover  of  constitutional  liberty."  The 
general  court  of  Massachusetts  accepted  it.  Pamphlets  against  the  proposed 
taxation  were  printed  in  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  Maryland,  and  Virginia. 

1764.  —  ON  the  30th  of  May  the  general  court  met.  James 
Otis  was  one  of  the  representatives  from  Boston,  and  his  pamphlet 
was  read  and  ordered  to  be  sent  to  the  agent  of  the  colony  at 
London. 

On  the  13th  of  June  it  was  "  ordered  that  Mr.  Otis,  Mr.  Thatcher,  Mr.  Cush- 
ing,  Capt.  Sheafe  and  Mr.  Gray  be  a  committee,  in  the  recess  of  the  court,  to 
write  to  the  other  governments,  to  acquaint  them  with  the  instructions  this  day 
voted  to  be  sent  to  the  agent  of  this  province,  directing  him  to  use  his  endeavors 
to  obtain  a  repeal  of  the  Sugar  act,  and  to  exert  himself  to  prevent  a  stamp  act, 
or  any  other  impositions  and  taxes  upon  this  and  the  other  American  provinces, 
and  that  the  said  committee,  in  the  name  and  behalf  of  this  House,  desire  the 
several  assemblies  on  this  continent  to  join  with  them  in  the  same  measures." 

1764.  —  THE  colony  of  Ehode  Island  remonstrated  to  the  Lords 
of  Trade  against  the  Sugar  Act. 

The  remonstrance  was  dated  January  24.  Their  agent  was  directed  to  present 
it,  provided  any  three  of  the  agents  of  the  other  colonies  would  unite  with  him. 

1,764.  — ON  the  30th  of  July  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island 
elected  a  committee  to  correspond  with  the  assemblies  of  the 
other  colonies. 

This  committee  consisted  of  Stephen  Hopkins,  the  governor,  who  was  its  chair- 
man, Daniel  Jenckes,  and  Mr.  Nicholas  Brown.  They  addressed  a  letter  to 
Benjamin  Franklin,  who  was  then  the  speaker  of  the  Pennsylvania  assembly. 
A  pamphlet,  by  Stephen  Hopkins,  on  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  was  reprinted  in 
New  York. 

1764. — ON  the  18th  of  October  the  assembly  of  New  York 
ordered  their  committee  of  correspondence  to  correspond  with 
the  several  assemblies,  or  committees  of  assemblies,  on  this  con- 
tinent. 

The  assembly  issued  an  address  to  Lieutenant-Governor  Golden,  which  was 
written  by  Philip  Livingston. 

1764.  —  THE  assemblies  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia,  sent  petitions 


1764-5.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  263 

and  remonstrances  against  the  proposed  stamp  act,  and  directed 
their  agents  in  London  to  act  together. 

The  petition  to  the  king  and  the  memorial  to  the  Lords,  from  Virginia,  was 
written  by  Richard  Henry  Lee,  and  the  memorial  to  the  Commons  by  George 
Wythe. 

1764.  —  THE  assembly  of  North  Carolina  elected  a  committee 
to  express  their  agreement  with  the  views  of  the  circular  letter 
from  Massachusetts. 

1764.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  sent  Franklin  to  Eng- 
land as  their  agent,  to  solicit  the  abrogation  of  the  proprietary 
government,  and  the  establishment  of  a  royal  one  in  the  province. 

Before  he  left,  they  instructed  him  also  to  oppose  the  proposed  taxation  of  the 
colonies. 

1764.  —  JOHN  BKOWN,  from  New  Jersey,  established  a  pottery 
at  Baltimore. 

He  had  learned  the  trade  at  Wilmington,  Delaware.  The  town  then  contained 
fifty  houses. 

1764.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  begun  at  Fort  Pitt. 

Emigration  began  to  push  out  all  through  the  western  territory.  The  territory 
in  which  Fort  Pitt  was  situated  was  claimed  both  by  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania. 
On  application  of  Governor  Golden,  of  New  York,  a  royal  order  had  been  issued 
declaring  the  Connecticut  to  be  the  boundary  between  New  York  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, but  Wentworth,  the  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  had  granted  lands  now  in 
the  limits  of  Vermont.  Throughout  the  south  emigration  increased,  and  in  East 
and  West  Florida  and  Louisiana,  pioneers  began  to  penetrate. 

1764-5.  —  HUGH  GAINE  printed  the  Notes  and  Proceedings  of 
the  House  of  Assembly  of  New  York  from  1691  to  1765,  in  two 
volumes  folio,  of  one  thousand  pages  each. 

1765,  MARCH.  — The  Stamp  Act  received  the  royal  assent. 

By  this  a  duty  of  one  halfpenny  was  imposed  on  all  pamphlets  and  newspapers, 
which  were,  after  November,  to  be  printed  on  stamped  paper.  On  a  publication 
not  exceeding  six  sheets,  the  tax  was  two  shillings ;  on  all  advertisements,  two 
shillings ;  on  all  almanacs,  two  pence  a  year,  if  on  one  side  of  a  sheet,  and  four 
pence  on  all  others. 

The  act  was  generally  disregarded,  especially  in  New  England.  Newspapers 
were  printed,  and  legal  documents  were  executed,  on  common  paper  as  before. 
Stamps  were  also  required  for  legal  documents,  but  the  judges  generally  con- 
tinued the  cases  before  them  without  noticing  the  want  of  stamps. 

1765,  APRIL  29.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  contained  the  follow- 
ing:— 

"  Whose  natural  right  is  infringed  by  the  erection  of  an  American  wind  mill,  or 
the  occupation  of  a  water  mill  on  a  man's  own  land,  provided  he  does  not  flood  his 
neighbours?  ...  A  colonist  cannot  make  a  button,  a  horse  shoe,  nor  a  hob  nail, 
but  some  sooty  iron  monger  or  respectable  button  maker  of  Britain  shall  bawl  and 
squall  that  his  honor's  worship  is  most  egregiously  maltreated,  injured,  cheated 
and  robbed  by  the  rascally  American  republicans." 


264  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1765. 

1765,  MAY  27.  —  The  Boston  Post  Boy  and  Advertiser  printed 
a  letter  from  Jared  Ingersoll,  of  Connecticut,  dated  New  London, 
May  10,  1765,  containing  his  report  of  Isaac  Barrd's  speech 
against  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

Mr.  Ingersoll  was  present  at  its  delivery.  He  printed  a  pamphlet,  entitled  J/r. 
IngersolVs  Letters  relating  to  the  Stamp  Act,  the  preface  to  which  was  dated  New 
Haven,  June  15,  176(5.  The  version,  as  first  printed,  is  as  follows  :  "  Mr.  Charles 
Townshend  spoke  in  favor  of  the  bill  (stamp  duty),  and  concluded  his  speech  by 
saying  to  the  following  effect:  'These  children  of  our  own  planting  (speaking  of 
Americans),  nourished  by  our  indulgence  until  they  are  grown  to  a  good  degree 
of  strength  and  opulence,  and  protected  by  our  arms,  will  they  grudge  to  con- 
tribute their  mite  to  relieve  us  from  the  heavy  load  of  national  expense  which  we 
lie  under? ' 

"Which  having  said  and  sat  down,  Mr.  Barr6  arose,  and,  with  eyes  darting 
fire  and  an  outstretched  arm,  spoke  as  follows,  with  a  voice  somewhat  elevated 
and  with  a  sternness  in  his  countenance  which  expressed  in  a  most  lively  manner 
the  feelings  of  his  heart :  '  Children  planted  by  your  care  ?  No !  Your  oppres- 
sion planted  them  in  America;  they  fled  from  your  tyranny  into  a  then  unculti- 
vated land,  where  they  were  exposed  to  almost  all  the  hardships  to  which  human 
nature  is  liable,  and  among  others,  to  the  savage  cruelty  of  the  enemy  of  the 
country,  —  a  people  the  most  subtle,  and,  I  take  upon  me  to  say,  the  most  truly 
terrible  of  any  people  that  ever  inhabited  any  part  of  God's  earth ;  and  yet  actu- 
ated by  principles  of  true  English  liberty,  they  met  all  these  hardships  with  pleas- 
ure, compared  with  those  they  suffered  in  their  own  country  from  the  hands  of 
those  that  should  have  been  their  friends. 

"  «  They  nourished  by  your  indulgence?  They  grew  by  your  neglect  of  them. 
As  soon  as  you  began  to  care  about  them,  that  care  was  exercised  in  sending  per- 
sons to  rule  over  them,  in  one  department  and  another,  who  were  perhaps  the 
deputies  of  some  deputy  of  members  of  this  House,  sent  to  spy  out  their  liberty, 
to  misrepresent  their  actions,  and  to  prey  upon  them,  —  men  whose  behavior,  on 
many  occasions,  has  caused  the  blood  of  these  Sons  of  Liberty  to  recoil  within 
them,  —  men  promoted  to  the  highest  seats  of  justice :  some,  to  my  knowledge, 
were  glad  by  going  to  a  foreign  country  to  escape  being  brought  to  a  bar  of  Justine 
in  their  own. 

"  'They  protected  by  your  arms?  They  have  nobly  taken  up  arms  in  your 
defence,  have  exerted  their  valor,  amidst  their  constant  and  laborious  industry, 
for  the  defence  of  a  country  whose  frontiers,  while  drenched  in  blood,  its  interior 
parts  have  yielded  all  its  little  savings  to  your  enlargement;  and,  believe  me,  — 
remember  I  this  day  told  you  so,  —  that  the  same  spirit  which  actuated  that  people 
at  first  will  continue  with  them  still ;  but  prudence  forbids  me  to  explain  myself 
any  further.  God  knows,  I  do  not  at  this  time  speak  from  motives  of  party  heat. 
What  I  deliver  are  the  genuine  sentiments  of  my  heart :  however  superior  to  me 
in  general  knowledge  and  experience  the  respectable  body  of  this  House  may  be, 
yet  I  claim  to  know  more  of  America  than  most  of  you,  having  seen  and  been 
conversant  in  that  country.  The  people  there  are  as  truly  loyal,  I  believe,  as  any 
subjects  the  king  has ;  but  a  people  jealous  of  their  liberties,  and  who  will  vindi- 
cate them,  if  they  should  be  violated.  But  the  subject  is  too  delicate.  I  will  say 
no  more.' " 

It  was  the  general  publication  of  Barre's  speech  which  gave  rise  to  the  term, 
"  Sons  of  Liberty,"  which  became  general  throughout  the  colonies. 

1765,  MAY  29.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  met,  and,  on 


1765.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  265 

the  6th  of  June,  appointed  a  committee  of  nine  to  consider  the 
state  of  public  affairs.  The  committee  reported,  advising  a 
congress  of  delegates  from  the  various  assemblies,  which  was 
adopted  on  the  8th.  On  the  24th  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
prepare  instructions  for  the  delegates  and  a  letter  to  the  agent. 
On  the  25th  the  house  ordered  "  all  the  proceedings  relative  to 
sending  a  committee  to  New  York  to  be  printed  in  this  day's 
journals." 

The  delegates  selected  were  James  Otis,  Oliver  Partridge,  and  Timothy  Rug- 
gles.  The  committee  to  consider  the  state  of  public  affairs  were  Samuel  White 
(the  speaker  of  the  house),  Brigadier  Ruggles,  Colonel  Partridge,  Colonel 
Worthington,  General  Winslow,  Mr.  Otis,  Mr.  Gushing,  Colonel  Saltonstall,  and 
Captain  Sheafe.  The  circular  sent  to  the  assemblies  was  as  follows  :  — 

"BOSTON,  June  8,  17G5. 

"  SIR:  —  The  House  of  Representatives  of  this  province,  in  the  present  session 
of  General  Court,  have  unanimously  agreed  to  propose  a  meeting,  as  soon  as  may  be, 
of  committees  from  the  houses  of  representatives  or  burgesses  of  the  several  British 
colonies,  on  this  continent,  to  consult  together  on  the  present  circumstances  of  the 
colonies,  and  the  difficulties  to  which  they  are  and  must  be  reduced  by  the  operation 
of  acts  of  parliament  for  levying  duties  and  taxes  on  the  colonies,  and  to  consider  of 
a  general  and  united,  dutiful,  loyal  and  humble  representation  of  their  condition  to 
his  majesty  and  to  the  parliament  and  to  implore  relief.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  this  province  have  also  voted  to  propose,  that  such  meeting  be  at  the 
city  of  New  York,  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  October  next,  and  have  appointed  the 
committee  of  three  of  their  members  to  attend  that  service,  with  such  as  the  other 
houses  of  representatives  or  burgesses,  in  the  several  colonies,  may  think  fit  to 
appoint  to  meet  them;  and  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  this 
province  are  directed  to  repair  to  the  said  New  York,  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  Oc- 
tober next,  accordingly ;  if  therefore  your  Honorable  House  should  agree  to  this 
proposal,  it  would  be  acceptable  that  as  early  notice  of  it  as  possible  might  be 
transmitted  to  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  this  Province. 

"  SAMUEL  WHIIE,  Speaker." 

1765,  MAY  30.  —  The  Virginia  house  of  burgesses  accepted  a 
series  of  resolutions  offered  by  Patrick  Henry. 

This  was  Patrick  Henry's  first  appearance  as  a  member  of  the  house.  He  had 
been  elected  in  May,  while  the  house  was  in  session,  by  the  people  of  Louisa 
County,  to  fill  a  vacancy.  The  resolutions  were  written  three  days  before  the 
close  of  the  session  upon  the  blank  leaf  of  a  law-book.  They  were  seconded  by 
Mr.  Johnston,  and  opposed  by  Bland,  Pendleton,  Randolph,  and  Weythe  on  the 
ground  that  the  burgesses  had  expressed  the  same  views  in  a  more  conciliatory 
way.  During  the  debate  upon  them,  Henry  in  speaking  said:  "Tarquin  and 
Caesar  had  each  a  Brutus ;  Charles  the  First  his  Cromwell ;  and  George  the 
Third  "  —  then  paused.  The  speaker  cried  "  Treason !  "  and  the  cry  was  repeated 
on  the  floor  of  the  house.  Henry,  fixing  his  eye  on  the  speaker,  continued —  "  may 
profit  by  their  example."  Only  four  of  the  resolutions  appear  on  the  journal  of 
the  house,  the  governor  having  dissolved  the  assembly  before  the  others  were 
entered.  In  Wirt's  Life  of  Henry,  the  resolves  are  printed  from  a  copy  in  Henry's 
handwriting.  It  differs  from  them  as  they  were  printed  in  the  newspapers  of  the 
time.  Frothingham  gives  them  thus  from  the  Boston  Gazette:  "Whereas  the 


266  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  [1765. 

Hon.  House  of  Commons,  in  England,  have  of  late  drawn  into  question  how  far 
the  General  Assembly  of  this  colony  hath  power  to  enact  laws  for  laying  of  taxes 
and  imposing  duties,  payable  by  the  people  of  this  his  majesty's  most  ancient  col- 
ony ;  for  settling  and  ascertaining  the  same  to  all  future  times,  the  House  of  Bur- 
gesaes  of  tliis  present  General  Assembly  have  come  to  the  following  resolves  :  — 

"  Resolved,  That  the  first  adventurers,  settlers  of  this  his  majesty's  colony  and 
dominions  of  Virginia,  brought  with  them  and  transmitted  to  their  posterity,  and 
all  other  his  majesty's  subjects  since  inhabiting  in  this  his  majesty's  colony,  all 
the' privileges  and  immunities  that  have  at  any  time  been  held,  enjoyed  and  pos- 
sessed by  the  people  of  Great  Britain. 

"  Resolved,  That  by  two  royal  charters,  granted  by  King  James  the  First,  tin 
colony  aforesaid  are  declared  and  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of 
natural-born  subjects,  to  all  intents  and  purposes  as  if  they  had  been  abiding  and 
born  within  the  realm  of  England. 

"  Resolved,  That  his  majesty's  liege  people  of  this  ancient  colony  have  enjoyed 
the  right  of  being  thus  governed  by  their  own  assembly  in  the  article  of  taxes  and 
internal  police,  and  that  the  same  have  never  been  forfeited,  or  any  other  way 
yielded  up,  but  have  been  constantly  recognized  by  the  king  and  people  of  Great 
Britain. 

"  Resolved,  therefore,  That  the  General  Assembly  of  this  colony,  together  with 
his  majesty  or  his  substitutes,  have,  in  their  representative  capacity,  the  only  ex- 
clusive right  and  power  to  lay  taxes  and  imposts  upon  the  inhabitants  of  this  col- 
ony ;  and  that  every  attempt  to  vest  such  power  in  any  other  person  or  persons 
whatever  than  the  General  Assembly  aforesaid,  is  illegal,  unconstitutional,  and 
unjust,  and  has  a  manifest  tendency  to  destroy  British  as  well  as  American 
liberty. 

"  Resolved,  That  his  majesty's  liege  people,  the  inhabitants  of  this  colony,  are 
not  bound  to  yield  obedience  to  any  law  or  ordinance  whatever,  designed  to  im- 
pose any  taxation  whatsoever  upon  them,  other  than  the  laws  or  ordinances  of  the 
General  Assembly  aforesaid. 

"  Resolved,  That  any  person  who  shall,  by  speaking  or  writing,  assert  or  main- 
tain that  any  person  or  persons,  other  than  the  General  Assembly  of  this  colony, 
have  any  right  or  power  to  impose  or  lay  any  taxation  on  the  people  here,  shall  be 
deemed  an  enemy  to  his  majesty's  colony." 

1765,  JUNE  4.  —  The  boat  of  the  Maidstone,  an  English  naval 
ship,  was  burned  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  by  a  crowd,  who 
were  indignant  at  the  constant  impressment  of  sailors  by  her 
crew. 

She  was  burned  in  the  evening,  the  crew  of  a  ship  just  arrived  from  Africa 
having  been  all  impressed  that  afternoon. 

1765,  JUNE  20.  —  The  New  Jersey  assembly  replied  to  the  cir- 
cular letter  from  the  house  of  representatives  of  Massachusetts 
that  they  were  "  unanimously  against  uniting  on  the  present 
occasion.''  The  letter  was  written  by  the  speaker  of  the  as- 
sembly. 

1765,  AUGUST  2.  —  Delegates  to  attend  the  congress  at  New 
York  were  appointed  by  the  assembly  of  South  Carolina. 

Much  of  the  credit  for  this  action  belongs  to  Christopher  Gadsden,  who  strongly 
advocated  the  measure. 


1765.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMEEICA.  267 

1765,  AUGUST  13.  —  The  town  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  in 
a  town  meeting,  instructed  their  representatives  to  use  their 
utmost  endeavors  to  have  delegates  appointed  to  attend  the 
congress  in  New  York,  to  meet  those  from  the  other  colonies,  as 
proposed  by  Massachusetts,  and  also  to  procure  the  passage  of  a 
set  of  resolves  incorporating  the  substance  of  those  issued  by  the 
assembly  of  Virginia. 

1765,  AUGUST  14.  —  A  popular  demonstration  of  resistance  oc- 
curred in  Boston/  Massachusetts. 

Great  numbers  gathered  under  the  large  elm  upon  the  Common,  which  was 
known  afterwards  as  The  Liberty  Tree,  and  marched  through  the  streets.  The 
watchwords,  Liberty,  Property,  and  No  Stamps,  began  to  be  generally  used.  The 
stamp  distributers  were,  in  many  instances,  forced  to  unite  with  the  people  in  this 
cry ;  and  the  newspapers,  in  instances,  printed  them  at  the  head  of  their  sheets. 
Such  popular  uprisings  spread  over  the  country  :  one  took  place  in  Norwich,  Au- 
gust 21 ;  in  New  London,  the  22d ;  in  Providence,  the  24th ;  in  Lebanon,  the  2Cth ; 
in  Newport,  the  27th;  in  Windham,  the  27th;  in  Annapolis,  the  29th;  at  Elk 
Kidge,  the  30th ;  in  New  Haven,  September  6 ;  Portsmouth,  the  12th ;  Dover,  the 
13th;  Philadelphia,  October  5 ;  in  New  York,  November  1.  In  some  cases  vio- 
lence was  done.  In  Boston,  on  the  2Gth  of  August,  the  house  of  Hutchinson  was 
Backed ;  at  Newport,  on  the  27th  of  August,  at  Annapolis  on  the  29th,  and  in  New 
York  on  the  llth  of  November,  houses  were  damaged,  but,  as  a  general  thing, 
the  manifestations  were  peaceful.  August  14  was  for  some  time  observed  in  Bos- 
ton by  the  Sons  of  Liberty  as  an  anniversary. 

1765,  AUGUST  15. — A  mob  in  Boston  attacked  the  house  of 
Oliver,  the  stamp  distributer,  and  forced  him  to  resign. 

1765,  AUGUST  26.  — In  Boston  the  crowd  plundered  the  houses 
of  Lieutenant- Governor  Hutchinson,  and  of  the  admiralty  and 
revenue  officers. 

1765,  AUGUST  28.  —  At  Newport  the  crowd  sacked  the  houses 
of  three  obnoxious  citizens,  who  took  refuge  on  the  sloop-of-war 
Cygnet,  lying  in  the  harbor. 

The  custom-house  officers  closed  the  custom-house,  and  took  refuge  on  the 
Cygnet. 

1765,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  a  series 
of  resolutions  asserting  the  right  of  the  people  of  the  colony  to 
be  taxed  only  by  their  assembly. 

The  third  and  fourth  of  these  resolutions  read  as  follows :  — 
8.  "  This  His  Majesty's  liege  people  of  this  Colony  have  enjoyed  the  right  of 
being  governed  by  their  own  assembly  in  the  article  of  taxes  and  internal  police ; 
and  that  the  same  hath  never  been  forfeited  or  any  other  way  yielded  up,  but  hath 
been  constantly  recognized  by  the  King  and  People  of  Great  Britain." 

4.  "  That,  therefore,  the  General  Assembly  of  this  Colony  have,  in  their  rep- 
resentative capacity,  the  Only  exclusive  Right  to  lay  taxes  and  imposts  upon  the 
Inhabitants  of  this  Colony ;  and  that  every  attempt  to  vest  such  power  in  any  Per- 
son or  Persons  whatever,  other  than  the  General  Assembly  aforesaid,  is  unconsti- 
tutional, and  hath  a  manifest  tendency  to  destroy  the  Liberties  of  the  People  of  this 
Colony." 


268  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1765. 

1765,  SEPTEMBER  3.  —  General  Gage,  commanding  the  British 
forces  in  New  York,  wrote  to  Lord  Conway  that  the  Virginia 
resolves  gave  the  signal  for  a  general  outcry  over  the  continent. 

1765,  SEPTEMBER  21.  —  Tlie  Constitutional  Courant  was  issued 
and  sold  in  New  York. 

Only  a  single  number  was  issued.  It  is  said  to  have  been  printed  at  Burling- 
ton, New  Jersey,  by  William  Goddard,  who  printed  in  various  places.  The  sheet 
bore  the  imprint  "  by  Andrew  Marvel,  at  the  sign  of  the  Bribe  refused,  on  Con- 
stitution Hill,  North  America."  It  contained  an  address  by  "  Andrew  Marvel," 
and  two  editorials.  It  was  headed  with  a  cut  of  a  snake  divided,  with  the  motto 
"Join  or  die."  It  produced  a  sensation  in  New  York,  and  the  council  consid- 
ered it. 

1765,  OCTOBER  7.  —  The  congress  met  at  the  city  hall  in  New 
York.  There  were  twenty-eight  delegates  from  nine  of  the  col- 
onies ;  four  of  the  colonies  did  not  send  delegates,  though  ex- 
pressing their  sympathy  with  the  movement. 

New  York  at  this  time  was  the  seat  of  the  opposition  to  the  movement  of  the  colo- 
nies. It  was  the  headquarters  of  the  British  military  force  commanded  by  General 
Gage,  who  had  the  powers  of  a  viceroy.  Ships  of  war  were  in  the  harbor,  and  a 
heavily  armed  fort  was  in  the  city.  The  lieutenant-governor,  Golden,  was  deter- 
mined to  execute  the  law.  He  said  to  the  delegates  from  Massachusetts,  when 
they  called  upon  him,  that  there  was  no  precedent  for  the  congress,  that  it  was 
unconstitutional,  and  he  should  give  it  no  countenance.  The  Sons  of  Liberty 
were,  however,  very  determined  and  very  enthusiastic  in  the  city,  and  party  feel- 
ing ran  very  high.  The  congress  consisted  of  the  following  delegates  :  — 

From  Massachusetts:  James  Otis,  Oliver  Partridge,  and  Timothy  Ruggles. 
They  bore  a  commission  signed  by  the  speaker  of  the  assembly,  Samuel  White. 

Rhode  Island :  Metcalf  Bowler  and  Henry  Ward.  They  bore  a  commission 
signed  by  the  governor,'  Samuel  Ward. 

Connecticut :  Eliphalet  Dyer,  David  Rowland,  and  William  S.  Johnson.  They 
had  a  copy  of  the  vote  of  the  assembly  electing  them,  September  19,  and  instruc- 
tions from  the  governor,  Thomas  Fitch. 

New  York :  Robert  R.  Livingston,  John  Cruger,  Philip  Livingston,  William 
Bayard,  Leonard  Lespinward.  They  bore  certified  copies  of  the  votes  constituting 
the  "members  of  New  York"  and  "  Robert  R.  Livingston"  a  "committee  of  cor- 
respondence." 

New  Jersey :  Robert  Ogden,  Hendrick  Fisher,  and  Joseph  Borden.  They  bore 
a  certificate  signed  John  Lawrence,  that  they  were  designated,  October  3,  by  "a 
large  number  of  the  representatives." 

Pennsylvania :  John  Dickenson,  John  Morton,  George  Bryan.  They  bore  in- 
structions signed  by  Charles  Moore,  clerk  of  the  assembly.  They  were  elected 
September  11. 

Delaware  :  Thomas  McKean  and  Czesar  Rodney.  They  were  informally  desig- 
nated by  fifteen  out  of  the  eighteen  members  of  the  assembly,  and  bore  three 
instruments,  dated  September  13,  17,  and  20,  and  signed  by  the  members  from 
the  counties  of  Newcastle,  Kent,  and  Sussex. 

Maryland :  William  Murdock,  Edward  Tilghman,  and  Thomas  Ringgold.  They 
were  chosen  in  October,  and  bore  a  commission  signed  by  the  speaker,  Robert 
Lloyd. 


1765.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  269 

South  Carolina:  Thomas  Lynch,  Christopher  Gadsden,  and  John  Rutledge. 
They  were  chosen  August  2,  and  bore  a  certificate  of  their  election  signed  by  the 
speaker,  Edward  Rawlins. 

New  Hampshire  sent  a  letter,  dated  June  29,  and  signed  by  the  clerk  of  the 
assembly,  A.  Clarkson,  approving  of  the  congress,  and  promising  to  join  in  any 
address  they  might  be  honored  with  the  knowledge  of. 

Georgia  sent  a  letter,  dated  September  G,  signed  Alexander  Wylly,  written  in 
behalf  of  sixteen  out  of  the  twenty-five  members  of  the  assembly,  stating  that  the 
governor  would  not  call  the  assembly  together,  but  expressing  sympathy  with  the 
objects  of  the  congress,  and  promising  to  concur  with  its  action.  These  letters 
were  addressed  to  the  speaker  of  the  Massachusetts  assembly. 

Virginia  sent  no  delegates,  the  assembly  having  been  dismissed. 

1765,  OCTOBER  25.  —  The  congress  at  New  York  adjourned. 

The  clerk  was  directed  to  make  a  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  the  congress  for 
the  use  of  each  one  of  the  colonies.  Two  sets  were  sent  to  England  in  separate 
vessels.  The  newspapers  of  the  time  printed  portions  of  them,  and  they  were 
partly  reprinted  in  London.  Niles'  Register  for  July  25,  1812,  contains  them  in 
full,  with  the  documents.  They  were  printed  here  from  a  manuscript  copy  attested 
by  the  secretary,  John  Cotton,  which  was  found  among  the  papers  left  by  Cajsar 
Rodney.  Niles  reprinted  them  in  1822  in  his  Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. During  its  session  the  congress,  on  the  25th  of  October,  resolved:  "That 
the  gentlemen  from  Massachusetts  Bay  be  requested  to  send  a  copy  thereof  to  the 
colony  of  New  Hampshire ;  and  the  gentlemen  of  South  Carolina  to  Georgia  and 
North  Carolina."  Though  Virginia  was  not  represented,  it  appears  from  the 
"Journal"  that  she  was  considered  to  concur  in  the  action  of  the  congress. 
During  its  session  the  congress  considered  the  rights,  privileges,  and  grievances 
of  the  "British-American  colonies,"  and,  after  eleven  days'  debate,  agreed,  each 
colony  having  one  vote,  upon  a  declaration,  consisting  of  a  preamble  and  fourteen 
resolutions,  in  which  they  claimed  to  be  loyal,  and  to  have  all  the  rights  of  Eng- 
lishmen born.  That  taxes  could  not  be  imposed  upon  them  without  their  consent, 
and  that  the  colonies  could  not  be  represented  except  in  their  respective  legisla- 
tures, and  no  taxes  be  imposed  constitutionally  upon  them  except  by  these  bodies. 
The  trial  by  jury  they  declared  to  be  the  inherent  right  of  every  British  subject, 
and  arraigned  parliament  for  a  manifest  tendency  to  subvert  the  rights  and  liber- 
ties of  the  people.  An  address  to  his  Majesty,  a  memorial  to  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  a  petition  to  the  House  of  Commons,  were  also  prepared,  and  ordered  to  be 
engrossed.  The  committee  on  the  address  to  the  king  were  Robert  R.  Livingston, 
William  Samuel  Johnson,  and  William  Murdock ;  on  the  memorial  to  the  House 
of  Lords,  John  Rutledge,  Edward  Tilghman,  and  Philip  Livingston;  on  the  peti- 
tion to  the  House  of  Commons,  Thomas  Lynch,  James  Otis,  and  Thomas  McKcan. 
During  the  debates,  Christopher  Gadsden,  objecting  to  petitioning  parliament, 
said:  "  A  confirmation  of  our  essential  and  common  rights  as  Englishmen  may 
be  pleaded  from  charters  safely  enough ;  but  any  further  dependence  upon  them 
may  be  fatal.  We  should  stand  upon  the  broad,  common  ground  of  those  natural 
rights  that  we  all  feel  and  know  as  men  and  as  descendants  of  Englishmen.  I 
wish  the  charters  may  not  ensnare  us  at  last,  by  drawing  different  colonies  to  act 
differently  in  this  great  cause.  Whenever  that  is  the  case,  all  will  be  over  with 
the  whole.  There  ought  to  be  no  New  England  man,  no  New  Yorker,  known  on 
the  continent;  but  all  of  us  Americans."  All  the  delegates  present  from  six  of 
the  colonies,  except  Timothy  Ruggles  from  Massachusetts,  who  was  acting  as 
chairman,  and  Robert  Ogden  from  New  Jersey,  signed  the  petition.  The  dele- 


270  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1765. 

gates  from  New  York,  Connecticut,  and  South  Carolina  were  not  authorized  to 
sign.  The  various  assemblies  at  their  next  sessions  approved  the  action  of  their 
delegates.  The  Massachusetts  assembly  voted :  "That  Brigadier  Ruggles,  with 
respect  to  his  conduct  at  the  congress  of  New  York,  has  been  guilty  of  neglect  of 
duty,  and  that  he  be  reprimanded  therefor  by  the  speaker ; "  which  was  done  the 
next  day.  Robert  Ogden  was  hanged  in  effigy  by  the  people  of  New  Jersey.  The 
Connecticut  assembly  ordered  their  delegates  to  sign  and  forward  the  petition. 
The  concurrence  of  the  South  Carolina  assembly  was  announced  on  the  2d  of 
December ;  and  on  the  20th  of  November  the  New  York  assembly  approved  of 
the  attendance  of  their  members. 

1765,  OCTOBER  31.  —  The  day  before  the  Stamp  Act  was  to  take 
effect,  all  the  royal  governors  took  the  oath  to  sustain  it. 

The  governor  of  Connecticut  did  so  also ;  but  Samuel  Ward,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  refused  to  do  so. 

1765,  OCTOBER  31.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  Gazette  appeared  in 
mourning  for  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

Its  publication,  like  that  of  many  papers,  was  suspended  temporarily,  hand- 
bills being  issued,  headed  "Remarkable  occurrences,"  "No  stamped  paper  to 
be  had." 

1765,  NOVEMBER.  —  A  non-importation  agreement  was  organ- 
ized in  New  York. 

No  goods  were  to  be  imported  until  the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed.  This  move- 
ment was  imitated  all  over  the  country.  A  non-consumption  agreement  was  also 
made,  and  associations  formed  for  the  increase  of  home  manufactures. 

1765.  —  THE  county  of  Picton,  Nova  Scotia,  was  granted  to 
the  Philadelphia  Company,  headed  by  Dr.  Weatherspoon,  and  a 
number  of  emigrants  from  Maryland  were  transported  thither. 

Additional  settlers  were  brought  from  Scotland  after  the  war;  numbers  of 
Americans  came  there,  but  the  bulk  of  the  people  are  Scotch.  In  1790  the  town 
of  Picton  was  started,  and  is  now  a  resort  of  coasting-vessels.  Quantities  of  oil, 
fish,  and  lumber  are  exported,  the  Picton  birch  being  considered  the  best.  It  is  a 
free  port  for  the  exportation  of  coal.  In  1804  its  academy  was  started. 

1765. — Tms  year  a  secret  association  of  the  "Sons  of  Lib- 
erty "  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  by  all  lawful 
means  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act.  As  they  increased  in 
numbers,  they  formed  centres  of  action,  united  by  correspond- 
ence, and  gathering  strength  by  their  mutual  sympathy. 

1765.  —  AUGUSTUS  JOHNSTON,  the  attorney-general,  who  had 
been  appointed  the  stamp  distributer  for  Rhode  Island,  resigned 
his  office. 

1765.  —  THE  annual  synod  of  the  Presbyterian  congregations 
met  for  the  first  time  in  Philadelphia  without  a  license. 

The  crown  lawyers  having  held  that  the  supremacy  of  the  crown  in  ecclesias- 
tical matters  extended  to  the  colonies,  maintained  that  it  was  not  lawful  for  the 
clergy  to  assemble  without  a  royal  license.  The  movement  for  this  meeting  was 


1765-6.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  271 

begun  in  Philadelphia,  and  by  correspondence  was  extended  through  the  southern 
provinces.     The  letters  which  had  passed  were  printed  in  New  York  in  1769. 

1765.  —  A  PAPER-MILL  was  this  year  put  in  operation  near  Prov- 
idence, Rhode  Island. 

This  mill  fell  into  decay  from  the  prejudice  and  habit,  it  is  said,  of  depending 
upon  the  importation  of  foreign  paper,  so  that  no  profitable  sale  could  be  made 
of  its  production. 

1765.  —  PAPER-HANGINGS  of  domestic  manufacture  were  exhib- 
ited to  the  Society  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Commerce,  in  New 
York  city. 

1765.  —  THE  Portsmouth  Mercury  and  Weekly  Advertiser  was 
published  at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire. 

It  was  published  by  Ezekiel  Russell,  of  the  firm  of  Russell  and  Furber.  It 
was  the  second  newspaper  published  in  New  Hampshire.  It  was  discontinued  in 
1768. 

1765.  —  THE  Gazette  and  Country  Journal  was  issued  in 
Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

It  was  published  by  Charles  Crouch,  and  was  designed  chiefly  to  sustain  the 
opposition  against  the  Stamp  Act. 

1765.  —  ONE  hundred  journeymen  silk-throwsters  emigrated 
from  London  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

1765.  —  ON  the  recommendation  of  "William  Franklin,  the  gov- 
ernor, the  assembly  of  New  Jersey  granted  bounties  on  hemp  and 
flax,  and  also  on  the  planting  of  mulberry -trees. 

1765.  —  A  SOCIETY  for  the  encouragement  of  manufactures  was 
formed  in  New  York. 

It  offered  premiums  for  various  articles,  and  opened  a  fair  for  their  sale. 

1765.  —  THE  first  fire-engine  made  in  the  country  was  by  David 
Wheeler,  a  blacksmith,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  tried  at  a  fire  on  the  21st  of  August.  Before  this,  engines  were  imported 
from  England. 

1765.  —  THE  working  of  a  lead  mine  at  Southampton,  Massa- 
chusetts, was  begun. 

Neither  this  mine  nor  others  similar  at  Northampton  and  Easthampton,  have 
ever  been  profitable,  or  paid  for  the  expense  of  working  them. 

1766.  —  PAUL  REVERE,  of  Boston,   Massachusetts,  engraved  a 
print  emblematic  of  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

Revere  was  born  in  Boston,  January  1,  1735,  and  died  there  in  May,  1818. 
He  was  a  Huguenot  by  birth,  and  was  bred  a  goldsmith.  He  taught  himself 
copper-plate  engraving,  and  at  this  time  was  one  of  the  four  engravers  in  the 
country.  In  1770  he  published  a  print  of  the  "  Boston  Massacre ; "  in  1775  he 
engraved  the  plates,  made  the  press,  and  printed  the  paper  money  ordered  by 
Massachusetts.  He  went  to  Philadelphia  to  learn  powder-making,  and  then  set 


272  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1766. 

up  an  establishment  in  Boston.  He  participated  in  the  destruction  of  the  tea ; 
and  he  it  was  who  rode,  by  way  of  Charlestown,  to  Lexington,  on  the  night  of 
April  18,  to  give  the  alarm  of  Gates's  purposed  raid  on  the  military  stores  at 
Concord.  Revere  afterwards  was  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  state  forces,  and 
wielded  considerable  influence. 

1766. — THE  first  Methodist  society  was  formed  in  New  York 
city. 

They  met  in  a  shop  in  Barrack  Street,  kept  by  Pliilip  Embury,  near  where  the 
City  Hall  now  stands. 

1766.  —  A  MARINE  society  was  formed  in  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
this  year,  and  incorporated  in  1771. 

1766,  MARCH  4.  —  An  association  called  the  Daughters  of 
Liberty  was  formed  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

The  members  met  at  the  house  of  Dr.  Ephraim  Bowen,  and  spent  their  time  in 
spinning.  They  were  spinning  the  piece  of  linen  to  serve  as  a  prize  to  the  pro- 
ducer of  the  most  flax  in  the  county.  They  adopted  resolutions  to  purchase  no 
more  British  manufactures.  Their  meetings  were  afterwards  held  at  the  court 
house.  A  ball  was  given  to  them  after  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

1766,  MARCH  28.  —  The  Stamp  Act  was  repealed. 

The  vote  in  the  House  of  Commons  was  two  hundred  and  seventy-five  to  one 
hundred  and  sixty-seven.  Franklin  had  been  called  as  a  witness,  and  testified  it 
could  never  be  enforced.  A  bill  previously  passed  had  asserted  the  right  and 
power  of  parliament  "to  bind  the  colonies  in  all  cases  whatsoever." 

1766,  MAY.  —  The  Virginia  Gazette  was  published  at  Williams- 
burg,  Virginia. 

It  was  "printed  by  William  Rind,  at  the  new  Printing  Office  on  Main  Street. 
All  persons  may  be  supplied  with  this  Gazette  at  12s.  Gd.  per  year."  Thomas 
Jefferson  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  having  it  established.  It  at  first  printed  its 
heading  "  published  by  authority.  Open  to  all  Parties,  but  influenced  by  none." 
After  the  first  year  it  omitted  "by  Authority."  William  Rind  carried  it  on  until 
his  death  in  1773 ;  then  his  widow,  Clementina  Rind,  continued  it  for  some  time. 
In  April,  1775,  it  was  published  by  John  Clarkson  and  Augustine  Davis. 

1766,  JUNE  3.  —  On  the  motion  of  James  Otis,  in  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature,  a  gallery  was  opened  "  for  such  as  wished  to 
hear  the  debates." 

This  was  the  first  instance  of  authorized  publicity  being  given  to  legislative 
deliberations.  The  example  soon  spread  throughout  the  colonies. 

1766,  JUNE  3. —  Charles  Townsend,  the  leader  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  spoke  as  follows :  "  It  has  long  been  my  opinion 
that  America  should  be  regulated  and  deprived  of  its  militating 
and  contradictory  charters,  and  its  royal  governors,  judges  and 
attorneys  be  rendered  independent  of  the  people.  I  therefore 
expect  that  the  present  administration  will,  in  the  recess  of  par- 
liament, take  all  necessary  steps  for  compassing  so  desirable 
an  event." 


1766-7.]       ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  273 

This  was  spoken  with  authority  from  the  ministerial  benches,  and  the  speaker 
continued:  "If  I  should  differ  in  judgement  from  the  present  administration  on 
this  point,  I  now  declare  that  I  must  withdraw.  I  hope  and  expect  otherwise, 
trusting  that  I  shall  be  an  instrument  among  them  of  preparing  a  new  system." 

1766,  AUGUST  8. —  An  order  in  council  directed  that  the  cor- 
respondence of  the  colonies  with  the  mother  country,  which  had 
heretofore  been  carried  on  with  the  Board  of  Trade,  should  be 
addressed  to  the  king  directly. 

1766.  —  A  PAPER-MILL  was  built  at  Salem,  North  Carolina, 
three  hundred  miles  inland,  by  a  society  of  Moravians. 

1766.  —  THE  assembly  of  South  Carolina  voted  a  thousand 
pounds  to  establish  a  silk  filature  at  Charleston. 
It  was  placed  under  the  management  of  Mr.  Gilbert. 

1766.  —  WILLIAM  PITT,  in  advocating  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp 
Act  "  absolutely,  totally  and  immediately,  and  that  the  reasons 
for  the  repeal  be  assigned  because  it  was  founded  in  erroneous 
principles,"  recommended  also  that  "  the  sovereign  authority 
of  this  country  (England)  over  the  colonies  be  asserted  in  as 
strong  terms  as  can  be  devised,  and  be  made  to  extend  to 
every  part  of  legislation  whatever,  that  we  may  bind  their  trade, 
confine  their  manufactures,  and  exercise  every  power  whatever, 
except  that  of  taking  their  money  out  of  their  pockets  without 
their  consent." 

1766.  —  THE  Batsto  furnace,  at  the  junction  of  the  Batsto  and 
Egg  Harbor  rivers,  New  Jersey,  was  erected  by  Charles  Reed. 

It  was  the  property  of  Colonel  John  Cox  during  the  Revolution,  and  cast  shot 
and  bomb-shells  for  the  army. 

1767,  JANUARY.  —  Sir  Henry  Moore,  governor  of  New  York, 
writing  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  speaks  of  the  difficulty  found  in 
establishing  new  manufactories. 

He  said  the  workmen  being  able  to  buy  a  piece  of  land,  left  their  occupation. 
Even  servants  imported  from  Europe  for  different  trades,  so  soon  as  their  inden- 
tures expired,  quit  their  occupations,  and  obtained  a  small  piece  of  land.  The 
satisfaction  of  being  landholders  prompted  them  to  endure  every  privation  for  a 
few  years,  in  preference  to  a  comfortable  subsistence  easily  obtainable  in  their 
trades. 

1767,  JANUARY.  —  Parliament  established  a  custom-house  in 
Nova  Scotia,  duties  to  take  effect  after  November  20. 

1767,  MAY  13.  —  The  revenue  acts  were  passed  by  parliament, 
received  the  royal  assent  on  the  29th  of  June,  and  were  to  go 
into  effect  on  the  20th  of  November. 

By  these  a  duty  was  laid  on  glass,  paper,  painter's  colors,  lead,  and  tea.  A 
board  of  customs  was  established  at  Boston  to  collect  the  revenue  throughout 
America,  and  writs  of  assistance  were  made  legal.  The  preamble  stated  that  the 

18 


274  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1767. 

duties  were  laid  for  the  support  of  civil  government  in  the  provinces,  and  to  pro- 
vide for  the  general  defence.  It  was  the  first  step  towards  making  the  governors, 
judges,  and  attorneys  independent  of  the  people,  through  the  assemblies,  by 
providing  for  them  permanent  salaries.  The  scheme  was  introduced  by  Charles 
Townsend,  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  to  whom  a  special  vote  of  thanks  had 
been  voted  by  Massachusetts  for  his  efforts  to  repeal  the  Stamp  Act.  By  another 
act,  five  years  were  allowed  for  a  drawback  of  the  whole  duty  on  tea  by  its  expor- 
tation. Tliis  was  to  encourage  the  English  shippers  of  tea  to  America. 

1767,  MAY  27.  —  The  New  York  Journal,  or  General  Advertiser, 
appeared. 

It  was  published  by  John  Holt,  and  was  a  rehabilitation  of  Zcnger's  Journal. 
George  Clinton  and  Philip  Schuyler,  two  leaders  of  the  revolutionary  party,  were 
chiefly  instrumental  in  its  establishment.  Holt  had  been  engaged  with  Parker  in 
the  publication  of  the  Connecticut  Gazette  at  New  Haven,  and  in  New  York,  on 
his  own  account,  with  the  New  York  Gazette  and  Post  Boy.  The  Journal  was  a 
continuation  of  that  paper.  In  177G,  when  the  British  took  possession  of  New 
York,  the  Journal  was  removed  to  Kingston,  then  called  Esopus;  and  when  this 
place  was  burned  in  1777,  it  moved  to  Poughkcepsic.  Holt  was  the  state  printer 
during  the  Revolution,  and  at  his  death,  January  30,  1784,  his  wife  was  appointed 
to  that  office.  On  the  conclusion  of  peace,  the  Journal  was  moved  back  to  New 
York  city,  and  its  name  changed  to  the  Independent  Gazette,  or  New  York 
Journal  revived.  Mrs.  Holt  continued  it  after  her  husband's  death  until  1786, 
when  it  was  published  by  Eleazer  Oswald  until  1787,  when  it  was  sold  to  Thomas 
Greenleaf,  who  made  two  papers  from  it,  one  a  daily,  called  The  Argus,  or  Green- 
leaf's  New  Daily  Register,  and  a  semi-weekly,  called  Greenleaf  s  New  York 
Journal  and  Patriotic  Register.  These  he  continued  until  1798.  Mrs.  Green- 
leaf  continued  their  publication  until  she  sold  them  to  James  Cheetham,  who 
changed  their  names,  the  daily  to  the  American  Citizen,  and  the  semi-weekly  to 
the  American  Watchman,  and  published  them  until  1810.  The  Argus  opposed 
Washington's  administration,  and  the  Citizen  was  a  Democratic  pa^er. 

1767,  OCTOBER.  —  The  Connecticut  Journal  and  New  Haven 
Post-Boy  appeared. 

It  was  published  by  Thomas  and  Samuel  Green.  The  last  part  of  its  name 
was  dropped  in  1775.  Thomas  Green  and  son  continued  its  publication  until 
1809,  and  it  is  still  in  existence. 

1767,  DECEMBER  21.  —  The  Boston  Chronicle  appeared. 

It  was  published  by  Mein  and  Fleming  in  support  of  the  British  rule.  John 
Mein  came  to  Boston  from  Glasgow  in  17G4.  lie  was  an  enterprising  bookseller. 
The  Chronicle  was  well  printed,  and  the  subscription  price  was  six  shillings  and 
eight  pence  a  year.  In  1770  it  contained  the  following  notice :  "  The  Printers  of 
the  Boston  Chronicle  return  thanks  to  the  gentlemen  who  have  so  long  favored 
them  with  their  subscriptions,  and  now  inform  them  that,  as  the  Chronicle,  in  the 
present  state  of  affairs,  cannot  be  carried  on,  cither  for  their  entertainment  or 
the  emolument  of  the  Printers,  it  will  be  discontinued  for  some  time."  Mein 
having  been  carried  about  in  effigy,  fled  to  England  before  this,  leaving  the  busi- 
ness in  the  hands  of  Fleming,  who  soon  followed  him.  The  English  government 
indemnified  him  for  his  losses,  and  employed  him  on  one  of  the  newspapers  of 
London. 


1767.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  275 

1767,  DECEMBER  26.  —  Charles  Mason  and  John  Dixon  com- 
pleted their  survey  of  the  line  between  Maryland  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  were  discharged. 

They  had  been  employed  by  the  descendants  of  Pcnn  and  Lord  Baltimore,  and 
commenced  in  1763.  Before  entirely  completing  the  line  they  were  stopped  by 
the  Indians.  Every  fifth  mile  of  the  line  was  marked  by  a  stone  having  Penn's 
arms  on  one  side  and  Lord  Baltimore's  on  the  other,  the  intermediate  miles 
being  marked  with  smaller  stones,  having  a  P  on  one  side  and  an  M  on  the  other. 
In  1849  the  line  was  examined  by  commissioners,  and  found  correct,  except  that 
Maryland  should  have  had  a  little  more  than  an  acre  and  a  half  more  territory  at 
the  point  of  intersection. 

1767,  DECEMBER  30.  — The  Massachusetts  legislature  met. 

Several  members  of  the  council,  and  many  of  the  house,  appeared  in  suits  of 
homespun.  February  11,  17G8,  they  adopted  a  circular  letter  to  the  assemblies 
of  the  other  colonies,  written  by  Samuel  Adams.  To  this,  replies  were  received 
dated  as  follows :  From  New  Hampshire,  written  by  the  speaker,  Peter  Oilman, 
February  25 ;  from  Virginia,  by  the  speaker,  Peyton  Randolph,  May  8  ;  from  New 
Jersey,  by  the  speaker,  Courtland  Skinner,  May  9 ;  from  Connecticut,  by  the 
speaker,  Zebulon  West,  June  11 ;  from  Georgia,  by  the  speaker,  Alexander 
Wylly,  June  16;  from  South  Carolina,  from  the  speaker,  P.  Manigault,-  July  10; 
from  Rhode  Island,  by  the  speaker,  Metcalf  Bowler,  August  5.  These  replies 
were  all  cordial.  Governor  Bernard  of  Massachusetts,  in  his  correspondence 
with  the  English  ministers,  characterized  the  circular  letter  as  designed  to  pre- 
pare the  way  for  a  confederacy.  It  was  laid  before  the  cabinet  August  15,  and 
pronounced  little  better  than  an  incentive  to  rebellion ;  and  it  was  decided  that  the 
king  should  order  the  Massachusetts  assembly  to  rescind  it,  and  the  other  assem- 
blies to  treat  it  with  contempt,  under  the  penalty  of  dissolution.  "I  think,"  said 
Lord  Knox,  "this  measure  will  bring  matters  to  a  crisis  very  speedily;  and  if  the 
colonies  see  this  country  is  in  earnest,  they  will  presently  make  their  option,  and 
take  the  part  of  peaceable  subjects  in  future." 

1767.  —  THE  Farmer's  Letters,  addressed  to  the  "American 
people,"  appeared. 

The  first  letter  was  printed  in  Philadelphia,  in  the  Pennsylvania  Chronicle 
and  Universal  Advertiser  of  December  2,  and  the  others  from  time  to  time  until 
the  twelfth  letter  appeared,  February  15,  1768.  They  were  written  by  John 
Dickenson,  were  widely  copied  in  the  newspapers,  and  were  printed  in  pamphlet 
form  both  in  this  country  and  England. 

The  following  extract  is  of  interest.  The  colonies  are  called  "a  great  Ameri- 
can asylum.  In  it  the  poor  from  the  various  nations  of  Europe,  by  some  means, 
met  together.  To  what  purpose  should  they  ask  one  another  what  countrymen 
they  were  ?  Alas  !  two  thirds  of  them  had  had  no  country.  They  had  been  num- 
bered in  no  civil  list  but  that  of  the  poor.  They  had  not  owned  a  single  foot  of 
land.  They  had  no  harvests  from  the  fields  they  had  tilled.  Their  lives  had 
been  scenes  of  sore  affliction  or  of  pinching  penury.  They  had  been  assailed  by 
hunger,  want,  and  war.  And  they  were  '  only  as  so  many  useless  plants,  wanting 
the  vegetable  mould  and  the  refreshing  showers.'  But  in  this  asylum  they  rank 
as  citizens.  They  are  stamped  by  the  laws  with  the  symbol  of  adoption.  They 
acquire  lands  as  the  reward  of  their  industry ;  this  gives  them  the  title  of  free- 
men; and  to  this  title  is  affixed  every  benefit  man  can  acquire.  These  laws 


276  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1767-8. 

proceed  from  the  government ;  and  the  government  is  derived  from  the  original 
genius  and  strong  desire  of  the  people.  He  is  an  American,  who,  leaving  behind 
him  all  his  ancient  prejudices  and  manners,  receives  new  ones  from  the  new- 
mode  of  life  he  has  embraced,  the  new  government  he  obeys  and  the  new  rank  he 
holds.  He  becomes  an  American  by  being  received  in  the  broad  lap  of  our  great 
Alma  Mater.  Here  individuals  of  all  nations  are  melted  into  a  new  race  of  men 
whose  labors  and  posterity  will  one  day  cause  great  changes  in  the  world. 
Americans  are  the  Western  pilgrims,  who  are  carrying  along  with  them  that  great 
mass  of  arts,  sciences,  vigor,  and  industry  which  began  long  since  in  the  East 
They  will  finish  the  great  circle." 

1767.  —  THE  first  camp-meeting  is  said  to  have  been  held  this 
year  in  Virginia. 

Two  Baptist  ministers,  Samuel  Harris  and  James  Read,  who  were  settled  in 
Virginia,  between  the  Rappahannock  and  James  rivers,  were  the  originators. 

1767.  —  A  BILL  for  suppressing  the  slave  trade  was  passed  by 
the  house  in  the  Massachusetts  assembly. 

It  was  so  altered  in  its  provisions  by  amendments  that  its  friends  abandoned  it. 

1767.  —  THE  palace  built  for  Governor  Tryon  at  Newbern, 
North  Carolina,  was  begun. 

It  was  to  be  finished  by  1770.  Two  grants,  one  of  twenty-five  thousand 
pounds,  and  another  of  twice  that  sum,  were  obtained  from  the  assembly,  it  is 
said,  through  the  blandishments  of  Lady  Tryon  and  her  sister  Esther  Wake.  It 
was  of  brick,  eighty-seven  feet  front  by  fifty  wide,  and  two  stories  high.  The 
architect  had  a  yearly  salary  of  three  hundred  pounds.  The  interior  was  ele- 
gantly finished.  The  plans  are  still  in  possession  of  Dr.  F.  L.  Hawks,  the 
descendant  of  the  architect,  and  were  used  for  the  illustrations  in  Lossing's 
Pictorial  Field  Book  of  the  Revolution.  The  people  complained  much  of  its 
cost. 

1767.  —  DAVID  RITTENHOUSE,  of  Philadelphia,  made  an  orrery. 

It  was  an  improvement  on  those  preceding  it,  and  was  purchased  by  Princeton 
College. 

1767.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  Chronicle  and  Universal  Advertiser 
appeared  in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  published  by  William  Goddard. 

1768.  —  ABOUT   this   year  Elkanah   and  William  Bean,  from 
Dublin,  announced  in  New  York  city  the  making  of  all  kinds  of 
carriages  as  a  new  business. 

They  stated  they  had  brought  over  their  workmen  at  great  expense,  and  were 
ready  to  build  all  kinds  of  vehicles. 

1768.  —  COAL  was  found  in  Rhode  Island,  and  an  application 
made  to  the  assembly  for  the  exclusive  right  to  sell  it  in  Provi- 
dence. • 

1768,  APEIL.  —  The  governor  of  Nova  Scotia  was  ordered  to 
use  his  influence  in  persuading  the  assembly  to  treat  with  con- 


1768.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  277 

tempt  the  circular  letter  of  the  Massachusetts  assembly  request- 
ing co-operation. 

1768.  —  AN  official  letter  from  Governor  Moore  of  New  York, 
to  Lord  Hillsborough,  dated  May  7,  in  answer  to  inquiries  from 
the  Board  of  Trade,  states  that  a  paper-mill  had  been  begun  with- 
in a  few  days  at  a  small  distance  from  the  town. 

The  governor  is  supposed  to  have  referred  to  a  paper-mill  erected  at  Hemp- 
etead,  on  Long  Island,  by  Hendrich  Onderdonk  and  his  son  Andrew,  which  is 
thought  to  be  the  first  mill  erected  in  New  York. 

1768.  —  ON  the  18th  of  June  a  despatch  from  Lord  Hills- 
borough  to  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  was  presented  to  that 
body.  It  was  dated  Whitehall,  April  21,  1768.  In  it  the  circu- 
lar letter  from  Massachusetts  was  termed  an  unwarrantable  com- 
bination and  a  flagitious  attempt  to  disturb  the  public  peace,  and 
the  governor  was  instructed  to  treat  it  with  the  contempt  it 
deserved. 

This  despatch  was  signed  "Hillsborough,"  and  was  immediately  reproduced  in 
the  newspapers.  At  first  it  was  supposed  to  be  addressed  simply  to  Rhode  Island, 
but  was  found  to  be  intended  for  every  colony,  and  was  rejected  by  every  one  of 
the  assemblies ;  and  instead  of  treating  the  Massachusetts  circular  with  contempt, 
they  all  replied  favorably  to  it,  and  the  replies  were  promptly  given  publicity  by 
the  press.  Maryland  replied  July  24,  though  Governor  Sharpe  hoped  they  would 
take  no  notice  of  it.  In  South  Carolina,  Governor  Montague  enjoined  the  as- 
sembly to  treat  with  contempt  any  paper  or  letter  that  appeared  to  have  the 
smallest  tendency  to  sedition,  and  specified  the  Massachusetts  circular  as  of  fac- 
tious tendency.  The  assembly  answered  with  a  set  of  resolutions,  and  sent  a 
reply  to  the  circular  letter  on  November  21st,  whereupon  the  governor  dissolved 
the  session.  The  Georgia  assembly  sent  a  reply  to  the  circular  on  December  24th, 
though  Governor  Wright  warned  them  that  this  action  would  bring  ruin  on  Amer- 
ica. Rhode  Island  replied  to  it.  In  Pennsylvania  the  assembly  ordered  the  cir- 
cular letter  entered  on  their  journal,  and  resolved  that  the  governor  had  no  right 
to  dissolve  them.  The  assembly  in  Delaware  asserted  the  right  to  correspond 
with  the  colonies,  and  petitioned  the  king.  The  New  York  assembly  sent  a  reply 
to  the  Massachusetts  circular,  signed  by  Philip  Livingston,  and  petitioned  the  king. 
The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  sent  a  reply,  dated  November  10,  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts circular  letter.  Besides  this,  many  towns  in  their  meetings  expressed 
their  hearty  sympathy  with  the  circular  letter.  In  New  York  city  the  members 
of  the  assembly  who  had  supported  the  right  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  to 
send  the  circular  letter,  were  escorted  by  a  procession  up  Broadway,  with  music 
and  banners.  Nowhere  in  Europe  at  this  time,  either  in  England,  France,  or 
Germany,  was  the  right  of  public  meeting,  the  freedom  of  the  press,  or  publicity 
of  discussion  in  the  legislature,  thought  of,  or  considered  as  anything  but  danger- 
ous to  social  order.  Consequently  in  the  colonies,  all  those  who  looked  to  Europe 
for  precedents,  were  terrified  at  the  possible  results  of  the  free  expression  of  pub- 
lic opinion. 

1768,  JUNE  21.  —  Governor  Bernard  sent  the  following  message 
to  the  Massachusetts  assembly,  then  in  session :  "  1  have  his 
Majesty's  order  to  make  a  requisition  to  you,  which  I  communi- 


278  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1768. 

cate  in  the  very  words  in  which  I  have  received  it.  I  must 
desire  you  to  take  it  into  immediate  consideration,  and  I  assure 
you,  that  your  resolution  thereon  will  have  most  important  con- 
sequences to  the  province.  I  am  myself  merely  ministerial  in 
this  business,  having  received  His  Majesty's  instruction  for  all 
I  have  to  do  in  it.  I  heartily  wish  that  you  may  see  how  forcible 
the  expediency  of  your  giving  His  Majesty  this  testimonial  of 
your  duty  and  submission  at  this  time.  If  you  should  think  other- 
wise, I  must  nevertheless  do  my  duty." 

The  message  enclosed  a  portion  of  a  despatch  received  from  Lord  Hillsborough, 
containing  the  royal  order  for  the  assembly  to  rescind  the  resolution  upon  which 
the  circular  letter  was  based,  on  the  penalty  of  dissolution  in  case  of  refusal.  The 
assembly  then  sitting  was  not  the  one  that  had  passed  the  resolution,  a  new  elec- 
tion having  since  been  held.  The  message  was  read  in  the  morning  session ;  in 
that  of  the  afternoon  James  Otis  spoke  two  hours  concerning  it,  the  house  being 
filled  with  listeners.  He  said  :  "  We  have  now  before  us  a  letter  from  Lord  Hills- 
borough.  From  the  style,  one  would  conclude  it  to  be  the  performance  of  a 
echool-boy.  They  are  pleased,  in  their  wonderful  sagacity,  to  find  fault  with  our 
circular  letter.  I  defy  the  whole  legislature  of  Great  Britain  to  write  one  equally 
correct.  When  Lord  Hillsborough  knows  that  we  will  not  rescind  our  acts,  he 
should  apply  to  parliament  to  rescind  theirs.  Let  Britain  rescind  her  measures, 
or  the  colonies  are  lost  to  her  forever."  A  committee,  consisting  of  the  speaker, 
Mr.  Otis,  Mr.  Adams,  Mr.  Hancock,  Colonel  Otis,  Colonel  Bowers,  Mr.  Spooner, 
Colonel  Warren,  and  Mr.  Saunders,  was  appointed,  which  reported  on  the  30th 
of  June.  The  house  was  cleared  to  receive  the  report,  vrhich  consisted  of  a 
letter  to  Lord  Hillsborough,  stating  the  origin  and  purpose  of  the  circular  letter, 
and  stating  that  the  House  was  the  representative  of  the  Commons  of  the  province, 
as  the  British  House  was  of  the  British  Commons,  and  hoping  that  a  petition  to 
the  king  would  not  be  thought  inconsistent  with  the  British  constitution,  nor  a 
letter  to  their  fellow-subjects  be  judged  an  inflammatory  proceeding.  The  letter 
being  twice  read  was  accepted,  and  ordered  sent  to  Lord  Hillsborough.  The 
question  was  then  put,  "Whether  this  House  will  rescind  the  resolution  of  the 
last  House  which  gave  birth  to  their  Circular  Letter  to  the  several  houses  of  rep- 
resentatives and  burgesses  of  the  other  colonies  on  this  continent."  The  vote  was 
taken  by  yeas  and  nays.  Ninety-two  answered  nay,  and  seventeen  yea.  During 
the  debate  upon  the  governor's  message,  he  sent  another  with  a  threat  to  dissolve 
the  House,  should  they  not  comply  with  the  king's  order ;  in  a  third  he  pressed 
for  a  decision,  and  in  a  fourth  refused  to  grant  them  a  recess.  After  the 
vote  the  House  adopted  an  answer  to  the  governor's  messages,  in  which,  after 
stating  their  recent  vote,  they  concluded  :  "  In  all  this  we  have  been  actuated  by 
a  conscientious,  and  finally  a  clear  and  determined  sense  of  duty  to  God,  to  our 
king,  our  countrjr,  and  to  our  latest  posterity;  and  we  most  ardently  wish  and 
humbly  pray  that  in  your  future  conduct  your  Excellency  may  be  influenced  by 
the  same  principles."  As  soon  as  the  governor  received  the  answer  of  the  House 
he  prorogued  the  House,  and  the  next  day  he  issued  a  proclamation  dissolving 
the  general  court,  which  was  formally  published  in  every  county  by  the  sheriffs. 

1768,  JUNE.  —  The  sloop  Liberty,  belonging  to  Mr.  Hancock, 
was  seized  in  the  harbor  of  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  for  violating 
the  revenue  laws,  in  landing  a  cargo  of  wines  from  Madeira  with- 
out having  entered  the  whole. 


1768.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  279 

The  navigation  acts  gave  England  the  exclusive  right  of  supplying  wines,  with 
other  articles,  to  the  colonies,  but  the  right  of  exporting  non-enumerated  articles 
to  ports  south  of  Cape  Finisterre,  enabled  them  to  get  wines  from  the  place  of 
growth,  in  contravention  of  the  trade  acts.  The  duty  on  wines  from  England  also 
offered  too  great  a  temptation  to  the  merchants  to  obtain  them  by  evading  the 
duty.  In  fact,  most  of  the  trade  carried  on  by  the  colonies  was  smuggling,  if 
England  had  the  right  to  lay  duties  for  her  own  benefit,  and  her  interference  for 
this  purpose  forced  the  colonial  merchants  into  such  a  course.  The  receipt  of  the 
news  in  Boston  created  a  riot  on  the  10th.  The  revenue  commissioners  took 
refuge  in  a  ship  of  war  in  Boston  harbor,  and  afterwards  on  Castle  Island,  where 
a  company  of  British  artillery  was  stationed.  A  town  meeting  in  Faneuil  Hall 
petitioned  the  governor  to  have  the  ship  of  war  sent  from  the  harbor.  The  coun- 
cil condemned  the  rioters,  but  would  take  no  further  steps.  The  rioters  were 
never  punished,  no  witnesses  against  them  being  found,  and  the  proceedings 
against  the  vessel  were  given  up  from  the  same  cause. 

1768.  —  A  TYPE-FOUNDERY  was  begun  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
by  Mr.  Michelson  from  Scotland. 

He  does  not  seem  to  have  successfully  established  it. 

1768,  JULY  4.  —  The  United  States  Chronicle  was  issued  at 
Providence,  Rhode  Island. 
It  continued  until  June  21,  1792. 

1768.  —  THE  Six  Nations  ceded  to  the  crown  all  the  country 
south  of  the  Ohio  as  far  south  as  the  Tennessee  River. 

1768.  — THE  first  settlement  within  the  limits  of  Tennessee 
was  made  by  James  Robertson  and  a  party  of  emigrants  from 
North  Carolina. 

They  settled  on  the  Uataga,  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Tennessee,  and  in 
1771  obtained  an  eight-years'  lease  of  it  from  the  Cherokee  Indians. 

1768,  JULY  11.  —  General  Gage  withdrew  the  troops  from 
Nova  Scotia. 

1768,   AUGUST   6.  —  The   Essex    Gazette  appeared   in   Salem, 

Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Hall  at  Salem  until  1775,  when  it  was  taken  to 
Cambridge  and  issued  under  the  title  of  the  New  England  Chronicle,  or  the 
Weekly  Gazette.  In  1776  the  office  was  moved  to  Boston,  and  the  Chronicle  was 
sold  to  Powers  and  Willis.  Hall  returned  to  Salem  in  1781,  and  uniting  with  the 
Salem  Gazette  and  General  Advertiser,  continued  the  issue  until  November  22, 
1785,  when  he  returned  to  Boston,  giving  up  the  business  on  account  of  the  tax  on 
newspaper  advertisements.  In  1776  the  Chronicle  took  the  name  of  the  Indepen- 
dent Chronicle,  and  soon  after  added  Universal  Advertiser  to  its  title.  It  was  a 
strong  advocate  of  the  revolutionary  party,  and  continued  its  existence  until  1783, 
during  the  last  part  of  its  career  being  entirely  under  the  control  of  Willis.  In 
October,  1786,  John  Dabney  and  Thomas  C.  Cushing  purchased  the  materials  and 
revived  the  publication.  At  first  they  called  it  the  Salem  Mercury,  then  the 
American  Eagle,  and  in  1790  the  Salem  Gazette.  It  is  still  in  existence. 

1768.  —  COLONEL  CHRISTOPHER  LEFFINGWELL,  under  the  prom- 


280  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1768-9. 

ise  of  a  bounty  from  the  legislature,  erected  a  paper-mill  at 
Norwich,  Connecticut. 

Two  years  afterwards  he  was  given  two  pence  a  quire  on  four  thousand  and 
twenty  quires  of  writing-paper,  and  a  penny  each  on  ten  thousand  six  hundred 
quires  of  printing-paper.  The  bounty  amounted  to  eighty-one  pounds,  sixteen 
shillings,  and  eight  pence.  The  bounty  was  soon  withdrawn. 

1768,  SEPTEMBER  2.  —  An  order  was  issued  to  the  governors 
of  the  colonies,  forbidding  them  to  show  any  letters,  or  parts  of 
letters,  from  the  ministry  to  their  assemblies,  without  special  per- 
mission from  the  king. 

1768,  SEPTEMBER  27.  —  The  two  regiments  ordered  to  Boston 
from  Halifax,  arrived. 

Gage  from  New  York  had  sent  orders  to  provide  barracks  for  them.  A  town- 
meeting  was  called,  which  requested  the  governor  to  summon  the  general  court. 
This  he  refused.  The  meeting  advised  a  meeting  of  delegates  from  the  towns, 
which  convened  the  22d.  It  requested  the  governor  to  call  the  general  court,  but 
he  called  the  meeting  treasonable.  This  meeting  was  the  first  popular  convention. 
There  were  barracks  at  the  Castle,  but  Gage  ordered  the  troops  quartered  in  the 
town.  As  no  arrangement  could  be  made,  one  regiment  was  quartered  on  the  Com- 
mon, and  Faneuil  Hall  and  the  Town  House  were  used  for  the  rest.  The  New 
York  assembly  for  refusing  to  furnish  quarters  for  the  troops  there  was  dissolved, 
and  the  next  assembly  continuing  to  refuse  was  also  dissolved.  The  assemblies  of 
Maryland  and  Georgia  were  also  dissolved  for  approving  the  proceedings  in  Vir- 
ginia and  Massachusetts.  In  October  Gage  came  to  Boston,  but  the  selectmen 
refused  to  do  anything  since  the  Quartering  Act  spoke  only  of  justices  of  the 
peace.  Governor  Bernard  created  a  Board  of  Justices,  but  they  would  not 
serve,  so  that  Gage  was  obliged  to  hire  houses  and  purchase  supplies  from  the 
army  chest,  the  council  saying  the  appropriations  of  money  belonged  exclusively 
to  the  general  court. 

1768,  DECEMBER.  —  Parliament  met.  The  House  of  Lords 
censured  the  convention  of  towns  in  Boston  in  particular,  and 
recommended  that  the  offenders  be  sent  to  England  for  trial  for 
treason. 

1768.  —  THE  New  York  Chronicle  appeared  in  New  York. 

It  was  published  by  Alexander  and  James  Robinson,  but  did  not  continue 
long. 

1769,  JANUARY.  —  The  resolutions  to  send  prisoners  to  England 
were  passed  by  the  House  of  Commons. 

Franklin  wrote  :  "  Every  man  in  England  regards  himself  as  a  piece  of  a  sov- 
ereign over  America,  seems  to  jostle  himself  into  the  throne  with  the  king,  and 
talks  of  our  subjects  in  the  colonies." 

1769,  MAY  16.  —  The  house  of  burgesses,  in  Virginia,  adopted 
a  series  of  resolutions,  which  were  considered  by  the  governor, 
Lord  Botetourt,  as  so  abominable  that  he  dissolved  the  house. 

These  resolutions  were  widely  reprinted  in  the  daily  newspapers.  They  were 
unanimously  passed,  as  follows  :  "  Resolved,  That  the  sole  right  of  imposing  taxes 


1769.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  281 

on  the  inhabitants  of  this  His  Majesty's  Colony  and  Dominion  of  Virginia  is  now, 
and  ever  hath  been,  legally  and  constitutionally  vested  in  the  House  of  Burgesses, 
lawfully  convened,  according  to  the  ancient  and  established  practice,  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  Council,  and  of  His  Majesty,  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  or  Ms  Gover- 
nor for  the  time  being. 

"  Resolved,  That  it  is  the  undoubted  privilege  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  colony 
to  petition  their  Sovereign  for  redress  of  grievances ;  and  that  it  is  lawful  and 
expedient  to  procure  the  concurrence  of  His  Majesty's  other  colonies,  in  dutiful 
addresses,  praying  the  royal  interposition  in  favor  of  the  violated  rights  of 
America. 

"  Resolved,  That  all  trials  for  treason,  misprision  of  treason,  or  for  any  felony  or 
crime  whatsoever,  committed  and  done  in  this  His  Majesty's  said  colony  and  do- 
minion, by  any  person  or  persons  residing  therein,  ought  of  right  to  be  had  and 
conducted  in  and  before  His  Majesty's  courts,  held  within  his  said  colony,  accord- 
ing to  the  fixed  and  known  course  of  proceeding ;  and  that  the  seizing  any  person 
or  persons  residing  in  the  colony,  suspected  of  any  crime  whatsoever  committed 
therein,  and  sending  such  person  or  persons  to  places  beyond  the  sea  to  be  tried, 
is  highly  derogatory  of  the  rights  of  British  subjects,  as  thereby  the  inestimable 
privilege  of  being  tried  by  a  jury  from  the  vicinage,  as  well  as  the  liberty  of  sum- 
moning and  producing  witnesses  on  such  trial,  will  be  taken  away  from  the  party 
accused. 

"•Resolved,  That  an  humble,  dutiful  and  loyal  address  be  prepared,  to  His 
Majesty,  to  assure  him  of  our  inviolable  attachment  to  his  sacred  person  and  gov- 
ernment ;  and  to  beseech  his  royal  interposition,  as  the  father  of  all  people,  how- 
ever remote  from  the  seat  of  his  empire,  to  quiet  the  minds  of  his  loyal  subjects 
of  this  colony,  and  to  avert  from  them  those  dangers  and  miseries  which  will  en- 
sue, from  the  seizing  and  carrying  beyond  sea  any  person  residing  in  America, 
suspected  of  any  crime  whatsoever,  to  be  tried  in  any  other  manner  than  by  the 
ancient  and  long  established  course  of  proceeding."  At  the  same  time  the  follow- 
ing order  was  passed  by  the  house  :  "  Ordered,  That  the  speaker  of  this  House  do 
transmit,  without  delay,  to  the  speakers  of  the  several  houses  of  assembly  on  this 
continent,  a  copy  of  the  resolutions  now  agreed  to  by  this  House,  requesting  their 
concurrence  therein."  The  speaker  of  the  house,  Peyton  Randolph,  sent  these 
resolutions  to  the  other  assemblies,  accompanied  by  a  letter,  and  the  assemblies 
responded  heartily  to  them.  Those  of  North  Carolina,  Rhode  Island,  and  New 
York  adopted  them  entire.  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  added  further  resolves 
to  them;  that  of  Maryland  and  some  others  altered  the  phraseology;  but  they 
all  agreed  in  maintaining  the  principles  enunciated. 

1769,  MAY  31.  —  The  house  of  representatives  of  Massachu- 
setts assembled. 

They  petitioned  the  governor  to  remove  the  troops  from  Boston,  at  least  during 
the  session,  as  the  keeping  an  armed  force  there  was  a  breach  of  privilege,  and 
inconsistent  with  their  dignity  and  freedom.  Bernard  refused  on  the  ground  he 
had  no  authority  to  do  so.  The  house  then  organized  under  protest,  and  would  do 
no  business.  The  governor  adjourned  them  to  Cambridge,  and  told  them  he  was 
going  to  England,  having  been  summoned  there  to  state  the  condition  of  the  prov- 
ince to  the  king.  The  house  thereupon  petitioned  the  king  for  his  removal  as 
governor.  Being  called  upon  to  pay  the  expenses  already  incurred  for  the  troops, 
and  provide  for  those  in  the  future,  they  replied :  "  Your  excellency  must  there- 
fore excuse  us,  in  this  express  declaration,  that  as  we  cannot  consistently  with  our 
honor  and  interest,  and  much  less  with  the  duty  we  owe  our  constituents,  so  we 


282  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1769. 

never  •will  make  provision  for  the  purposes  in  your  several  messages  above  men- 
tioned." Bernard  prorogued  the  house,  and  left  for  England,  leaving  the  lieuten- 
ant-governor, Hutchinson,  in  authority.  After  his  departure  the  grand  jury  of 
Suffolk  indicted  him  for  libel  in  writing  slanderous  letters  concerning  the  people 
of  the  province  to  the  king's  ministers. 

1769,  JUNE.  —  Daniel  Boone  and  a  party  of  six  backwoodsmen 
made  their  camp  and  settled  on  the  Red  River. 

They  were  the  first  settlers  in  the  state  of  Kentucky. 

Boone  was  born  in  Maryland,  February,  1735;  died  September  26,  1822.  In 
1773,  he,  with  his  family  and  another  party,  again  started  west,  and  explored  and 
opened  a  road  to  the  Kentucky  River.  In  April,  1775,  a  fort  was  built,  and  the 
spot  named  Boonesborough.  He  was  placed  in  command  of  the  fort,  and  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  major  in  the  army.  After  the  close  of  the  Revolution, 
he  returned  to  his  farming  and  hunting.  In  1792,  when  Kentucky  was  admitted 
into  the  Union,  he  with  many  others,  owing  to  defective  titles,  lost  their  lands, 
and,  disgusted,  he  removed  in  1795  to  a  settlement  on  the  Osage,  where  eight 
thousand  five  hundred  acres  of  land  were  awarded  him  by  Spain,  then  in  posses- 
sion of  the  country,  for  his  services.  In  1812  Congress  confirmed  his  title  to 
part  of  the  land  still  remaining  to  him,  he  having  lost  the  larger  portion,  in  con- 
sideration of  lu's  conduct  during  the  early  settlement  of  the  West;  and  on  his 
farm  he  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-eight. 

1769,  JUNE  3.  —  The  transit  of  Venus  was  scientifically  ob- 
served at  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Joseph  Brown,  a  merchant  interested  in  science,  had  obtained  the  necessary 
instruments  from  London,  and  erected  an  observatory  where  the  observation  was 
made.  In  Newport  the  Reverend  Dr.  Stiles  also  observed  the  transit  with  instru- 
ments furnished  by  Abraham  Redwood. 

1769,  JULY  19.  —  In  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  a  band  of  the  peo- 
ple boarded  the  armed  British  sloop  Liberty,  and  scuttled  her. 

She  was  in  command  of  William  Reid,  who  had  just  arrested  two  Connecticut 
vessels  on  suspicion  of  smuggling.  A  reward  was  offered  by  the  Revenue  Board 
at  Boston  for  the  discovery  of  the  perpetrators,  but  without  effect. 

1769,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  governorship  of  New  York  devolved 
upon  Golden. 

Sir  Henry  Moore  had  died.  The  assembly  made  the  required  provision  for  the 
troops. 

1769,  SEPTEMBER  4.  —  The  first  class  graduated  from  Rhode 
Island  College. 

It  consisted  of  seven  members.  All  who  took  part  in  the  proceedings  were 
dressed  in  clothes  of  American  manufacture. 

1769,  OCTOBER.  —  The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  adopted  the 
Virginia  resolutions. 

They  were  dissolved  in  consequence,  and,  reassembling  as  individuals,  formed 
a  non-importation  league.  Georgia,  Rhode  Island,  and  New  Hampshire  also 
formed  a  similar  league. 


1769.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  283 

1769.  —  ON  the  dissolution  of  the  house  of  burgesses,  in  Vir- 
ginia, they  met  at  Anthony  Hay's  private  residence,  chose  Peyton 
Randolph  moderator,  and  the  next  day  adopted  and  signed  arti- 
cles of  association  to  carry  out  the  non-importation  agreement. 

One  of  these  articles  was,  not  to  "  import  any  slaves,  or  purchase  any  imported 
after  the  5th  day  of  November  next,  until  the  said  acts  of  Parliament  are  re- 
pealed." The  articles  were  quite  elaborate.  They  were  printed  in  the  news- 
papers. They  were  drawn  up  by  George  Mason,  and  sent  by  him  to  Washington, 
with  a  letter.  Washington  presented  them  to  the  house. 

1769.  —  A  JOINT  board  of  commissioners  settled  the  disputed 
boundary  question  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

1769.  —  THE  assembly  of  New  Jersey  granted  certain  privi- 
leges to  encourage  the  Hibernia  Iron-Works  and  others  in  Mon- 
mouth  County. 

Grape-shot  and  other  ordnance  was  made  here  during  the  Revolution.  A  letter 
dated  November  21,  1776,  from  John  Huff,  the  manager  or  owner,  asks  for  a  sup- 
ply of  salt,  and  speaks  of  the  furnace  as  the  only  one  he  knew  of  in  the  province, 
then  in  blast,  and  able  to  furnish  such  supplies  for^the  public  service. 

1769.  —  ABEL  BUELL,  of  Killingsworth,  Connecticut,  petitioned 
the  council  for  aid  to  put  in  operation  a  new  process  for  casting 
type.  His  petition  was  granted. 

The  foundery  was  commenced  in  New  Haven,  in  the  Sandemanian  meeting- 
house, in  Gregson  Street,  and  employed  some  fifteen  or  twenty  boys.  During  the 
continuance  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution  it  was  encouraged,  and  supplied  type 
at  the  time  there  was  great  difficulty,  expense,  and  risk  in  obtaining  foreign  sup- 
plies. It  does  not  appear  to  have  survived  the  war  long.  Buell  was  an  ingenious 
mechanic ;  hi's  business  was  that  of  a  gold-and  silversmith.  He  died  in  the  poor- 
house  at  New  Haven  about  1825.  Abel  Buell  and  Amos  Doolittle  engraved  and 
published  four  views  of  the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord. 

1769.  —  ONE  hundred  dollars  were  placed  anonymously  in  the 
hands  of  the  selectmen  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  to  be  given  in 
1771,  in  sums  of  forty,  thirty,  twenty,  and  ten  dollars,  to  those 
who  had  raised  the  largest  number  of  mulberry-trees  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1769.  —  THE  Superior  Court  of  Massachusetts  decided  that 
slavery  could  not  be  authorized  in  Massachusetts. 

The  case  was  James  vs.  Lechmere.  The  attorney-general,  Small,  argued  that 
the  royal  charter  expressly  declared  all  persons  born  or  residing  in  the  province 
to  be  as  free  as  the  king's  subjects  in  Great  Britain,  and  that  there  no  man 
could  be  deprived  of  his  liberty  but  by  the  judgment  of  his  peers ;  that  laws  of 
the  province  intended  to  regulate  or  mitigate  an  evil  did  not  authorize  it.  This 
was  two  years  before  Lord  Mansfield's  famous  decision  made  slavery  impossible  in 
England.  The  negroes  of  Boston  are  said  to  have  collected  the  money  among 
themselves  for  carrying  on  the  suit.  The  action  was  by  a  slave  to  recover  wages 
from  his  master. 

1769.  —  DARTMOUTH  COLLEGE,  at  Hanover,  New  Hampshire, 
was  established. 


284  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1769. 

1769.  —  FRANKLIN,  testifying  before  the  Board  of  Trade,  was 
questioned  concerning  the  paper-money  systems  of  the  colonies. 

It  had  been  claimed  that  the  paper  money  carried  the  gold  and  silver  out  of  the 
country,  and  that  experience  had  shown  that  every  colony  which  used  it  was  thus 
ruined  by  it.  Franklin  said :  — 

"  This  opinion  of  its  ruining  the  country  seems  to  be  merely  speculative,  or 
not  otherwise  founded  than  upon  misinformation  in  the  matter  of  fact.  The  truth 
is  that,  the  balance  of  trade  with  Britain  being  greatly  against  them,  the  gold  and 
silver  are  drawn  out  to  pay  the  balance ;  and  then  the  necessity  of  some  medium 
of  trade  has  induced  the  making  of  paper  money.  Thus,  if  carrying  out  all  the 
gold  and  silver  ruins  a  country,  every  colony  was  ruined  before  it  made  paper 
money.  But,  far  from  being  ruined  by  it,  the  colonies  that  have  made  use  of 
paper  money  have  been,  and  are,  all  in  a  thriving  condition.  .  .  . 

"  Pennsylvania,  before  it  made  any  paper  money,  was  totally  stripped  of  its 
gold  and  silver,  though  they  had  from  time  to  time,  like  the  neighboring  colonies, 
agreed  to  take  gold  and  silver  coins  at  higher  nominal  values,  in  hopes  of  drawing 
money  into  and  retaining  it  for  the  internal  usea  of  the  province.  During  that 
weak  practice  silver  got  up  by  degrees  to  eight  shillings  and  nine  pence  per 
ounce  .  .  .  long  before  paper  money  was  made.  But  this  practice  of  increasing 
the  denomination  was  found  not  to  answer  the  people.  The  balance  of  trade 
carried  out  the  gold  and  silver  coins  as  fast  as  they  were  brought  in,  the  mer- 
chants raising  the  price  of  their  goods  in  proportion  to  the  increased  denomination 
of  the  money.  The  difficulties  for  want  of  cash  were  accordingly  very  great,  the 
chief  part  of  the  trade  being  carried  on  by  the  extremely  inconvenient  method  of 
barter,  when,  in  1723,  paper  money  was  first  made  there  [in  Pennsylvania],  which 
gave  new  life  to  business,  promoted  greatly  the  settlement  of  new  lands  (by  lending 
small  sums  to  beginners,  on  easy  interest,  to  be  paid  by  installments),  whereby  the 
province  has  so  greatly  increased  in  inhabitants  that  the  export  from  thence  hither 
is  now  more  than  tenfold  what  it  then  was ;  ...  so  that  it  does  not  appear  to 
be  of  the  ruinous  nature  ascribed  to  it."  .  .  . 

To  the  objection  that  every  medium  of  trade  should  have  an  intrinsic  value, 
Franklin  replied :  — 

"  However  fit  a  particular  thing  may  be  for  a  particular  purpose,  whenever  that 
thing  is  not  to  be  had,  or  not  to  be  had  in  sufficient  quantity  (and  must  be  given  up 
to  the  demands  of  commerce  whenever  made),  it  becomes  necessary  to  use  some- 
thing else,  the  fittest  that  can  be  got  in  lieu  of  it.  ...  It  seems  hard,  therefore, 
to  draw  all  their  real  money  from  them,  and  then  refuse  them  the  poor  privilege 
of  using  paper  instead  of  its  bank  bills  and  banker's  notes  as  are  daily  used  here 
[in  England]  as  a  medium  of  trade,  and  in  large  dealings,  perhaps  the  greater 
part  is  transacted  by  their  means,  and  yet  they  have  no  intrinsic  value,  but  rest  on 
the  credit  of  those  that  issued  them,  as  paper  bills  in  the  colonies  do  on  the  credit 
of  the  respective  governments  there.  Their  [bank  bills]  being  payable  in  cash 
upon  sight  by  the  drawer  is,  indeed,  a  circumstance  that  cannot  attend  the  colony 
bills,  for  the  reason  just  above  mentioned,  their  cash  [bullion]  being  drawn  from 
them  by  the  British  trade ;  but  the  legal  tender  being  substituted  in  its  place  is 
rather  a  greater  advantage  to  the  possessor,  since  he  need  not  be  at  the  trouble  of 
going  to  a  particular  bank  or  banker  to  demand  the  money.  .  .  . 

"  At  this  very  time  even  the  silver  money  in  England  is  obliged  to  the  legal 
tender  for  a  part  of  its  value ;  that  part  which  is  the  difference  between  its  real 
weight  and  denomination.  Great  part  of  the  shillings  and  sixpences  now  current 
are,  by  wearing,  become  5,  10,  20,  and  some  of  the  sixpences  even  50  per  cent. 


1769-70.]       ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  285 

too  light.  For  this  difference  between  the  real  and  nominal  you  have  no  intrinsic 
value ;  you  have  not  so  much  as  paper ;  you  have  nothing.  It  is  the  legal  tender, 
with  the  knowledge  that  it  can  easily  be  repassed  for  the  same  value,  that  makes 
three  pennyworth  of  silver  pass  for  sixpence. 

"Gold  and  silver  are  not  intrinsically  of  equal  value  with  iron  —  a  metal  in 
itself  capable  of  many  more  benefits  to  mankind.  Their  value  rests  chiefly  in 
the  estimation  they  happen  to  be  in  among  the  generality  of  nations,  and  the 
credit  given  to  the  opinion  that  the  estimation  will  continue.  Otherwise  a  pound 
of  gold  would  not  be  a  real  equivalent  for  even  a  bushel  of  wheat." 

1769.  —  THE  assembly  of  South  Carolina  refused  to  provide 
quarters  for  the  troops  sent  to  that  province. 

They  adopted  the  Virginia  resolutions,  as  did  the  assemblies  of  Maryland  and 
Delaware. 

1769.  —  THE  French  settlers  on  the  Illinois  River  made  one 
hundred  and  ten  hogsheads  of  wine  from  the  native  grapes  of 
that  region. 

1769.  —  LEWIS  NICHOLA  commenced  a  magazine  entitled  the 
American  Magazine. 

It  contained  forty-eight  pages,  8vo,  and  the  transactions  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society  were  appended  to  it.  Only  one  volume  of  it  was  published. 

1769. — AT  this  date  there  were  forty  paper-mills  in  the  prov- 
inces of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware,  of  which  Penn- 
sylvania had  six. 

The  value  of  their  production  was  estimated  at  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  a 
year. 

1769.  —  THE  following  notice  appeared  in  the  Boston  News 
Letter :  — 

''The  bell  cart  will  go  through  Boston  before  the  end  of  next  month,  to  collect 
rags  for  the  Paper  Mill  at  Milton,  when  all  people  that  will  encourage  the  manu- 
factory may  dispose  of  them." 

1769-70.  —  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  first  made  the  attempt  to  have 
the  "  Gulf  Stream  "  marked  out  on  charts  for  the  benefit  of  nav- 
igators. 

1770.  —  CHARLES  IV.,  of  Spain,  issued  an  ordinance  opening 
all  the  ports  of  Spain  to  the  Spanish  colonies. 

1770. —  GEORGIA  passed  a  law,  making  teaching  slaves  either 
to  read  or  write  an  offence  punishable  with  a  fine  of  one  hundred 
pounds  for  each  offence. 

1770.  —  THE  first  manufacture  of  tin- ware  is  said  to  have  been 
made  by  Edward  Patterson,  a  native  of  Ireland,  at  Berlin,  Con- 
necticut. 

1770.  —  MOROCCO  leather,  of  fair  quality,  is  said  to  have  been 
made  by  Lord  Timothy  Dexter  at  Charlestown,  Massachusetts. 

1770.  —  WILLIAM  MOLLINEAU,  of  Boston,  was  granted  a  lease, 


286  ANXALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1770. 

rent  free,  for  seven  years,  of  the  public  silk  factory,  to  aid  in 
employing  the  poor  in  spinning,  dyeing,  and  weaving  silk. 

Mollineau  states  that  he  had  spent  between  eleven  and  twelve  hundred  pounds 
in  silk  culture,  chiefly  in  machinery  in  the  public  silk  factory,  and  engaged  to  buy, 
at  a  reasonable  price,  all  the  silk  raised  in  the  province,  and  manufacture  it. 

1770.  —  SUSANNAH  WRIGHT,  of  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania, 
received  a  premium  for  a  piece  of  mantua,  sixty  yards  in  length, 
made  from  silk  of  her  own  raising. 

A  court-dress  for  the  queen  was  made  from  it.  Samples  of  it  are  preserved  in 
the  manuscript  copy  of  Watson's  Annals  of  Pennsylvania  and  Philadelphia, 
which  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Library  Company. 

1770,  MARCH  5.  —  The  Boston  Massacre  took  place. 

In  a  contest  with  the  citizens  of  Boston,  the  military  fired,  killing  four  persons, 
and  wounding  several  more.  The  soldiers  were  tried  civilly,  and  all  but  two  ac- 
quitted, who  were  found  guilty  of  manslaughter.  The  occasion  was  celebrated  by 
an  annual  oration  in  Boston,  until  it  was  superseded  by  the  celebration  of  the  4th 
of  July,  as  the  date  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  There  had  been  con- 
stant collisions  between  the  soldiers  and  the  people,  and  this  last  one  resulted  in 
bloodshed.  A  town  meeting  held  the  next  day  demanded  the  removal  of  the 
troops,  which  was  finally  agreed  upon,  the  council  advising  it  unanimously.  John 
Adams  and  Josiah  Quincy  defended  the  soldiers  on  their  trial.  One  of  the  per- 
sons killed  was  a  negro  named  Attucks.  Their  funeral  was  attended  by  immense 
crowds. 

1770,  APRIL  12.  —  Parliament  partially  repealed  the  act  taxing 
the  importation  of  certain  articles  into  the  colonies.  The  duty 
on  tea  was  still  retained. 

1770.  — THIS  year  there  were  shipped  to  Liverpool  three  bales 
of  cotton  from  New  York,  four  from  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and 
three  barrels  full  from  North  Carolina. 

1770,  JULY.  —  The  Massachusetts  Spy  appeared  in  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

It  proposed  a  tri-weekly,  published  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays. 
The  publishers  were  Isaiah  Thomas  and  Zechariah  Fowle.  Three  months  after- 
wards Fowle  retired,  and  Thomas  increased  the  size  of  the  paper,  and  published 
it  twice  a  week.  Three  months  afterwards  he  issued  it  weekly.  It  was  one  of 
the  most  influential  sheets  devoted  to  the  popular  cause.  In  1774  it  printed  the 
snake  device,  with  the  motto  "Join  or  die  "  extending  across  the  entire  page. 
On  the  6th  of  April,  1775,  it  ceased  to  appear  in  Boston,  its  type  were  sent  away, 
and  on  the  3d  of  May  it  appeared  at  Worcester.  In  1781  its  title  was  changed  to 
the  Massachvsetts  Spy,  or  the  Worcester  Gazette,  In  1786  it  was  suspended  in 
consequence  of  the  state  stamp  act,  and  in  1788  was  resumed.  In  1870  its  present 
proprietors  celebrated  its  centennial. 

1770,  JULY  6.  —  The  first  royal  instruction  was  adopted  in  the 
Privy  Council. 

This  was  sent  to  Massachusetts,  and  ordered  the  garrisoning  of  Castle  William, 
in  Boston  harbor,  by  the  king's  troops.  The  charter  of  the  colony  expressly  pro- 


1770.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  287 

vidcd  that  this  fort  should  be  garrisoned  by  provincial  troops.  This  was  the  first 
in  a  series  of  instructions  designed  to  destroy  entirely  the  whole  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  local  government  in  the  colonies. 

1770.  —  THE  merchants  of  New  York  sent  out  a  circular  letter 
to  the  merchants  of  the  other  ports,  proposing  to  confine  the  non- 
importation agreement  to  the  article  of  tea. 

This  proposition  met  with  no  favor  from  the  non-importation  associations.  At 
a  meeting  held  in  Boston  in  Faneuil  Hall,  the  circular  was  torn  in  pieces.  The 
Philadelphia  merchants  sent  a  letter  to  those  of  New  York,  regretting  their 
course,  as  calculated  to  weaken  the  cause  of  union  upon  which  the  general  safety 
depended.  In  South  Carolina,  in  Charleston,  it  was  voted  at  a  large  meeting  that 
the  inhabitants  of  Georgia,  since  they  would  not  enter  in  the  agreement  for  non- 
importation, "ought  to  be  amputated  from  the  rest  of  the  bretheren,  as  a  rotten 
part  that  might  spread  a  dangerous  infection."  The  merchants  of  Boston  voted 
that  they  would  not  hold  intercourse  with  the  merchants  of  New  Hampshire,  or 
with  any  who  held  intercourse  with  them.  The  merchants  of  Philadelphia  voted 
"  not  to  have  any  dealings  with  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island  for  breaking  through 
their  non-importation  agreement,"  and  a  vessel  from  Newport,  commanded  by 
Captain  Whitman,  was  not  allowed  to  land  her  cargo  at  Philadelphia.  This  same 
course  was  followed  with  other  vessels.  The  "  freeholders,  merchants,  and  trad- 
ers "  of  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  voted  also  to  have  no  intercourse  with 
Rhode  Island.  Boston,  Charleston,  and  Philadelphia  drove  away  ships  from  New 
York,  New  Hampshire,  and  Rhode  Island.  New  York  and  New  Hampshire  were 
also  contending  concerning  the  jurisdiction  of  the  territory  (now  Vermont) ;  and 
Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania  were  also  disputing  concerning  their  boundaries. 
It  appeared  as  though  dissension,  rather  than  union,  was  to  be  the  future  of  the 
colonies. 

1770.  —  AN  association,  called  Regulators,  was  made  in  South 
Carolina  for  the  summary  punishment  of  offenders,  especially 
horse-thieves. 

As  yet  there  were  no  courts  established  outside  of  Charleston.  The  governor 
having  appointed  an  agent  to  examine  the  truth  of  complaints  made  of  the  regu- 
lators, he  arrested  some  of  them,  and  sent  them  to  Charleston. 

1770.  —  ROBERT  EDEN,  the  governor  of  Maryland,  issued  a 
proclamation  fixing  the  rate  of  fees. 

This  "  setting  fees  by  proclamation"  made  a  great  excitement  in  the  province, 
it  being  considered  that  the  fees  were  in  the  nature  of  taxes,  and  could  be  laid 
only  by  the  assembly.  The  contest  continued  some  years.  In  this  dispute 
Charles  Carroll  took  the  popular  side. 

1770.  —  IN  North  Carolina,  an  association,  called  Regulators, 
protested  against  the  exorbitant  fees  and  taxes,  and  refused  to 
pay  them. 

Proceeding  to  violence,  they  assaulted  lawyers,  judges,  and  sheriffs,  and  closed 
many  of  the  courts.  The  assembly  took  ground  against  them,  and  ejected  one  of 
their  number  from  their  midst. 

1770.  —  A  COLLEGE  was  established  at  New  Brunswick,  New 
Jersey,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in 
North  America,  under  the  title  of  Queen's  College. 


288  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1771. 

In  1825  the  name  was  changed  to  Rutgers.  Though  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Dutch  Church,  it  is  open  to  all  denominations. 

1771.  —  A  TAX  of  fourpence  a  ton  on  vessels  entering  Balti- 
more was  laid  by  the  colonial  government  of  Maryland  for  the 
purpose  of  building  a  light-house  on  Cape  Henry. 

1771,  MAY.  —  Governor  Tryon,  of  North  Carolina,  at  the  head 
of  a  body  of  volunteers,  marched  against  the  Regulators,  who 
submitted  after  an  engagement. 

Some  two  hundred  of  them  were  killed,  and  a  great  number  taken  prisoners, 
of  whom  six  were  tried  and  executed  for  treason. 

1771,  JUNE  9.  —  The  Massachusetts  house  of  representatives 
protested  "  against  all  such  doctrines,  principles,  and  practices  as 
tend  to  establish  either  ministerial  or  even  Royal  Instructions  as 
laws  within  the  province." 

1771,  JULY  8.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  printed  what  was  called 
the  twenty-seventh  instruction,  by  which  the  governor  was  told 
that  he  should  not  in  the  future,  upon  any  pretext,  give  his  con- 
sent to  any  law  or  laws  by  which  the  appointed  officers  were 
taxed. 

1771,  AUGUST  19.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  a 
bankruptcy  law. 

The  'bankrupt  was  discharged,  with  the  assent  of  a  majority  of  his  creditors, 
on  surrendering  all  of  Ms  assets,  unless  fraud  appeared.  He  was  allowed  to 
retain  certain  articles  of  furniture,  and  if  the  dividend  to  liis  creditors  amounted 
to  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  their  claims,  he  was  allowed  five  per  cent.,  and  if  the 
dividend  amounted  to  fifty  per  cent.,  then  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  for  his  sup- 
port. If  the  bankrupt  was  convicted  of  perjury,  he  was  imprisoned,  put  in  the 
pillory,  and  deprived  of  one  ear. 

1771,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  The  first  number  of  the  Censor  appeared 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

This  was  a  periodical  to  defend  the  policy  of  the  ministers.  Governor  Oliver, 
Thomas  Greenleaf,  and  other  loyalists,  contributed  to  it.  It  was  published  by 
E.  Russel.  The  last  number  appeared  May  2,  1772. 

1771,  NOVEMBER.  —  John  Dunlap  commenced  to  issue  the  Penn- 
sylvania Packet,  or  General  Advertiser,  as  a  weekly,  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

In  1783  it  was  sold  to  D.  C.  Claypoole,  who,  in  about  a  year  after,  made  it  a 
daily,  being  the  first  daily  paper  in  the  United  States. 

1771,  DECEMBER  23.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  said:  "To  break  off 
our  connection  with  the  parent  country  before  the  law  of  self- 
preservation  absolutely  obliges  us,  is  a  thought  we  never  harbor 
in  our  breasts.  The  reigning  principle  which  animates  Ameri- 
cans is  love  to  Great  Britain." 

1771.  —  ALEXANDER  and  James  Robertson  set  up  this  year  in 


1771-2.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  289 

Albany,  New  York,  a  press,  and  in  November  commenced  the 
publication  of  the  Albany  Gazette.  Albany  was  the  second  place 
in  New  York  state  where  printing  was  done. 

The  Albany  Gazette  was  discontinued  in  1776,  •when  the  Robertsons  left  the 
place  and  joined  the  royalists  in  New  York  city.  When  New  York  was  evacuated 
by  the  British,  they  took  refuge  in  Nova  Scotia.  At  Port  Rosenay  Alexander 
died  in  1784,  and  James,  some  time  afterwards,  died  in  London,  England. 

1771.  —  THOMAS  HUTCHINSON  was  appointed  governor  of 
Massachusetts. 

The  general  court  was  prorogued  for  discussing  the  taxation  of  the  salaries  of 
crown  officers,  and  made  no  provision  for  paying  the  expenses  of  the  government. 

1771.  —  LORD  BALTIMORE  died  without  lawful  issue. 

He  bequeathed  the  province  of  Maryland  to  a  natural  son,  Henry  Harford, 
then  a  boy  at  school.  The  governor,  Eden,  continued  the  administration  of  the 
province. 

1771.  —  GOVERNOR  TRYON  was  removed  from  the  governorship 
of  North  Carolina,  and  transferred  to  that  of  New  York. 

His  successor,  Josiah  Martin,  conciliated  the  Regulators  by  promising  to 
redress  their  grievances,  and  in  the  end  they  became  loyal  supporters  of  the 
government.  The  act  organizing  the  provincial  courts  of  North  Carolina  having 
expired  by  its  limitations,  a  dispute  concerning  their  organization,  between  the 
house  and  the  council,  kept  North  Carolina  for  a  year  without  any  courts. 

1771.  —  ETHAN  ALLEN  and  Seth  Warner  appeared  prominently 
as  leaders  of  the  settlers  of  the  territory  in  dispute  between 
New  York  and  New  Hampshire. 

The  fees  demanded  by  New  York  were  excessive,  and  they  denied  the  validity 
of  titles  given  by  Wentworth.  Suits  of  ejectment  were  brought  in  Albany,  but 
the  settlers  combined  to  resist  them.  Allen  and  Warner  had  emigrated  from 
Connecticut. 

1771.  —  THE  settlers  on  the  Wataga  organized  themselves  into 
a  body  politic,  and  agreed  to  a  code  of  laws,  each  of  them  sign- 
ing it. 

1771.  —  AN  Indian  missionary  school,  established  by  Wheelock 
at  Lebanon,  Connecticut,  was  moved  to  Hanover,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  made  into  a  college. 

Forty-four  thousand  acres  of  land  were  given  to  it,  together  with  a  charter. 
The  college  was  named  Dartmouth,  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  who  acted 
as  one  of  the  trustees  for  the  funds  raised  for  its  endowment  by  Sampson  Occum, 
an  Indian  preacher,  who  was  sent  to  England  for  that  purpose. 

1772,  JANUARY  6.  —  A  writer,  signed  "  American,"  in  the  Bos- 
ton Gazette,  said :  — 

"  The  more  eligible  course  for  the  Americans,  and  that  which  they  will  probably 
take,  is  to  form  a  government  of  their  own,  similar  to  that  of  the  United  Provinces 
in  Holland,  and  offer  a  free  trade  to  all  the  nations  of  Europe.  If  she  (Great 

19 


290  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1772. 

Britain)  still  pursues  false  maxims  and  arbitrary  measures,  the  Americans  will 
soon  dissolve  their  union  with  Great  Britain.  They  have  all  the  advantages  for 
independence,  and  every  temptation  to  improve  them  that  ever  a  people  had." 

1772,  APRIL  7.  —  Arthur  Lee,  of  Virginia,  in  a  letter  to  Samuel 
Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  says  :  — 

"  My  Lord  Hillsborough  does  not  deserve  from  us  a  confirmation  of  his  inso- 
lent boast,  that  America  is  quiet  and  returned  to  a  due  sense  of  her  error  in 
opposing  his  righteous  and  able  government.  And  upon  the  whole,  why  should 
we  be  less  persevering  in  opposition  than  they  are  in  oppression?  " 

1772,  MAY.  —  The  Bankruptcy  Act  of  the  last  year  was  re- 
pealed by  the  Rhode  Island  assembly. 

1772,  JUNE.  —  A  writer  from  New  Hampshire  said  in  the  Bos- 
ton Gazette :  "  If  no  regard  is  paid  to  our  united  complaints,  we 
should  be  justified  in  the  sight  of  the  world  if  we  sought  a  rem- 
edy in  another  way.  I  mean  set  up  a  government  of  our  own, 
independent  of  Great  Britain." 

1772,  JUNE  9.  —  The  Gaspee,  a  schooner  of  eight  guns,  sta- 
tioned at  Newport  to  prevent  smuggling,  ran  aground  in  the 
river,  and  was  captured  and  burned  by  a  party  in  row-boats. 
The  party  was  headed  by  Abraham  Whipple. 

William  Duddington,  a  lieutenant  in  command,  had  made  himself  very  obnoxious 
by  constantly  interfering  with  passing  vessels.  The  party  that  attacked  her  was 
publicly  called  together.  Duddington  was  shot,  and  the  vessel  burned.  One  hun- 
dred pounds  reward  was  offered  by  the  governor,  and  a  thousand  pounds  each  by 
the  king  for  the  two  leaders,  with  five  hundred  pounds  for  any  one  engaged  in  it, 
for  information  that  should  lead  to  the  discovery  of  the  perpetrators.  The  infor- 
mation was  never  given,  though  it  was  quite  generally  known.  The  Documentary 
History  of  the  Destruction  of  the  Gaspee,  by  W.  R.  Staples,  Providence,  1845, 
contains  a  full  account  of  this  transaction,  which  was  the  first  overt  act  of  resist- 
ance on  the  part  of  the  colonies. 

1772,  JUNE  22.  —  Lord  Mansfield,  in  England,  gave  the  decision 
that  slavery  could  not  exist  on  English  soil. 

A  native  of  Africa,  sold  as  a  slave  in  Virginia,  named  James  Somerset,  had 
been  brought  to  England  from  Virginia  by  James  Stewart,  and,  claiming  his  free- 
dom, was  about  to  be  shipped  to  Jamaica  for  sale.  On  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  he 
was  brought  before  Lord  Mansfield  in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench. 

1772,  AUGUST  17.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an 
act  making  banishment  and  whipping  the  punishment  for  horse- 
stealing. 

The  estate  of  the  offender  was  confiscated,  he  was  three  times  whipped  with 
thirty-nine  lashes,  and  banished.  If  he  returned,  death  was  the  penalty. 

1772,  SEPTEMBER  4.  —  A  royal  instruction  was  sent  to  the 
governor  of  Rhode  Island,  creating  a  commission  to  hold  its 
sessions  in  that  colony  and  inquire  into  the  burning  of  his 
Majesty's  schooner,  "  The  Gaspee." 


1772.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  291 

This  instruction  was  sent  by  Lord  Dartmouth,  but  was  not  made  public  until 
four  months  after  its  date.  The  commission  was  composed  of  the  chief  justices 
of  New  York,  Daniel  Horsemander;  of  New  Jersey,  Frederick  Smythe;  of 
Massachusetts,  Peter  Oliver;  the  judge  of  the  vice-admiralty  court  at  Boston, 
Robert  Auchmuty ;  and  Joseph  Wanton,  the  governor  of  Rhode  Island.  It  was 
instructed  that  the  offence  was  high  treason ;  to  arrest  the  perpetrators  and  the 
witnesses,  calling  upon  Lieutenant-General  Gage  for  the  assistance  of  the  army, 
if  necessary,  and  deliver  the  arrested  parties  to  Admiral  Montague,  commander 
of  the  naval  forces,  for  transportation  to  England. 

After  sitting  three  weeks,  the  commission  reported,  in  1773,  "that  the  whole 
affair  was  conducted  suddenly  and  secretly."  The  assembly  met  during  the 
sitting  of  the  commission,  and  Chief-Justice  Hopkins  asked  its  advice,  and  was 
told  to  use  his  discretion  when  the  exigency  arose.  He  said  :  "  For  the  purpose 
of  transportation  for  trial,  I  will  neither  apprehend  any  person  by  my  own  order, 
nor  suffer  any  executive  officers  in  the  colony  to  do  it."  After  the  report  of  this 
commission  was  received,  no  more  royal  instructions  were  issued,  and  the  plan 
of  having  Americans  sent  to  England  for  trial  was  abandoned.  * 

1772,  SEPTEMBER  15.  —  The  South  Carolina  Gazette  says: 
"  There  has  been  no  assembly  to  do  business  for  a  long  time. 
The  last  was  called,  and  after  sitting  three  or  four  days  was 
abruptly  dissolved.  Now  another  is  called  at  Beaufort,  upwards 
of  seventy  miles  from  the  capital,  at  a  place  where  no  assembly 
ever  sat  before." 

This  was  in  consequence  of  one  of  the  arbitrary  instructions. 

1772,  NOVEMBER  2.  —  At  a  public  meeting  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, Samuel  Adams  moved  "  that  a  committee  of  correspond- 
ence be  appointed,  to  consist  of  twenty-one  persons,  to  state 
the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and  of  this  province  in  particular,  as 
men,  as  Christians,  and  as  subjects ;  to  communicate  and  publish 
the  same  to  the  several  towns  in  this  province,  and  to  the  world, 
as  the  sense  of  this  town,  with  the  infringements  and  violations 
thereof  that  have  been,  or  from  time  to  time  may  be,  made  ; 
requesting  of  each  town  a  free  communication  of  their  senti- 
ments on  this  subject." 

This  was  the  inauguration  of  the  system  of  local  committees  of  correspondence. 
The  committee  appointed  consisted  of  James  Otis,  Samuel  Adams,  Joseph 
Warren,  Benjamin  Church,  William  Dennie,  William  Greenleaf,  Joseph  Green- 
leaf,  Thomas  Young,  William  Powell,  Nathaniel  Appleton,  Oliver  Wendell,  John 
Sweetser,  Josiah  Quincy,  John  Bradford,  Richard  Boynton,  William  Mackay, 
Nathaniel  Barber,  Caleb  Davis,  Alexander  Hill,  William  Molineaux,  Robert 
Pierpont.  This  committee  prepared  an  exhaustive  report,  which  was  ordered  to 
be  printed  and  sent  to  all  the  towns  in  the  province,  and  to  leading  citizens  in  the 
other  colonies.  The  edition  consisted  of  six  hundred  copies.  The  report  of  the 
proceedings  was  reprinted  in  London,  with  a  preface  by  Franklin. 

1772,  DECEMBER  28.  —  The  town  of  Pembroke  said :  — 

•  "If  the  measures  so  justly  complained  of  were  persisted  in  and  enforced  by 
fleets  and  armies,  they  must  (we  think  of  it  with  pain),  they  will,  in  a  little  time 


292  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1772. 

issue  in  the  total  dissolution  of  the  union  between  the  mother  country  and  the 
colonies,  to  the  infinite  loss  of  the  former,  and  the  regret  of  the  latter." 

1772.  —  THE  assembly  in  Georgia  elected  Noble  Wimberly 
Jones  three  times  unanimously  for  their  speaker,  and  three  times 
the  governor  refused  to  allow  the  election.  Jones  then  declined 
a  re-election,  and  Archibald  Bullock  was  chosen,  and  the  entry 
made  in  the  records  that  he  was  elected  because  Jones  declined. 
The  governor  said  :  "  If  this  record  is  to  stand  on  your  Journals, 
I  have  no  choice  but  to  dissolve  the  assembly."  The  House  an- 
swered :  "  Our  third  choice  of  Noble  Wimberly  Jones,  Esq.,  as 
our  speaker,  was  not  in  the  least  meant  as  disrespectful  to  His 
Majesty  or  you  as  his  representative,  nor  thereby  did  we  mean  to 
infringe  on  the  just  prerogative  of  the  crown/' 

The  governor  was  acting  under  one  of  the  instructions. 

1772.  —  THE  Virginia  burgesses  addressed  a  petition  to  the 
king  concerning  the  slave  trade,  representing  it  as  inhuman,  and 
urging  that  unless  it  was  checked  it  would  endanger  the  very  ex- 
istence of  his  Majesty's  American  dominions,  and  they  pray  for 
the  removal  of  those  restraints  upon  his  Majesty's  governors 
which  prohibit  their  assenting  to  such  laws  as  might  check  so 
pernicious  a  traffic. 

It  was  one  of  the  instructions  under  which  the  governor  was  acting. 

1772. —  THE  number  of  vessels  built  in  the  colonies  this  year 
was  one  hundred  and  eighty-two,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of 
twenty-six  thousand  five  hundred  and  forty-four  tons. 

Of  these  vessels,  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  were  built  in  New  England, 
fifteen  in  New  York,  one  in  New  Jersey,  eight  in  Pennsylvania,  eight  in  Mary- 
land, seven  in  Virginia,  three  in  North  Carolina,  two  in  South  Carolina,  and  five 
in  Georgia. 

1772.  —  GOVERNOR  HUTCHINSON  informed  the  general  court 
that  the  crown  would  henceforth  pay  his  salary. 

The  court  considered  this  change  a  violation  of  the  charter.  The  salary  paid 
by  the  crown  was  six  thousand  six  hundred  and  sixty-six  dollars. 

1772.  —  NEW  HAMPSHIRE  was  divided  into  five  counties. 

They  were  Rockingham,  Hillsborough,  Cheshire,  Stratford,  and  Grafton, 
being  named  in  honor  of  English  nobles. 

1772. — THE  Society  of  Arts,  in  London,  withdrew  the  pre- 
miums they  had  offered  for  the  cultivation  of  silk  in  the  colonies. 

They  had  paid  several  hundred  pounds  in  Carolina  and  elsewhere  through 
their  agents. 

1772.  —  MILLS  were  built  on  the  Patapsco,  at  Baltimore. 

1772.  —  PARCHMENT  was  made  in  Philadelphia  by  Robert 
Wood. 

It  was  said  to  be  equal  to  that  imported. 


1773.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  293 

1773,  JANUARY  11.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  said :  — 

"  If  the  Britons  continue  their  endeavors  much  longer  to  subject  us  to  their 
government  and  taxation,  we  shall  become  a  separate  state.  This  is  as  certain  as 
any  event  that  has  not  already  come  to  pass." 

1773,  MARCH  4.  —  The  house  of  burgesses  of  Virginia  met, 
and  on  the  12th,  on  motion  of  Dabney  Carr,  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

The  resolutions  appointing  them  were  as  follows  :  "  Whereas  the  minds  of  His 
Majesty's  faithful  subjects  in  tlu's  colony  have  been  much  disturbed  by  various 
rumors  and  reports  of  proceedings  tending  to  deprive  them  of  their  ancient  legal 
and  constitutional  rights :  And  whereas  the  affairs  of  the  colony  are  frequently 
connected  with  those  of  Great  Britain,  as  well  as  of  the  neighboring  colonies, 
which  renders  a  communication  of  sentiments  necessary :  in  order  therefore  to 
remove  the  uneasiness  and  to  quiet  the  minds  of  the  people,  as  well  as  for  other 
good  purposes  above  mentioned,  — 

"  Be  it  resolved,  That  a  standing  committee  of  correspondence  and  inquiry  be 
appointed,  to  consist  of  eleven  persons,  —  viz.,  the  Honorable  Peyton  Randolph, 
Esquire,  Robert  Carter  Nicholas,  Richard  Bland,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  Benjamin 
Harrison,  Edmund  Pendleton,  Patrick  Henry,  Dudley  Digges,  Dabney  Carr, 
Archibald  Carey  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  Esquires,  —  any  six  of  whom  be  a  com- 
mittee, whose  business  it  shall  be  to  obtain  the  most  early  and  authentic  intelli- 
gence of  all  such  acts  and  resolutions  of  the  British  parliament,  or  proceedings 
of  administration,  as  may  relate  to  or  affect  the  British  colonies  in  America,  and 
to  keep  up  and  maintain  a  correspondence  and  communication  with  her  sister 
colonies  respecting  these  important  considerations,  and  the  result  of  their  pro- 
ceedings from  time  to  time  to  lay  before  this  House.  Resolved,  That  it  be  an 
instruction  to  the  said  committee  that  they  do  without  delay  inform  themselves 
particularly  of  the  principles  and  authority  on  which  was  constituted  a  court  of 
inquiry,  said  to  have  been  lately  held  in  Rhode  Island,  with  powers  to  transport 
persons  accused  of  offences  committed  in  America  to  places  beyond  the  seas  to  be 
tried.  Resolved,  That  the  speaker  of  this  House  do  transmit  to  the  speakers  of  the 
different  assemblies  of  the  British  colonies  on  this  continent  copies  of  the  said 
resolutions,  and  desire  that  they  will  lay  them  before  their  respective  assemblies,  and 
request  them  to  appoint  some  person  or  persons  of  their  respective  bodies  to  com- 
municate from  time  to  time  with  the  said  committee."  On  the  passage  of  these 
resolves,  the  governor,  Earl  Dunmore,  dissolved  the  House.  The  members  then 
met  in  a  public-house,  and  agreed  upon  a  circular  letter  to  the  colonies.  The 
resolutions  were  written  by  Jefferson,  and  given  to  Dabney  Carr  to  offer.  He  and 
Jefferson  were  fellow-students,  intimate  friends,  and  brothers-in-law.  Carr  died 
a  few  weeks  after.  This  action  of  Virginia  was  the  first  response  to  the  circular 
letter  from  Massachusetts  advising  the  appointment  of  committees  of  correspond- 
ence, and  on  their  reception  in  Massachusetts  they  were  reprinted  and  circulated 
through  all  the  towns  of  the  colony. 

1773,  MARCH  19.  —  In  the  superior  court  of  Rhode  Island  two 
actions  for  trespass  were  brought  against  Captain  Keeler,  of  the 
Mercury,  the  senior  officer  on  the  station,  by  the  officers  of  a 
brig,  a  portion  of  whose  cargo  he  had  seized,  and  another  for 
trover  by  the  owner  of  the  brig,  and  verdicts  were  found  for  the 
plaintiffs. 


294  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1773. 

1773.  —  IN  April,  the  Cambridge  committee  of  correspondence 
wrote  :  — 

"  We  trust  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  our  rights  and  liberties  shall  be  re- 
stored to  us,  or  the  colonies,  united  as  one  man,  will  make  their  most  solemn 
appeal  to  Heaven,  and  drive  tyranny  from  these  northern  climes." 

1773,  APRIL  27.  —  Lord  North  proposed  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons to  allow  the  East  India  Company  "  to  export  such  portion 
of  their  tea  then  in  their  warehouses,  to  British  America,  as  they 
should  think  fit,  duty  free,"  which  was  adopted. 

The  tax  on  tea  had  led  to  its  importation  into  the  colonies  from  Holland,  in 
violation  of  the  custom-house  duties.  The  loss  of  the  American  market  for  their 
tea  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  chief  reasons  for  the  embarrassment  of  the 
East  India  Company,  and  the  king  suggested  that  the  occasion  was  opportune  for 
both  aiding  the  Company  by  making  a  market  for  its  stock  of  tea,  and  testing  the 
question  of  taxation  with  America.  Lord  North's  resolutions  provided  that  on  all 
teas  sent  to  the  American  plantations  after  May  the  10th,  a  drawback  be  allowed 
of  all  the  duties  paid  on  their  importation  into  England,  and  also  that  such  expor- 
tations  should  be  made  under  licenses  from  the  commissioners  of  the  treasury. 
This  left  the  Company  to  pay  the  three  pence  a  pound  duty  on  teas  imported  into  the 
colonies.  On  the  Cth  of  May  the  resolutions  were  adopted  by  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  on  the  10th  received  the  royal  assent.  Franklin  wrote  of  the  measure : 
"  They  have  no  idea  that  any  people  can  act  from  any  other  principle  but  that 
of  interest ;  and  they  believe  that  three  pence  on  a  pound  of  tea,  of  which  one 
does  not  perhaps  drink  ten  pounds  a  year,  is  sufficient  to  overcome  all  the  patriot- 
ism of  an  American." 

1773.  —  IN  May,  a  pamphlet  entitled  The  American  Alarm,  or 
the  Bostonian  Plea,  said  :  — 

"If  the  parliament  continue  these  destructive  plans  —  the  fatal  period  which 
we  all  deprecate  cannot  be  very  far  distant,  when  the  political  union  between  Great 
Britain  and  these  colonies  will  be  dissolved." 

1773,  MAY  5.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  elected  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence  "  to  obtain  the  most  early  and  authentic 
intelligence  of  all  such  acts  and  resolutions  of  the  British  Par- 
liament, and  measures  of  the  ministry,  as  may  relate  to,  or  affect, 
the  British  colonies  in  America." 

This  committee  consisted  of  Metcalf  Bowler,  the  speaker  of  the  house, 
Stephen  Hopkins,  chief  justice  of  the  colony,  Moses  Brown,  William  Bradford, 
Henry  Marchant,  attorney-general,  Henry  Ward,  and  John  Cole. 

1773,  MAY  21.  — The  assembly  of  Connecticut  appointed  a 
committee  of  correspondence. 

The  committee  were  Ebenezer  Silliman,  William  Williams,  Benjamin  Payne, 
Samuel  Holden  Parsons,  Nathaniel  Wales,  Silas  Dcane,  Samuel  Bishop,  Joseph 
Trumbull,  and  Erastus  Woolcott.  A  select  committee  to  correspond  were  William 
Williams,  Silas  Deane,  Benjamin  Payne,  and  Joseph  Trumbull. 

1773,  MAY  27.  —  The  New  Hampshire  assembly  appointed  a 
committee  of  correspondence. 


1773.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  295 

This  committee  was  made  by  John  Wentworth,  John  Sherburne,  William  Par- 
ker, John  Giddings,  Jacob  Sheafe,  Christopher  Tappan,  and  John  Pickering. 

1773,  MAY  28.  —  The  Massachusetts  assembly  appointed  a 
committee  of  correspondence. 

This  committee  consisted  of  Thomas  Chushing,  Samuel  Adams,  John  Hancock, 
William  Philips,  William  Heath,  Joseph  Ilawley,  James  Warren,  Richard  Derby, 
Jr.,  Elbridge  Gerry,  Jcrahmeel  Bowers,  Jedediah  Foster,  Daniel  Leonard, 
Thomas  Gardner,  Jonathan  Greenleaf,  and  James  Prescott. 

1773,  JUNE  2.  —  The  letters  of  Governor  Hutchinson,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, which  had  been  obtained  in  London  by  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, were  made  public,  and  were  printed  in  the  newspapers. 

It  is  not  yet  known  how  they  came  into  Franklin's  possession.  He  sent  them 
to  Massachusetts  with  a  request  not  to  have  them  copied  or  made  public. 

1773,  JULY  8.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  resolved 
"  that  Mr.  Speaker  and  any  eight  of  the  other  members  of  the 
standing  committee  of  correspondence  "  be  a  committee  to  cor- 
respond with  the  committees  appointed  by  the  house  of  burgesses 
or  to  be  appointed  by  the  "  sister  colonies." 

1773.  —  IN  August,  the  directors  of  the  East  India  Company 
obtained  licenses  from  the  Lords  of  the  treasury,  and  sent  cargoes 
of  tea  to  the  colonies. 

The  cargoes  were  sent  to  Boston,  Charleston,  Philadelphia,  and  New  York. 
Franklin,  as  agent  for  the  colonies  in  London,  mentioned  it  in  September. 

1773.  —  IN  August  of  this  year,  William  Goddard,  the  first 
printer  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  commenced  the  issue  of  the 
Maryland  Journal  and  Baltimore  Advertiser,  which  was  the  first 
newspaper  in  Baltimore,  and  the  third  in  the  province. 

Nicholas  Hasselboct,  of  Pennsylvania,  who  had  learned  the  art  from  C.  Sower, 
had  previously  established  a  press  at  Baltimore.  He  printed  in  English  and  Ger- 
man, and  is  said  to  have  contemplated,  and  perhaps  commenced,  a  German  edition 
of  the  Bible. 

William  Goddard  was  prominently  occupied  with  public  business,  and  while  so 
engaged,  the  concerns  of  the  printing  office  were  attended  to  by  his  sister,  Mary 
Catherine  Goddard.  The  books  and  papers  issued  from  the  office  were  printed  in 
her  name,  and  she  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  print  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. 

1773,  AUGUST  2.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  advocated  the  meeting 
of  a  general  congress. 

It  said  :  "  Many  and  great  are  the  advantages  that  may  result  from  such  a  con- 
gress or  meeting  of  American  states,  and  it  should  be  forwarded  as  fast  as 
possible." 

1773,  SEPTEMBER  10.  —  The  assembly  of  Georgia  chose  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

A  letter  written  to  the  house  of  burgesses  and  dated  November  20,  is  signed 


296  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1773. 

by  William  Young,  Noble  Wimberly  Jones,  Joseph  Clay,  D.  Zublcy,  Jr.,  and 
William  Courts. 

1773,  SEPTEMBER  13.  —  A  writer  in  the  Boston  Gazette  said  :  — 

"  That  a  congress  of  American  states  be  assembled  as  soon  as  possible,  draw 
up  a  Bill  of  Rights,  and  publish  it  to  the  world ;  choose  an  ambassador  to  reside 
at  the  British  court,  to  act  for  the  United  Colonies ;  appoint  where  the  congress 
shall  annually  meet,  and  how  it  may  be  summoned  upon  an  extraordinary 
occasion." 

1773,  OCTOBER.  —  The  Norwich  Packet  appeared  in  Norwich, 
Connecticut. 

1773,  OCTOBER  15.  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  chose  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

It  consisted  of  Matthew  Tilghman,  John  Hall,  Thomas  Johnson,  William  Paca, 
Samuel  Chase,  Edward  Lloyd,  Matthias  Hammond,  Josiah  Beale,  James  Lloyd 
Chamberlain,  Brice  Thomas,  Beale  Worthington,  Joseph  Sim,  or  any  six.  The 
letter  of  advice  to  the  house  of  burgesses  is  dated  December  6. 

1773.  —  ON  the  18th  of  October  a  large  public  meeting  in 
Philadelphia  resolved  that  the  duty  on  tea  was  a  tax  imposed 
on  the  colonists  without  their  consent,  and  tended  to  render 
assemblies  useless  ;  that  the  importation  by  the  East  India  Com- 
pany was  an  attempt  to  enforce  this  tax ;  that  whoever  counte- 
nanced the  unloading,  vending,  or  receiving  the  tea  was  an 
enemy  to  his  country. 

The  consignees  in  Philadelphia,  to  whom  the  tea  was  shipped  by  the  East  India 
Company,  were  requested  to  resign  their  position,  and  agreed  to  do  so ;  and  on  its 
arrival,  December  25,  the  vessel  was  sent  back. 

1773.  —  IN  Boston,  many  public  meetings  were  held  in  Faneuil 
Hall ;  the  resolutions  passed  at  Philadelphia  were  adopted ;  the 
consignees  were  asked  to  resign  their  office,  but  peremptorily 
refused  to  do  so. 

1773.  —  IN  New  York,  a  large  public  meeting  was  held  at  the 
City  Hall,  the  action  of  Philadelphia  and  Boston  commended,  and 
a  resolution  passed  that  the  tea,  under  any  circumstances,  should 
not  be  landed  in  that  port.  The  vessel  was  sent  back  on  her 
arrival,  April  21,  1774. 

1773.  —  IN  Charleston,  a  large  public  meeting  was  held,  at 
which  it  was  announced  that  the  consignees  had  resigned  their 
position,  and  the  meeting  voted  them  their  thanks.  On  the  arri- 
val of  the  ship,  April  21,  1774,  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
inform  the  captain  that  the  tea  must  go  back. 

Christopher  Gadsden,  Charles  Pinckney,  and  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney 
were  members  of  the  committee.  The  vessel,  however,  was  delayed  over  the 
twenty  days  allowed  for  paying  the  duty,  so  that  the  collector  of  the  port  seized 
the  tea  and  stored  it  in  a  damp  cellar,  where  it  was  all  ruined. 

1773,  OCTOBER  21.  —  The  committee  of  correspondence  of  the 


THE  DESTRUCTION  OF  TEA  IN  BOSTON  HARBOR,  DECEMBER  16,  1773- 


1773.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  297 

assembly  in  Massachusetts  sent  a  circular  letter  to  the  other  com- 
mittees, stating  the  question  between  the  colonies  and  Great 
Britain. 

The  refusal  of  the  consignees  of  the  tea  to  not  receive  it,  in  Boston  alone, 
had  naturally  attracted  attention  to  this  port.  The  committee  say  in  their  letter  : 
"  Is  it  not  of  the  utmost  importance  that  our  vigilance  should  increase ;  that  the 
colonies  should  be  united  in  their  sentiments  of  the  measures  of  opposition  necessary 
to  be  taken  by  them ;  and  that  in  whichsoever  of  the  colonies  any  infringements  are 
or  shall  be  made  on  the  common  rights  of  all,  that  colony  should  have  the  united 
efforts  of  all  for  its  support?  This,  we  take  it,  to  be  the  true  design  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  our  committees  of  correspondence." 

1773,  OCTOBER  23.  —  The  Delaware  assembly  chose  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

The  signers  of  a  letter  to  the  house  of  burgesses  were  Cassar  Rodney,  George 
Read,  Thomas  McKean,  John  McKinley,  and  Thomas  Robeson. 

1773,  NOVEMBER  28.  —  One  of  the  ships  loaded  with  tea  arrived 
at  Boston,  arid  a  few  days  afterwards  two  others. 

The  ships  were  moored  close  together,  the  design  being  to  send  the  tea  back  in 
them.  "  The  town  is  as  furious  as  it  was  in  the  time  of  the  Stamp  Act,"  wrote 
Governor  Hutchinson.  The  ships  in  returning  could  not  pass  the  Castle  without 
an  order  from  the  governor,  and  he  would  not  give  tlu's  before  they  were  cleared 
at  the  custom-house,  while  the  collector  refused  to  give  them  a  clearance  before 
they  were  discharged  of  all  articles  subject  to  duty.  Public  meetings  were  held, 
in  which  the  selectmen  took  part.  The  consignees  of  the  tea  refused  to  resign 
their  commission.  By  the  law  of  the  port,  a  vessel  twenty  days  after  her  arrival 
was  liable  to  be  seized  for  nonpayment  of  dues ;  on  the  sixteenth  day  of  Decem- 
ber this  time  would  expire  with  the  "  Dartmouth,"  the  first  ship  which  arrived. 

1773,  DECEMBER  2.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  said  :  — 

"  There  is  no  time  to  be  lost.  A  congress,  or  a  meeting  of  the  states,  is  in- 
dispensable." 

1773,  DECEMBER  4.  —  The  Essex  Journal  and  Merrimack  Packet, 
or  the  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire  General  Advertiser, 
appeared  in  Newburyport. 

It  was  established  by  Isaiah  Thomas  and  Henry  Walton  Tinges.  Thomas  soon 
sold  his  share  to  Ezra  Lunt.  Eventually  John  Mycall  became  sole  proprietor, 
and  continued  the  publication  for  a  number  of  years. 

1773,  DECEMBER  8.  —  The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  chose  a 
committee  of  correspondence. 

This  committee  consisted  of  John  Harvey,  Mr.  Howe,  Mr.  Harnett,  Mr.  Hooper, 
Mr.  Caswcll,  Mr.  Vail,  Mr.  Ash,  Mr.  Hewes,  and  Samuel  Johnson.  Their  answer 
to  the  burgesses  is  dated  December  26,  and  is  signed  John  Harvey. 

1773.  —  ON  the  16th  of  December  a  public  meeting  was  held 
in  Boston  at  the  "  Old  South  Meeting  House." 

An  immense  gathering,  estimated  at  "nearly  seven  thousand,"  assembled  from 
the  town  and  country  round,  and  adjourned  from  the  morning  to  the  afternoon, 


298  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1773. 

and  at  half  past  four  resolved  that  the  tea  should  not  be  landed.  The  meeting 
was  patient  and  orderly,  and  refused  to  adjourn.  About  six  o'clock  Mr.  Rotch, 
the  consignee  of  the  tea,  appeared  in  the  meeting  and  reported  that  he  had  been 
to  see  the  governor,  who  refused  to  give  the  vessel  a  pass  unless  the  vessel  was 
properly  cleared.  Being  asked  whether  he  would  *send  the  vessel  back  with  the 
tea  in  her,  he  replied  he  "  could  not  possibly  comply,  as  he  apprehended  compli- 
ance would  prove  his  ruin;"  and  further  he  said  that  "if  called  upon  by  the 
proper  officers,  he  should  attempt,  for  his  own  security,  to  land  the  tea."  Samuel 
Adams  then  said,  "  This  meeting  can  do  nothing  more  to  save  the  country."  An 
immense  shouting  arose,  the  moderator  declared  the  meeting  dissolved,  and  the 
crowd  dispersed,  following  a  band  of  about  fifty  persons  dressed  as  Indians,  who 
proceeded  to  the  wharf  where  the  ships  were  moored.  Proceeding  on  the  vessels, 
they  warned  the  custom-house  officers  and  the  guard  in  possession  not  to  interfere, 
broke  open  the  hatches,  hoisted  the  chests  of  tea,  broke  them  open,  and  emptied 
them  into  the  water.  "  The  whole  was  done  with  very  little  tumult,"  wrote 
Hutchinson. 

The  tea  had  been  guarded  by  a  committee  of  the  citizens,  and  John  Hancock 
was  one  of  them  this  evening.  The  names  of  those  who  formed  the  band  of 
Indians  are  not  known ;  they  worked  in  an  orderly  and  efficient  manner.  No 
other  property  was  injured,  no  one  was  hurt,  and  no  tea  was  allowed  to  be  carried 
away ;  the  crowd  remained  on  the  wharf  while  the  work  was  done,  and  then  quietly 
went  home,  and  the  city  is  said  never  to  have  been  more  quiet  than  it  was  at  ten 
o'clock  that  evening.  One  of  the  party,  on  his  return  home,  found  some  of  the 
tea  had  lodged  in  his  shoes ;  it  was  preserved  in  a  bottle  with  a  parchment  memo- 
randum, and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Lemuel  Shaw,  of  Boston. 

1773.  —  IN  December,  in  Philadelphia  bells  were  rung,  and  a 
large  public  meeting  returned  their  "  hearty  thanks  to  the  people 
of  Boston  for  their  resolution  in  destroying  the  tea  rather  than 
suffering  it  to  be  landed." 

In  New  York,  similar  demonstrations  were  made  concerning  the  destruction  of 
the  tea. 

1773. — JOHN  SHIPMAN,  of  Saybrook,  Connecticut,  obtained 
from  the  legislature  a  patent  for  an  improved  tide-mill  of  his  own 
invention. 

An  exclusive  right  was  given  him  for  forty  years,  for  the  town  of  Saybrook 
and  twenty  miles  west  of  the  Connecticut  River ;  and  all  others  were  forbidden  to 
erect  or  improve  tide-mills  within  these  limits,  during  this  time. 

1773.  —  VIEGINIA  coined  half  pence. 

1773.  —  THE  copper  mines  in  Simsbury,  Connecticut,  were 
abandoned,  and  being  bought  by  the  state-  were  made  a  prison 
for  criminals. 

During  the  Revolution,  Tories  were  confined  there. 

1773.  —  THE  first  experimental  steam-engine  built  in  America 
was  exhibited  by  Christopher  Colles,  in  Philadelphia. 

He  had  used  a  model  as  an  illustration  for  his  lectures  before  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  and  was  employed  to  build  one  for  a  distillery,  but  the 
elightness  of  its  construction  made  it  of  no  practical  use. 


1773-4.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  299 

1773.  —  THE  settlers  in  the  valley  of  the  Wyoming,  on  the 
Upper  Susquehanna,  were  taken  under  the  protection  of  Con- 
necticut. 

The  Susquehanna  Company  prevailed  upon  the  province  to  do  this.  Under  the 
charter  of  Connecticut  her  territory  extended  to  the  Pacific.  The  settlement  was 
incorporated  as  the  town  of  Westmoreland,  and  annexed  to  Litchfield  County. 
The  Pennsylvania  assembly  constituted  the  same  settlement  the  County  of  North- 
umberland, and  the  question  of  jurisdiction  was  carried  before  the  king  in 
council. 

1773.  —  THE  jurisdiction  over  Pittsburg  and  the  region  west 
of  the  Laurel  Mountains  was  claimed  by  Virginia. 

An  agent  who  appeared  there  with  a  commission  from  Lord  Dunmore  was 
arrested,  but  escaped. 

1773.  —  THE  boundary  between  New  York  and  Massachusetts 
was  arranged  by  a  commission  which  met  at  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut. 

Governors  Hutchinson  and  Tryon  were  present  and  arranged  the  line.  It  was 
not  confirmed  before  the  war. 

1773.  —  GOVERNOR  TRYON  of  New  York  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  arrange  the  disputed  question  of  boundaries  with 
New  York  and  "  The  Green  Mountain  boys,"  as  the  settlers  in 
Vermont  were  called. 

He  went  to  England  to  lay  the  matter  before  the  English  government. 

1773.  —  AN  attempt  was  made  to  work  the  mines  on  Lake 
Superior. 

It  was  soon  abandoned  as  too  expensive. 

1773.  —  JOHN  MURRAY,  the  founder  of  Universalism,  arrived  in 
the  country. 

1774,  JANUARY  20.  —  The  New  York  assembly  chose  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

Their  reply  to  the  burgesses  is  dated  March  1.  The  committee  consisted  of 
John  Cruger,  James  DeLancy,  James  Janney,  Jacob  Walton,  Benjamin  Seaman, 
Isaac  Wilkins,  Frederick  Phillips,  Daniel  Kissam,  Zebulon  Seaman,  John 
Eapalse,  Simeon  Bcerum,  John  De  Noyelles,  and  George  Clinton,  or  any  seven 
of  them. 

1774,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  chose  a 
committee  of  correspondence. 

It  consisted  of  James  Kinsey,  Stephen  Crane,  Hendrich  Fisher,  Samuel 
Tucker,  John  Wetherell,  Robert  Friend  Price,  John  Hinchman,  John  Mehelm, 
and  Edward  Taylor. 

1774,  FEBRUARY  23.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed 
an  act  providing  for  the  gradual  extinction  of  slavery  in  that 
state. 

All  children  born  of  slave  mothers  after  the  1st  of  March  were  to  be  free,  and 


300  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1774. 

the  towns  were  to  pay  the  cost  of  their  rearing.  The  next  year  this  charge  was 
laid  upon  the  owners  of  the  mothers.  The  act  had  been  framed  the  year  before 
by  the  assembly,  and  printed.  It  was  drawn  in  answer  to  a  petition  from  the 
Quakers  for  the  abolition  of  slavery. 

1774,  FEBRUARY  29. —  The  petition  of  the  Massachusetts  assem- 
bly for  the  removal  of  Hutchinson  from  the  governorship  was 
heard  before  the  Privy  Council. 

Franklin  was  present  as  the  agent  of  the  province.  The  petition  was  dis- 
missed as  "  groundless,  scandalous,  and  vexatious,"  and  Franklin  was  dismissed 
from  lu's  position  of  colonial  postmaster. 

1774,  MARCH  5  — John  Hancock  delivered  the  annual  oration 
in  Boston,  in  commemoration  of  the  Boston  Massacre. 

In  this  he  urged  that  the  condition  of  affairs  required  a  general  congress. 

1774,  MARCH  7. — The  king,  in  his  messages  to  parliament, 
called  their  attention  to  the  proceedings  in  America,  and  partic- 
ularly to  the  destruction  of  the  tea  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1774,  MARCH  8.  —  A  bill  suppressing  the  slave  trade  was 
passed  by  the  Massachusetts  assembly. 

Under  instructions  from  the  Home  government,  Governor  Hutchinson  refused 
to  sign  it.  This  refusal  was  also  made  by  his  successor,  Governor  Gage. 

1774,  MARCH  14.  —  Lord  North,  in  parliament,  proposed  the 
Boston  Port  Bill,  which  passed  both  houses,  and  on  the  31st 
received  the  royal  assent. 

This  bill  prohibited  the  landing  or  the  shipping  of  any  merchandise  whatever, 
in  Boston,  after  the  1st  day  of  June.  It  also  constituted  Marblehead,  Massachu- 
setts, a  port  of  entry,  and  made  Salem  the  seat  of  government.  This  was  to 
continue  until  the  owners  of  the  property  destroyed  should  be  paid  for  their  loss, 
and  until  other  conditions  had  been  satisfied.  Official  notice  was  given  that  the 
enforcement  of  the  act  would  be  maintained  by  the  army  and  navy  if  necessary. 
The  notice  of  the  act  arrived  in  Boston  on  the  10th  of  May,  and  in  New  York  on 
the  12th  of  May  by  another  vessel. 

1774,  MARCH  28.  —  Lord  North  moved  in  parliament  that 
"  leave  be  given  to  bring  in  a  bill  for  the  better  regulating  the 
government  of  Massachusetts  Bay." 

In  speaking  of  the  bill  he  proposed,  he  said  it  was  intended  to  "  give  a  degree 
of  strength  and  spirit  to  the  civil  magistracy  and  to  the  executive  power."  In  the 
debate  which  followed,  Lord  George  Germain  said :  "  There  is  a  degree  of  absurd- 
ity, at  present,  in  the  election  of  a  council.  I  cannot,  sir,  disagree  with  the  noble 
lord ;  nor  can  I  think  he  will  do  a  better  thing  than  to  put  an  end  to  their  town 
meetings.  —  I  would  also  wish  that  all  corporate  powers  might  be  given  to  certain 
people  of  every  town,  in  the  same  way  that  corporations  are  formed  here.  The 
juries  require  great  regulation ;  they  are  totally  different  from  ours  —  I  would 
wish  to  bring  the  constitution  of  America  as  similar  to  our  own  as  possible.  I 
would  wish  to  see  the  council  in  that  country  similar  to  a  House  of  Lords  in  this  — 
You  have,  sir,  no  government,  no  governor ;  the  whole  are  the  proceedings  of  a 


1774.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  301 

tumultuous  and  riotous  rabble,  who  ought,  if  they  had  the  least  prudence,  to  fol- 
low their  mercantile  employments,  and  not  trouble  themselves  with  politics  and 
government,  which  they  do  not  understand."  When  he  had  finished,  Lord  North 
said:  "I  thank  the  noble  lord  for  every  proposition  he  has  held  out;  they  are 
worthy  of  a  great  mind,  and  such  as  ought  to  be  adopted."  These  debates  were 
widely  reprinted  in  the  newspapers  of  the  time. 

1774,  APRIL  15.  —  Lord  North  introduced  a  bill  for  the  better 
administration  of  justice  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  another  for 
the  impartial  administration  of  justice. 

These  bills  were  passed  by  large  majorities  on  the  3d  of  May,  and  received  the 
royal  assent  on  the  20th  of  May.  The  king  was  so  much  in  their  favor  that  he 
expressed  himself  "  infinitely  pleased"  at  their  passage.  The  first,  for  regulating 
the  administration,  and  known  as  the  "  Regulating  Act,"  made  the  election  of  the 
council,  as  the  charter  provided,  void ;  and  ordered  that  they  should  be  appointed 
by  the  crown,  and  should  consist  of  not  less  than  twelve  or  of  more  than  thirty- 
six  persons.  The  governor  had  the  power  to  appoint  and  remove  the  judges  of 
the  inferior  courts,  the  justices  of  the  peace,  and  other  minor  officers.  The  gov- 
ernor and  council  were  to  appoint  and  remove  the  sheriffs,  who  had  the  power  to 
select  the  jurymen.  Town  meetings  were  forbidden,  without  the  permission  of 
the  governor,  except  for  the  purpose  of  selecting  officers.  The  other  act,  supple- 
mentary to  the  first,  provided  for  the  transportation  of  offenders  and  witnesses  to 
England,  or  to  other  colonies,  for  trial.  A  protest  was  made  in  the  House  of 
Lords  that  the  parties  affected  by  such  legislation  had  not  been  notified  or  heard 
in  their  own  defence,  and  that  by  such  legislation  the  governor  and  council  were 
intrusted  "  with  powers  with  which  the  British  Constitution  had  not  trusted  His 
Majesty  and  his  privy  council,"  since  "the  lives,  liberties  and  properties  of  the 
subject  were  put  into  their  hands  without  control."  These  acts,  and  the  protest, 
were  both  reprinted  quite  generally  in  the  colonial  newspapers. 

1774.  —  THE  information  of  the  "  regulating  acts "  reached 
Boston  on  the  2d  of  June,  and  the  next  day  they  were  printed 
in  the  papers,  and  immediately  sent  by  the  committee  of  corre- 
spondence to  all  the  other  committees. 

The  letter  accompanying  them  said :  "  These  edicts,  cruel  and  oppressive  as 
they  are,  we  consider  but  as  bare  specimens  of  what  the  continent  are  to  expect 
from  a  parliament  who  claim  a  right  to  make  laws  binding  us  in  all  cases  what- 
soever." 

1774,  APRIL  25.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  printed  a  letter  from 
London,  dated  February  15,  in  which  it  was  said :  "  Six  ships  of 
war  and  seven  regiments  are  ordered  to  America  with  all  expe- 
dition ;  for  what  purpose  time  will  discover." 

1774,  MAY  4.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  ordered  a  census 
to  be  taken. 

The  population  was  found  to  be  59,678,  of  which  54,435  were  whites,  3761 
blacks,  and  1482  Indians. 

1774,  MAY  12.  —  A  conference  of  the  committees  of  correspond- 


302  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1774. 

ence,  from  eight  neighboring  towns,  called  by  the  Boston  com- 
mittee, was  held  in  Faneuil  Hall,  Boston. 

Samuel  Adams  presided.  The  conference  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  the 
committees  in  all  the  colonies,  advising  that  no  trade  should  be  carried  on  with 
Great  Britain.  The  letter  suggested  also  that  the  only  question  now  was, 
•whether  the  other  colonies  would  consider  Boston  as  suffering  for  the  common 
Cause,  and  resent  the  damage  done  to  her. 

1774,  MAY  14.  —  A  very  large  public  meeting  was  held  in 
Faneuil  Hall,  at  which  Samuel  Adams  presided,  and  a  circular 
letter  "  to  all  the  sister  colonies  "  was  adopted. 

This  letter  promised  that  the  people  of  Boston  would  "  suffer  with  fortitude  " 
for  America,  but  confessed  that  "  singly  they  must  find  their  trial  too  severe." 

1774,  MAY  17.  —  A  meeting  of  the  freemen  of  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  resolved  in  favor  of  a  congress. 

This  is  claimed  as  the  first  public  and  official  expression.  The  resolution 
read:  "That  the  deputies  of  this  town  be  requested  to  use  their  influence  at  the 
approaching  session  of  the  General  Assembly  of  this  Colony,  for  promoting  a 
Congress  as  soon  as  may  be,  of  the  Representatives  of  the  General  Assemblies  of 
the  several  colonies  and  provinces  of  North  America,  for  establishing  the  firmest 
Union,  and  adopting  such  measures  as  to  them  shall  appear  the  most  effectual  to 
answer  that  important  purpose ;  and  to  agree  upon  the  proper  methods  for  execut- 
ing the  same." 

The  same  meeting  resolved  concerning  six  negroes,  who,  their  owner  dying 
intestate,  had  become  the  property  of  the  town,  that  "  it  is  unbecoming  the  char- 
acter of  freemen  to  enslave  the  said  negroes,"  renounced  their  claim,  and  took 
them  under  their  protection.  They  also  petitioned  the  assembly,  "as  personal 
liberty  is  an  essential  part  of  the  natural  rights  of  mankind,"  to  forbid  the  further 
importation  of  slaves,  and  declare  all  born  after  a  certain  time  free. 

The  same  day,  a  letter  from  the  committee  of  correspondence  to  the  Boston 
committee  says :  "  We  trust  your  town  will  be  for  a  general  congress  of  the 
American  States  being  convened  as  soon  as  may  be,  that  an  opposition  to  the 
unrighteous  impositions  may  be  entered  into  by  all  the  colonies,  without  which 
we  all  agree  the  cause  must  fail." 

1774.  —  GENERAL  GAGE  was  commissioned  as  governor  of 
Massachusetts. 

Four  regiments  were  sent  over  with  him. 

1774,  MAY  17.  —  General  Gage  was  publicly  received  on  his 
return  from  England,  and  his  commission  as  governor,  in  the 
place  of  Hutchinson,  was  read  in  the  council  of  Massachusetts. 

1774,  MAY  21.  —  The  committee  of  correspondence  in  Phila- 
delphia wrote  the  committee  in  Boston,  expressing  the  opinion 
that  a  congress  was  "  the  first  step  to  be  taken,"  and  promised  to 
obtain  the  opinion  of  the  people  on  the  subject. 

1774,  MAY  23.  — The  New  York  committee  of  correspondence 
wrote  the  Boston  committee  that  "  a  congress  of  deputies  from 


1774.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  303 

the  colonies  in  general  is  of  the  utmost  moment,"  that  "  it  ought 
to  be  assembled  without  delay,"  and  "  we  request  your  speedy 
opinion  of  the  proposed  congress,  that,  if  it  should  meet  with 
your  approbation,  we  may  exert  our  utmost  endeavors  to  carry 
it  into  execution." 

1774,  MAY  26.  — The  news  of  the  Boston  Port  Bill  was  re- 
ceived  in  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  and  the  delegates  of  the  as- 
sembly who  were  still  there  met  in  the  Raleigh  Tavern,  and 
appointed  a  convention  to  meet  on  the  1st  of  August,  to  consist 
of  delegates  from  every  county. 

Washington  was  one  of  the  members  who  took  part  in  this  action.  There 
were  eighty-nine  members  present,  and  they  were  joined  by  others.  They 
"  recommended  to  the  committee  of  correspondence  that  they  communicate  with 
the  several  corresponding  committees,  on  the  expediency  of  appointing  deputies 
from  the  several  colonies  of  British  America,  to  meet  in  a  general  congress,  at 
such  a  place  annually  as  shall  be  thought  most  convenient ;  there  to  deliberate  on 
those  general  measures  which  the  united  interests  of  America  may  from  time  to 
time  require." 

1774,  MAY  28.  —  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  was  adjourned 
by  the  governor,  General  Gage,  to  meet  at  Salem  on  the  7th  of 
June. 

Gage,  acting  as  governor,  had  negatived  the  election  of  thirteen  of  the  twenty- 
eight  councillors  elected. 

1774,  MAY  28.  —  A  letter  was  written  by  the  committee  of 
correspondence,  by  order  of  the  Massachusetts  house  of  represen- 
tatives, enclosing  copies  of  the  Boston  Port  Bill  to  the  assemblies 
of  the  other  colonies,  calling  their  attention  to  it  as  "  an  act 
designed  to  suppress  the  spirit  of  liberty  in  America." 

The  assemblies  of  the  other  colonies  responded  heartily  to  Massachusetts.  In 
Connecticut,  a  day  of  humiliation  and  prayer  was  appointed,  and  an  inventory 
ordered  to  be  taken  of  the  cannon  and  military  stores  on  hand.  Many  of  the 
towns  also  responded ;  and  in  the  Virginia  assembly,  before  the  communication 
from  the  assembly  of  Massachusetts  was  received,  resolutions  drawn  up  by  Jeffer- 
son were  adopted  appointing  the  1st  of  June  as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer.  For 
this  the  governor  of  Virginia,  Earl  Dunmore,  dissolved  the  session  on  the  24th  of 
May,  while  they  had  before  them  a  resolution  providing  for  calling  a  congress. 

1774,  MAY  28.  —  The  corresponding  committee  of  the  Virginia 
house  of  burgesses  said,  in  a  circular  letter  to  the  other  com- 
mittees :  — 

"  The  propriety  of  appointing  delegates  from  the  several  colonies  of  British 
America,  to  meet  annually  in  General  Congress,  appears  to  be  a  measure  ex- 
tremely important  and  extensively  useful,  as  it  tends  so  effectually  to  obtain  the 
united  wisdom  of  the  whole  in  every  case  of  general  concern.  We  are  desirous 
to  obtain  your  sentiments  on  the  subject." 


304  ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1774. 

1774,  MAY  31. —  A  meeting  in  Baltimore,  of  representatives  of 
the  county,  resolved  on  non-intercourse. 

The  resolution  read:  "Resolved  unanimously,  that  the  inhabitants  of  this 
county  will,  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  meeting  that  this  province  ought  to, 
break  off  all  trade  and  dealing  with  that  colony,  province,  or  town,  which  shall 
decline  or  refuse  to  come  into  similar  resolutions  with  a  majority  of  the  colonies/' 
A  similar  resolution  was  adopted  by  Arundel  County,  June  4 ;  by  Caroline  County, 
June  18 ;  by  Frederick  County,  June  20 ;  by  Charles  County,  June  14.  Other 
counties  made  similar  resolves.  A  meeting  from  the  various  counties  was  held  at 
Annapolis,  June  22,  which  voted  to  "  break  off  all  trade  and  dealings  with  that 
colony,  province,  or  town,  which  shall  decline  or  refuse  to  come  into  the  general 
plan  which  may  be  adopted  by  the  colonies." 

1774,  JUNE.  —  The  Salem  Gazette  and  Newbury  and  Marblehead 
Advertiser  appeared  in  Salem,  Massachusetts. 
It  was  published  by  Russell,  but  soon  ceased. 

1774,  JUNE.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an  act 
prohibiting  the  slave  trade  in  the  colony. 

Slaves  brought  there  were  to  be  free,  except  such  as  belonged  to  travellers 
passing  through.  To  prevent  bringing  slaves  there  to  obtain  freedom,  and 
become  a  charge  upon  the  state,  a  fine  was  imposed  upon  such  action,  and  upon 
harboring  a  slave  thus  brought  into  the  state. 

1774,  JUNE  1.  —  The  Boston  Port  Bill  went  into  operation. 

The  town  was  blockaded,  no  craft  of  any  kind  being  allowed  to  approach  the 
wharves.  All  commerce  was  stopped.  The  day  was  widely  observed  as  a  day 
of  fasting  and  prayer.  Jefferson  says  :  "  The  people  met  generally,  with  anxiety 
and  alarm  in  their  countenances ;  and  the  effect  of  the  day,  through  the  whole 
colony,  was  like  a  shock  of  electricity,  arousing  every  man  and  placing  him  erect 
and  solidly  on  his  centre." 

1774,  JUNE  2.  — The  Boston  committee  of  correspondence  pre- 
pared and  sent  out  "  A  Solemn  League  and  Covenant"  for  non- 
intercourse  with  Great  Britain. 

The  signers  agreed,  "  in  the  presence  of  God,"  not  to  buy  goods  from  Great 
Britain  or  to  consume  any,  and  to  break  off  all  dealings  with  those  who  did  buy 
them,  and  publish  their  names.  A  public  meeting  in  Faneuil  Hall  protested 
against  this  measure ;  and  General  Gage,  as  governor,  issued  a  proclamation  "  to 
discourage  illegal  combinations,"  in  which  he  called  the  covenant  an  illegal  and 
traitorous  combination  to  distress  the  British  nation,  and  instructed  the  officers 
of  the  law  to  apprehend  and  hold  for  trial  all  persons  who  should  sign  or  circu- 
late it. 

1774,  JUNE  3.  —  The  Connecticut  committee  of  correspond- 
ence, in  a  letter  to  the  Boston  committee,  suggested  a  time  and 
place  for  a  meeting  of  the  congress,  and  the  next  day  sent  a 
copy  of  the  letter  to  the  New  York  committee. 

1774,  JUNE  7.  —  The  New  York  committee  of  correspondence 
wrote  to  the  Massachusetts  committee,  requesting  them  to  ap- 
point the  time  and  place  for  the  meeting  of  a  congress. 


1774.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  305 

1774,  JUNE  15.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  resolved  "  that  a 
firm  and  inviolate  union  of  the  colonies  was  absolutely  neces- 
sary," and  elected  two  delegates  "  to  attend  a  congress  at  such 
time  and  place  as  might  be  agreed  upon." 

The  delegates  were  instructed  "to  procure  a  regular  annual  convention  of 
representatives  of  all  the  colonies." 

1774,  JUNE  15.  —  The  general  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  elected 
delegates  to  the  General  Congress. 

These  delegates  were  Stephen  Hopkins  and  Samuel  Ward.  They  were  both 
ex-governors,  and  had  been  the  leaders  of  the  two  parties  which  had  divided  the 
politics  of  the  colony. 

1774.  —  THE  exportation  from  England  of  machinery  for  silk 
manufacture  was  prohibited. 

1774,  JUNE  17.  —  A  resolution  was  introduced  into  the  assem- 
bly of  Massachusetts,  sitting  at  Salem,  by  Samuel  Adams,  provid- 
ing for  a  congress  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia  on  the  1st  of 
September. 

The  resolutions  provided  for  five  delegates,  and  for  a  tax  upon  the  towns  to 
raise  five  hundred  pounds  to  pay  their  expenses.  As  was  the  custom,  the  assem- 
bly was  transacting  its  business  with  closed  doors.  "While  discussing  the  resolu- 
tions, the  secretary  of  the  colony,  Thomas  Flucker,  with  a  message  from  the 
governor,  applied  for  admission,  but  was  refused.  Standing  outside,  he  read  to 
the  crowd  a  proclamation  from  the  governor  dissolving  the  assembly.  The 
house  continued  its  sitting,  adopted  the  resolutions,  and  ordered  them  sent  to  the 
speakers  of  the  other  assemblies. 

1774,  JUNE  17.  —  The  Massachusetts  assembly  voted  that  a 
congress  should  be  held  on  the  1st  of  September  in  Philadelphia, 
or  any  place  judged  most  suitable  by  the  committee. 

One  hundred  and  twenty-nine  members  were  present,  and  only  twelve  dis- 
sented. The  preamble  and  first  resolution  read:  "This  House,  having  duly 
considered  and  being  deeply  affected  with  the  unhappy  differences  which  have 
long  subsisted  and  are  increasing  between  Great  Britain  and  the  American  colo- 
nies, do  resolve  :  That  a  meeting  of  committees  from  the  several  colonies  on  this 
continent  is  highly  expedient  and  necessary  to  consult  upon  the  present  state  of 
the  colonies,  and  the  miseries  to  which  they  are  and  must  be  reduced  by  the 
operation  of  certain  acts  of  parliament  respecting  America ;  and  to  deliberate  and 
determine  upon  wise  and  proper  measures  to  be  by  them  recommended  to  all  the 
colonies  for  the  recovery  and  establishment  of  just  rights  and  liberties,  civil  and 
religious,  and  the  restoration  of  union  and  harmony  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  colonies,  most  ardently  desired  by  all  good  men." 

1774,  JUNE  22-25.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  from  all  the 
counties  of  Maryland  declared,  that  if  the  bills  became  acts, 
they  "  would  lay  a  foundation  for  the  utter  destruction  of-  British 
America." 

These  are  but  samples  of  the  sentiments  expressed  all  throughout  the  colonies. 

20 


306  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1774. 

1774,  JULY.  —  A  ship  laden  with  tea  was  sent  back  from  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire. 

Another  arriving  in  September,  was  also  sent  back. 

1774,  JULY  6.  —  A  meeting  was  held  on  the  sixth,  seventh,  and 
eighth,  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  which  "  most  solemnly 
engaged  to  abide  by  the  decisions  of  Congress." 

1774,  JULY  7.  —  The  Massachusetts  Gazette,  the  organ  in  Bos- 
ton of  the  supporters  of  the  English  government,  said :  "  The 
newspapers  from  all  quarters,  in  every  British  American  colony, 
so  far  as  we  have  yet  received  intelligence,  are  chiefly  filled  with 
accounts  of  meetings  and  resolutions  of  towns  and  counties ;  all 
to  the  same  purpose,  complaining  of  oppression,  proposing  a  con- 
gress, a.cessation  of  intercourse  with  Great  Britain,  and  a  contri- 
bution for  the  relief  of  the  Boston  poor." 

Not  only  did  the  movement  for  the  establishment  of  committees  of  correspond- 
ence become  almost  universal  through  the  colonies,  but  the  contributions  which 
came  in  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  in  money,  provisions,  clothes,  and  other 
articles,  for  the  support  of  the  poor  in  Boston,  who  were  deprived  by  the  stagna- 
tion of  business  produced  by  the  Boston  Port  Bill,  may  be  considered  the  com- 
mencement of  the  practical  sympathy  among  the  people  which  has  been  so 
frequently  manifested  during  the  latter  half  of  this  century.  In  the  fourth  volume 
of  the  fourth  series  of  the  Collections  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
printed  in  1858,  will  be  found  a  collection  of  letters  from  all  the  colonies  of  the 
contributors  to  aid  Boston,  with  the  replies  of  the  Donation  Committee,  who  had 
charge  of  the  distribution  of  the  contributions.  These  letters  show  how  wide- 
spread, embracing  all  sections  of  the  country,  from  Maine  to  Georgia,  was  the 
sympathy  and  the  aid  afforded  to  Boston.  The  "  Constitutional  Society  of  Lon- 
don" sent  £100,  and  "The  Supporters  of  Civil  Rights  Society,"  from  the  same 
place,  sent  £500,  while  individual  contributors  sent  smaller  sums.  Quebec  sent 
wheat,  and  Montreal  £100. 

1774,  JULY  15.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  from  the  counties 
of  Pennsylvania,  held  at  Philadelphia,  spoke  of  the  Acts  as  "  un- 
constitutional, oppressive,  and  dangerous  to  the  American  colo- 
nies." 

1774,  JULY  15.  — A  meeting  was  held  in  Philadelphia,  of  dele- 
gates from  the  counties  of  Pennsylvania,  at  which  non-intercourse 
was  voted. 

A  resolution  to  this  effect  was  unanimously  voted,  as  follows  :  "  That  the  peo- 
ple of  this  province  will  break  off  all  trade,  commerce  and  dealing,  and  will  have 
no  trade,  commerce  and  dealing  of  any  kind,  with  any  colony  on  this  continent, 
or  with  any  city  or  town  in  such  colony,  or  with  any  individual  in  any  such 
colony,  city  or  town,  which  shall  refuse,  decline,  or  neglect  to  adopt  and  carry 
into  execution  such  general  plan  as  shall  be  agreed  to  in  Congress." 

1774,  JULY  18.  —  A  general  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of 


1774.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  307 

Fairfax  County,  Virginia,  at  Alexandria,  resolved  for  non-inter- 
course and  a  congress. 

George  Washington  was  the  chairman  of  the  meeting,  which  passed  many 
resolutions.  The  twenty-first  was:  "That  in  the  opinion  of  this  meeting,  this 
and  the  other  associating  colonies  should  break  off  all  trade,  intercourse  and  deal- 
ing with  that  colony,  province  and  town,  which  shall  decline  or  refuse  to  agree  to 
the  plan  which  shall  be  adopted  by  the  General  Congress." 

1774,  JULY  21. —  A  meeting  of  delegates  from  the  counties  of 
New  Jersey  was  held  at  New  Brunswick,  and  passed  resolutions 
in  favor  of  a  congress,  the  delegates  to  which  should  be  author- 
ized "  mutually  to  pledge,  each  to  the  rest,  the  public  honor  and 
faith  of  their  constituent  colonies,  firmly  and  inviolably  to  adhere 
to  the  determinations  of  the  said  Congress." 

1774,  JULY  27.  —  A  public  meeting  was  held  in  Georgia,  at 
which  a  committee  of  correspondence  was  elected. 

Governor  Wright  denounced  the  meeting  in  a  proclamation ;  and  McCall,  in 
his  History  of  Georgia,  terms  this  action  the  beginning  of  the  Republican  party 
in  that  province. 

1774,  AUGUST.  —  At  a  convention  in  Virginia,  "Washington 
said :  "  I  will  raise  one  thousand  men,  subsist  them  at  my  own 
expense,  and  march  myself  at  their  head  for  the  relief  of  Boston." 

1774,  AUGUST.  —  A  convention  was  held  at  Williamsburg,  Vir- 
ginia, one  of  the  resolutions  of  which  advised  that  attention 
should  be  turned  "  from  the  cultivation  of  tobacco  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  such  articles  as  may  form  the  basis  for  domestic  manufac- 
tures, which  we  will  endeavor  to  encourage  throughout  this 
colony  to  the  utmost  of  our  abilities." 

These  resolutions  were  signed  by  Washington,  Jefferson,  Lee,  and  Peyton 
Randolph. 

1774.  —  GOVERNOR  TRYON,  of  New  York,  in  his  report  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  says  that  eleven  twelfths  of  the  dress  of  the 
people  were  British  manufacture,  excepting  hats  and  shoes  made 
in  the  province. 

The  imports  he  estimates  at  £500,000,  and  the  exports  at  about  £130,000,  ex- 
clusive of  ships  built  for  sale  to  the  value  of  £30,000  more. 

1774.  —  CHRISTOPHER  COLLES  contracted  to  build  a  reservoir, 
and  provide  works  to  supply  water  to  New  York  city. 

The  reservoir  was  to  be  built  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  between  Pearl  and 
White  streets.  The  water  was  to  be  pumped  up  from  wells  by  a  steam-engine, 
the  cylinder  for  which  was  cast  at  the  foundery  of  Sharp  &  Curteneus.  The 
project  was  abandoned  in  the  troubles  of  the  Revolution. 

1774,  AUGUST.  —  A  convention  in  North  Carolina  agreed  be- 
forehand to  abide  by  the  decisions  of  the  General  Congress,  and 


308  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1774. 

cease  all  dealings  with  towns  or  individuals  who  refused  to  do 
this. 

1774,  AUGUST  1.  —  The  convention  of  delegates  from  the  vari- 
ous counties  of  Virginia  met  at  Williamsburg,  and  agreed  to  a 
non-importation  association. 

They  voted  not  to  deal  with  any  merchant  or  trader  who  would  not  sign  it,  and 
to  consider  him  an  enemy  to  the  country. 

1774,  AUGUST  6.  —  Governor  Gage  received  officially  the  Acts 
and  instructions  with  regard  to  enforcing  them. 

They  were  dated  June  3,  and  were  sent  through  Lord  Dartmouth.  At  the 
same  time  he  received  the  appointments  for  thirty-six  councillors.  The  instruc- 
tions were  elaborate  for  the  vindication  of  the  authority  of  parliament.  They 
said :  "  For  should  those  ideas  of  independence  which  some  dangerous  and  ill 
designed  persons  here  are  artfully  endeavoring  to  instil  into  the  minds  of  the 
king's  American  subjects,  once  take  root,  that  relation  between  this  kingdom  and 
its  colonies,  which  is  the  bond  of  peace  and  power,  will  soon  cease  to  exist ;  and 
destruction  must  follow  disunion." 

1774,  AUGUST  8.  —  An  informal  meeting  of  the  council  was 
called. 

Twenty-four  of  the  thirty-six  appointed  accepted  their  appointments.  All  were 
notified  to  meet  for  the  transaction  of  business  on  the  16th  of  August.  At  that 
time  thirteen  met,  and  took  the  oath  of  office.  The  judges  were  appointed.  The 
sheriffs  summoned  jurors.  The  governor  prepared  to  support  the  acts  by  military 
power.  One  regiment  was  quartered  at  Salem,  one  in  Castle  William,  in  Boston 
harbor,  and  one  was  quartered  on  Fort  Hill,  in  Boston,  and  four  were  camped  on 
the  Common,  in  Boston.  In  the  harbor  there  were  about  thirty  ships-of-war. 

1774,  AUGUST  16.  —  The  judges  attempted  to  hold  a  court  at 
Great  Barrington,  Massachusetts,  but  the  farmers  from  the  vicin- 
ity filled  the  building,  and  blocked  up  all  access  to  it.  The 
sheriff  ordered  the  crowd  to  make  way  for  the  court,  but  they 
answered  they  would  submit  to  no  other  court  than  the  ancient 
laws  and  usages. 

In  Boston,  the  chief  justice,  with  the  associate  justices,  assembled,  dressed  in 
their  robes,  at  the  court-house,  but  the  grand  and  petit  jurors  refused  to  take  the 
oath.  In  Salem,  the  governor,  by  a  proclamation,  forbade  all  persons  attending  a 
town  meeting;  but  they  gathered  and  held  one.  In  Plymouth,  Avhen  a  new  mem- 
ber of  the  council,  who  had  accepted  his  appointment,  appeared  in  church,  many 
rose  and  left  the  building.  All  through  the  country  gatherings  of  the  people 
forced  the  newly  appointed  officers  to  resign,  so  that,  as  Dr.  Ramsey  says,  "  On 
experiment  it  was  found,  that  to  force  on  the  inhabitants  a  form  of  government  to 
which  they  were  totally  averse,  was  not  within  the  fancied  omnipotence  of  par- 
liament." 

1774,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  Governor  Gage  summoned  the  general 
court  to  meet  at  Salem  on  the  5th  of  October. 

1774,  SEPTEMBER  5.  —  Most  of  the  delegates  to  the  congress 


1774]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  309 

had  gathered  in  Philadelphia,  and  were  invited  by  the  speaker 
of  the  assembly  to  meet  at  the  state  house,  but  met  at  Carpen- 
ter's Hall,  near  by,  and  began  the  session  of  the  Continental 
Congress. 

"When  all  the  members  appeared,  the  congress  consisted  of  fifty-five  delegates, 
chosen  by  twelve  colonies,  as  follows  :  —  From  Rhode  Island :  Stephen  Hopkins  and 
Samuel  Ward.  Their  credentials  were  signed  by  the  governor,  J.  Wanton.  They 
were  elected  June  15,  by  the  assembly,  and  instructed  "to  consult  upon  proper 
measures  to  obtain  a  repeal  of  the  several  acts  —  and  upon  proper  measures  to 
establish  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  colonies  upon  a  just  and  solid  foundation." 
From  Massachusetts :  Thomas  Gushing,  Samuel  Adams,  John  Adams,  Robert 
Treat  Paine.  They  were  elected  by  the  assembly,  June  17,  and  their  creden- 
tials were  signed  by  Samuel  Adams,  clerk.  Their  instructions  were  "To  consult 
upon  the  present  state  of  the  colonies  —  and  to  deliberate  and  determine  upon  wise 
and  proper  measures,  to  be  by  them  recommended  to  all  the  colonies,  for  the 
recovery  and  establishment  of  their  just  rights  and  liberties,  and  the  restoration 
of  union  and  harmony  between  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies."  From  Maryland  : 
Matthew  Tilghman,  Thomas  Johnson,  Robert  Goldsborough,  William  Paca, 
Samuel  Chase,  elected  by  a  convention  of  committees  from  the  counties,  June  22. 
Their  credentials  were  the  resolutions  of  the  convention,  authorizing  them  "  to 
effect  one  general  plan  of  conduct,  operating  on  the  commercial  connection  of 
the  colonies  with  the  mother  country,  for  the  relief  of  Boston,  and  preservation 
of  American  liberty."  From  Connecticut :  Eliphalet  Dyer,  Roger  Sherman,  Silas 
Deane,  chosen  by  the  committee  of  correspondence,  on  the  13th  of  July.  The 
committee  was  authorized  to  do  so  by  an  act  of  the  assembly.  Their  credentials 
were  signed  by  the  committee,  authorizing  them  to  "consult  and  advise  with  the 
commissioners  or  committees  of  the  several  English  colonies  in  America,  on  proper 
measures  for  advancing  the  best  good  of  the  colonies."  From  New  Hampshire, 
John  Sullivan,  Nathaniel  Folsom.  Elected  on  July  21st  by  a  convention  of  dele- 
gates from  the  towns  of  the  colony.  Their  credentials  were  copies  of  the  vote 
of  the  convention.  Their  instructions  empowered  them  "to  devise,  consult,  and 
adopt  such  measures  as  may  have  the  most  likely  tendency  to  extricate  the  colo- 
nies from  their  present  difficulties ;  to  secure  and  perpetuate  their  rights,  liberties, 
and  privileges ;  and  to  restore  that  peace,  harmony,  and  mutual  confidence  which 
once  subsisted  between  the  parent  country  and  her  colonies."  From  Pennsyl- 
vania :  Joseph  Galloway,  Samuel  Rhoades,  Thomas  Miffh'n,  Charles  Humphries, 
John  Morton,  George  Ross,  Edward  Riddle.  They  were  elected  by  the  assembly 
July  22.  Their  credentials  were  copies  of  the  vote.  They  were  authorized  to 
"  consult  together  on  the  unhappy  state  of  the  colonies,  and  to  form  and  adopt  a 
plan  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  redress  of  grievances,  ascertaining  American 
rights  upon  the  most  solid  and  constitutional  principles,  and  for  establishing  that 
union  and  harmony  between  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies  which  is  indispensa- 
bly necessary  for  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  both."  From  New  Jersey.  James 
Kinsey,  William  Livingston,  John  Dehart,  Stephen  Crane,  and  Richard  Smith. 
They  were  elected,  July  23,  by  a  convention  of  committees  from  the  counties, 
and  their  credentials  were  signed  by  fourteen  members  of  the  convention.  Their 
instructions  were,  "To  represent  the  colony  of  New  Jersey."  From  Delaware  : 
Caesar  Rodney,  Thomas  McKean,  and  George  Reed.  They  were  chosen,  August 
1,  by  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the  three  counties  of  Newcastle,  Kent,  and 
Sussex.  Their  credentials  were  signed  by  Caesar  Rodney  as  president  of  the  con- 
vention that  elected  them.  They  were  authorized  "  to  determine  upon  all  such 


310  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1774. 

prudent  and  lawful  measures  as  may  be  judged  most  expedient  for  the  colonies 
immediately  and  unitedly  to  adopt,  in  order  to  obtain  relief  for  an  oppressed  peo- 
ple, and  the  redress  of  our  general  grievances."  From  South  Carolina :  Henry 
Middleton,  John  Rutlcdge,  Thomas  Lynch,  Christopher  Gadsden,  and  Edward 
Rutledge.  They  were  elected  by  a  general  meeting  held  in  Charleston  on  the 
6th,  7th,  and  8th  of  July,  and  their  election  was  ratified  by  the  assembly  on  the 
2d  of  August.  Their  credentials  were  signed  by  the  clerk  of  the  assembly, 
Thomas  Farr,  Jr.  They  had  authority  "to  agree  to  and  effectually  prosecute 
such  legal  measures  as  in  the  opinion  of  said  deputies,  and  the  opinion  of  the 
deputies  so  to  be  assembled,  shall  be  most  likely  to  obtain  a  repeal  of"  the  acts 
specified,  and  a  redress  of  grievances.  From  Virginia  :  Peyton  Randolph,  Richard 
Henry  Lee,  George  Washington,  Patrick  Henry,  Richard  Bland,  Benjamin  Har- 
rison, Edmund  Pendleton.  They  were  elected,  August  5,  by  a  convention  of 
delegates  from  the  counties.  Their  credentials  were  the  vote  of  the  convention. 
They  were  instructed  "to  represent  the  colony  in  a  general  congress,"  convened 
"to  procure  a  redress  for  Massachusetts,  secure  British  America  from  the  ravage 
and  ruin  of  arbitrary  taxes,  and  speedily  to  procure  the  return  of  that  harmony 
and  union  so  beneficial  to  the  whole  empire,  and  so  ardently  desired  by  all  British 
America.  From  North  Carolina :  William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hawes,  Richard  Cas- 
well.  They  were  chosen  at  a  convention,  August  25.  Their  credentials  were 
signed  by  John  Harvey,  the  chairman,  and  Andrew  Knox,  the  clerk.  They  were 
"  invested  with  such  powers  as  may  make  any  acts  done  by  them,  or  consent  given 
in  behalf  of  this  province,  obligatory  in  honor  upon  every  inhabitant  hereof,  who 
is  not  an  alien  to  his  country's  good,  and  an  apostate  to  the  liberties  of  America." 
From  New  York :  James  Duane,  John  Jay,  Philip  Livingston,  Isaac  Low,  William 
Floyd,  Henry  Wisner,  John  Alsop,  John  Herring,  Simon  Boerum.  They  were 
chosen  by  counties,  and  "  certificates  of  their  election"  by  the  people  served  as 
their  credentials.  Simon  Boerum  took  his  seat  October  1.  At  a  general  meeting 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Georgia,  held  August  10,  no  delegates  were  elected,  but  a 
resolution  passed  to  concur  with  her  sister  colonies  in  the  effort  to  maintain  their 
right  to  the  British  constitution.  On  the  second  day  it  was  decided  that  "  each 
colony  or  province  shall  have  one  vote." 

1774.  —  ABOUT  this  time,  the  first  ale  and  porter  were  made  in 
the  country. 

1774.  —  F.  CHILD  &  Co.  commenced  the  publication  of  the 
New  York  Daily  Advertiser,  the  first  daily  newspaper  in  New 
York. 

1774,  SEPTEMBER  19.  —  Congress  received  the  resolutions  of 
the  County  of  Suffolk,  in  which  Boston  was  included,  declaring 
that  the  people  owed  it  as  their  duty  to  God  and  their  country, 
to  preserve  their  liberties,  and  promised  cheerful  submission  to 
such  measures  as  the  Continental  Congress  might  recommend. 

These  resolutions  were  drawn  up  by  Joseph  Warren.  The  report  had  been 
received  that  Boston  was  bombarded,  and  as  the  congress  sat  with  closed  doors, 
nothing  was  known  of  its  action.  It  responded  to  these  resolutions,  ordered  them 
printed,  and  joined  with  them  a  strong  recommendation  to  the  rest  of  the  colonies 
to  follow  in  the  same  firm  and  temperate  spirit,  and  to  continue  the  contributions 
for  aiding  those  suffering  in  Boston. 


-  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  311 

1774,  SEPTEMBER  28. —  General  Gage  issued  a  proclamation 
postponing  the  session  of  the  general  court  indefinitely. 

Many  of  the  delegates  had  gathered  before  the  proclamation  was  issued,  and 
after  waiting  a  few  days  they  organized  into  a  provincial  congress,  chose  John 
Hancock  president  and  Benjamin  Lincoln  secretary,  and  then  adjourned  to 
Concord. 

1774,  OCTOBER.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
appointed  a  committee  of  safety. 

John  Hancock  was  at  its  head,  and  it  had  power  to  call  out  the  militia.  An- 
other committee  was  appointed  to  look  after  the  defence  of  the  province,  and 
another  to  procure  provisions  and  military  stores,  for  which  twenty  thousand 
pounds  were  appropriated.  Tax-collectors  were  ordered  to  pay  them  no  more  to 
the  late  treasurer,  but  to  the  treasurer  appointed  by  congress.  Preble,  "Ward, 
and  Pomeroy  were  appointed  generals.  The  militia  were  to  elect  their  own 
officers.  To  a  proclamation  by  Governor  Gage  denouncing  their  proceedings, 
they  paid  no  attention. 

1774,  OCTOBER.  —  Dunmore,  governor  of  Virginia,  with  a  force 
of  fifteen  hundred  men,  marched  against  the  Indians  on  the 

Scioto. 

The  Indians  had  been  engaged  in  active  hostilities  since  the  spring.  The 
entire  family,  nine  persons,  of  Logan,  a  chief  who  had  always  been  friendly  to 
the  English,  had  been  massacred  by  some  of  the  explorers,  and  by  this  and  simi- 
lar treatment  the  Indians  had  been  roused  to  revenge.  At  the  same  time  another 
expedition  descended  the  Kcnawha,  and  near  its  mouth  defeated  the  Indians 
under  Logan.  Tiie  Indians  sued  for  peace.  \ 

1774,  OCTOBER.  —  A  collision  occurred  in  Georgia  with  the 
Indians. 

Governor  Wright  put  an  end  to  it  by  forbidding  the  Indian  trade. 

1774,  OCTOBER.  — A  ship  with  tea,  arriving  at  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land, was  burned. 
The  owner  set  fire  to  it. 

1774,  OCTOBER  8,  10,  11.  —  The  congress  adopted  five  resolu- 
tions, which  were  ordered  to  be  sent  to  the  Boston  committee. 

The  first  of  these  was  adopted  on  Saturday  the  8th.  It  read:  "That  this 
congress  approve  of  the  opposition  made  by  the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  Bay 
to  the  execution  of  the  late  Acts  of  Parliament,  and  if  the  same  shall  be  attempted 
to  be  carried  into  execution  by  force,  in  such  case  all  America  ought  to  support 
them  in  their  opposition."  The  other  resolutions  declared  that  those  who  con- 
sented to  take  office  under  the  new  Acts  ought  to  be  considered  wicked  tools  of 
despotism,  and  be  held  in  abhorrence  by  all  good  men.  Advised  the  inhabitants 
of  Massachusetts  to  submit  to  a  suspension  of  the  administration  of  justice  when 
it  could  not  be  had  under  laws  based  on  the  charter,  and  recommended  a  peaceful 
demeanor  to  the  troops,  and  steadfastness  in  acting  on  the  defensive.  On  the 
Sunday  intervening  in  the  passage  of  these  resolutions,  Washington,  a  member 
of  the  congress,  wrote  a  letter  to  Captain  Robert  Mackenzie,  of  the  British  army 
then  in  Boston,  in  which,  expressing  indignation  at  the  violation  of  the  rights  of 


312  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1774. 

Massachusetts,  and  sympathy  with  its  cause,  he  speaks  of  his  knowledge  of  the 
delegates,  and  that  while  they  would  never  submit  to  the  loss  of  their  rights,  there 
was  no  desire  for  independence.  He  said:  "I  am  well  satisfied  that  no  such 
thing  is  desired  by  any  thinking  man  in  all  North  America;  on  the  contrary,  that 
it  is  the  ardent  wish  of  the  warmest  advocates  for  liberty  that  peace  and  tranquil- 
lity, on  constitutional  grounds,  may  be  restored,  and  the  horrors  of  civil  discord 
prevented."  On  the  7th,  John  Adams  wrote  to  William  Tudor:  "If  it  is  a  secret 
hope  of  many,  as  I  suspect  it  is,  that  the  congress  will  advise  to  offensive  meas- 
ures, they  will  be  mistaken.  I  have  had  opportunities  enough,  both  public  and 
private,  to  learn  with  certainty  the  decisive  sentiments  of  the  delegates  and  others 
upon  this  point.  They  will  not,  at  this  session,  vote  to  raise  men  or  money,  or 
arms  or  ammunition.  Their  opinions  are  fixed  against  hostilities  and  rupture, 
except  they  should  become  absolutely  necessary ;  and  this  necessity  they  do  not 
yet  see.  They  dread  the  thought  of  an  action,  because  it  would  make  a  wound 
which  would  never  be  healed ;  it  would  fix  and  establish  a  rancor  which  would 
descend  to  the  latest  generations ;  it  would  render  all  hopes  of  a  reconciliation 
with  Great  Britain  desperate ;  it  would  light  up  the  flames  of  war,  perhaps  through 
the  whole  continent,  which  might  rage  for  twenty  years,  and  end  in  the  subduction 
of  America  as  likely  as  in  her  liberation." 

1774,  OCTOBER  14.  —  The  congress  agreed  to  a  Declaration  of 
Rights. 

It  contained  ten  resolves,  in  which  were  enumerated  the  rights  that  could  not 
be  taken  from  them  or  abridged,  and  specified  eleven  acts,  or  parts  of  acts,  of 
parliament  which  should  be  repealed  in  order  to  restore  harmony.  In  conclud- 
ing it  stated  that  the  congress,  for  the  present,  had  resolved  to  pursue  only  the 
following  peaceful  measures  :  "1.  To  enter  into  a  non-importation,  non-consump- 
tion, and  non-exportation  agreement  or  association.  2.  To  prepare  an  address 
to  the  people  of  Great  Britain,  and  a  memorial  to  the  inhabitants  of  British 
America.  3.  To  prepare  a  loyal  address  to  his  Majesty." 

1774,  OCTOBER  19.  —  An  order  in  council  prohibited  the  expor- 
tation of  powder  or  its  materials. 

1774,  OCTOBER  20.  —  The  non-importation  articles  of  associa- 
tion were  presented  by  the  committee  intrusted  with  their  prepa- 
ration, and  were  signed  by  fifty-two  members  of  the  congress. 

The  covenant  commenced :  "  We  do  for  ourselves,  and  the  inhabitants  of  the 
several  colonies  whom  we  represent,  firmly  agree  and  associate  under  the  sacred 
ties  of  virtue,  honor,  and  love  of  our  country."  Then  followed  fourteen  articles 
providing  for  non-importation,  non-exportation,  and  non-consumption  of  merchan- 
dise with  Great  Britain.  One  of  these  articles  stipulated  that  no  slave  should  be 
either  imported  or  purchased  after  the  1st  day  of  December,  and  that  the  slave 
trade  should  be  wholly  discontinued  by  members  of  the  association,  who  would 
also  refuse  to  deal  with  those  engaged  in  it.  Non-intercourse  was  demanded  by 
another  article  with  those  of  the  colonies  who  would  not  associate,  and  that  such 
should  be  held  "as  unworthy  the  rights  of  freemen,  and  as  inimical  to  the  liber- 
ties of  their  country." 

Another  article  provided  for  committees  in  every  town,  to  be  chosen  by  the 
qualified  voters,  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  the  Association.  This  instrument, 
which  was  known  for  the  next  two  years  as  The  Association  of  the  United  Colo- 


1774.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  313 

nies,  has  been  rightly  considered  as  the  commencement  of  the  American  Union. 
This  document  was  prepared  by  a  committee. 

1774,  OCTOBER  21. —  The  address  to  the  people  of  Great 
Britain  was  presented  by  the  committee,  and  adopted. 

The  address  was  prepared  by  Jay,  and  it  addressed  the  British  people  as 
"Friends  and  Fellow-Subjects."  It  said:  "You  have  been  told  that  we  are 
seditious,  impatient  of  government,  and  desirous  of  independency.  Be  assured 
that  these  are  not  facts,  but  calumnies.  Permit  us  to  be  as  free  as  yourselves, 
and  we  shall  ever  esteem  a  union  with  you  to  be  our  greatest  glory  and  greatest 
happiness." 

1774,  OCTOBER  21. — The  memorial  to  the  people  of  the  colo- 
nies was  presented  and  accepted. 

This  memorial  was  prepared  by  Richard  Henry  Lee.  It  closed  as  follows : 
"  Above  all  things  we  earnestly  entreat  you,  with  devotion  of  spirit,  penitence  of 
heart,  and  amendment  of  life,  to  humble  yourselves,  and  implore  the  power  of 
Almighty  God ;  and  we  humbly  beseech  his  Divine  Goodness  to  take  you  into  his 
gracious  protection." 

1774,  OCTOBER  24.  —  The  loyal  petition  of  congress  to  the  king 
was  presented  and  adopted. 

The  petition,  as  accepted,  was  drawn  up  by  John  Dickenson.  A  draft,  prepared 
by  Patrick  Henry,  did  not  prove  acceptable.  Two  copies  of  it  were  signed  by  all 
the  members  and  sent  to  the  colonial  agents  in  London.  The  copy  presented  to 
the  king  is  in  the  state  paper  office  in  London.  A  copy,  which  it  is  said  Franklin 
carefully  preserved,  Henry  Stevens,  in  his  Biblioiheca  Ifistorica,  says  is  in  his 
possession.  It  is  signed  by  fifty  of  the  delegates.  Congress  preserved  no  copy 
of  it.  It  was  printed  in  London,  in  January,  1775,  —  it  is  supposed  by  Franklin. 

1774,  OCTOBER  26.  —  The  Continental  Congress  dissolved. 

1774,  OCTOBER  26.  —  An  address  to  the  people  of  Quebec  was 
adopted. 

This  address  was  drawn  up  by  John  Dickenson.  It  told  them  that  "the 
injuries  of  Boston  had  roused  and  associated  every  colony  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
Georgia,"  and  that  Quebec  was  "the  only  link  wanting  to  complete  the  bright 
and  strong  chain  of  Union."  They  were  -invited  to  send  delegates  to  the  next 
congress. 

1774,  OCTOBER  27.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
appointed  a  "  Committee  of  Safety." 

The  next  day  this  committee  was  directed  "to  take  care  of,  and  lodge  in  some 
safe  place  in  the  country,  warlike  stores." 

1774,  NOVEMBER  7.  —  The  committee  of  correspondence  in 
New  York  chose  an  inspection  committee  to  carry  out  the  objects 
of  the  Association. 

Numerous  towns  in  the  state  did  the  same ;  but  the  assembly  refused  to  approve 
the  proceedings  of  the  congress. 

1774. — THE  estimates  of  the  population  of  the  colonies  this 
year  differ  greatly.  Congress  placed  it  as  high  as  3,026,678 ;  it 


314  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1774. 

was  probably  not  much  over  two  millions.  Tucker,  in  his  His- 
tory of  the  United  States,  makes  it  2,590,000,  apportioned  thus : 
Massachusetts,  360,000  ;  New  Hampshire,  80,000  ;  Connecticut, 
200,000;  Rhode  Island,  50,000;  New  York,  180,000;  New  Jer- 
sey, 130,000;  Pennsylvania,  300,000;  Delaware,  40,000;  Mary- 
land,  220,000  ;  Virginia,  560,000  ;  North  Carolina,  260,000 ;  South 
Carolina,  180,000  ;  Georgia,  30,000. 

1774,  NOVEMBER  21. — A  meeting  of  deputies  from  the  coun- 
ties, held  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  unanimously  approved  the 
action  of  the  congress. 

They  voted  that  every  person  should  adhere  inviolably  to  the  association. 
November  9,  Anne  Arundel  County ;  November  12,  Baltimore  County ;  Novem- 
ber 1C,  Calvert  County;  November  18,  Frederick  County,  elected  committees 
"to  carry  into  execution  the  association  agreed  on  by  the  American  Continental 
Congress." 

1774,  NOVEMBER  29.  —  The  king,  in  his  speech  at  the  opening 
of  parliament,  said  "  that  a  most  daring  spirit  of  resistance  and 
disobedience  to  the  law  still  unhappily  prevailed  in  the  province 
of  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  had  in  divers  parts  of  it,  broke  forth  in 
fresh  violences  of  a  very  criminal  nature." 

He  assured  both  Houses  that  he  should  steadfastly  withstand  every  attempt  to 
impair  the  authority  of  parliament  over  all  the  dominions  of  the  crown.  Both 
Houses  thanked  him  for  his  language,  and  pledged  their  co-operation  in  all 
measures  needed  to  preserve  the  dignity  of  the  British  empire.  On  the  22d  of 
December  parliament  adjourned  to  the  19th  of  January. 

1774.  —  DECEMBER  1,  Elizabethtown,  and,  December  7,  Newark, 
New  Jersey,  unanimously  approved  the  Association. 

1774,  DECEMBER  5.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  ordered  the 
guns,  cannon,  and  ammunition  removed  from  Fort  George,  in 
Newport,  and  stored  in  Providence. 

This  action  resulted  from  the  receipt  of  a  letter  from  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth, 
prohibiting  the  export  of  arms  to  the  colonies  from  Great  Britain,  and  ordering  all 
such  imported  to  be  seized.  Captain  Wallace,  in  command  of  the  Rose,  a  frigate 
stationed  at  Newport,  asked  an  explanation  of  this  proceeding  from  Governor 
Wanton,  and  was  told  that  it  was  done  to  prevent  the  seizure  of  the  guns  by  him, 
and  that  they  would  be  used  against  any  enemy  of  the  colony. 

1774,  DECEMBER  5.  — The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
approved  the  action  of  the  Continental  Congress,  and  sent  the 
resolution,  properly  attested,  to  all  the  towns  and  districts. 

The  people  in  some  of  the  counties  signed  a  covenant  to  carry  out  the  asso- 
ciation. 

1774,  DECEMBER  5.  —  The  counties  of  Delaware,  in  a  meeting 
at  Newcastle,  approved  the  action  of  the  Continental  Congress. 

1774,  DECEMBER  8.  —  The  assembly  in  Rhode  Island,  specially 


1774-5.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  315 

summoned  to  hear  the  report  of  the  delegates,  approved  the 
action  of  the  Continental  Congress. 

1774,  DECEMBER  8.  — A  convention  of  all  the  counties  of  Mary- 
land met  and  pledged  the  colony  to  support  Massachusetts  in 
resisting  by  force. 

They  ordered  the  militia  enrolled,  and  voted  ten  thousand  pounds  to  purchase 
arms. 

1774,  DECEMBER  10.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  approved 
the  proceedings  of  the  Continental  Congress,  and  appointed  dele- 
gates for  the  next. 

1774,  DECEMBER  10.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachu- 
setts dissolved. 

1774,  DECEMBER  14.  —  The  people  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire, dismantled  the  castle  William  and  Mary  in  the  harbor, 
taking  away  the  cannon  and  the  powder. 

John  Sullivan  and  John  Langdon  were  the  leaders  of  the  expedition.  One 
hundred  barrels  of  gunpowder,  fifteen  cannon,  and  a  quantity  of  small  arms  were 
carried  off  and  concealed,  a  part  of  them  being  hid  under  the  pulpit  of  a  church 
at  Durham,  New  Hampshire.  A  part  of  the  powder  served  at  Bunker  Hill.  The 
movement  was  undertaken  by  the  "  Sons  of  Liberty." 

1774,  DECEMBER  24.  —  Lord  Dartmouth,  to  whom  the  agents  of 
the  colonies  had  intrusted  the  petition  to  the  king,  informed 
them  that  as  soon  as  parliament  met,  his  Majesty  would  lay  it 
before  them. 

1774.  —  PARLIAMENT  passed  an  act  known  as  the  Quebec  Act. 

It  restored  to  that  province  the  old  French  law  —  the  custom  of  Paris  —  in  all 
civil  matters.  The  Catholic  Church  was  guaranteed  the  possession  of  all  its 
property,  and  full  freedom  of  worship.  The  legislative  authority,  except  for 
taxation,  was  given  to  a  council  nominated  by  the  crown,  and  the  calling  of  an 
assembly  was  postponed  indefinitely.  The  borders  of  the  province  were  extended 
to  the  Mississippi  on  the  west  and  the  Ohio  on  the  south. 

1775,  JANUARY  4.  —  Lord  Dartmouth,  in  a  circular  letter  to  the 
governors  of  the  provinces,  instructed  them  to  prevent,  if  pos- 
sible, the  election  of  delegates  to  the  next  congress.     He  also 
repeated  the  order  to  Governor  Gage  to  use  the  force  at  his  dis- 
posal, if  needed,  to  enforce  the  acts  altering  the  charter  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

1775,  JANUARY.  —  A  counter  association  was  formed  by  the 
Tories  of  Boston,  but  with  little  or  no  effect. 

1775,  JANUARY  7.  —  A  provincial  congress  in  South  Carolina, 
composed  of  "  deputies  from  every  parish  and  district "  in  the 
province,  voted  "  that  this  congress  do  approve  the  American 


316  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1775. 

Association."      Delegates    to    the    Continental   Congress   were 
elected. 

Charles  Pinckncy  was  the  president  of  this  congress.  It  voted  that  commit- 
tees of  inspection  should  be  appointed  in  each  parish  to  carry  out  the  objects  of 
the  association.  In  the  Continental  Congress,  at  the  formation  of  the  non-exporta- 
tion agreement,  rice  was  excepted,  and  to  this  the  indigo  planters  objected.  John 
Rutledgc,  one  of  the  late  delegates,  said  that,  without  this  exception,  the  non- 
exportation  agreement  would  have  operated  most  severely  upon  South  Carolina. 
A  compensation  for  the  indigo  planters  was  proposed,  but  lost  on  the  vote.  The 
culture  of  cotton  was  recommended,  and  the  local  committees  were  given  power 
to  grant  extensions  upon  debts  where  security  was  given.  Suits  were  forbidden 
also  without  their  permission. 

1775,  JANUARY  12.  —  The  Privy  Council  decided  that  the  ac- 
tion of  Congress  afforded  no  basis  for  reconciliation,  and  that 
force  should  be  used  to  protect  the  loyal  in  the  colonies,  and  the 
others  should  be  proclaimed  traitors. 

1775,  JANUARY  18.  — A  provincial  congress,  called  by  the  com- 
mittee of  Christ  Church  Parish,  assembled  in  Georgia,  and  forty- 
five  of  the  delegates  agreed  to  the  association. 

It  was  not  until  later  that  the  colony  as  a  unit  agreed  to  it.  Meanwhile  the 
general  committee  of  South  Carolina  declared  non-intercourse  with  Georgia,  and 
pronounced  its  people  hostile  to  the  liberties  of  their  country,  because  they  would 
not  join  "the  Continental  Association."  May  11,  a  council  of  safety,  of  which 
William  Carvin  was  president,  was  appointed  by  a  meeting  at  Savannah.  July  4, 
a  new  provincial  congress  met,  and  sent  delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress. 
Lyman  Hall,  the  delegate  from  St.  John's  Parish,  was  already  there.  The  new 
delegates  were  Archibald  Bullock,  Dr.  Jones,  John  Houston,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Zubly. 
A  powder-ship,  which  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah,  was  seized,  and  a 
part  of  its  cargo  sent  to  the  camp  before  Boston. 

1775,  JANUARY  23.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  met  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  approved  the  Association.  Joseph  Reed  was  pres- 
ident. 

They  "most  heartily  approved"  of  the  measures  of  congress,  and  resolved  to 
faithfully  endeavor  to  carry  into  execution  the  Association ;  if  this  did  not  effect  a 
redress  of  grievances,  but,  instead,  if  force  should  be  used  to  effect  submission, 
then  "  to  resist  such  force,  and  at  every  hazard  to  defend  the  rights  and  liberties 
of  America." 

1775,  JANUARY  24.  —  The  delegates  to  the  Congress  from  New 
Jersey  reported  the  action  of  that  body  to  the  assembly,  which 
unanimously  approved  of  them. 

"  Such  as  are  of  the  people  called  Quakers  excepting  only  to  such  parts  of 
them  as  may  have  a  tendency  to  force,"  is  the  language  of  the  record. 

1775,  JANUARY  25.  —  A  convention  was  held  at  Exeter,  New 
Hampshire,  composed  of  a  hundred  and  forty-four  delegates  from 
the  towns  of  the  province,  who  heartily  approved  "  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  late  grand  Continental  Congress/' 

They  issued  an  address,  urging  the  people  "  strictly  to  adhere  to  the  Association." 


1775.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  317 

1775,  JANUARY  26.  —  The  papers  referring  to  America  were 
referred  to  a  committee  of  the  whole  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

Among  them  was  the  petition  from  the  Continental  Congress  to  the  king. 
Franklin,  Arthur  Lee,  and  Bollan,  the  agents  of  the  colony,  asked  to  be  heard 
before  the  House  by  counsel,  and  were  refused,  as  the  Congress  was  an  illegal 
body,  and  its  alleged  grievances  only  pretended.  Two  bills  introduced  by  Chat- 
ham, for  settling  the  troubles  with  America,  were  rejected ;  and  the  petitions  for 
conciliation,  which  had  flowed  in  in  great  numbers  from  various  trading  and  man- 
ufacturing associations,  were  referred  to  a  committee  for  a  future  day.  The  sup- 
port of  parliament  was  pledged  to  the  king  for  the  maintenance  of  his  just 
authority.  In  March,  the  provisions  of  the  New  England  Restraining  Bill  were 
extended  by  another  act  to  include  all  the  colonies  except  New  York,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  Georgia. 

1775,  FEBRUARY  1.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
met  at  Cambridge. 

The  members  were  elected  by  the  voters  spontaneously.  This  congress  ap- 
pointed a  committee  for  supplies,  and  organized  the  militia,  placing  them  under 
the  command  of  the  committee  of  safety.  The  minute-men  were  those  who 
enlisted  pledged  to  be  ready  at  a  minute's  notice. 

1775,  FEBRUARY  2. —  At  a  meeting  of  the  county  of  Fairfax, 
Virginia,  George  Washington  presided,  and  it  was  voted  to  raise 
money  by  taxation  for  the  purchase  of  arms,  to  enroll  the  militia 
from  sixteen  to  sixty  years  of  age,  and  engage  in  military  exer- 
cise, "  as  recommended  by  the  provincial  congress  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  on  the  29th  of  October  last." 

General  Charles  Lee  said  about  this  time  :  "I  have  now  run  through  the  whole 
of  the  colonies  from  North  to  South.  I  have  conversed  with  every  order  of  men, 
from  the  flrst-estated  gentleman  to  the  poorest  planters,  and  cannot  express  my 
astonishment  at  the  unanimous,  ardent  spirit  reigning  through  the  whole.  They 
are  determined  to  sacrifice  everything  —  their  property,  their  wives,  children, 
blood  —  rather  than  cede  a  tittle  of  what  they  conceive  to  be  their  rights.  The 
tyranny  over  Boston,  indeed,  seems  to  be  resented  by  the  other  colonies  in  a 
greater  degree  than  by  the  Bostonians  themselves." 

1775.  —  THIS  year  there  were  fourteen  newspapers  in  New 
England :  seven  of  which  were  in  Massachusetts,  being  five  in 
Boston,  one  at  Salem,  and  one  at  Newburypo'rt ;  four  in  Connec- 
ticut, being  one  at  New  London,  one  at  New  Haven,  one  at  Hart- 
ford, and  one  at  Norwich ;  two  in  Rhode  Island,  being  one  at 
Providence,  and  one  at  Newport ;  and  one  at  Portsmouth,  in  New 
Hampshire.  In  New  York  state  there  were  four  newspapers, 
being  three  in  New  York  city,  and  one  at  Albany.  In  Pennsyl- 
vania there  were  nine  newspapers,  being  six  in  English  and  one 
in  German  in  Philadelphia,  one  in  German  at  Germantown,  and 
one  in  German  and  English  at  Lancaster.  In  Maryland  there 
were  two  newspapers  —  one  at  Annapolis,  and  one  at  Baltimore. 
There  were  two  newspapers  in  Virginia,  both  at  Williamsburg. 
There  were  two  in  North  Carolina  —  one  at  Wilmington,  and  one 


318  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1775. 

at  Newbern.  There  were  three  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
and  one  at  Savannah,  Georgia  —  making,  together,  thirty-seven 
newspapers  in  the  territory  of  the  United  States. 

The  newspapers  of  this  time  differed  from  those  now  in  existence,  no  less  in 
their  character  than  in  their  number.  With  the  advent  of  the  political  discussion 
they  began  to  assume  the  function  of  teachers,  but  their  value  as  advertising 
agents  was  not  conceived  until  many  years  afterwards. 

1775,  FEBRUARY  20.  —  Lord  North  introduced  in  parliament 
his  plan  of  conciliation. 

He  proposed  to  tender  to  each  colony,  as  a  separate  community,  freedom  from 
taxation,  except  such  duties  as  should  be  necessary  for  the  regulation  of  the  com- 
merce of  the  whole  empire,  if  each  colony  should  make  provisions  for  the  general 
defence  and  the  support  of  civil  government  which  should  be  satisfactory  to  his 
Majesty.  A  pamphlet  containing  this  proposition  and  the  arguments  in  its  favor, 
was  printed  by  the  government  and  freely  circulated  in  the  colonies.  It  was  sent 
to  the  governors  and  ordered  to  be  placed  before  the  assemblies. 

1775,  FEBRUARY  26.  —  Governor  Gage  sent  a  party  of  soldiers 
by  water  to  Salem,  to  capture  cannon  said  to  be  there  concealed. 

Not  finding  them,  they  pushed  on  to  Danvers.  It  was  Sunday ;  and  a  collision 
was  prevented  by  a  minister  of  Salem  appealing  to  the  reverence  for  the  day,  of 
the  militia  ready  to  oppose  them. 

1775.  —  DURING  the  year,  an  agent  from  the  French  court  ar- 
rived at  Philadelphia  on  a  secret  mission,  to  consult  with  Con- 
gress. 

The  growing  dispute  between  the  colonies  and  the  mother-country  excited 
great  interest  in  France,  and  seemed  to  offer  an  opportunity  for  the  injury  of  her 
ancient  antagonist  which  was  not  to  be  neglected.  The  agent,  M.  de  Bonvouloir, 
had  been  directed  to  not  let  his  mission  be  publicly  known ;  and  in  his  negotia- 
tions with  the  committee  of  Congress,  in  Philadelphia,  so  much  care  was  taken  to 
keep  the  matter  secret,  that  each  member  of  the  committee  went  to  the  appointed 
place  of  meeting  by  a  different  route.  His  mission  was  to  assure  Congress  that 
France  felt  well  disposed  to  aid  the  colonies,  could  just  and  equitable  conditions 
for  so  doing  be  agreed  upon.  Though  nothing  specific  was  agreed  upon  at  this 
time,  yet  the  next  year,  on  the  3d  of  March,  1776,  Silas  Deane  was  sent  by  Con- 
gress as  commercial  agent  to  France,  and  was  instructed  to  say  to  Count  Ver- 
gennes  that  "  there  was  a  great  appearance  that  the  colonies  would  come  to  a  total 
separation,"  and  to  inquire  "  if  the  colonies  should  be  forced  to  form  themselves 
into  an  independent  state,  would  France  acknowledge  them  and  receive  their  am- 
bassadors." The  chief  purpose  of  Deane's  mission  was  to  obtain  military  supplies, 
of  which  there  was  great  want,  becoming  more  and  more  apparent  every  day,  as 
military  action  was  organized.  The  final  result  was  that  the  colonies  obtained 
supplies  of  both  money  and  arms  from  France,  together  with  the  more  substantial 
aid  of  an  army  and  fleets,  and  the  not  less  important  moral  support  of  recognition. 

1775,  MARCH  15.  —  The  assembly  of  Delaware  voted  approval 
"  of  the  proceedings  of  the  late  congress." 

1775,  MARCH  25. — "A  convention  of  delegates  for  the  coim- 


1775.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  319 

ties  and  corporations "  was  held  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  and 
voted  "that  this  convention  doth  entirely  and  cordially  approve 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  American  Continental  Congress/'  and 
took  measures  for  raising  volunteers  in  each  county. 

The  counties  in  Virginia  had  begun  on  the  previous  November  to  meet  and 
form  committees  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  the  association.  This  convention  of 
delegates  was  attended  by  one  hundred  and  eighteen  members.  Its  proceedings 
were  widely  disseminated  by  the  newspapers.  In  April,  Governor  Dunmore  had 
removed  the  powder  belonging  to  the  province  from  the  public  store  on  to  an 
armed  ship  in  the  river.  Patrick  Henry,  with  some  companies  of  the  volunteers, 
marched  to  Williamsbure,  and  obliged  the  king's  receiver  to  give  bills  for  the 
value  of  the  powder.  Dunmore,  in  a  proclamation,  pronounced  Henry  and  his 
party  guilty  of  rebellion. 

1775,  MARCH  27. —  The  Virginia  convention  passed  a  series  of 
resolutions  for  the  promotion  of  domestic  manufactures. 

The  making  of  cloth,  salt,  gunpowder,  nails,  wire,  and  steel  was  recom- 
mended. The  formation  of  societies  and  the  awarding  of  premiums  were  also 
recommended.  In  August  it  was  resolved,  "That  in  case  the  British  ministry 
attempts  to  enforce  the  Act  of  Parliament  preventing  the  erection  of  plating  and 
slitting  mills  in  America,  the  convention  will  recompense  to  the  proprietors  of  the 
first  two  of  such  mills  as  shall  be  finished  and  set  to  work  in  this  Colony  all  losses 
they  may  respectively  sustain  in  consequence  of  such  endeavours  of  Administra- 
tion." The  manufacture  of  gunpowder  and  fire-arms  for  the  colony  was  advised; 
and  in  May,  1776,  the  convention  reprieved  a  number  of  negro  convicts  to  work 
the  lead  mines  in  Fincastle  on  public  account.  % 

1775.  —  JOHN  BELMONT,  of  Philadelphia,  advertised  that  "he 
has  just  finished  an  extraordinary  instrument  by  the  name  of  the 
Piano-Forte,  of  mahogany,  in  the  form  of  a  harpsicord,  with  ham- 
mers and  several  changes." 

1775,  MARCH  27.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  unanimously 
passed  resolutions  of  non-importation,  and  recommended  "  that 
all  persons  having  proper  land  ought  to  cultivate  and  raise  a 
quantity  of  flax,  hemp,  and  cotton,  sufficient  not  only  for  the  use 
of  his  own  family,  but  to  spare  to  others  on  moderate  terms." 

1775,  APRIL  3.  —  The  North  Carolina  convention  assembled  at 
Newbern  resolved,  "from  common  prudence  and  regard  for  the 
colony,"  to  encourage  manufactures. 

The  provincial  congress  in  September  offered  premiums  for  various  branches 
of  manufacture. 

1775,  APRIL  7.  —  The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  passed  a 
resolve  highly  approving  the  proceedings  of  the  Continental 
Congress. 

The  next  day,  Governor  Martin,  for  this  vote,  dissolved  the  assembly.  A  con- 
vention of  delegates  for  a  provincial  congress  having  been  called  at  the  same  time 
and  place  (on  the  5th),  highly  approved  of  the  association,  "and  recommended 


320  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1775. 

their  constituents  to  firmly  adhere  to  the  same."    All  the  members  but  one  of  this 
convention  signed  their  names  to  this  resolve. 

1775,  APRIL  19.  —  The  battle  of  Lexington  took  place. 

An  expedition  of  eight  hundred  men,  under  Colonel  Smith,  had  been  sent  at 
night  to  Concord,  to  destroy  the  stores  collected  by  the  committee  of  safety. 
Early  in  the  morning  they  reached  Lexington.  The  alarm  had  been  spread,  and 
about  a  hundred  militia  were  collected  on  the  green  at  Lexington.  They  were 
ordered  to  disperse,  and  were  fired  upon  immediately  afterwards,  and  dispersed. 
The  party  then  kept  on  to  Concord,  where  another  collision  occurred  with  the 
minute-men.  Having  destroyed  such  stores  as  they  found,  the  force  set  out  on  its 
return  to  Boston.  Before  they  reached  Lexington  the  retreat  had  become  a  rout. 
The  militia  from  all  round  the  country  swarmed  upon  their  path,  and  at  every  turn 
of  the  road,  from  behind  every  vantage  ground  of  rock  or  brush,  fired  upon  them. 
At  Lexington  they  met  a  supporting  column  of  nine  hundred  men,  witli  two  can- 
non, under  Lord  Percy,  who  had  been  sent  by  Gage  on  a  request  from  Smith.  At 
sunset  they  reached  Charlestown,  having  lost  nearly  three  hundred  men.  The 
colonists  lost  eighty-five.  Depositions  of  the  whole  affair  were  taken  and  sent  to 
England  with  an  address. 

1775.  —  THIS  year  there  were  three  small  paper-mills  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, one  in  Rhode  Island  out  of  repair,  and  none  in  New 
Hampshire. 

1775,  APEIL  21.  —  The  committee  of  safety  of  New  Hampshire 
requested  the  various  towns  to  forward  supplies  to  the  volunteers 
under  John  Stark  before  Boston. 

A  provincial  congress  had  been  called  for  the  17th  of  May,  and  the  committee 
thought  best  not  to  interfere  with  their  work.  The  New  Hampshire  volunteers 
were  organized  into  regiments  in  camp. 

1775.  —  THE  proprietary  jurisdiction  of  Delaware  was  ended 
this  year ;  and  after  this  time  this  region  was  counted  as  "  the 
three  lower  counties  "  of  Pennsylvania. 

1775,  APRIL  22. —  The  Massachusetts  congress  met. 

They  voted  to  raise  thirteen  thousand  six  hundred  men,  and  called  upon  the 
other  New  England  colonies  to  increase  the  number  to  thirty  thousand.  Artcmas 
Ward  was  made  captain-general,  and  John  Thomas  lieutenant-general.  Gridley 
was  made  chief  engineer.  A  captain's  commission  was  promised  to  any  one  who 
would  enlist  fifty-nine  men,  and,  obtaining  ten  companies,  was  rewarded  with  a 
colonel's  commission.  One  hundred  thousand  pounds  were  issued  of  bills  of  credit 
—  a  large  portion  of  which  were  in  small  denominations. 

1775,  APRIL  22.  —  A  provincial  convention  was  held  in  New 
York,  and  delegates  were  elected  to  the  Continental  Congress. 

On  receipt  of  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  the  corresponding  commit- 
tee drew  up  an  association  for  the  defence  of  colonial  rights,  which  every  one  was 
forced  to  sign.  They  also  issued  a  circular  to  the  other  committees,  recommend- 
ing the  speedy  formation  of  a  provincial  congress. 


1775.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  321 

1775,  APRIL  24. —  A  public  meeting  was  held  in  Philadelphia, 
and  measures  taken  for  raising  a  volunteer  force. 

May  1,  the  assembly  met  and  appropriated  eighteen  hundred  pounds  for  the 
expenses  of  the  volunteers.  They  also  appointed  a  committee  of  safety,  with 
Franklin  for  chairman,  which  soon  assumed  the  whole  executive  authority. 

1775,  APRIL  25.  —  The  Ehode  Island  assembly  voted  to  raise 
fifteen  hundred  men. 

They  were  to  be  an  army  of  observation.  The  command  was  given  to  Nathanael 
Greene,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier,  who  had  led  a  company  of  volunteers  to  Boston. 

1775,  APRIL  26. — The  Connecticut  assembly  voted  to  raise 
six  thousand  men. 

They  were  to  form  six  regiments,  four  of  which  were  to  serve  with  the  army 
before  Boston  —  David  Wooster,  Joseph  Spencer,  Israel  Putnam,  Hinman,  Water- 
bury,  and  Parsons  were  each  to  command  one.  Putnam  was  already  before  Boston 
with  the  Connecticut  volunteers. 

1775,  MAY  1.  —  Governor  Trumbull,  pf  Connecticut,  with  the 
assembly,  sent  a  deputation  to  General  Gage  to  mediate. 

No  result  was  arrived  at ;  but  the  Massachusetts  congress  remonstrated  against 
any  separate  negotiations. 

1775.  MAY  2.  —  Lord  North's  plan  of  conciliation  was  presented 
to  the  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  by  Governor  Penn. 

The  governor  urged  them  to  act  separately  upon  it,  but  the  assembly  declared 
they  would  consider  such  action  a  base  desertion  of  the  sister  colonies,  with  whom 
they  were  engaged  in  a  common  cause. 

1775,  MAY  3.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  an  act  for- 
bidding the  magistrates  to  administer  the  official  oath  of  office  to 
Governor  Wanton  for  the  term  to  which  he  had  just  been  elected. 

It  was  his  seventh  election  as  governor.  The  charges  against  him  were,  that  by 
protesting  against  the  raising  of  an  army  of  observation,  by  neglecting  to  issue  a 
proclamation  for  the  fast-day  appointed  by  the  assembly,  by  refusing  to  sign  the 
commissions  for  the  officers  of  the  new  army,  "  he  hath  manifested  his  intentions 
to  defeat  the  good  people  of  these  colonies  in  their  present  glorious  struggle  to 
transmit  inviolate  to  posterity  those  sacred  rights  they  have  received  from  their 
ancestors."  The  secretary  was  authorized  to  sign  the  commissions,  and  the  deputy 
governor  to  call  the  assembly  at  his  discretion.  Bills  of  credit  for  twenty  thou- 
sand pounds  were  issued,  bearing  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  interest,  and  to  be 
redeemed  in  two  and  five  years  by  taxation ;  and  the  export  of  provisions  was  pro- 
hibited. 

1775,  MAY  3.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts  sent 
a  letter  to  the  Continental  Congress  relating  the  actions  which 
had  taken  place,  that  the  emergency  had  precluded  their  waiting 
for  advice  from  Congress,  and  urging  that  a  strong  army  was  the 
only  means  to  stop  the  action  of  the  ministry. 

This  letter  was  presented  to  Congress  by  John  Hancock,  one  of  the  delegates 
from  Massachusetts. 

21 


322  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1775. 

1775,  MAY  9.  —  The  committee  of  correspondence,  in  Orange 
County,  Virginia,  issued  an  address  in  which  they  spoke  of  the 
blow  struck  in  Massachusetts  as  being  an  attack  on  Virginia  and 
every  other  colony. 

1775,  MAY  10.  —  Ticonderoga  surrendered  to  Ethan  Allen. 

Allen  had  but  eighty  men,  but  surprised  the  fort  at  night.  He  found  the  com- 
manding officer  in  bed,  and  summoned  him  to  surrender  "  In  the  name  of  the  Great 
Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Congress."  Crown  Point  was  taken  about  the  same 
time  by  Setli  \Varner.  More  than  two  hundred  cannon  and  a  large  supply  of 
powder  were  captured  at  these  two  posts.  Allen  was,  on  September  24,  captured  in 
an  attempt  on  Montreal,  and  sent  to  England. 

1775,  MAY  10.  —  The  Continental  Congress  convened  at  Phila- 
delphia. 

This  session  was  held  in  the  State  House,  now  known  as  Independence  Hall,  on 
Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia.  After  approving  the  credentials  of  the  members, 
the  Congress  sat  with  closed  dqors. 

1775,  MAY  15.  —  The  city  and  county  of  New  York  asked  to 
be  advised  by  Congress  what  action  they  should  take  with  regard 
to  the  British  troops  expected  to  arrive  in  the  city  soon,  and 
what  disposition  should  be  made  of  the  stores  captured  at 
Ticonderoga. 

This  communication  was  referred  to  a  committee  of  the  whole.  Congress 
answered,  advising  that  the  warlike  stores  be  removed  from  the  town ;  that  the 
troops  be  allowed  to  land  and  occupy  barracks,  so  long  as  they  were  peaceable ; 
to  resist  building  fortifications  and  cutting  off  communication  of  town  and  country, 
and  to  repel  force  by  force. 

1775,  MAY  16.  —  Benedict  Arnold,  with  a  party,  captured  St. 
John's.  It  was  soon  reoccupied  by  an  expedition  from  Montreal. 

He  had  been  commissioned  by  the  Massachusetts  committee  of  safety  to  raise 
men  in  Vermont  for  operations  against  the  frontier  forts.  Being  joined  by  some 
recruits  who  had  seized  a  schooner  at  Whitehall  (then  Skenesborough),  he  pro- 
ceeded against  St.  John's.  Valuable  stores  were  captured. 

1775,  MAY  16.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
sent  a  letter  to  the  Continental  Congress,  stating  that  "  govern- 
ment in  full  form  ought  to  be  taken  up  immediately,"  but  that 
they  did  not  wish  to  assume  the  "  reins  of  civil  government  with- 
out the  assent  of  Congress,"  and  asked  their  advice  in  the 
premises. 

This  communication  was  referred  to  a  special  committee.  Congress  answered, 
advising  the  provincial  congress  to  call  an  election  under  the  charter  of  1692,  of 
representatives  who  in  the  customary  way  should  choose  councillors  "  to  exercise 
the  powers  of  government  until  a  governor  of  His  Majesty's  appointment  consent 
to  govern  the  colony  according  to  its  charter." 

1775,  MAY  17. — The  provincial  congress  of  New  Hampshire 


1775.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  323 

appointed  a  treasurer,  issued  bills  of  credit,  and  voted  to  raise 
three  regiments. 

The'  volunteers  before  Boston  made  two  of  them. 

1775,  MAY  19.  —  The  New  Jersey  assembly,  called  specially 
by  Governor  Franklin  to  receive  Lord  North's  plan  of  concilia- 
tion, declined  it. 

They  said  they  had  no  intention  of  deserting  the  common  cause,  but  should 
abide  by  the  action  of  Congress. 

1775,  MAY  22. — A  provincial  congress  assembled  in  New 
York,  and  appointed  Nathaniel  Woodhull  president. 

Each  county  was  allowed  a  certain  number  of  votes  in  the  ratio  of  its  estimated 
population  and  wealth,  the  members  not  voting  as  individuals.  They  took  meas- 
ures for  enlisting  four  regiments  for  the  defence  of  the  province,  and  for  erecting 
fortifications  at  the  head  of  New  York  Island  and  in  the  Highlands  on  the  Hudson. 
They  invited  a  Connecticut  regiment,  under  the  command  of  David  Wooster,  to 
assist ;  who  came,  and  encamped  at  Harlem. 

1775. — THE  first  anthracite  coal  used  was  a  boat-load  sent 
from  Wilkesbarre,  Pennsylvania,  to  Carlisle,  for  the  United 
States  Armory. 

From  that  time  it  found  favor  with  gun  and  blacksmiths. 

As  fuel  in  private  houses,  it  was  not  used  until  1808,  when  Judge  Fell,  of 
Wilkesbarre,  having  built  grates  for  the  purpose,  tried  it  in  his  house.  It  was  so 
slow  in  growing  into  favor  that  up  to  1820  only  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  tons 
had  reached  Philadelphia. 

1775,  MAY.  —  Congress  elected  Artemas  Ward,  Charles  Lee, 
Philip  Schuyler,  and  Israel  Putnam  major-generals;  Horatio 
Gates  adjutant- general,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier. 

Ward  and  Putnam  were  in  the  camp  before  Boston ;  the  first  with  a  Massachu- 
setts commission  as  captain-general,  and  the  other  one  from  Connecticut  as  a 
brigadier.  Schuyler  had  been  recommended  by  the  New  York  provincial  con- 
gress for  the  position.  Gates  was  an  Englishman  who  had  sold  his  commission  as 
major  in  the  British  service,  and  settled  in  Virginia.  Lee  at  the  time  of  his  elec- 
tion held  a  commission  in  the  British  army  as  a  lieutenant-colonel.  He  had 
recently  purchased  lands  in  Virginia.  Congress  undertook  to  indemnify  him  for 
pecuniary  loss  he  met  in  joining  the  service,  and  finally  paid  him  thirty  thousand 
dollars  to  this  end.  He  resigned  his  position  in  the  British  army  before  he 
accepted. 

1775,  MAY  22.  —  Congress  commissioned  Seth  Pomeroy,  Wil- 
liam Heath,  and  John  Thomas,  of  Massachusetts;  David  Woos- 
ter and  Joseph  Spencer,  of  Connecticut,  and  Nathanael  Greene, 
of  Rhode  Island ;  John  Sullivan,  of  New  Hampshire,  and  James 
Montgomery,  of  New  York,  brigadiers. 

Pomeroy  declined  the  position. 


324  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1775. 

1775,  MAY  23. —  A  provincial  congress  was  organized  in  New 
Jersey,  and  an  association  formed  for  defending  colonial  rights. 

Ten  thousand  pounds,  to  pay  expenses,  were  issued  in  bills  of  credit,  and  meas- 
ures taken  for  organizing  the  militia.  Until  the  Continental  Congress  should 
arrange  some  general  plan,  the  enlistment  of  regular  soldiers  was  deferred. 

1775,  MAY  23.  —  The  convention  of  New  Hampshire  wrote  to 
Congress  that  they  had  voted  to  raise  two  thousand  men,  and 
trusted  to  act  on  the  defensive  until  they  heard  "  the  united  plan 
of  the  colonies  in  general  council." 

This  letter  was  received  June  2.     It  was  signed  Matthew  Thornton. 

1775,  MAY  24.  —  The  Congress  elected  John  Hancock,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, president,  to  fill  the  place  vacated  by  Peyton  Randolph, 
of  Virginia. 

Randolph  was  speaker  of  the  Virginia  assembly,  and  was  called  home  to  pre- 
side over  a  session  called  to  consider  Lord  North's  proposition.  Thomas  Jefferson 
was  sent  to  provisionally  fill  his  place.  Lyman  Hall,  sent  by  St.  John's  Parish, 
Georgia,  was  allowed  a  seat  without  a  vote. 

1775,  MAY  26.  —  Congress  resolved  that  hostilities  had  been 
begun  by  Great  Britain,  and  voted  that  the  colonies  should  be 
put  in  a  posture  of  defence  against  every  attempt  to  compel  them 
by  force  to  submit  to  the  scheme  of  parliamentary  taxation.  At 
the  same  time  they  denied  any  intention  of  throwing  off  their 
allegiance  to  England,  but,  on  the  contrary,  expressed  a  strong 
desire  for  peace. 

1775,  MAY  26.  —  Congress  resolved  to  present  "  an  humble  and 
dutiful  petition  to  His  Majesty,"  and  also  "  for  the  express  pur- 
pose of  securing  and  defending  these  colonies,"  to  put  them 
immediately  "  into  a  state  of  defence,"  and  for  this  end  assumed 
control  of  the  militia  forces  gathered  about  Boston,  and  adopted 
a  code  of  rules  for  the  government  of  the  army  of  the  United 
Colonies. 

1775,  MAY  31.  —  The  committee  of  Mecklenburg  County,  North 
Carolina,  met  at  Charlotte,  and  passed  a  preamble  and  nineteen 
resolutions,  providing  a  set  of  rules  to  serve  until  Congress  should 
"  regulate  the  jurisprudence  of  the  province." 

The  resolutions  were  written  by  Dr.  Ephraim  Brevard.  They  were  read  pub- 
licly on  the  steps  of  the  court-house,  and  printed  in  the  newspapers  of  the  time, 
but  were  not  formally  laid  before  Congress.  These  were  the  resolutions  which 
have  been  termed  The  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  which 
have  been  the  subject  of  much  controversy.  A  succinct  statement  of  their  his- 
tory will  be  found  in  R.  Frothingham's  Rise  of  the  Republic  of  the  United  States, 
with  further  references.  The  delegates  in  Congress  from  North  Carolina  advised 
the  committee  to  be  more  patient  and  wait  until  Congress  should  adopt  the  meas- 
ures thought  best. 

1775.  —  A  SPINNING-JENNY  was  exhibited  in  Philadelphia. 


1775.]  ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.  325 

A  cut  and  description  of  it  was  in  the  volume  of  this  year  of  the  American 
Monthly  Museum,  published  in  Philadelphia.  In  a  note,  Mr.  Aiken,  the  publisher, 
says:  "The  machine  for  spinning  twenty-four  threads  of  cotton  or  wool  at  one 
time  (by  one  person)  having  attracted  the«  notice  of  the  public,  and  we  being 
desirous  to  contribute  everything  in  our  power  towards  the  improvement  of 
America,  engaged  Mr.  Christopher  Tully,  the  maker  of  the  machine,  to  furnish 
us  with  an  engraved  plate  and  description  thereof."  The  machine  was  imported, 
and  was  used  in  a  manufactory  of  cotton  and  woollen  cloth  established  this  year 
in  Philadelphia  by  the  United  Company  of  Philadelphia  for  promoting  American 
manufactures,  the  books  of  subscription  to  which  were  opened  on  February  22, 
1775,  the  shares  of  which  were  ten  pounds  each.  In  1777  the  society  made  linens 
to  the  value  of  £1443  Is.  7d.,  and  cotton  and  woollen  goods  worth  £474  12s. 

1775.  —  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  brought  home,  on  his  return  from 
Europe,  the  material  for  establishing  a  type  foundery,  which  he 
had  purchased  in  France,  and  fitted  up  a  type  foundery  and  a 
printing-office  stocked  with  materials  he  brought  from  London. 

The  type  foundery  he  specially  designed  for  his  grandson,  Mr.  Bache ;  but  he 
made  only  slight  use  of  it,  being  occupied  with  the  publication  of  the  Aurora 
newspaper. 

1775,  MAY.  —  The  assembly  of  Connecticut  passed  an  act  for 
the  encouragement  of  the  manufacture  of  fire-arms  by  a  bounty. 

1775,  JUNE  3.  —  An  association  was  unanimously  agreed  to  by 
the  provincial  congress  of  South  Carolina,  and  was  signed  by  all 
the  members.  The  document  was  written  by  Henry  Laurens, 
president  of  the  congress.  A  committee  of  safety  was  appointed, 
six  hundred  thousand  dollars  of  bills  of  credit  issued,  and  it  was 
voted  to  raise  two  regiments,  of  which  Gadsden  and  Moultrie 
were  made  colonels.  September  16,  Moultrie  took  possession  of 
the  fort  guarding  the  harbor,  the  small  garrison  having  retired  to 
the  ships-of-war,  where  the  governor,  William  Campbell,  soon 
took  refuge.  The  harbor  was  fortified.  An  armed  vessel,  fitted 
out  by  the  committee  of  safety,  captured  an  English  powder-ship 
in  St.  Augustine,  and  brought  her  to  Charleston. 

The  document  read  thus :  "  The  actual  commencement  of  hostilities  against 
this  continent  by  the  British  troops,  on  the  19th  of  April  last,  and  the  dread  of 
insurrections  .  .  .  are  causes  sufficient  to  drive  an  oppressed  people  to  arms.  We, 
the  subscribers,  inhabitants  of  South  Carolina,  holding  ourselves  bound  by  that  most 
sacred  of  all  obligations,  the  duty  of  good  citizens  towards  an  injured  country, 
and  thoroughly  convinced  that  under  our  present  distressed  circumstances  we 
shall  be  justified  before  God  and  man  in  resisting  force  by  force,  do  unite  our- 
selves under  every  tie  of  religion  and  honor,  and  associate  as  a  band  in  her  defence 
against  every  foe ;  hereby  solemnly  engaging  that,  whenever  our  continental  or 
provincial  councils  shall  deem  it  necessary,  we  will  go  forth,  and  be  ready  to 
sacrifice  our  lives  and  fortunes  to  secure  her  freedom  and  safety,  and  hold  all 
those  persons  inimical  to  the  liberty  of  the  colonies  who  shall  refuse  to  subscribe 
this  association." 

This  was  copied  in  the  Massachusetts  papers. 


326  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.          [1775." 

1775,  JUNE  12.  —  The  Virginia  house  of  burgesses,  in  a  letter 
to  Governor  Dunrnore,  declined  the  plan  of  conciliation,  leaving 
the  final  determination  to  Congress. 

This  letter  was  drawn  up  by  .Jefferson.  The  other  assemblies  followed  sub- 
stantially the  same  course,  and  eventually  every  assembly  refused  to  treat  sepa- 
rately with  Great  Britain  otherwise  than  through  the  General  Congress. 

1775,  JUNE  12.  —  General  Gage  issued  a  proclamation  of  mar- 
tial law. 

He  offered  pardon  to  all  who  would  return  to  their  allegiance,  except  John 
Hancock  and  Samuel  Adams.  Gage  had  been  reinforced  by  troops  under  the 
command  of  Generals  Howe,  Burgoyne,  and  Clinton,  and  had  now  about  ten 
thousand  men.  The  colonial  forces  in  front  of  Boston  consisted  of  about  sixteen 
thousand  men;  twenty-seven  regiments  of  these  were  from  Massachusetts,  and 
three  from  Connecticut,  three  from  New  Hampshire,  and  three  from  Rhode  Island. 
John  Whitcombe  and  Dr.  Joseph  Warren  were  first  and  second  major-generals  of 
the  Massachusetts  forces. 

1775,  JUNE  15.  —  The  armed  tender  to  the  frigate  Rose  was 
chased  by  an  armed  sloop  in  the  service  of  Rhode  Island,  under 
Abraham  Whipple,  and  captured. 

The  tender  was  a  packet  which  had  been  captured  by  the  Rose,  and  armed. 
This  was  the  first  naval  conflict  of  the  Revolution.  The  assembly  of  Rhode 
Island  ordered  two  vessels  to  be  armed  for  the  defence  of  the  colony :  one  to 
carry  ten  four-pounders  and  fourteen  swivel  guns,  with  eighty  men ;  the  other  to 
carry  thirty  men.  They  were  called  the  Washington  and  the  Katy.  Abraham 
Whipple  was  placed  in  their  command  with  the  rank  of  commodore.  At  this  ses- 
sion the  post-office  service  in  the  colony  was  organized  by  the  establishment  of 
routes,  rates  of  postage,  and  post-riders. 

1775,  JUNE  15. —  Congress  elected  George  "Washington  to  be 
"  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies  raised  and  to  be  raised  for 
the  defence  of  America." 

His  nomination  was  made  by  Thomas  Johnson  of  Maryland,  and  the  motion 
•was  seconded  by  John  Adams  of  Massachusetts.  The  election  was  by  ballot,  and 
was  unanimous. 

1775,  JUNE  17.  — The  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  was  fought  be- 
tween  the  British  under  General  Howe,  and  the  Americans 
under  Generals  Putnam  and  Prescott.  The  British  lost  1054 
killed  and  wounded;  the  Americans  453. 

As  Bunker  Hill  commanded  Boston,  then  in  the  possession  of  the  British, 
works  were  erected  upon  it,  which  the  British  were  forced  to  attack.  The  redoubt 
was  thrown  up  on  the  night  of  the  16th.  The  attacking  force  was  repulsed 
twice,  but  carried  the  works  the  third  time,  the  Americans'  ammunition  being 
exhausted.  The  chief  result  of  the  contest  was  the  confidence  it  gave  the  colo- 
nies, since  hastily  gathered  recruits  had  shown  themselves  able  to  stand  before 
the  disciplined  force  of  the  enemy,  which  had  been  considered  invincible,  and 
make  the  victory  so  costly  as  to  be  equivalent  to  a  defeat.  The  battle  was  really 
fought  upon  Breed's  Hill,  though  the  order  had  been  given  to  build  the  redoubt 
on  Bunker's.  For  this  action  Gage  was  superseded.  A  court-martial  investigated 


1775.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  327 

the  conduct  of  several  of  the  colonial  officers.  Joseph  "Warren  was  killed ;  he 
had  been  a  leading  spirit  in  the  movement  of  the  colonies,  and  was  president  of 
the  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts,  and  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
safety.  Congress  eventually  mcide  provision  for  the  support  of  his  young  family. 

1775,  JUNE  19.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
issued  a  summons  for  the  election  of  representatives,  "  in  obedi- 
ence to  the  resolve  of  the  Continental  Congress." 

After  giving  the  resolve  of  Congress,  the  warrant  continues  :  "  In  observance  of 
the  foregoing  resolve  of  the  Honorable  Continental  Congress  now  sitting  in  Phila- 
delphia, these  are  to  cause  the  freeholders  and  other  inhabitants  of  your  town  " 
to  choose  representatives.  The  qualification  of  voting  was  the  possession  of  an 
estate  of  forty  shillings  a  year,  or  othej  estate  to  the  value  of  forty  pounds. 

1775,  JUNE  20.  — An  association  was  formed  in  North  Carolina. 

July  17,  Governor  Martin  took  refuge  in  a  ship-of-war  in  the  Cape  Fear  River. 
The  Continental  Congress  voted  the  support  for  a  thousand  men  in  North  Carolina, 
where  the  opposers  of  the  movement  were  very  strong.  August  20,  a  convention 
at  Hillsborough  voted  two  regiments,  and  in  September  a  third.  Robert  Howe, 
Moore,  and  Francis  Nash  were  made  colonels.  Governor  Martin  having  issued  a 
proclamation  from  shipboard,  the  convention  called  it  "a  scandalous,  malicious, 
and  scurrilous  libel,  tending  to  disunite  the  good  people  of  the  province,"  and 
ordering  it  burned  by  the  hangman. 

1775,  JUNE.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  issued  ten  thou-  • 
sand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit,  to  meet  the  expenses  of  equipping 
the  army. 

1775,  JUNE  21.  —  Washington  left  Philadelphia  to  take  command 
of  the  army  surrounding  Boston. 

1775,  JUNE  23.  —  The  Congress  ordered  the  first  issue  of  bills 
of  credit,  and  the  second  in  July. 

The  total  amount  was  three  millions  of  dollars.  The  issues  were  apportioned 
among  the  states.  Their  quotas  were  to  be  paid  by  taxation.  Rhode  Island, 
Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire  did  this.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New 
Jersey,  Maryland,  and  Virginia  did  it  in  part.  The  bills  were  to  be  received  for 
taxes.  The  receipts  from  taxes  into  the  state  treasuries  were  to  be  paid  into 
the  continental  treasury  in  four  yearly  instalments,  the  first  to  become  due  in 
November,  1779.  The  bills  were  not  ready  for  circulation  until  August,  and 
were  readily  received.  The  scheme  had  been  recommended  by  the  provincial 
congress  of  New  York,  where  it  had  been  suggested  by  Governeur  Morris. 

1775,  JUNE  23.  —  The  council  and  house  of  burgesses  in 
Virginia,  in  a  joint  address  to  Governor  Dunmore,  asked  him  to 
return  to  the  capital  of  the  province. 

He  had  taken  refuge  upon  a  ship-of-war. 

1775,  JULY  2.  —  General  Washington  arrived  at  the  camp 
before  Boston,  and  took  command,  fixing  his  headquarters  at 
Cambridge. 

1775,  JULY  17.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  at  Richmond,  Yir- 


328  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1775. 

ginia,  organized  themselves,  and  took  possession  of  the  juris- 
diction. 

Lord  Dunmore  had  taken  refuge  in  an  armed  ship.  A  committee  of  safety, 
appointed  by  the  convention,  assumed  the  executive  authority.  Two  regular 
regiments  were  enlisted  from  the  militia,  and  bills  of  credit  were  issued. 

1775,  JULY  18.  —  General  Putnam,  on  Prospect  Hill,  near  Bos- 
ton, displayed  a  flag. 

It  was  red,  with  the  motto  of  Connecticut,  "  Qui  transtulit,  susiinet,"  on  one 
side,  and  on  the  other  the  words,  "  An  Appeal  to  Heaven."  In  September  the  flag 
used  in  South  Carolina  was  a  blue  ground  with  a  white  crescent  in  the  left  corner. 
It  was  designed  by  Colonel  Moultrie.  In  December  Paul  Jones  displayed  on  the 
"Alfred,"  the  flagship  of  Commodore  Hopkins,  a  flag  with  a  rattlesnake  on  a 
yellow  field,  and  the  motto  "  Don't  tread  on  me." 

1775,  JULY  19.  —  An  election  was  had  in  Massachusetts  for 
councillors. 

This  was  according  to  the  advice  of  Congress.  The  governor  and  lieutenant- 
governor  being  absent,  the  authority  devolved  on  the  council,  who  retained  it 
until  a  constitution  was  formed  for  the  state.  An  executive  committee  was  organ- 
ized which  took  the  duties  of  those  of  safety,  correspondence,  inspection,  and 
others. 

1775,  JULY.  —  Wentworth,  the  governor  of  New  Hampshire, 
prorogued  the  assembly,  and  retreated  for  safety  to  Boston. 
The  provincial  congress,  with  the  committees,  assumed  the  jurisdiction. 

1775,  JULY  22. —  A  committee  was  appointed  by  Congress  to 
consider  Lord  North's  plan  of  conciliation,  which  had  been 
forwarded  for  its  consideration  by  three  of  the  colonial  assem- 
blies, —  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Virginia. 

This  committee  consisted  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  Thomas  Jefferson,  John 
Adams,  and  Richard  Henry  Lee.  The  report  of  this  committee,  prepared  by 
Jefferson,  was  adopted  on  the  31st  of  July.  The  report  rejected  the  plan,  and 
ended  by  saying  that  nothing  but  the  exertions  of  the  colonies  could  resist  the 
ministerial  scheme  of  death  or  abject  submission.  The  report,  signed  by  John 
Hancock  as  president,  was  printed  in  the  Pennsylvania  Evening  Post,  of  August 
8,  1775,  and  reproduced  very  generally  by  the  newspapers  throughout  the 
colonies. 

1775,  JULY  26.  —  Congress  organized  the  continental  postal 
service. 

The  plan  proposed  was  that  prepared  by  William  Goddard.  Franklin  was 
appointed  postmaster.  The  royal  mail  had  almost  ceased  for  want  of  patronage. 

1775,  JULY  27.  —  An  army  hospital  was  organized. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Church,  of  Boston,  was  made  its  director.  He  was  soon  de- 
tected in  correspondence  with  General  Gage,  and,  being  tried  by  a  court-martial, 
was  found  guilty,  and  imprisoned  by  order  of  congress.  His  health  failing,  he 
was  allowed  to  embark  to  the  West  Indies ;  but  the  ship  was  never  heard  from. 
Dr.  John  Morgan,  of  Philadelphia,  was  appointed  to  his  place. 


1775.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  329 

1775,  JULY  28.  —  The  Maryland  convention  formed  an  associa- 
tion, and  appointed  committees  of  safety  and  correspondence. 

They  also  made  an  issue  of  bills  of  credit,  and  organized  the  militia. 

1775.  —  ABOUT  this  period  is  given  as  the  date  for  the  intro- 
duction of  clover  for  agricultural  purposes. 

The  use  of  rye-grass  in  Virginia  is  given  as  1677.  Mr.  Charles  L.  Flint  says  : 
"No  other  variety  of  grass  seed  appears  to  have  been  sown  for  many  years,  not 
indeed,  till  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century,  upon  the  introduction  of  tim- 
othy and  orchard  grass."  Both  timothy  and  orchard  grass  were  introduced  into 
England  from  this  country.  The  first  in  17GO,  and  the  second  in  1764.  •  The  date 
of  the  introduction  of  red  clover  into  England  is  given  as  1633.;  sainfoin,  1651 ; 
yellow  clover,  1659 ;  white  clover,  1700.  Our  stock  of  these  was  most  probably 
derived  from  there.  The  use  of  grass-seed  is  said  to  have  been  first  made  in 
Scotland  in  1792.  No  one  of  the  root  crops  used  for  stock  was  known  at  this  time. 

1775,  JULY  29.  —  Two  joint  treasurers  were  appointed. 

They  were  George  Clymer  and  Michael  Hillegas.  The  first  resigned  August  6 ; 
the  second  remained  in  office  during  the  existence  of  the  confederation. 

1775,  AUGUST.  —  The  Rhode  Island  delegates  to  Congress  were 
instructed  by  the  assembly  of  that  state  "  to  use  their  whole 
influence  for  building  at  the  Continental  expense,  a  fleet  of  suffi- 
cient force  for  the  protection  of  these  colonies,  and  for  employing 
them  in  such  manner  and  places  as  will  most  effectually  annoy 
our  enemies,  and  contribute  to  the  common  defence  of  these 
colonies." 

The  assembly  also  adopted  the  continental  currency  as  a  lawful  tender,  and 
declared  him  an  enemy  to  his  country  who  should  refuse  either  the  colonial  or  the 
general  issues. 

1775,  AUGUST  1.  —  Congress  adjourned  to  meet  the  5th  of 
September. 

One  of  its  last  acts  was  to  again  petition  the  king.  The  petition,  which  was 
drawn  up  by  John  Dickinson,  was  signed  by  the  members  and  intrusted  to  Richard 
Penn,  who  sailed  with  it  immediately  for  England. 

1775,  AUGUST  2.  —  General  Howe  superseded  General  Gage 
as  commander  of  the  British  army  at  Boston. 

1775,  AUGUST. —  A  committee  of  the  Maryland  convention  re- 
ported that  there  were  twelve  gunsmith  shops  in  the  province. 

1775,  AUGUST.  —  The  Constitutional  Gazette,  appeared  in  New 
York. 

John  Anderson  was  its  publisher. 

1775,  AUGUST  13.  —  A  cruiser,  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
Mo  watt,  fired  upon  the  town  of  Gloucester. 

He  had  chased  a  West  India  vessel  into  the  harbor,  and  the  boats  sent  to  cap- 


330  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1775. 

ture  her  were  driven  back.    Another  attempt  to  land  was  also  repulsed,  and  thirty- 
five  prisoners  made. 

1775,  AUGUST  23.  —  Congress  ordered  Captain  Lamb  to  remove 
from  the  New  York  city  forts  all  the  cannon  to  the  Highlands. 

The  Asia,  a  man-of-war  in  the  harbor,  offered  resistance ;  but,  in  spite  of  her, 
twenty-one  pieces  (all  that  were  mounted)  were  secured. 

1775,  AUGUST.  —  Rhode  Island  followed  the  recommendation 
of  Congress,  and  made  the  Continental  bills  of  credit  a  legal 
tender. 

The  other  states  followed  one  by  one. 

1775.  —  "A  complete  apparatus  for  printing  with  a  printer 
and  a  clergyman  were  sent  to  Canada." 

Ramsey,  in  his  History,  says :  "  Writers  and  printers  followed  in  the  rear 
of  the  preachers,  and  next  to  them  had  the  greatest  hand  in  animating  their 
countrymen."  He  gives  also  the  above  quotation. 

1775,  AUGUST  23.  —  The  king  of  Great  Britain  issued  a 
proclamation  for  suppressing  rebellion  and  sedition  in  the  colo- 
nies of  North  America. 

1775,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  Richard  Penn,  the  bearer  of  the  petition 
from  Congress,  was  answered  by  Lord  Dartmouth  that  "  as  His 
Majesty  did  not  receive  the  petition  on  the  throne,  no  answer 
would  be  given." 

1775,  SEPTEMBER. — The  New  York  congress  voted  one  hun- 
dred and  twelve  thousand  dollars  in  bills  of  credit. 

They  were  to  be  redeemed  by  taxes  in  two  years.  Governor  Tryon  soon 
retired  to  the  Asia,  an  armed  ship  in  the  harbor  of  New  York. 

1775,  SEPTEMBER  5.  —  Congress  met. 

So  few  delegates  were  present  that  it  adjourned  to  the  13th.  Georgia  was  fully 
represented,  its  provincial  congress  having  accepted  the  association.  From  this 
date  the  union  was  called  The  Thirteen  United  Colonies. 

1775,  SEPTEMBER  8.  —  The  North  Carolina  provincial  congress 
issued  an  address,  denying  that  they  sought  independence. 

The  congress  contained  delegates  from  forty-four  counties  and  towns,  and  in 
the  address  said:  "We  have  been  told  that  independence  is  our  object;  that  we 
seek  to  throw  off  all  connection  with  the  parent  state.  Cruel  suggestion !  Do  not 
all  our  professions,  all  our  actions,  uniformly  contradict  this  ?" 

1775,  SEPTEMBER  25.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  in  Transyl- 
vania met  and  organized. 

The  delegates  were  from  Boonesborough,  —  a  settlement  made  by  Boone,  — 
Harrodsburg,  —  another  settlement  made  by  Harrod,  a  backwoodsman,  —  and 
other  pioneer  settlements.  The  proprietors  of  Transylvania,  on  September  25, 
held  a  meeting  at  Oxford,  North  Carolina,  and  sent  a  delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress. 


1775.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  331 

1775,  OCTOBER  3.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  New  Jersey 
enlisted  two  battalions. 

The  command  of  one  was  given  to  William  Alexander,  known  as  Lord  Stirling, 
and  the  other  to  Maxwell.  The  militia  was  placed  under  the  command  of  Phile- 
mon Dickinson  and  William  Livingston.  Thirty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of 
credit  were  issued. 

1775,  OCTOBER.  —  Parliament  voted  twenty-five  thousand  men, 
to  be  used  in  America. 

Arrangements  were  made  for  hiring  seventeen  thousand  Hessians.  The  com- 
mand was  given  to  General  Howe. 

1775. — DURING  the  winter  the  British  troops  in  Boston  suf- 
fered a  great  deal  from  cold  and  want  of  supplies. 

Houses  were  torn  down  for  fuel,  and  the  town  bull  was  killed  for  food.  The 
troops  encamped  on  Bunker  Hill  in  tents  suffered  from  cold,  and  many  of  the  poor 
in  Boston  were  sent  away  to  lessen  the  demand  for  food.  The  officers  made  of 
Faneuil  Hall  a  theatre,  and  of  the  Old  South  Church  a  riding-school.  The  library 
in  the  steeple  of  this  church  was  partly  destroyed  and  partly  carried  away.  It 
belonged  to  Dr.  Price,  the  minister  of  the  church.  Some  few  years  ago  the  man- 
uscript of  Governor  Bradford's  History  of  Plymouth,  which  was  in  it,  was  found 
to  be  in  the  Bishop  of  London's  library,  and  from  a  copy  was  printed  by  the  His- 
torical Society  of  Massachusetts.  Most  of  the  supply  ships  sent  from  England 
for  the  troops  in  Boston  were  captured  by  the  colonial  cruisers. 

1775,  OCTOBER  5.  —  The  governor  of  Pennsylvania  and  Dela- 
ware, John  Penn,  issued  a  proclamation  ending  with  "  (rod  save 
the  King." 

1775,  OCTOBER.  —  Dr.  Jeremy  Belknap  visited  the  camp  near 
Boston,  and,  under  the  date  of  the  19th,  says  in  his  journal :  "  I 
found  that  the  plan  of  independence  was  become  a  favorite  point 
in  the  army,  and  that  it  was  offensive  to  pray  for  the  king." 

1775.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  Packet,  published  in  Philadelphia, 
printed,  November  13,  an  "  Address  of  the  people  called  Qua- 
kers," advocating  peace. 

1775,  OCTOBER  7.  — The  English  fleet,  of  fifteen  sail,  under 
Captain  Wallace,  anchored  off  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  and  can- 
nonaded the  town. 

Wallace  had  previously  threatened  Newport  and  Providence ;  and  parties  from, 
the  fleet  landing  on  the  shores  pillaged  the  farms,  carrying  off  the  cattle. 

1775,  OCTOBER  18.  —  Falmouth  (now  Portland),  in  Maine,  was 
destroyed  by  a  bombardment. 

The  ship  was  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant  Mowatt.    He  attempted  to  land, 
but  was  repulsed. 

1775,  OCTOBER  24.  — The  agents. Mr.  Hogg,  from  Transylvania, 
(the  territory  of  Kentucky),  presented  the  petition  from  the 


332  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1775. 

house  of  delegates  that  they  might  be  admitted  to  the  Union, 
and  was  refused. 

The  objection  was  that  Virginia  claimed  the  territory  as  within  her  juris- 
diction. 

1775,  OCTOBER.  —  Orders  were  received  by  the  governor  of 
Nova  Scotia  from  England  to  make  gratuitous  grants  of  land  to 
loyalist  refugees  from  the  colonies,  and  to  support  those  who 
were  indigent  at  an  expense  not  exceeding  six  pence  a  day. 

1775,  OCTOBER  26.  —  In  a  speech  to  parliament  the  king  de- 
clared  that  the  war  on  the  part  of  the  colonies  was  "  manifestly 
carried  on  for  the  establishment  of  an  American  Empire." 

He  recommended  the  appointment  of  commissioners  to  grant  pardons  to  such 
of  the  "unhappy  and  deluded  multitude"  as  should  be  convinced  of  their  error 
by  arms.  The  Houses  supported  him,  and  applauded  his  mercy  in  suggesting 
pardon. 

1775,  OCTOBER  31.  —  News  of  the  fate  of  the  petition  of  Con- 
gress to  the  king  was  received  in  Philadelphia. 

The  next  day  the  papers  of  Philadelphia  contained  this  information,  together 
with  the  king's  proclamation  for  suppressing  rebellion  in  the  colonies.  On  the 
same  day  an  express  from  General  Washington  informed  Congress  that  the 
British  fleet  had  burned  Falmouth,  in  New  Hampshire. 

1775,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  de- 
crees of  forfeiture  upon  the  estates  of  the  Tories. 

Newport  was  allowed  to  furnish  supplies  to  the  British  fleet  in  stated  quantities, 
in  order  to  insure  the  safety  and  support  of  the  inhabitants,  who  were  ruined  by 
the  cessation  of  its  trade.  Captain  Wallace  proposed  to  spare  the  town  on  condi- 
tion of  obtaining  supplies. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  consid- 
ered an  act  to  abolish  slavery  in  that  province,  and  ordered  it 
printed  and  laid  before  the  towns,  to  be  acted  upon  at  the  next 
session. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  An  expedition  under  Montgomery  cap- 
tured St.  John's. 

The  siege  lasted  several  weeks.  Montreal  surrendered  soon  after  without 
resistance.  A  fortunate  supply  of  clothing  for  the  troops  was  obtained  by  this 
surrender. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  Congress  advised  the  provincial  conven- 
tion of  New  Hampshire  "  to  call  a  full  and  free  representation 
of  the  people  and  the  representatives,  if  they  think  it  necessary, 
and  establish  such  a  form  of  government  as  in  their  judgment 
will  best  promote  the  happiness  of  the  people,  and  most  ef- 
fectually secure  peace  and  good  order  in  the  province  during 
the  continuance  of  the  dispute  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
Coloniesv" 


1775.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  333 

An  application  from  New  Hampshire,  for  advice  how  to  act  in  the  emergency, 
had  been  before  Congress  from  October  18th.  The  same  advice  was  the  next  day 
given  to  South  Carolina,  who  had  made  a  similar  application.  In  this  last  case 
the  addition  was  made  of  advising  the  raising  of  an  army  to  defend  the  colony 
"  at  the  continental  expense,"  and  that  the  British  ships-of-war  should  be  seized 
and  destroyed,  and  attempts  to  occupy  Charleston  be  resisted. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  4.  —  A  proclamation  for  a  thanksgiving,  issued 
by  the  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts,  ended  with  "  God 
save  the  people." 

1775.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  Packet,  or  General  Advertiser  ap- 
peared in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  published  by  John  Dunlop. 

1775.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  Ledger,  or  the  Virginia,  Maryland, 
Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey  Weekly  Advertiser,  appeared  in 
Philadelphia. 

It  was  published  by  James  Humphreys,  Jr. 

1775.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  Evening  Post  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  published  by  B.  Towne. 

1775.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  Mercury  and  Universal  Advertiser 
appeared  in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  published  by  Story  and  Humphreys. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  4. —  Congress  reorganized  the  army  before 
Boston. 

A  committee  had  visited  the  camp,  and  consulted  with  "Washington  and  the 
committees  from  the  colonies  of  New  England.  By  this  plan  it  was  to  consist  of 
twenty-six  regiments,  besides  riflemen  and  artillery ;  Massachusetts  to  furnish  six- 
teen, Connecticut  five,  New  Hampshire  three,  and  Rhode  Island  two ;  the  officers 
to  be  selected  by  Washington  from  those  in  the  service.  The  command  of  the 
artillery  was  given  to  Knox,  Gridley  retiring  from  age,  Congress  giving  him  an 
equivalent  for  his  half  pay  in  the  British  service.  The  northern  army  was  to  con- 
sist of  eleven  battalions  —  two  from  the  troops  already  enlisted,  two  from  Canada, 
two  from  Pennsylvania,  and  one  each  from  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Con- 
necticut, New  York,  and  New  Jersey.  Besides  these,  Congress  had  soon  in  its  pay 
five  regiments  from  South  Carolina,  six  from  North  Carolina,  nine  from  Virginia. 
Virginia  and  Maryland  had  been  called  upon  for  a  regiment  of  riflemen,  Delaware 
for  one,  Pennsylvania  for  six,  New  Jersey  for  two,  New  York  for  four,  and  Geor- 
gia for  one.  Another  from  New  Jersey  and  two  from  Rhode  Island,  for  local 
defence,  were  afterwards  taken  into  Continental  pay. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  9.  —  The  Pennsylvania  assembly  instructed 
its  delegates  to  Congress  to  resist  separation  from  England. 

It  said:  "We  strictly  enjoin  you,  that  you,  in  behalf  of  this  colony,  dissent 
from  and  utterly  reject  any  proposition,  should  such  be  made,  that  may  cause  or 
lead  to  a  separation  from  our  mother  country,  or  a  change  of  this  form  of  govern- 
ment." John  Dickenson  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  obtaining  the  passage  of 
these  instructions.  The  Delaware  assembly  similarly  instructed  its  delegates. 


334  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1775. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  9.  A  new  pledge  of  secrecy  was  adopted 
by  Congress,  and  all  the  members  required  to  sign  it. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  10.  —  Lord  George  Germain  was  made  the 
head  of  the  American  department  in  the  cabinet. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  11.  —  The  Massachusetts  congress  passed  an 
act  to  equip  armed  vessels,  and  issue  letters  of  marque  and  re- 
prisal, and  creating  courts  for  condemning  the  prizes. 

The  congress  was  then  sitting  at  "Watertown.  The  Continental  Congress,  on 
the  25th  of  November,  authorized  privateers,  and  the  establishment  of  colonial 
prize  courts,  with  an  appeal  to  Congress. 

1775.  —  THE  enlistments  in  the  army  were  for  one  year. 

At  the  end  of  the  term  the  soldiers  were  paid.  The  original  intention  was  to 
raise,  equip,  and  support  a  continental  army  upon  uniform  and  equal  terms,  but 
the  better  credit  of  the  states  led  gradually  to  state  establishments  of  the  army. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  16.  —  Governor  Franklin,  in  a  speech  to  the 
assembly  of  New  Jersey,  told  them  the  army  of  his  Majesty  had 
orders  to  proceed  against  any  town  raising  troops. 

He  added:  "  As  sentiments  of  independency  are  by  some  men  of  present  con- 
sequence openly  avowed,  and  essays  are  already  appearing  in  the  public  papers  to 
ridicule  the  people's  fears  of  that  horrid  measure,  and  remove  their  aversion  to 
republican  government,  it  is  high  time  every  man  should  know  what  he  has 
to  expect."  The  assembly  replied :  "  We  know  of  no  sentiments  of  independency 
that  are  by  men  of  any  consequence  openly  avowed ;  nor  do  we  approve  of  any 
essays  tending  to  encourage  such  a  measure.  We  have  already  expressed  our 
detestation  of  such  opinions." 

1775,  NOVEMBER  17.  —  Congress  took  steps  to  organize  a  naval 
code. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  20.  —  Three  more  millions  in  bills  of  credit 
were  issued  by  Congress. 

They  were  to  be  redeemed  like  the  last. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  23.  —  Governor  Dunmore,  with  a  force  he  had 
collected,  captured  Norfolk. 

He  had  been  raiding  along  the  coast,  and  had  declared  martial  law,  and  offered 
freedom  to  all  the  slaves  of  rebels  who  would  join  him.  He  was  driven  out  of 
Norfolk  very  soon. 

1775.  —  NATHANIEL  NILES  set  up  a  manufactory  for  making  iron- 
wire  for  the  manufacture  of  cards,  at  Norwich,  Connecticut. 

He  was  granted  a  loan  by  the  legislature  of  three  hundred  pounds  for  four 
years. 

1775.  — THE  provincial  congress  of  South  Carolina  offered  pre- 
miums for  the  introduction  of  various  manufactures. 

Saltpetre,  sulphur,  iron,  steel,  paper,  salt,  and  cloth  were  the  chief  articles. 


1775.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  335 

1775,  NOVEMBER.  —  Congress  resolved  that  clothing  for  the 
army  should  be  provided  by  the  states,  to  be  paid  for  by  stop- 
ping one  and  two-thirds  dollars  a  month  from  the  soldier's  pay. 

The  cloth  provided  was  to  be  dyed  brown,  the  facings  were  to  show  the  regi- 
ments. Every  man  who  brought  a  good  new  blanket  with  liini  was  to  be  allowed 
two  dollars  for  it,  and  could  retain  it  on  his  return. 

1775.  —  MUSKETS  were  made  in  North  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  by  Stephen  Jenks. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  28.  —  The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  directed 
their  delegates  to  Congress  "  not  to  give  their  assent  to,  but 
utterly  to  reject  any  propositions,  if  such  should  be  made,  that 
may  separate  this  colony  from  the  mother  country,  or  change  the 
form  of  the  government  thereof." 

1775,  NOVEMBER  29.  —  Congress  ordered  an  issue  of  three 
millions  more  of  bills  of  credit. 

They  were  apportioned  like  the  former,  and  to  be  paid  after  eight  years,  in  four 
annual  payments. 

1775,  NOVEMBER  29.  —  Congress  appointed  a  committee  to 
correspond  with  foreign  nations. 

This  committee  consisted  of  Mr.  Harrison,  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr.  Johnson,  Mr. 
Dickcnson,  and  Mr.  Jay.  They  were  appointed  "  for  the  sole  purpose  of  corre- 
sponding with  our  friends  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland  and  other  parts  of  the  world, 
and  that  they  lay  their  correspondence  before  Congress  when  directed." 

1775,  NOVEMBER  30.  —  Martial  law  was  proclaimed  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Nova  Scotia. 

1775,  NOVEMBER. — The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  offered 
premiums  of  two  hundred,  one  hundred  and  fifty,  one  hundred, 
and  of  fifty  pounds,  for  the  first  works  that  produced  fifty  pounds 
of  good  saltpetre. 

They  did  the  same  for  sulphur,  and  agreed  to  purchase  it  at  five  shillings  a 
pound.  Georgia  also  offered  inducements  for  the  manufacture. 

1775.  —  The  council  of  safety  erected  powder-mills  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  allowed  eight  dollars  a  hundred  pounds  for  it. 

In  1790  there  were  twenty-one  powder-mills  in  Pennsylvania,  making,  together, 
six  hundred  and  twenty-five  tons  a  year. 

1775,  DECEMBER  4.  —  Congress  declared  it  dangerous  to  the 
•welfare  of  America  for  any  single  colony  to  petition  the  king  or 
parliament. 

Advice  was  given  to  Virginia  to  resist  by  force,  and  to  form  a  local  government. 

1775,  DECEMBER  6.  —  Congress  issued  a  proclamation  threaten- 
ing to  retort  upon  the  supporters  of  the  ministry  any  severities 
inflicted  upon  the  colonies  or  their  supporters. 

The  British  ministry  had  declared  in  a  proclamation  that  the  colonies  were  in 
rebellion,  and  threatened  punishment  to  all  who  should  aid  them. 


336  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1775. 

1775,  DECEMBER  7.  —  The  Maryland  convention  declared  that 
they  "  never  did  nor  do  entertain  any  views  or  desires  of  inde- 
pendency," and  that  their  union  with  the  mother  country  was 
"  their  highest  felicity,  so  would  they  view  the  fatal  necessity  of 
separating  from  her  as  a  misfortune  next  to  the  greatest  that 
can  befall  them." 

This  declaration  they  ordered  entered  on  the  journal. 

1775,  DECEMBER  9.  —  The  Virginia  militia  were  victorious  in  a 
battle  at  Great  Bridge. 

They  were  engaged  with  Dunmore's  forces. 

1775,  DECEMBER  11.  —  Congress  appointed  a  committee,  con- 
sisting of  one  member  from  each  of  the  colonies,  to  organize  and 
equip  a  fleet. 

1775,  DECEMBER  11.  —  A  bill  passed  parliament  prohibiting  all 
intercourse  between  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia  and  the  re- 
volted American  colonies. 

1775.  —  LEXINGTON,  Kentucky,  was  settled  by  a  company  under 
the  leadership  of  Colonel  Robert  Patterson. 

While  laying  out  the  town,  the  settlers  heard  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  and 
gave  its  name  to  their  settlement.  In  1782  it  was  incorporated  by  the  Virginia 
legislature. 

1775,  DECEMBER  14.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  New  York 
resolved,  "  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Congress  that  none  of 
the  people  of  this  Colony  have  withdrawn  their  allegiance  from 
His  Majesty. 

"  That  the  supposed  turbulent  state  of  this  Colony  arises  not 
from  the  want  of  a  proper  attachment  to  our  prince  and  the 
establishment  of  the  illustrious  House  of  Hanover,  nor  from  a 
desire  to  become  independent  of  the  British  Crown,  or  a  spirit 
of  opposition  to  that  just  and  equal  rule  to  which  by  the  British 
Constitution,  and  our  ancient  and  established  form,  we  are  sub- 
ject ;  but  solely  from  the  inroads  made  on  both  by  the  oppres- 
sive Acts  of  the  British  Parliament,  devised  for  enslaving  His 
Majesty's  liege  subjects  in  the  American  Colonies,  and  the 
hostile  attempts  of  the  Ministry  to  carry  these  Acts  into  exe- 
cution." 

1775.  —  ABOUT  this  time  the  North  Carolina  provincial  con- 
gress published  an  address  against  independency. 

It  said :  "  That  it  was  our  most  earnest  wish  and  prayer  to  be  restored,  with 
the  other  united  colonies,  to  the  state  in  which  they  were  placed  before  the 
year  1763." 

1775,  DECEMBER  18.  —  The  committee  of  the  Rhode  Island 
assembly,  having  control  during  the  recess  of  that  body,  estab- 


1775.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  337 

lished  a  laboratory  for  making  artillery  stores  in  the  brick  school- 
house  on  Meeting  Street  in  Providence. 

1775.  DECEMBER  22. —  Esek  Hopkins  was  confirmed  as  com- 
mander of  the  fleet. 

The  management  of  naval  affairs  -was  given  to  a  "  marine  committee."  John 
Paul  Jones  was  appointed  to  a  lieutenancy. 

1775,  DECEMBER.  —  The  committee  of  correspondence  of  Con- 

gress  addressed  letters  to  Arthur  Lee  in  London,  and  Charles 
umas   at   the  Hague,  to  ascertain  the  disposition  of  foreign 
courts  concerning  America.     Great  caution  and  secrecy  were  en- 
joined upon  them. 

Dumas  was  a  Swiss,  and  a  friend  of  Franklin. 

1775,  DECEMBER  25.  —  The  town  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire, instructed  their  delegates  in  the  provincial  congress  to 
oppose  the  establishment  of  a  local  government. 

They  gave  as  a  reason  that  it  would  furnish  "  arguments  to  persuade  the  good 
people  there  that  we  are  aiming  at  independency,  which  we  totally  disavow." 

1775,  DECEMBER  31.  —  An  unsuccessful  attack  was  made  upon 
Quebec  by  the  expedition  under  Benedict  Arnold. 

Arnold  was  wounded,  and  Montgomery  was  killed. 

1775,  DECEMBER.  —  Congress  ordered  the  construction  of  thir- 
teen frigates. 

Of  these,  the  Congress  of  twenty-eight  guns,  and  the  Montgomery  of  twenty- 
four,  were  built  at  Poughkeepsie,  on  the  Hudson  River.  In  consequence,  how- 
ever, of  the  English  occupation  of  the  city  of  New  York  from  August,  1776,  to 
November,  1783,  neither  of  them  got  to  sea,  and  were  burned  in  1777.  Four  oth- 
ers of  these  frigates  —  the  Washington  and  the  Randolph,  of  thirty-two  guns  each, 
the  Effingham  of  twenty-eight  guns,  and  the  Delaware  of  twenty-four  —  were 
built  at  Philadelphia.  In  consequence  of  the  failure  to  break  the  blockade  of  the 
port,  despite  the  efforts  made  with  galleys,  batteries,  rafts,  fire-ships,  and  tor- 
pedoes, the  Delaware  and  Ejffingham  were  burned,  to  prevent  their  falling  into 
the  enemy's  hands.  The  Randolph  got  to  sea  in  1777.  The  Virginia,  of  twenty- 
eight  guns,  was  intrusted  to  the  ship-builders  of  Maryland. 

1775.  —  A  POWDER-MILL  was  erected  at  East  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut. 

It  was  built  by  William  and  George  Pitkin,  under  an  act  of  the  assembly  regu- 
lating their  construction,  and  giving  a  premium  of  thirty  pounds  to  the  first  two 
powder-mills  erected,  and  ten  pounds  for  every  hundred-weight  of  saltpetre  made 
during  the  next  year. 

1775. — THE  assembly  of  Maryland  authorized  a  loan  of  one 
thousand  pounds  for  the  erection  of  saltpetre-works,  and  offered 
half  a  dollar  a  pound  for  the  product. 

The  same  amount  was  offered  for  the  construction  of  a  powder-mill. 

22 


338  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

1776,  JANUARY.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  recalled  its 
issue  of  forty  thousand  pounds  of  bills  of  credit  bearing  interest, 
and  issued  the  same  amount  bearing  no  interest. 

The  bounty  of  three  shillings  a  pound  for  saltpetre,  declared  the  year  before, 
was  repealed,  and  it  was  ordered  that  saltpetre-works  should  be  established  in 
every  town,  and  a  powder-mill  set  up  in  the  state. 

1776,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  flag  of  the  United  Colonies  was  un- 
furled in  the  camp  by  order  of  General  Washington. 

It  consisted  of  a  St.  George  and  a  St.  Andrew  cross  on  a  blue  ground  in  the 
upper  corner,  and  alternate  horizontal  stripes  of  red  and  white  in  the  field.  It 
was  known  as  the  "  great  union,"  and  was  used  in  the  fleet  by  Captain  Hopkins. 

1776,  JANUARY  5.  — A  convention  at  Exeter,  New  Hampshire, 
summoned  by  the  provincial  congress,  to  consist  of  delegates  to 
be  elected  under  the  existing  laws  for  the  election  of  delegates, 
framed  a  constitution,  which  was  accepted. 

The  constitution  was  established  by  "the  free  suffrage  of  the  people,"  and 
made  provisions  for  the  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial  branches  of  govern- 
ment. A  council  of  twelve  members  from  the  different  counties  was  elected  by 
the  convention.  This  council  elected  Mesheck  Ware  president,  a  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  who  was  also  made  chief  justice.  The  council  was  elected  yearly, 
and  when  not  in  session,  the  authority  was  exercised  by  the  committee  of  safety, 
of  which  the  president  of  the  council  was  the  head.  This  arrangement  was  made 
only  during  the  continuance  of  the  war,  and  lasted  during  that  period. 

1776,  JANUARY  9. —  Common  Sense,  written  by  an  Englishman, 
was  published  by  Robert  Bell,  of  Philadelphia. 

This  was  the  publication  of  Thomas  Paine's  famous  work,  which  had  such 
admirable  influence  in  ripening  public  opinion  for  independence.  The  book  was 
suggested  to  him  by  Benjamin  Rush,  and  during  its  preparation  was  submitted  to 
Franklin  and  Samuel  Adams.  A  German  edition  was  also  issued.  It  was  re- 
printed in  many  of  the  cities  in  the  colonies,  and  also  in  England.  An  edition  in 
French  was  printed  in  France.  The  first  editions  were  anonymous ;  the  term 
"  written  by  an  Englishman"  was  left  from  the  title  after  the  first  edition. 

1776,  JANUARY  20.  —  An  assembly  in  Georgia,  called  by  the 
governor,  Sir  James  Wright,  elected  an  executive  committee, 
with  Archibald  Bullock  as  president. 

Governor  Wright  was  made  prisoner,  but  escaped  to  an  armed  ship  below 
Savannah.  In  February,  a  provincial  regiment  was  raised,  of  which  Mclntosh  was 
made  colonel. 

1776,  JANUARY.  —  The  New  York  Packet  and  American  Adver- 
tiser appeared  in  New  York. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Loudon,  who  had  come  from  Ireland  several 
years  before.  He  removed  the  paper  to  Fishkill  when  the  occupation  of  the  city 
by  the  British  was  imminent,  and  continued  its  publication  there  until  the  peace 
of  1783,  when  he  returned  to  New  York.  After  its  return,  it  was  issued  daily. 
It  was  a  supporter  of  the  Federal  party. 


1776.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  339 

1776,  JANUARY.  —  Dunmore,  reinforced  by  the  arrival  of  a 
British  frigate,  bombarded  Norfolk. 

A  party,  binding,  set  it  on  fire.  Norfolk  was  at  this  time  the  largest  and  most 
flourishing  town  in  Virginia.  The  part  of  the  town  which  escaped  the  conflagra- 
tion was  afterwards  destroyed  by  the  colonial  forces,  in  order  to  prevent  its 
becoming  a  shelter  for  the  enemy.  Dunmore  continued  his  raids  along  the  coast, 
until  he  was  driven  to  seek  refuge  in  St.  Augustine. 

1776,  JANUARY  23.  —  A  proclamation  was  issued  by  the  gov- 
ernment of  Massachusetts,  enjoining  all  the  people  to  use  their 
best  efforts  to  have  the  resolves  of  the  General  Congress  and  the 
laws  of  the  colony  duly  executed. 

In  this  proclamation  the  consent  of  the  people  is  declared  to  be  the  only  founda- 
tion of  government,  and  the  happiness  of  the  people  its  sole  end.  The  proclama- 
tion ends  with  "  God  save  the  people,"  —  the  first  time  such  a  document  omitted 
the  traditional  "  God  save  the  king."  It  was  drawn  up  by  John  Adams,  was 
ordered  to  be  read  at  the  opening  of  every  court,  at  the  March  town  meetings,  and 
by  the  ministers  every  Sunday  to  their  congregations.  It  was  also  widely  printed 
in  the  newspapers.  The  congress  which  issued  k  was  then  sitting  at  Watertown, 
Massachusetts,  almost  within  the  sound  of  the  guns  of  the  enemy. 

1776,  FEBRUARY  17.  —  The  first  American  fleet,  under  Commo- 
dore Hopkins,  sailed  from  Delaware  Bay. 

It  consisted  of  eight  vessels,  and  made  a  descent  on  New  Providence,  capturing 
the  governor  and  a  quantity  of  military  stores,  but  finding  no  powder,  in  search 
of  which  the  expedition  was  undertaken.  On  the  return,  a  captured  ship-of-war 
escaped,  and  Congress  ordered  an  inquiry  into  Hopkins's  conduct. 

1776,  FEBRUARY  17.  —  A  committee  of  five  was  appointed  by 
Congress  to  superintend  the  treasury. 

April  11,  an  auditor-general,  with  clerks  and  assistants,  was  appointed  to  act 
under  this  committee. 

1776.  —  THE  aggregate  issue  of  bills  of  credit  for  this  year  was 
nineteen  millions  of  dollars. 

The  issues  were  made  February  17,  May  9,  May  27,  August  13,  November 
2,  and  December  28.  Up  to  January  1,  1777,  twenty-five  millions  were  issued. 
The  bills,  up  to  about  twenty  millions,  remained  at  par.  The  Declaration  of 
Independence,  as  it  destroyed  all  possible  hope  of  reconciliation,  and  made  it 
evident  that  the  contest  would  be  a  long  one,  tended  to  discredit  the  issues. 

1776,  FEBRUARY.  —  A  British  squadron  sailed  from  Boston  with 
a  body  of  troops  under  General  Clinton. 

After  touching  at  New  York,  it  proceeded  to  the  coast  of  North  Carolina. 

A  party  of  loyalists,  chiefly  Scotch  Highlanders,  under  McDonald,  were 
defeated,  February  27,  in  an  attempt  to  reach  the  coast.  The  men  were  disarmed, 
and  the  officers,  with  McDonald,  sent  north  as  prisoners. 

1776,  MARCH  4. — Dorchester  Heights,  commanding  Boston, 
were  occupied  at  night  by  the  Americans. 

On  the  17th  the  British  evacuated  the  town  —  seven  thousand  men,  with  two 


340  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

thousand  marines  and  sailors,  and  about  fifteen  hundred  loyalists.  Eleven  days 
were  occupied  in  the  evacuation,  the  troops  sailing  for  Halifax ;  and  Washington, 
with  the  troops,  entered  the  town.  Congress  ordered  a  medal  struck  in  com- 
memoration of  the  event. 

1776,  MARCH  20.  —  Congress  invited  Canada  to  join  the  colo- 
nies, saying  that  "  they  might  set  up  such  a  government  as 
would  most  likely  produce  their  happiness." 

Commissioners  were  appointed  to  visit  Canada  and  extend  the  invitation  to 
them,  explaining  the  method  used  by  the  United  Colonies  "  of  collecting  the  sense 
of  the  people  and  conducting  their  affairs  regularly."  The  commissioners  were 
Samuel  Chase,  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrolton. 

1776,  MARCH  22.  —  The  assembly  of  Delaware  instructed  its 
delegates  to  Congress  to  aid  in  the  military  preparations,  and 
cultivate  the  union  among  the  colonies,  but  to  aim  at  reconcilia- 
tion with  Great  Britain,  and  u  avoid  and  discourage  any  separate 
treaty." 

1776,  MARCH.  —  Two  military  departments  were  organized  by 
Congress,  the  Southern  and  the  Middle. 

John  Armstrong,  Thompson,  Lewis,  Moore,  Stirling,  and  Robert  Howe  were 
made  brigadiers. 

1776,  MARCH  23.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  South  Carolina 
authorized  their  delegates  to  give  their  assent  to  any  measure 
thought  necessary  for  the  welfare  of  the  colony  or  of  America. 

There  was  strong  opposition  to  independence,  as  was  shown  by  the  action  of 
this  session.  On  the  1st  of  April,  in  an  address  to  their  president,  they  spoke  of  a 
possible  accommodation  with  Great  Britain  as  an  event  "which,  though  traduced 
and  treated  as  rebels,  we  earnestly  desire ;  "  and  on  the  Cth,  resolved  that  the  colony 
"  would  not  enter  into  any  treaty  or  correspondence  Avith  that  power,  or  with  per- 
sons under  that  authority,  but  through  the  medium  of  the  Continental  Congress." 
They  organized  themselves  into  an  assembly,  chose  a  legislative  council  of  thir- 
teen members,  and,  with  the  assembly,  elected  John  Rutledge  president,  and 
Henry  Laurens  vice-president.  An  executive  council  of  six  members,  over  which 
the  vice-president  presided,  was  chosen,  three  by  the  legislative  council  and  three 
by  the  assembly.  William  Henry  Drayton  was  appointed  chief  justice.  This 
form  of  government  was  to  last  through  the  war.  Bills  of  credit  were  issued,  and 
two  more  regiments  of  riflemen  were  ordered  to  be  raised.  In  closing  the  session, 
Rutledge  said:  "The  consent  of  the  people  is  the  origin  and  their  happiness  is 
the  end  of  government." 

1776,  MARCH  23. —  Congress  declared  all  British  vessels  law- 
ful pi'izes. 

1776,  APRIL  1.  —  Thomas  Mifflin  was  made  brigadier-general. 

He  resigned  his  position  as  quartermaster-general,  but  soon  resumed  it  again. 
Heath,  Spencer,  Sullivan,  and  Green,  were  made  major-generals.  Read,  Nixon, 
Parsons,  McDougall,  James  Clinton,  St.  Clair,  Adam  Stephen,  Christopher 
Gadsden,  Moultrie,  Mclntosh,  Maxwell,  Smallwood,  were  made  brigadiers  dur- 
ing the  fall,  and  Thadeus  Kosciusko  entered  the  service  as  an  engineer.  Joseph 
Reed  was  made  adjutant-general. 


1776.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  341 

1776,  APRIL  5.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Georgia  elected  a 
new  set  of  delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress,  and  instructed 
them  to  vote  for  independence. 

They  were  charged  "always  to  keep  in  view  the  general  utility,  remembering 
that  the  great  and  righteous  cause  in  which  they  were  engaged  was  not  provincial, 
but  continental."  They  were  also  instructed  to  join  such  measures  as  they  might 
think  for  the  common  good,  which  was  taken  as  authorizing  independence. 

1776,  APRIL  6.  —  Congress,  in  a  series  of  resolutions,  opened 
the  ports  of  the  colonies  to  the  commerce  of  all  nations. 

The  proposition  was  introduced  on  the  12th  of  January,  but  the  lingering  hope 
of  reconciliation  rendered  it  most  difficult  to  arrive  at  the  settlement  of  what  now 
appears  the  most  natural  course  of  action.  One  of  the  resolutions  provided  that 
no  slaves  should  be  imported  into  the  United  Colonies ;  and  another,  that  certain 
powers  exercised  by  the  local  committees  of  inspection  and  safety,  in  relation  to 
trade,  should  cease.  The  resolves  were  printed,  signed  "By  order  of  Congress, 
John  Hancock." 

1776,  APRIL  12.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  North  Carolina, 
in  session  at  Halifax,  passed  unanimously  a  resolution  empowering 
their  delegates  in  the  General  Congress  "  to  concur  with  the 
delegates  in  the  other  colonies  in  declaring  independency  and 
forming  foreign  alliances,  reserving  to  the  colony  the  sole  exclu- 
sive right  of  forming  a  constitution  and  laws  for  it,"  and  also 
"  of  appointing  delegates  in  a  general  representation  of  the  colo- 
nies for  such  purposes  as  might  be  agreed  upon." 

1776,  APRIL  14.  — The  last  of  the  British  fleet  left  Newport. 

Narragansett  Bay  was  for  the  first  time  in  months  free  from  British  cruisers ; 
they  were  driven  out  by  batteries  upon  the  shore. 

1776,  APRIL  23.  —  Chief  Justice  William  Henry  Drayton,  in 
charging  the  court  of  general  sessions  in  South  Carolina,  said : 
"  The  Almighty  created  America  to  be  independent  of  Great 
Britain ;  to  refuse  our  labors  in  this  divine  work  is  to  refuse  to 
be  a  great,  a  free,  a  pious,  and  a  happy  people." 

1776,  APRIL  23.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  North  Carolina 
authorized  their  delegates  to  join  with  the  other  colonies  in 
declaring  independence. 

1776,  APRIL  23.  —  The  committee  of  Charlotte  County,  Vir- 
ginia, instructed  their  delegates  to  vote  for  independence. 

This  charge  read :  "  By  the  unanimous  approbation  and  direction  of  the  whole 
freeholders,  and  all  the  other  inhabitants  of  this  colony,  ...  we  give  it  to  you 
in  charge  to  use  your  best  endeavor*  that  the  delegates  which  are  sent  to  the 
General  Congress  be  instructed  immediately  to  cast  off  the  British  yoke ;  and  as 
King  George,  under  the  character  of  a  parent,  persists  in  behaving  as  a  tyrant, 
that  they,  in  our  behalf,  renounce  allegiance  to  him  forever ;  and  that,  taking  the 
God  of  heaven  to  be  our  King,  and  depending  on  His  assistance  and  protection, 
they  plan  out  that  form  of  government  which  may  most  effectually  secure  to  us 


342  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

the  enjoyment  of  our  civil  and  religious  rights  and  privileges  to  the  latest  pos- 
terity." 

1776,  APRIL  24.  —  A  majority  of  the  freeholders  of  James  City 
instructed  their  delegates  "  to  exert  their  utmost  abilities,  in  the 
next  convention,  towards  dissolving  the  connection  between 
America  and  Great  Britain  totally,  finally,  and  irrevocably." 

This  sentiment  for  independence  rapidly  spread  throughout  the  whole  colony. 

1776,  APRIL  29.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  adopted  a 
flag  for  their  cruisers. 

It  was  a  white  ground,  with  a  green  pine  tree,  and  the  motto,  "  An  appeal  to 
Heaven."  Similar  flags  were  displayed  on  the  floating  batteries. 

1776,  MAY  3.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  met  at  Williamsburg, 
Virginia. 

The  royal  governor,  Lord  Dunmore,  had  remained  on  board  the  fleet,  where 
he  had  taken  refuge.  The  house  of  burgesses  he  had  summoned,  met,  held  sev- 
eral sessions,  and  then  dismissed  themselves.  A  convention  of  delegates,  chosen 
by  those  entitled  to  vote  for  burgesses,  held  the  political  power,  and  had  organized 
the  militia,  and  appointed  a  committee  of  safety.  Its  last  meeting  had  been  in 
December,  1775,  and  neither  then,  nor  in  the  three  previous  meetings,  had  they 
declared  for  independence.  The  events  transpiring  increased  the  sentiment  of 
independence  very  rapidly. 

1776,  MAY  4. —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  instructed  their 
delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress  to  consult  on  "  promoting 
the  strictest  union  and  confederation." 

They  were  also  to  preserve  the  established  form  of  government  in  the  colony. 
The  people  were  satisfied  with  their  charter,  since  under  it  they  elected  their 
rulers  and  made  their  own  laws.  By  an  act  at  the  same  time,  it  was  provided 
that  all  commissions,  writs,  and  processes  in  the  courts  should  be  issued  in  the 
name  of  "The  Governor  and  Company  of  the  English  Colony  of  Rhode  Island 
and  Providence  Plantations."  It  was  understood,  though  not  openly  declared, 
that  this  action  of  Rhode  Island  meant  independence. 

1776,  MAY  4.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an  act 
abjuring  their  allegiance  to  the  British  crown.  The  records  of 
this  session  ended  with  "  God  save  the  United  Colonies,"  instead 
of  the  customary  formula  "  God  save  the  King." 

1776,  MAY.  —  Two  frigates,  the  Warren,  of  thirty-two  guns, 
and  the  Providence,  of  twenty-eight,  were  launched  at  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island. 

They  were  a  part  of  the  thirteen  frigates  ordered  by  Congress  in  the  previous 
December,  and  were  placed  in  command,  the  Warren  of  John  B.  Hopkins,  and 
the  Providence  of  Samuel  Tompkins. 

1776,  MAY  5.  —  A  royal  proclamation  was  issued  declaring 
North  Carolina  in  rebellion. 

Pardon  was  promised  to  all  who  would  return  to  their  allegiance,  except  Cor- 
nelius Harnett  and  Robert  Howe. 


1776.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  343 

1776,  MAY  6.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  refused  to  re- 
call their  instructions  to  their  delegates. 

They  were  asked  to  do  so  by  the  committees  of  inspection  and  observation  in 
Philadelphia,. 

1776,  MAY  8.  —  A  British  fleet  entered  Boston  harbor. 

They  were  ignorant  of  the  evacuation,  and  anchored  in  Nastaket  Roads. 
They  were  driven  away ;  and  a  few  days  after,  transports  arriving  with  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  men  were  captured. 

1776,  MAY  9.  —  Five  millions  of  dollars  in  bills  were  issued  by 
Congress. 

Another  issue  of  the  same  amount  was  made  August  13. 

1776,  MAY  10.  —  The  house  of  representatives  in  Massachusetts 
voted  to  submit  the  question  of  independence  to  the  people  of 
the  province. 

The  resolution  read :  "Resolved,  as  the  opinion  of  this  House,  that  the  inhabi- 
tants of  each  town  in  this  Colony  ought,  in  full  meeting  warned  for  that  purpose, 
to  advise  the  person  or  persons  who  shall  be  chosen  to  represent  them  in  the  next 
General  Court,  whether  that,  if  the  honorable  Congress  should,  for  the  safety  of 
the  said  colonies,  declare  them  independent  of  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  they, 
the  said  inhabitants,  will  solemnly  engage,  with  their  lives  and  fortunes,,  to  sup- 
port them  in  the  measure."  . 

The  towns,  during  May  and  June,  assembled,  and  voted  upon  this  measure. 
On  the  12th  of  June  Joseph  Hawley  wrote :  "  About  two  thirds  of  the  towns  in 
the  colony  had  met,  and  all  instructed  in  the  affirmative,  and  generally  returned 
to  be  unanimous."  On  the  2d  of  June  the  new  House  met,  and  on  the  3d  of  July 
informed  the  delegates  to  Congress  that  independence  "was  almost  the  universal 
voice  of  this  colony."  The  letter  ends  :  "  This  House  therefore  do,  by  a  unani- 
mous vote,  submit  this  letter  to  be  made  use  of  as  you  shall  think  proper." 

1776,  MAY.  —  Beaumarchais,  in  Paris,  under  the  name  of  Hor- 
talis  &  Co.,  sent  to  the  colonies  ship  loads  of  cannon  and  other 
munitions  of  war. 

Before  the  summer  of  1777,  he  had  thus  advanced  almost  a  million  of  dollars. 
He  had  requested  to  receive  return  shipments  of  tobacco,  but  did  not  get  them. 
The  arrangement  had  been  made  by  Arthur  Lee  at  London  with  the  French  am- 
bassador there.  Vergennes,  the  French  minister,  sent  Beaumarchais  to  London 
to  consult  with  Lee.  The  French  court  was  not  ready  to  break  with  England,  and 
this  fictitious  firm  was  Beaumarchais'  invention  to  cover  the  shipments.  They 
went  by  the  way  of  the  West  Indies.  Deane,  on  his  arrival  at  Paris,  had  com- 
pleted the  arrangement  with  Beaumarchais. 

1776,  MAY  14.  —  The  Virginia  convention  went  into  a  commit- 
tee of  the  whole,  and  adopted  a  resolution  in  favor  of  indepen- 
dence. 

The  resolutions  were  passed  unanimously,  one  hundred  and  twelve  members 
being  present,  about  twenty  being  absent.  They  were  drawn  up  by  Edmund  Pen- 
dleton,  and  read  as  follows  :  "  Resolved  unanimously,  That  the  delegates  appointed 
to  represent  the  colony  in  the  General  Congress  be  instructed  to  propose  to  that 


31:4  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

respectable  body  to  declare  the  United  Colonies  free  and  independent  States,  ab- 
solved from  all  allegiance  to,  or  dependence  upon,  the  crown  or  parliament  of 
Great  Britain ;  and  that  they  give  the  assent  of  this  colony  to  sucli  declaration, 
and  to  whatever  measures  may  be  thought  proper  and  necessary  by  the  Congress 
for  forming  foreign  alliances,  and  a  confederation  of  the  colonies,  at  such  time  and 
in  the  manner  as  to  them  shall  seem  best.  Provided,  that  the  power  of  forming 
government  for,  and  the  regulation  of  the  internal  concerns  of,  each  colony  be 
left  to  the  respective  colonial  legislatures.  Resolved  unanimously,  That  a  com- 
mittee be  appointed  to  prepare  a  declaration  of  rights,  and  such  a  plan  of  gov- 
ernment as  will  be  most  likely  to  maintain  peace  and  order  in  this  colon",  and 
secure  substantial  and  equal  liberty  to  the  people."  Copies  of  these  resolutions 
were  sent  to  the  other  colonial  assemblies.  On  the  evening  of  the  day  they  were 
passed,  the  bells  were  rung  in  Williamsburg,  salutes  were  fired,  the  British  flag 
taken  from  the  State  House,  and  "  the  Union  Flag  of  the  American  States"  sub- 
stituted for  it. 

1776,  MAY  15. —  Congress  passed  a  resolution  advising  all  the 
colonies  to  establish  their  own  forms  of  government. 

The  preamble  and  resolution  were  as  follows  :  "  Whereas  his  Britannic  Majesty, 
in  conjunction  with  the  Lords  and  Commons  of  Great  Britain,  has  by  a  late  Act 
of  Parliament,  excluded  the  inhabitants  of  these  United  Colonies  from  the  pro- 
tection of  his  crown.  And  whereas  no  answer  whatever  to  the  humble  petitions 
of  the  colonies  for  redress  of  grievances  and  reconciliation  with  Great  Britain  has 
been,  or  is  likely  to  be  given ;  but  the  whole  force  of  that  kingdom,  aided  by 
foreign  mercenaries,  is  to  be  exerted  for  the  destruction  of  the  good  people  of 
these  colonies.  And  whereas  it  appears  absolutely  irreconcilable  to  reason  and 
good  conscience  for  the  people  of  these  colonies  now  to  take  the  oaths  and  affir- 
mations necessary  for  the  support  of  any  government  under  the  crown  of  Great 
Britain ;  and  it  is  necessary  that  the  exercise  of  every  kind  of  authority  under  the 
said  crown  should  be  totally  suppressed,  and  all  the  powers  of  government  exerted 
under  the  authority  of  the  people  of  the  colonies,  for  the  preservation  of  internal 
peace,  virtue,  and  good  order,  as  well  as  for  the  defence  of  our  lives,  liberties, 
and  properties,  against  the  hostile  invasions  and  cruel  depredations  of  their  ene- 
mies. Therefore  Resolved,  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  respective  assemblies 
and  conventions  of  the  United  Colonies,  where  no  government  sufficient  to  the 
exigencies  of  their  affairs  has  been  hitherto  established,  to  adopt  such  government 
as  shall,  in  the  opinion  of  the  representatives  of  the  people,  best  conduce  to  the 
happiness  and  safety  of  their  constituents  in  particular  and  America  in  general. 
"  By  order  of  Congress.  JOUN  HANCOCK,  President." 

The  resolutions  were  offered  by  John  Adams. 

1776,  MAY  17.  —  The  position  about  Boston  is  shown  in  the 
following  letter  from  James  Sullivan,  a  member  of  the  assembly, 
and  judge  of  the  superior  court,  to  John  Adams.  • 

He  writes :  "  By  this  conveyance  you  will  have  the  news  of  the  capture  of  the 
ship  Howe,  with  seventy-five  tons  of  powder,  and  one  thousand  small  arms.  This 
is  a  grand  acquisition.  We  now  expect  to  be  well  provided  with  powder.  Nine 
tons  were  purchased  last  week  by  this  colony,  at  six  shillings  a  pound.  We  have 
one  powder-mill,  which  makes  a  thousand  pounds  weekly,  well  grained  and  very 
good.  Our  works  are  very  extensive  round  Boston,  and  a  great  many  men  must 
be  employed  to  support  them.  The  fortifications  go  on  briskly.  A  great  deal  is 


1776.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  345 

done,  and  there  is  a  great  deal  more  necessary  to  be  done,  in  order  to  defend  this 
colony.  But  unless  Congress  will  now  repay  the  powder  we  lent  the  army,  we 
can  by  no  means  equip  our  militia,  on  whom  it  seems  we  have  chiefly  to  depend. 
We  have  received  your  late  resolve  making  us  a  present  of  the  cannon  left  by 
the  enemy;  but,  as  nothing  is  said  about  the  shot,  shells,  and  carriages,  General 
Ward  is  at  a  loss  about  letting  us  have  them.  An  explanation  of  the  resolve  in 
this  respect  would  do  us  much  service." 

1776,  MAY  20.  —  A  public  meeting  was  held  at  the  State  House 
iu  Philadelphia,  which  declared  for  union. 

The  resolution  passed  the  15th  of  May  by  Congress  was  read  and  applauded. 
Then  the  resolution  of  the  provincial  assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  of  the  9th  of 
November,  was  protested  against.  The  protest  said:  "We  are  fully  convinced 
that  our  safety  and  happiness,  next  to  the  immediate  providence  of  God,  depend 
upon  our  complying  with  and  supporting  the  said  resolve  of  Congress,  that  thereby 
the  union  of  the  colonies  may  be  preserved  inviolate." 

1776,  MAY  24. —  The  Maryland  convention  accepted  the  report 
of  a  committee  that  Governor  Eden  had  not  appeared  to  act  in  a 
hostile  character  in  his  correspondence  with  the  ministry,  but 
said  that  the  public  safety  and  quiet  made  it  necessary  for  him 
to  leave  the  province. 

The  Baltimore  committee  had  attempted  to  arrest  Eden,  without  consulting  the 
committee  of  safety.  The  convention  blamed  them.  Eden  was  then  on  his  pa- 
role. The  convention  dispensed  with  the  oath  of  allegiance,  but  voted  that  it  was 
not  necessary  to  suppress  every  exercise  of  authority  under  the  crown. 

1776,  MAY  30.  —  The  Continental  Journal  and  Weekly  Adver- 
tiser appeared  in  Boston. 

It  was  published  by  John  Gill,  formerly  a  partner  with  Edes. 

1776,  MAY  30.  —  Governor  Franklin  of  New  Jersey  issued  a 
proclamation  summoning  the  assembly  to  meet. 

The  assembly  had  been  prorogued,  and  the  political  power  was  in  the  hands 
of  a  provincial  congress,  representing  the  people,  and  which  had  approved  of  as- 
sociation. 

i 

1776,  JUNE  7. — Richard  Henry  Lee,  for  the  delegates  from 
Virginia,  presented  to  Congress  a  resolution  for  independence. 

The  resolutions  read  :  "  That  these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to 
be,  free  and  independent  States ;  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the 
British  Crown,  and  that  all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  State  of 
Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be  totally  dissolved.  That  it  is  expedient  to  take 
the  most  effectual  measures  for  forming  foreign  alliances.  That  a  plan  of  con- 
federation be  prepared  and  transmitted  to  the  respective  colonies  for  their  consid- 
eration and  approbation."  The  resolutions  were  seconded  by  John  Adams,  and 
their  consideration  was  postponed  until  the  next  day.  The  next  day  they  were 
considered  in  a  committee  of  the  whole,  until  seven  in  the  evening ;  and  Congress 
adjourned  over  Sunday,  and  on  Monday  continued  the  debate,  and  postponed  the 
resolution  until  the  1st  of  July,  having  decided  to  appoint  a  committee  to  prepare 
a  declaration  in  conformity  with  it.  This  committee  was  elected  by  ballot  the 


346  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

next  day,  and  consisted  of  Thomas  Jefferson  of  Virginia,  John  Adams  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Benjamin  Franklin  of  Pennsylvania,  Roger  Sherman  of  Connecticut, 
and  Robert  R.  Livingston  of  New  York.  The  only  objection  to  the  immediate 
passage  of  the  resolution  was  on  the  part  of  such  members  as  thought  it  prema- 
ture. Jefferson  says  :  "  It  appearing  in  the  course  of  these  debates  that  the  colo- 
nies of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  South 
Carolina  were  not  yet  matured  for  falling  from  the  parent  stem,  but  that  they  were 
fast  advancing  to  that  state,  it  was  thought  most  prudent  to  wait  awhile  for  them." 
The  debates  were  secret,  and  no  official  record  was  kept  of  them,  and  no  record 
of  any  speech  made  is  known  to  exist.  Jefferson  kept  a  summary  of  what  was 
said,  and  this  was  not  printed  until  1830,  in  a  selection  from  his  private  papers. 
The  Reverend  Dr.  Zubly,  the  delegate  from  Georgia,  was  accused  by  Chase,  the 
deputy  from  Maryland,  of  having  written  letters  to  Governor  Wright  of  Georgia, 
violating  his  pledge  of  secrecy.  Zubly  denied  the  charge,  but  his  sudden  depart- 
ure seemed  to  strengthen  the  charge,  and  Houston,  Ms  colleague,  was  sent  after 
him. 

1776,  JUNE  8.  —  A  provincial  conference  in  Pennsylvania 
sanctioned  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

The  vote  was  taken  on  the  18th.  They  made  arrangements  also  for  a  conven- 
tion to  frame  a  new  government  for  the  province. 

1776,  JUNE  10.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  New  Jersey  met 
at  Burlington,  and  declared  for  independence. 

The  congress  voted  that  the  proclamation  of  Governor  Franklin,  summoning 
the  assembly  to  meet,  "  ought  not  to  be  obeyed,"  since  "  by  such  proclamation  he 
had  acted  in  direct  contempt  and  violation  of  the  resolve  of  Congress  of  the  15th 
of  May."  The  next  day  it  was  voted  that  he  should  be  secured  as  an  enemy  to 
the  liberties  of  the  country.  This  was  done  by  confining  him  to  his  own  house, 
and  referring  the  case  to  the  Continental  Congress,  who  ordered  him  to  be  sent  as 
a  prisoner  to  Connecticut.  On  the  21st  the  provincial  congress  voted  to  form  a 
government  "  for  regulating  the  internal  police  of  the  colony,  pursuant  to  the 
recommendation  "  of  the  Continental  Congress.  On  the  next  day,  the  22d,  a  new 
set  of  delegates  were  chosen,  and  instructed  to  join  in  "  declaring  the  United  Col- 
onies independent  of  Great  Britain,"  "  always  observing  that,  whatever  plan  of 
confederacy  they  entered  into,  the  regulating  the  internal  police  of  this  province 
was  to  be  reserved  to  the  colony  legislature." 

1776,  JUNE  11.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  New  York,  in 
replying  to  a  letter  from  their  delegates,  refused  them  permission 
to  vote  for  independence. 

The  letter  from  the  delegates  was  dated  the  8th  of  June,  and  the  reply  informed 
them  that  they  were  not  authorized  to  vote  for  independence,  since  the  provincial 
congress  declined  to  instruct  them  on  that  point.  That  measures  had  been  taken 
to  obtain  the  authority  of  the  people  to  establish  a  regular  government,  and  "  it 
would  be  imprudent  to  require  the  sentiments  of  the  people  relative  to  the  ques- 
tion of  independence,  lest  it  should  create  division  and  have  an  unhappy  influence 
on  the  others."  On  the  same  day  the  congress  adopted  a  set  of  resolutions  con- 
cerning local  government,  and  asking  the  freeholders  to  express  their  opinions 
"  respecting  the  great  question  of  independency,"  but  postponed  their  publica- 
tion until  after  the  election  of  deputies  with  authority  to  form  a  new  gov- 
ernment. 


1776.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  34J 

1776,  JUNE  12.  —  A  Board  of  War  was  established  by  Con- 
gress, with  a  secretary  and  clerks. 

It  consisted  of  five  members  of  Congress.     John  Adams  was  its  chairman. 

1776,  JUNE  12.  —  The  new  government  of  Virginia  was 
organized,  and  Patrick  Henry  was  chosen  governor. 

1776,  JUNE  12.  —  The  Virginia  convention  adopted  a  Bill  of 
Eights. 

This  declared  "  That  all  men  are  born  equally  free  and  independent,  and  hare 
certain  inherent  natural  rights.  That  all  power  is  vested  in  the  people,  and  gov- 
ernment should  be  for  the  common  benefit.  That  all  men  are  entitled  to  the  free 
exercise  of  their  religious  convictions."  The  convention  also  formed  a  constitu- 
tion, and  elected  a  governor  and  other  officers. 

1776,  JUNE  12.  —  Congress  chose  a  committee,  consisting  of 
one  from  each  of  the  colonies,  to  report  a  form  of  confederation, 
and  another  committee  of  five  to  prepare  a  plan  for  treaties  with 
foreign  powers. 

That  a  committee  be  appointed  "to  prepare  and  digest  the  form  of  a  confeder- 
ation to  be  entered  into  between  these  colonies,"  was  voted  on  the  llth,  and  on 
the  12th  that  it  should  consist  of  a  member  from  each  colony.  The  committee 
consisted  of  Josiah  Bartlett  of  New  Hampshire,  Samuel  Adams  of  Massachusetts, 
Stephen  Hopkins  of  Rhode  Island,  Roger  Sherman  of  Connecticut,  Robert  R. 
Livingston  of  New  York,  John  Dickenson  of  Pennsylvania,  Thomas  McKean  of 
Delaware,  Thomas  Stone  of  Maryland,  Thomas  Nelson,  Jr.,  of  Virginia,  Joseph 
Hewes  of  North  Carolina,  Edward  Rutledge  of  South  Carolina,  Button  Gwinnett 
of  Georgia.  Francis  Hopkinson,  of  New  Jersey,  was  appointed  June  28. 

1776,  JUNE  14.  —  The  assembly  of  Delaware  instructed  the 
delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress  to  agree  with  the  other 
delegates  "  in  forming  such  further  compacts  between  the  United 
Colonies  "  and  "  adopting  such  other  measures  as  shall  be  deemed 
necessary." 

Also  "  reserving  to  the  people  of  this  colony  the  sole  and  exclusive  right  of 
regulating  the  internal  government  and  police  of  the  same."  The  next  day  it 
voted  that  persons  holding  office  should  continue  "in  the  name  of  the  government 
of  the  counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex  upon  Delaware,  as  they  used  to 
exercise  them  in  the  name  of  the  King,  until  a  new  government  should  be  formed 
agreeably  to  the  resolution  of  Congress." 

1776.  —  IN  the  spring,  Washington's  Life  Guard  was  organized, 
varying  at  different  times  from  sixty  to  two  hundred  and  fifty 
men. 

They  were  selected  from  the  various  regiments,  their  duty  being  to  protect  the 
person,  baggage,  and  papers  of  the  chief.  In  April,  when  Washington  was  in 
New  York,  one  of  the  Life  Guard  was  tried  and  shot  for  his  participation  in  a  plot 
to  capture  Washington  and  deliver  him  to  one  of  the  British  armed  ships  in  the 
harbor.  The  plot  had  been  formed  by  the  Tories,  and  the  man  had  been  bribed 
by  them.  The  last  survivor  was  Uzal  Knapp,  of  Orange  County,  New  York,  who 
died  in  January,  1856,  and  was  buried  at  the  foot  of  the  flag-staff  in  front  of  Wash- 


348  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

ington's  headquarters  at  Newburg,  on  the  Hudson.     On  the  18th  of  July,  1860,  a 
monument  was  erected  to  him. 

1776,  JUNE  14.  —  The  legislature  of  Connecticut  declared  for 
independence. 

They  instructed  their  delegates  to  propose  in  Congress  "  to  declare  the  United 
American  Colonies  free  and  independent  States,"  and  further  a  plan  of  confeder- 
ation, "saving  that  the  power  for  the  regulation  of  the  internal  concerns  and 
policy  of  each  colony  "  be  left  to  their  local  governments. 

1776,  JUNE  15.  —  The  legislature  of  New  Hampshire  declared 
for  independence. 

They  instructed  their  delegates  "to  join  in  declaring  The  Thirteen  Colonies 
an  independent  state,  .  .  .  provided  the  regulation  of  their  internal  police  be 
under  the  direction  of  their  own  assembly." 

1776,  JUNE  18.  —  Congress  committed  the  oversight  of  the 
Tories  and  suspected  persons  to  the  regularly  appointed  local 
committees  of  inspection  and  observation. 

1776,  JUNE  20.  —  Admiral  Lord  Howe  arrived  off  the  coast  of 
Massachusetts,  and  issued  a  circular  letter  to  the  governors  that 
he  and  his  brother,  the  general,  were  empowered  to  grant  a  par- 
don to  all  who  would  submit  and  aid  in  restoring  peace. 

There  was  no  response  to  it. 

1776,  JUNE  23. —  Governor  Eden  of  Maryland  took  refuge  on 
the  British  man-of-war  Fowey,  which,  under  a  flag  of  truce,  had 
anchored  off  Annapolis. 

This  ended  the  series  of  royal  governors  in  Maryland. 

1776,  JUNE.  —  Congress  called  upon  each  of  the  colonies  to 
furnish  its  soldiers  with  a  suit  of  clothes,  to  be  paid  for  by 
Congress. 

The  waistcoat  and  breeches  might  be  of  deer-skin.  A  blanket,  felt  hat,  two 
shirts,  two  pair  of  hose,  and  two  pair  of  shoes,  were  also  required  for  each 
soldier. 

1776,  JUNE  24.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  from  the  counties 
of  Pennsylvania,  in  session  at  Philadelphia,  declared  for  inde- 
pendence. 

The  convention  was  called  by  the  committee  of  Philadelphia.  The  declaration 
was  introduced  by  Benjamin  Rush.  It  said  they  would  concur  in  a  vote  by  Con- 
gress declaring  the  colonies  free,  provided  the  right  to  form  their  own  government 
was  reserved  to  the  colonies. 

1776,  JUNE  28.  —  Fort  Sullivan,  on  Sullivan's  Island,  Charles- 
ton harbor,  was  attacked  by  a  fleet  under  Sir  Peter  Parker.     The ' 
attack  lasted  about  ten  hours,  and  the  fleet  was  repulsed. 

The  fort  was  unfinished,  built  of  palmetto  logs,  and  garrisoned  by  five  hundred 
men,  under  Colonel  William  Moultrie.  The  British  lost  in  killed  and  wounded 


1776.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  349 

two  hundred  and  twenty-fire ;  the  garrison,  two  killed  and  twenty-two  wounded. 
Moultrie  was  promoted  for  his  gallantry,  and  the  fort  called  Moultrie  in  his  honor. 
The  fleet,  in  May,  had  arrived  at  Cape  Fear,  but  finding  that  no  assistance  could 
be  given  it  by  the  loyalists  in  North  Carolina,  it  was  decided  to  attack  Charleston. 
After  the  repulse  the  fleet  returned  to  New  York,  to  join  the  main  British  army, 
which  had  arrived  in  New  York  the  day  of  the  attack  on  Fort  Moultrie. 

1776,  JUNE.  —  The  northern  army  retreated  from  Canada  to 
Crown  Point. 

Sullivan  had  been  put  in  command.  John  Adams  said  that  it  was  "  disgraced, 
defeated,  discontented,  dispirited,  diseased,  undisciplined,  eaten  up  with  vermin, 
no  clothes,  beds,  blankets,  nor  medicines,  and  no  victuals  but  salt  pork  and  flour." 
At  Chambly  it  had  suffered  severely  from  small-pox.  Carlcton,  the  English  com- 
mander, was  rewarded  with  the  order  of  the  Bath,  and  Congress  thanked  Sullivan 
for  his  prudent  retreat.  At  Crown  Point  Gates  assumed  command.  Chambly, 
Montreal,  and  St.  John's  reverted  to  the  British. 

1776,  JUNE  28.  —  A  convention,  assembled  at  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land, declared  for  independence. 

It  recalled  the  former  instructions  against  independence,  and  instructed  its 
delegates  "to  concur  with  the  delegates  of  the  other  colonies  in  declaring  the 
United  Colonies  free  and  independent  States,  provided  the  sole  and  exclusive 
right  of  regulating  the  internal  government  and  police  of  this  colony  be  reserved 
to  the  people  thereof." 

1776,  JUNE  28.  —  The  Declaration  of  Independence  was  re- 
ported to  Congress,  and  ordered  to  lie  on  the  table. 

The  committee  to  whom  the  preparation  of  the  declaration  was  intrusted  re- 
quested Thomas  Jefferson  to  prepare  a  draft  of  it.  He  submitted  his  draft  to 
Franklin  and  John  Adams,  who  made  a  few  verbal  alterations.  It  was  then  read 
to  the  committee,  and  accepted. 

1776,  JUNE  29.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Evening  Post  of  this  date 
contained  an  article  concerning  the  necessity  for  independence, 
in  which  it  was  suggested  that  the  name  of  the  new  nation  should 
be  "  The  United  States  of  America." 

1776,  JUNE  30.  —  General  Howe  with  about  eight  thousand 
troops  arrived  at  Sandy  Hook,  in  New  York  harbor,  and  embarked 
on  Staten  Island. 

He  was  soon  joined  by  Admiral  Howe. 

The  circular  letter  to  the  late  royal  governors,  offering  pardon,  was  sent  on 
shore  July  14 ;  on  the  19th,  Congress  ordered  it  printed  in  the  newspapers,  to  show 
how  "  the  insidious  court  of  Great  Britain  had  endeavored  to  disarm  and  amuse 
them,"  and  that  those  whom  "  hopes  of  moderation  and  justice  on  the  part  of  the 
British  government  still  kept  in  suspense,"  should  see  "  that  the  valor  alone  of 
their  country  is  to  save  its  liberties."  The  Tories  of  Staten  Island  formed  a 
loyal  militia,  and  promises  of  support  were  sent  in  by  those  of  Long  Island  and 
New  Jersey.  The  attempt  was  made  by  the  Howes  to  open  communication  with 
Washington  and  subsequently  with  Congress,  but  as  they  refused  to  recognize 
either  the  military  rank  of  Washington  or  the  political  existence  of  Congress, 
nothing  came  of  it. 


350  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

1776,  JULY  1. — The  Continental  Congress  met  and  resolved 
itself  into  a  committee  of  the  whole  "  to  take  into  consideration 
the  resolution  respecting  independency,"  that  is,  the  resolution 
submitted  by  the  delegates  from  Virginia  on  the  7th  of  June. 

Benjamin  Harrison  was  called  to  the  chair.  The  new  delegates  from  New 
Jersey,  who  had  been  sent  to  vote  for  independence,  desired  to  hear  the  arguments 
for  it,  and  John  Adams  was  urged  to  speak,  and  did  so.  His  speech  was  replied 
to  by  John  Dickenson,  who  argued  for  its  postponement.  After  he  had  finished, 
Adams  spoke  again,  and  the  vote  was  postponed  until  the  next  day.  Dickenson's 
speech  was  printed  by  himself,  but  the  others  we  have  no  record  of.  Adams,  in 
1807,  wrote  a  letter  to  Mrs.  Mercy  Warren,  giving  an  account  of  the  scene,  in 
which  he  says  of  his  speech,  "  I  wish  some  one  had  remembered  the  speech,  for 
it  is  almost  the  only  one  I  ever  made  that  I  wish  was  literally  preserved."  The 
letter,  printed  from  the  original,  will  be  found  in  the  appendix  to  Frothingham's 
Rise  of  the  Republic. 

1776,  JULY  1.  —  The  Maryland  council  of  safety  authorized 
the  loan  of  two  thousand  pounds,  for  nine  months  to  Daniel  and 
Samuel  Hughes,  who  had  a  furnace  in  Frederick  County,  to  en- 
courage them  "  to  prosecute  their  cannon  foundery  with  spirit 
and  diligence." 

They  proposed  to  Congress  to  enlarge  their  works  if  Congress  would  take  all 
the  cannon  they  could  make,  and  a  contract  for  one  thousand  tons  of  cannon  was 
made  with  them.  Virginia  applied  to  Congress  for  permission  to  buy  cannon  from 
them,  as  being  "the  only  persons  in  this  part  of  the  continent  to  be  depended  on 
for  cannon ;  "  and  it  was  given  as  soon  as  the  needs  of  Congress  were  supplied. 

1776.  —  AT  the  Declaration  of  Independence  every  acre  of  land 
in  the  country  was  held,  mediately  or  immediately,  by  grants  from 
the  crown.  All  our  institutions  recognized  the  absolute  title  of 
the  crown,  subject  only  to  the  Indian  right  of  occupancy,  and 
recognized  the  absolute  title  of  the  crown  to  extinguish  that  right. 
An  Indian  conveyance  alone  could  give  no  title  to  an  individual. 

1776,  JULY  2.  —  The  vote  was  taken  in  the  Continental  Con- 
gress upon  the  question  of  independence,  and  nine  of  the  colo- 
nies voted  for  the  resolution. 

The  delegates  from  New  York  were  excused  from  voting  on  account  of  their 
instructions.  The  Congress  then  went  into  a  committee  of  the  whole  to  consider 
the  declaration,  and  in  its  discussion  occupied  the  rest  of  this  session,  and  those 
of  the  3d  and  4th  of  July.  Of  these  discussions  Jefferson  says  :  "  The  pusillani- 
mous idea  that  we  had  friends  in  England  worth  keeping  terms  with  still  haunted 
the  minds  of  many.  For  this  reason,  those  passages  which  conveyed  censure  on 
the  people  of  England  were  struck  out,  lest  they  should  give  them  offence.  The 
clause,  too,  reprobating  the  enslaving  the  inhabitants  of  Africa  was  struck  out  in 
complaisance  to  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  who  had  never  attempted  to  restrain 
the  importation  of  slaves,  and  who,  on  the  contrary,  wished  to  continue  it.  Our 
northern  brethren  also,  I  believe,  felt  a  little  tender  under  those  censures ;  for 
though  their  people  had  very  few  slaves  themselves,  yet  they  had  been  pretty 
considerable  carriers  of  them  to  others."  In  the  original,  the  slave  trade  was 
declared  "  piratical  warfare  against  human  nature  itself." 


1776.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  351 

1776,  JULY  2.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  New  Jersey 
adopted  "  The  Constitution  of  New  Jersey,"  which  had  been 
prepared  by  a  committee. 

This  committee  reported  the  constitution  June  24,  two  days  after  its  appoint- 
ment. This  constitution  kept  in  force  sixty-eight  years.  Under  it  the  first  state 
legislature  met  at  Princeton,  August  27,  and  elected  William  Livingston  gov- 
ernor. 

1776,  JULY  4.  —  The  Continental  Congress,  sitting  as  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole,  accepted  the  declaration.  In  the  evening 
the  committee  rose,  and  the  chairman  announced  the  declaration 
had  been  agreed  upon.  It  was  then  voted  upon,  and  the  twelve 
colonies  unanimously  accepted  it  as  "  The  declaration  by  the 
Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress 
Assembled." 

Congress  ordered  the  declaration  to  be  printed  under  the  supervision  of  the 
committee  that  reported,  and  copies  to  be  sent  the  committees  and  conventions, 
and  also  the  commanding  officers  of  the  army  to  proclaim  it  to  the  troops  and 
the  people  in  each  of  the  states.  It  also  appointed  Benjamin  Franklin,  John 
Adams,  and  Thomas  Jefferson  a  committee  to  prepare  a  design  for  a  seal  of  the 
United  States  of  America. 

1776,  JULY  6.  —  The  news  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  received  at  New  York. 

The  king's  leaden  statue  in  Bowling  Green  was  taken  down  and  run  into 
bullets.  The  Episcopal  clergymen  shut  up  their  churches. 

1776,  JULY  7.  —  The  northern  army  fell  back  from  Crown 
Point  to  Ticonderoga. 

A  council  of  war  had  decided  Crown  Point  untenable.  Congress  declared  that 
by  appointing  Gates  to  the  command  they  had  no  intention  to  supersede  Schuyler, 
and  recommended  both  generals  to  act  in  harmony.  The  small-pox  was  very 
virulent  in  the  army ;  by  death  and  desertion  it  lost  in  three  months  about  five 
thousand  men,  and  of  the  five  thousand  remaining,  two  thousand  were  on  the  sick 
list. 

1776,  JULY  9.  —  The  new  provincial  congress  of  New  York 
met  at  White  Plains,  and  gave  their  sanction  to  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 

The  delegates  had  been  elected  with  authority  to  form  a  government  for  the  state. 
The  instructions  of  the  delegates  from  New  York  had  not  permitted  them  to  vote. 
By  this  action  of  the  provincial  congress,  the  declaration  was  made  the  unanimous 
act  of  the  THIRTEEN  UNITED  STATES.  The  document  was  referred  to  a  commit- 
tee, of  which  John  Jay  was  the  chairman.  Their  report  was  favorable,  and  the 
convention  resolved  to  support  the  declaration  with  their  lives  and  fortunes,  and 
ordered  it  sent  to  the  county  committees.  Their  proceedings  they  announced  as 
the  action  of  the  representatives  of  the  state  of  New  York. 

1776,  JULY  9.  —  Washington  communicated  the  Declaration  to 


352  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

the  army  in  a  general  order,  which,  with  the  Declaration,  was 
read  at  six  in  the  evening  at  the  head  of  each  brigade,  and  dis- 
tributed in  copies  freely  to  the  men. 

In  this  order  he  said  :  "  The  General  hopes  this  important  event  will  serve  as 
an  incentive  to  every  officer  and  soldier  to  act  with  fidelity  and  courage,  as  know- 
ing that  now  the  peace  and  safety  of  his  country  depend  (under  God)  solely  on 
the  success  of  our  arms ;  and  that  he  is  in  the  service  of  a  state  possessed  of 
eufficient  power  to  reward  his  merit  and  advance  him  to  the  highest  honors  of  «a 
free  country."  "  The  expressions  and  behavior  of  officers  and  men  testified 
their  warmest  approbation,"  wrote  Washington  subsequently. 

1776,  JULY  12.  —  The  committee  of  Congress  appointed  to 
draw  up  articles  of  confederation,  reported  a  plan. 

Eighty  copies  were  ordered  printed  for  the  use  of  the  members,  who  were 
enjoined  to  carefully  avoid  making  them  public.  The  plan  presented  was  drawn 
up  by  John  Dickenson.  On  the  29th  of  July,  John  Adams  wrote  :  "  One  great  ques- 
tion is  how  we  shall  vote,  —  whether  each  colony  shall  have  one,  or  whether  each 
shall  have  weight  in  proportion  to  its  number  or  wealth,  or  imports  and  exports, 
or  a  compound  ratio  of  all?  Another  is,  whether  Congress  shall  have  authority  to 
limit  the  dimensions  of  each  colony,  to  prevent  those  which  claim  by  proclama- 
tion, or  commission,  to  the  South  Sea,  so  as  to  be  dangerous  to  the  rest."  The 
press  of  business  prevented  any  further  action  being  taken  with  this  plan. 

1776,  JULY  15.  —  A  state  convention  of  Pennsylvania  assembled 
at  Philadelphia  and  took  the  government  of  the  state  into  their 
own  hands. 

The  assembly  continued  to  meet,  but  could  not  get  a  quorum,  and  expired  in 
September  in  protesting  against  the  new  order  of  things. 

1776,  JULY  18.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  approved  the 
action  of  Congress,  and  solemnly  engaged  to  support  it  with 
their  "  lives  and  fortunes." 

The  legal  title  of  the  colony  was  changed  to  that  of  "  the  State  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations."  The  records  of  this  session  end  with  the 
words  "  God  save  the  United  States." 

1776,  JULY  19.  —  Congress,  resolved  that  the  "declaration, 
passed  on  the  4th,  be  fairly  engrossed  on  parchment,  with  the  title 
and  style  of  '  The  unanimous  Declaration  of  the  Thirteen  United 
States  of  America,'  and  that  the  same,  when  engrossed,  be  signed 
by  every  member  of  Congress." 

The  journal  says,  August  2  :  "  The  declaration  being  engrossed  and  compared 
at  the  table,  was  signed  by  the  members."  Jefferson  says  it  was  generally  signed 
on  the  4th.  If  it  was  so  signed,  that  copy  is  not  known  to  be  in  existence.  John 
Adams  writes  on  the  9th  of  July:  "As  soon  as  an  American  seal  is  prepared,  I 
conjecture  the  Declaration  will  be  superscribed  by  all  the  members."  The 
engrossed  copy  is  preserved  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State.  An  engrav- 
ing of  it,  with  fac-similes  of  the  signatures,  was  published  in  1819.  The  engrossed 
copy  was  signed  by  the  following  fifty-six  delegates  :  New  Hampshire,  Josiah 
Bartlett,  William  Whipple,  Matthew  Thornton.  Massachusetts,  John  Hancock, 


1776.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  353 

Samuel  Adams,  John  Adams,  Robert  Treat  Paine,  Elbridge  Gerry.  Shade  Island, 
Stephen  Hopkins,  William  Ellcry.  Connecticut,  Roger  Sherman,  Samuel  Hun- 
tington,  William  Williams,  Oliver  Wolcott.  New  York,  William  Floyd,  Philip 
Livingston,  Francis  Lewis,  Lewis  Norris.  New  Jersey,  Richard  Stockton,  John 
Witherspoon,  Francis  Hopkinson,  John  Hart,  Abram  Clark.  Pennsylvania, 
Robert  Morris,  Benjamin  Rush,  Benjamin  Franklin,  John  Morton,  George  Clymer, 
James  Smith,  George  Taylor,  James  Wilson,  George  Ross.  Delaware,  Caesar 
Rodney,  George  Read,  Thomas  McKcan.  Maryland,  Samuel  Chase,  William 
Paca,  Thomas  Stone,  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrolton.  Virginia,  George  Wythe, 
Richard  Henry  Lee,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Benjamin  Harrison,  Thomas  Nelson,  Jr., 
Francis  Lightfoot  Lee,  Carter  Braxton.  North  Carolina,  William  Hooper,  Joseph 
Hewes,  John  Penn.  South  Carolina,  Edward  Rutledge,  Thomas  Heywood,  Jr., 
Thomas  Llynch,  Jr.,  Arthur  Middleton.  Georgia,  Button  Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hall, 
George  Walton. 

1776,  AUGUST  28.  — The  British  forces,  under  General  Howe, 
attacked  the  Americans  at  Brooklyn,  Long  Island,  and  were  suc- 
cessful. 

The  next  night  Washington  withdrew  his  forces  to  New  York  city,  and  Long 
Island  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  British.  Howe,  for  this,  was  given  the 
Order  of  the  Bath. 

1776,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  A  further  attempt  was  made  by  the  Howes 
to  negotiate  for  peace. 

General  Sullivan,  who  had  been  captured  by  the  British  advance  on  Long 
Island,  was  sent  with  a  verbal  message  from  the  Howes,  expressing  a  desire  to 
confer  with  some  members  of  Congress,  as  private  persons,  with  a  view  of  ending 
the  contest,  if  it  were  possible.  Congress  replied  that,  as  representatives  of 
independent  states,  they  could  not  act  in  their  private  capacities,  but  they  would 
send  a  committee,  since  they  were  desirous  of  a  reasonable  peace,  and  that  the 
Howes  might  consider  them  in  any  light  they  preferred.  Franklin,  John  Adams, 
and  Edward  Rutledge,  chosen  such  a  committee,  met  the  Howes  on  Staten  Island ; 
but  no  result  followed  the  conference.  Lord  Howe  wrote  :  "  They  were  very  ex- 
plicit in  their  opinion  that  the  associated  colonies  could  not  accede  to  any  peace 
or  alliance  but  as  free  and  independent  states."  The  Howes  then  issued  a  proc- 
lamation, saying  the  British  government  would  revise  the  instructions  to  the  royal 
governors,  and  all  acts  of  Parliament  in  which  the  colonies  were  aggrieved  ;  and 
called  upon  the  people  to  judge  for  themselves  whether  it  was  not  better  for  them 
to  return  to  their  allegiance. 

1776,  SEPTEMBER  4. —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  voted 
their  "  entire  satisfaction "  with  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence. 

1776,  SEPTEMBER  14.  —  The  Americans  evacuated  New  York 
city,  and  the  British  occupied  it. 

1776,  SEPTEMBER  15.  —  A  detachment  of  the  British  landed 
near  Kipp's  Bay,  about  three  miles  above  New  York  city. 

The  main  body  of  the  army,  under  Washington,  was  encamped  at  Harlem,  and 
a  detachment  under  Putnam  held  the  city.  The  British  had  erected  a  battery 
on  an  island  at  Hell  Gate,  and  armed  ships  ascended  the  East  and  North  River  at 
the  same  time.  Under  their  fire  the  landing  was  made ;  and  the  troops  posted  to 

23 


354  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

guard  the  spot,  panic-struck,  fled  without  resistance.  Two  brigades  from  New- 
England,  brought  up  to  support  them,  did  the  same.  Washington,  who  had  come 
to  the  spot,  disgusted  at  such  conduct,  exclaimed,  throwing  his  hat  on  the  ground, 
"  Are  these  the  men  with  whom  I  am  to  defend  America?  "  He  was  within  eighty 
paces  of  the  enemy,  when  his  attendants,  turning  his  horse's  head,  hurried  him 
away.  Orders  were  sent  to  Putnam,  and  he  hurriedly  withdrew,  leaving  his  heavy 
artillery  and  stores. 

1776,  SEPTEMBER  16.  —  A  skirmish  occurred  between  the  Brit- 
ish and  American  forces,  at  New  York,  in  which  the  colonists 
repulsed  their  assailants. 

1776,  SEPTEMBER  20.  —  The  South  Carolina  assembly  voted 
their  support  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

1775,  SEPTEMBER  20.  —  A  convention  in  Delaware,  of  delegates 
from  each  county  elected  for  this  purpose,  adopted  a  constitution 
for  the  state. 

This  convention  was  called  from  a  suggestion  of  the  assembly.  The  constitu- 
tion adopted  remained  in  force  for  sixteen  years. 

1776,  SEPTEMBER  20.  —  A  fire  broke  out  in  New  York  city,  and 
destroyed  about  a  third  of  it. 

It  was  reported  that  the  Sons  of  Liberty  had  caused  it,  and  the  British  soldiers 
in  possession  of  the  city  seized  some  persons  and  threw  them  into  the  flames. 
The  fire  was,  however,  accidental,  and  was  heightened  by  the  drought  prevailing 
at  the  time. 

1776,  SEPTEMBER  22.  —  Nathan  Hale  was  executed  as  a  spy,  at 
New  York,  by  command  of  General  Howe. 

Hale  was  born  at  Coventry,  Connecticut,  June  7,  1755.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1773,  and  on  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  entered  the  army  as  a 
lieutenant,  and  was  soon  advanced  to  a  captaincy.  When  the  army  retreated 
from  Long  Island,  Washington  desired  accurate  knowledge  of  the  movements  of 
the  British,  and  Hale  volunteered  to  gather  it.  He  entered  the  British  camp  in 
disguise,  made  drawings,  and  took  memoranda;  but  on  his  return  was  appre- 
hended and  taken  before  Howe,  who  ordered  him  hanged  the  next  morning.  His 
last  saying  was,  "  I  only  regret  that  I  have  but  one  life  to  lose  for  my  country." 

1776,  SEPTEMBER  28.  —  The  convention  called  in  Pennsylvania 
met  in  Philadelphia,  and  adopted  a  constitution. 

The  convention  met  July  12,  and  laid  the  constitution  they  had  adopted,  and 
declared  to  be  in  force,  before  the  assembly  holding  authority  under  the  charter. 
The  assembly  denounced  the  convention,  and  declared  no  obedience  was  due  to 
its  ordinances.  The  next  year,  the  state  being  threatened  with  invasion,  Congress 
appointed  Samuel  Adams,  Mr.  Duer,  and  Richard  Henry  Lee,  a  committee  to 
exercise  all  authority  necessary  for  the  public  safety  in  conjunction  with  the  offi- 
cers of  the  state.  The  officers  of  the  Continental  army  were  ordered  to  support 
the  authority  of  this  committee. 

1776,  SEPTEMBER.  —  Congress  resolved  to  make  provision  for 
granting  certain-  quantities  of  land  to  the  officers  and  soldiers 


1776.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  355 

who  should  serve  through  the  war,  or  to  their  heirs  if  killed  in 
service. 

1776,  OCTOBER  3.  —  A  loan  was  opened  of  five  millions  of 
dollars. 

Interest  at  four  per  cent,  was  offered,  and  loan  offices  opened  under  the  man- 
agement of  commissioners  to  be  appointed  by  the  local  authorities.  The  certifi- 
cates were  of  three,  four,  five,  six  hundred,  and  a  thousand  dollars.  They  were 
payable  to  bearer,  and  circulated,  adding  to  the  depression. 

1776,  OCTOBER  11. — The  flotilla  on  Lake  Champlain,  under 
Arnold,  was  driven  back  to  Ticonderoga. 

One  boat  was  captured,  and  the  others,  to  escape  this  fate,  were  run  ashore  and 
burned,  the  crews  escaping  to  the  land.  The  Americans  lost  eleven  vessels  and 
ninety  men,  the  British  three  vessels  and  fifty  men.  The  control  of  the  lake  thus 
secured,  Carleton  with  his  army  took  possession  of  Crown  Point,  retiring  finally 
to  winter-quarters  down  the  lake,  as  the  works  in  Ticonderoga,  held  by  Gates  with 
about  eight  thousand  men,  were  too  strong  to  be  attacked. 

On  the  3d  of  July,  Congress  had  empowered  the  Marine  Committee  to  engage 
shipwrights  to  go  to  Lake  Champlain,  with  wages  of  thirty-seven  and  a  half  dollars 
a  month,  and  a  ration  and  a  half  with  a  half  pint  of  rum.  By  the  22d  of  August 
one  sloop,  three  schooners,  and  five  gondolas,  carrying  fifty-eight  guns,  eighty-six 
swivels,  and  four  hundred  and  forty  men,  were  built  at  Skenesborough  (Whitehall). 
This  flotilla,  augmented  with  six  other  vessels  subsequently  finished,  was  placed 
under  the  command  of  General  Arnold,  who  on  the  llth  of  October  fought  this 
first  naval  battle  of  the  Revolution,  near  Valcour's  Island,  against  a  fleet,  superior 
in  numbers  and  strength,  which  had  been  constructed  with  similar  rapidity.  Some 
of  the  material  for  the  English  vessels  had  been  brought  from  England,  and  the 
fleet  was  under  the  command  of  Captain  Pringle.  The  term  of  service  expJring, 
Gates'  army  rapidly  diminished,  and  during  the  winter  Ticonderoga  was  held  by 
a  very  small  garrison. 

1776,  OCTOBER  15.  —  The  New  York  convention  ordered  all 
hides  to  be  carefully  preserved,  and  sent  to  some  place  of  safety 
north  of  the  Highlands. 

The  day  after,  Robert  R.  Livingston  asked  that  Congress  be  asked  to  appoint 
a  commissary  to  take  care  of  the  hides,  since  those  that  had  been  provided  for  the 
army  at  Ticonderoga  had  been  sent  to  Connecticut  by  the  contractors,  and  so 
many  of  them  wasted  that  already  they  were  scarce. 

1776,  OCTOBER  18.  —  The  convention  of  delegates  in  North 
Carolina  adopted  a  constitution  for  the  state. 

The  convention  was  called  August  9,  to  meet  on  the  loth  of  October,  and  met 
that  day  at  Halifax.  It  was  called  by  the  council  of  safety,  consisting  of  twelve 
persons,  appointed  by  the  provincial  congress,  and  pledged  to  carry  out  the 
decisions  both  of  the  provincial  and  Continental  Congress.  The  call  stated  that  the 
business  of  the  convention  would  be  "  not  only  to  make  laws  for  the  good  govern- 
ment of,  but  also  to  form  a  constitution  for  this  state ;  that  this  last,  as  it  is  the 
corner-stone  of  all  law,  so  it  ought  to  be  fixed  and  permanent ;  and  that  as  it  is 
well  or  ill  ordered  it  must  tend  in  the  first  degree  to  promote  the  happiness  or 
misery  of  the  state."  The  convention  at  the  same  time  adopted  a  Bill  of  Rights 


356  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

which  recognized  the  freedom  of  the  press.     The  constitution  thus  adopted  re- 
mained in  force  sixty-nine  years. 

1776,  OCTOBER  28.  — The  battle  of  White  Plains  was  fought, 
in  which  the  division  under  McDougall  was  driven  from  its 
position. 

Washington  had  withdrawn  from  Manhattan  Island,  leaving  only  a  garrison  at 
Fort  Washington  of  three  thousand  men.  He  now  removed  his  headquarters  to 
the  west  side  of  the  Hudson. 

1776,  OCTOBER.  —  A  strong  force  from  the  Carolinas  and  Vir- 
ginia marched  against  the  Cherokees,  who  had  begun  hostilities. 

1776.  —  THE  legislature  of  Virginia  divided  the  county  of  Fin- 
castle  into  three  counties,  Washington,  Montgomery,  and  Ken- 
tucky. 

Fincastle  County  had  included  all  the  territory  west  of  the  mountains.  The 
new  county  Kentucky  included  the  whole  of  the  state  of  that  name.  The  settlers 
of  Transylvania  gave  up  their  plan  of  a  separate  community,  and  agreed  to  organ- 
ize under  the  authority  of  Virginia. 

1776,  OCTOBER.  —  Franklin  sailed  for  France  in  the  Reprisal, 
of  sixteen  guns. 

She  was  one  of  the  new  national  frigates,  and  was  the  first  American  vessel  to 
appear  in  Europe.  Franklin,  with  Jefferson  and  Deane,  had  been  appointed  com- 
missioners to  the  French  court,  September  26.  Deane  was  already  in  Europe ; 
and,  Jefferson  declining  the  position,  Arthur  Lee,  already  in  London,  was  ap- 
pointed in  his  place.  In  December,  Franklin  arrived,  and  Lee  joined  him.  They 
were  received  privately,  with  no  public  acknowledgment  of  their  position.  Soon 
after  their  arrival  they  addressed  a  note  to  Lord  Stormont,  the  British  ambassador 
at  Paris,  proposing  to  exchange  some  English  prisoners,  brought  to  France  by 
American  privateers,  for  Americans  held  as  prisoners  by  the  English.  The  note 
was  answered,  on  a  slip  of  paper,  as  follows:  "The  king's  ambassador  receives 
no  application  from  rebels,  unless  they  come  to  implore  his  majesty's  mercy."  The 
commissioners  returned  the  slip  for  his  lordship's  "better  consideration."  4 

1776.  —  THE  British  this  year  —  and  for  six  after  —  used  sev- 
eral condemned  hulks,  moored  in  Wallabout  Bay,  as  prison-ships 
for  prisoners ;  and  it  has  been  estimated  that  eleven  thousand 
five  hundred  Americans  died  in  these  plague-ships. 

The  dead  bodies  were  thrown  overboard,  and  for  many  years  the  tides  used  to 
wash  up  the  bones.  In  1808  they  were  collected,  and  laid  in  a  vault  near  the 
present  navy-yard. 

1776.  —  HAMPTON  SIDNEY  COLLEGE  was  founded  in  Prince 
Edward  County,  Virginia,  by  the  Presbyterians. 

1776.  —  MEXICO  was  divided  into  twelve  intendancies  and  three 
provinces. 

These  were  New  Mexico,  Upper  and  Lower  California,  and  the  intendancies  of 
Durango,  Sonora,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Zacatecas,  Guadalaxara,  Guanaxuato,  Valla-, 
dolid,  Mexico,  Puebla,  Vera  Cruz,  Oaxaca,  and  Yucatan. 


1776.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  357 

1776.  —  WATSON  and  Ledyard,  who  had  a  paper-mill  at  East 
Hartford,  supplied  the  paper  for  a  weekly  issue  of  eight  thousand 
to  the  Hartford  papers,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  writing-paper 
used  in  the  colony  and  by  the  army. 

1776,  OCTOBER.  —  Jefferson  was  appointed  chairman  of  the 
committee  to  revise  the  constitution  of  Virginia.  He  ha,d  declined 
a  re-election  to  Congress. 

The  work  occupied  two  years  and  a  half.  The  bills  cutting  off  entail,  abolish- 
ing primogeniture,  the  bill  for  religious  freedom,  and  relief  from  taxation  for  the 
support  of  the  established  Church,  were  proposed  by  Jefferson ;  and  he  was  so 
proud  of  his  success  in  remodelling  the  constitution,  that  he  directed  the  epitaph 
he  dictated  to  mention  that  he  was  the  author  "  of  the  statute  of  Virginia  for  re- 
ligious freedom." 

1776,  NOVEMBER  6.  —  A  motion  in  the  House  of  Commons  to 
revise  the  acts  of  parliament  by  which  the  colonies  thought  them- 
selves aggrieved,  was  lost  by  a  large  majority. 

1776,  NOVEMBER  8.  —  A  convention  in  Maryland  adopted  a 
constitution  for  the  state. 

This  convention  was  called  by  a  convention  exercising  the  authority  of  gov- 
ernment, on  the  3d  of  July,  "  for  the  express  purpose  of  forming  a  new  govern- 
ment by  the  authority  of  the  people  only,  and  enacting  and  ordering  all  things  for  the 
preservation,  safety,  and  general  weal  of  the  colony."  The  convention  thus  called 
adopted  a  Bill  of  Rights  on  the  3d  of  November,  in  which  the  freedom  of  the 
press  was  recognized.  The  constitution  thus  adopted  remained  in  force  for 
seventy-five  years. 

1776,  NOVEMBER  16. —  Congress  proposed  a  convention  of  the 
New  England  States,  to  meet  at  Providence,  to  consider  the  cur- 
rency. 

1776,  NOVEMBER  16.  —  Fort  Washington  was  captured. 

The  British  took  possession  of  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson  River.  By  this 
capture  the  British  obtained  about  two  thousand  prisoners  and  a  large  quantity 
of  artillery. 

1776,  NOVEMBER  20.  —  Fort  Lee  was  evacuated  by  the  Ameri- 
cans under  General  Greene. 

The  baggage,  artillery,  and  stores  were  left  to  the  British. 

1776,  NOVEMBER  23.  —  Congress  empowered  the  commission- 
ers in  each  department  to  appoint  persons  to  take  charge  of  the 
hides  and  tallow  in  each  district. 

It  was  stated  in  Congress,  on  December  4,  that  one  third  of  the  soldiers  at 
Ticonderoga  had  no  shoes. 

1776,  NOVEMBER  24.  —  The  British  under  Cornwallis  entered 
the  Jerseys,  the  American  forces  retreating. 

During  the  operations  at  New  York,  the  provincial  congress  was  obliged  by 
the  movements  of  the  armies  to  change  its  place  of  meeting  to  Harlem,  King's 


358  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776. 

Bridge,  Philip's  Manor,  Croton  River,  and  Fishkill,  sitting  at  times  armed,  in 
order  to  be  prepared  against  surprise.  There  was  fear  lest  the  Tories  should  rise 
and  openly  join  the  British.  A  committee  was  appointed,  of  which  Jay  was  the 
chairman,  "for  inquiring  into,  detecting,  and  defeating  conspiracies."  Great 
numbers  of  Tories  were  arrested.  Though  many  of  them  were  sent  away,  the 
jails,  and  sometimes  the  churches,  were  crowded  with  them.  Their  personal 
property  was  confiscated  to  the  state.  When  released,  they  were  required  to  give 
bonds  not  to  go  from  within  certain  limits.  These  prompt  measures  repressed 
them. 

1776.  —  DURING  the  British  occupation  of  New  York,  there 
were  four  daily  papers  published,  and  the  proprietors  so  arranged 
their  issue  as  to  have  one  paper  appear  each  day. 

Rivington's  Royal  Gazette  appeared  every  Wednesday  and  Saturday ;  Hugh 
Gaine's  Gazette  or  Mercury,  on  Mondays ;  Robertson,  Mills,  and  Hicks's  Royal 
American  Gazette,  on  Thursdays ;  and  Lewis's  New  York  Mercury  and  General 
Advertiser,  on  Fridays.  It  has  been  said  that  one  of  these  was  also  published  on 
Tuesdays. 

1776,  DECEMBER  2. —  A  British  fleet,  under  Sir  Peter  Parker, 
appeared  oft*  Block  Island,  and  an  army  of  six  thousand  men, 
under  General  Clinton,  took  possession  of  Newport. 

Newport  was  taken  on  the  8th.  There  was  no  defence.  Commodore  Hopkins, 
with  several  ships,  escaped  up  the  bay,  and  were  blockaded  at  Providence. 

1776,  DECEMBER  2. —  Washington  and  his  army  entered  Tren- 
ton, New  Jersey,  and  the  stores  and  baggage  were  transpoited 
over  the  Delaware. 

His  army  did  not  exceed  four  thousand  men,  exclusive  of  the  division  in  the 
Highlands  under  Heath,  and  the  corps  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson  under  Lee. 
They  were  very  illy  provided  in  all  requisite  stores.  Many  of  the  militia  left  as 
their  terms  were  approaching :  the  continentals  had  been  enlisted  for  only  a  year. 
The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  had  retired  first  to  Burlington,  then  to  Pittstown, 
and  then  to  Hattonfield,  where  it  dissolved.  In  Philadelphia  the  retreat  produced 
great  excitement.  Putnam  had  been  sent  there  to  take  the  command.  Mifflin 
raised  a  militia  force  of  fifteen  hundred  men,  and  joined  Washington  at  Trenton, 
"BO  that,  on  December  7,  he  advanced  again  upon  Princeton ;  but,  Cornwallis  ap- 
proaching, he  again  crossed  the  Delaware,  and,  securing  all  the  boats,  the  British 
•were  forced  to  remain  at  Trenton. 

1776.  —  THE  Congress  selected  Portsmouth,  Virginia,  which 
had  been  a  naval  station  for  the  king's  ships,  to  be  the  site  for 
one  of  its  navy-yards ;  and  two  frigates,  of  thirty-six  guns  each, 
were  ordered  to  be  built  there. 

1776,  DECEMBER.  —  Thomas  Johnson  was  elected  governor  of 
Maryland,  under  the  new  constitution. 

1776,  DECEMBER.  —  John  McKinley  was  elected  president  of 
Delaware,  under  the  new  constitution. 

1776,  DECEMBER  11.  —  Congress,  by  resolution,  conferred,  for 
six  months,  the  extraordinary  power  upon  Washington  to  take 


1776.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  359 

whatever  he  might  want  for  the  army,  if  the  owners  refused  to 
sell  at  a  reasonable  price,  and  to  arrest  those  who  refused  to  take 
the  Continental  currency.  He  was  also  given  power  to  displace 
any  officer  under  the  rank  of  brigadier,  and  to  fill  vacancies  thus 
created. 

1776,  DECEMBER  18.  —  The  convention  of  North  Carolina  agreed 
upon  a  constitution,  under  which  Richard  Gas  we'll  was  chosen 
governor. 

1776,  DECEMBER.  —  The  term  of  service  approaching  its  end, 
another  army  was  enlisted. 

This  enlistment  was  paid  at  the  end  of  their  term.  A  committee  of  Congress 
had  visited  the  camp  at  Harlem,  and,  in  consultation  with  Washington,  matured  a 
plan  for  another  army,  to  consist  of  eighty-eight  battalions,  of  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  men  each.  Massachusetts  and  Virginia  were  to  furnish  each  fifteen  battal- 
ions ;  Pennsylvania,  twelve ;  North  Carolina,  nine ;  Connecticut  eight ;  South 
Carolina  six ;  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  each,  four ;  New  Hampshire  and  Mary- 
land, each,  three ;  Rhode  Island,  two ;  Delaware  and  Georgia,  each,  one.  Bat- 
talions were  substituted  for  regiments,  to  avoid  the  rank  of  colonel,  which  had 
made  difficulties  in  exchanging  prisoners.  The  men  were  to  be  enlisted  for  the 
war,  and  at  the  end  of  their  service  to  be  entitled  to  a  bounty  of  one  hundred 
acres.  Colonels  were  to  have  five  hundred  acres,  and  other  officers  in  proportion 
to  their  rank.  Twenty  dollars  bounty  was  to  be  given  each  recruit.  It  was  found 
necessary,  however,  to  take  recruits  for  three  years,  though  to  these  no  land  was 
to  be  given.  The  states  were  to  enlist  their  quotas,  and  provide  their  arms  and 
clothing ;  the  expense,  together  with  the  pay  and  support,  to  be  a  common  charge. 
The  company  and  battalion  officers  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  states,  and  com- 
missioned by  Congress.  The  articles  of  war  were  made  more  strict.  National 
founderies  and  workshops  for  military  stores  were  established  at  Carlisle,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Springfield,  Massachusetts.  The  recruiting  proceeded  slowly,  and 
Massachusetts  offered  an  extra  bounty  of  sixty-six  dollars,  other  states  doing  the 
same.  The  states  were  behindhand  in  the  appointment  of  their  officers,  and  with- 
out them  enlisting  could  not  begin.  On  December  27,  Congress  authorized  Wash- 
ington to  enlist  and  officer  sixteen  additional  battalions,  with  three  regiments  of 
artillery,  a  corps  of  engineers,  and  three  thousand  light-horse. 

1776,  DECEMBER  20.  —  Congress  met  at  Baltimore. 

It  continued  to  hold  the  session  there  until  March,  1777. 

1776.  —  THE  provincial  congress  of  New  York  offered  premi- 
ums of  one  hundred,  seventy-five,  and  fifty  pounds  to  the  first 
three  powder-mills  erected,  capable  of  making  one  hundred 
pounds  a  week. 

1776.  —  THE  provincial  congress  of  Virginia  resolved  to  build 
a  factory  of  nitre,  in  Halifax  County,  and  pay  one  shilling  a  pound 
for  it. 

It  also  appropriated  five  hundred  pounds  for  a  powder-mill. 

1776.  —  NORTH  CAROLINA  offered  two  hundred  pounds  for  the 


360  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1776-7. 

first  five  hundred  weight  of  gunpowder,  and  one  hundred  pounds 
for  the  first  thousand  pounds  of  refined  sulphur. 

The  supply  of  powder  was,  however,  inadequate,  and  much  was  imported.  A 
considerable  amount  was  also  obtained  by  capture. 

1776,  DECEMBER  26.  —  Washington  crossed  the  Delaware  with 
his  army,  and  attacked  and  routed  the  advanced  post  of  the 
Hessians  at  Trenton. 

About  a  thousand  prisoners  were  taken,  and  six  cannons.  The  British  retired 
to  Princeton,  and  Washington  reoccupied  Trenton. 

1776,  DECEMBER  27.  —  The  proposed  convention  met  at  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island. 

They  recommended  no  more  paper  money  be  issued,  unless  absolutely  neces- 
sary, and  that  borrowing  at  five  per  cent,  interest,  to  be  met  witli  taxation,  be 
substituted.  They  also  proposed  a  scheme  for  regulating  by  law  the  prices  of 
labor  and  articles,  imported  or  of  home  make. 

1777,  JANUARY  3.  —  Washington,  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey, 
attacked  and  defeated  a  detachment  of  the  British  army. 

The  next  day  the  American  army  went  into  winter-quarters  at  Morristown, 
New  Jersey.  For  six  months  no  important  military  movement  was  made,  though 
skirmishes  were  frequent,  in  which  the  Americans  were  generally  successful. 
The  army  was  really  weak,  but  made  the  best  show  of  strength ;  and  the  British 
were  ignorant  of  its  real  condition,  being  themselves  very  short  for  forage  and 
supplies.  The  recovery  of  the  Jerseys  by  Washington,  with  an  army  that  had 
been  supposed  to  be  almost  entirely  disorganized,  gave  Washington  a  high  repu- 
tation both  at  home  and  abroad,  where  the  fortunes  of  the  contest  were  narrowly 
watched.  One  of  its  chief  effects  was  the  stimulation  of  the  recruiting.  His 
extraordinary  powers  Washington  also  exercised  with  prudence,  and  the  single 
view  to  the  public  good.  The  medical  department  was  reorganized,  Dr.  Shippen 
of  Philadelphia  being  placed  in  charge  of  it.  Dr.  Craik  was  made  his  assistant, 
and  Dr.  Rush  surgeon-general  of  the  middle  department. 

1777,  JANUARY.  —  The  Cherokees  sued  for  peace,  which  was 
made  with  them. 

They  ceded  a  large  tract  of  land,  including  the  early  settlements  on  the  Ten- 
nessee. 

1777,  JANUARY  16.  —  Loan-office  certificates,  in  sums  from  two 
hundred  to  ten  thousand  dollars,  were  authorized  by  Congress. 

The  amount  was  finally  made  equal  to  the  outstanding  issue  of  Continental 
bills.  Loan-offices  were  opened  in  all  the  states.  The  rate  of  interest  was  made 
finally  six  per  cent.,  and  state  bills,  as  well  as  Continental  bills,  were  taken  in 
payment.  Loans  came  in  very  slowly ;  the  loan-offices  were  overdrawn,  and  the 
pressing  necessity  for  funds  forced  further  issues  of  bills  of  credit,  which,  to  the 
amount  of  ten  millions  of  dollars  were  authorized  in  February  and  May. 

1777.  —  THE  new  legislature  of  North  Carolina  erected  the  ter- 
ritory ceded  by  the  Cherokees  into  the  district  of  Washington, 
and  organized  a  land-office. 


1777.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Any  one  could  enter  six  hundred  and  fifty  acres  of  land  for  himself,  with  one 
hundred  for  his  wife,  and  as  much  more  for  each  of  his  children,  to  be  paid  for  at 
the  rate  of  two  pounds  ten  shillings  the  hundred  acres,  with  the  fees  for  entry 
and  survey.  A  greater  quantity  than  this  was  charged  double  price. 

1777,  JANUARY  20.  —  Congress  voted  that  an  authenticated 
copy  of  the  Declaration,  with  the  names  of  the  signers,  be  pre- 
pared and  sent  to  each  of  the  United  States,  with  a  request  that 
it  should  be  placed  on  record. 

1777,  FEBRUARY  5.  —  The  convention  in  Georgia,  called  for  the 
purpose,  adopted  a  constitution  for  the  state. 

The  convention  was  called,  to  meet  at  Savannah  in  October,  by  the  president 
of  the  provincial  council,  in  whom  the  authority  of  the  government  was  vested. 
The  call  was  based  upon  the  authority  of  the  resolution  passed  by  Congress,  May 
15,  1776;  and  the  people  were  enjoined,  in  the  call,  to  adopt  a  government  which 
should  "conciliate  the  affections  of  the  United  States;  for  under  their  shadow 
they  would  find  safety,  and  preserve  to  themselves  their  invaluable  rights."  The 
constitution  adopted  remained  in  force  eight  years.  Under  the  constitution, 
Georgia  was  divided  into  eight  counties  —  four  along  the  coast,  and  four  up  the 
Savannah.  Under  the  new  constitution  John  Adam  Trueilten  was  elected  gover- 
nor, May  8. 

1777,  FEBRUARY.  —  Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  against 
America  were  issued  in  England. 

Parliament  also  gave  authority  to  secure  and  detain,  except  at  the  discretion  of 
the  Privy  Council,  without  bail  or  trial,  all  persons  accused  or  suspected  of  trea- 
son committed  in  America,  or  of  piracy  on  the  high  seas. 

1777,  FEBRUARY  15.  —  Congress,  after  discussing  the  report 
from  the  New  England  convention,  adopted  it  with  the  exception 
of  raising  the  proposed  interest  upon  the  loans  to  six  per  cent.,  and 
recommended  the  Middle  States  to  hold  a  convention,  and  the 
Southern  States  another. 

1777,  FEBRUARY  19.  —  Stirling,  Mifflin,  St.  Clair,  Stephen,  and 
Lincoln  were  made  major-generals. 

February  5,  and  May  3.  Commissions  as  brigadiers  were  given  to  Poor,  of 
New  Hampshire ;  Glover,  Patterson,  and  Learned,  of  Massachusetts ;  Varnum, 
of  Rhode  Island ;  Huntington,  of  Connecticut ;  George  Clinton,  of  New  York ; 
Wayne,  De  Haas,  Cadwallader,  Hand,  and  Reed,  of  Pennsylvania;  Weedon, 
Muhlenburg,  Woodford,  and  Scott,  of  Virginia;  Nash,  of  North  Carolina;  De- 
barre,  of  France ;  Gonway,  an  Irishman  who  had  served  in  the  French  army. 
At  first  the  British  refused  all  exchange  of  prisoners,  on  the  ground  that  the 
Americans  were  rebels ;  but  finally  the  matter  was  arranged  and  a  partial  ex- 
change effected.  Lee,  who  had  been  captured  in  the  retreat  through  New  Jersey, 
held  a  higher  rank  than  any  prisoner  in  possession  of  the  Americans,  and  Congress 
offered  to  exchange  six  Hessian  field  officers  for  him.  Howe  refused,  claiming 
Lee  as  a  deserter  from  the  British  army.  Congress  then  ordered  the  Hessian  offi- 
cers, together  with  two  British  officers,  to  be  put  in  prison,  and  treated  as  Lee 
was  treated.  Howe  received  orders  to  send  Lee  to  England,  but  did  not  do  so, 
fearing  for  the  result  upon  the  officers  held  for  his  exchange,  and  the  effect  it 


362  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1777. 

would  produce  upon  the  Hessian  troops  in  the  British  army.  Finally  Lee  was 
treated  as  a  prisoner  of  war.  The  prisoners  in  New  York  were  intrusted  to  the 
Tories  there,  and  Washington  refused  to  receive  them,  feeble  and  emaciated  from 
their  confinement  in  the  hulks,  in  exchange  for  healthy  and  well-fed  prisoners. 

1777.  —  THE  assembly  of  North  Carolina  enacted  that  the  con- 
sent of  the  county  court  was  necessary  to  the  emancipation  of 
slaves. 

4 

Slaves  freed  without  this  consent  were  to  be  resold  into  slavery.  The  assembly 
complained  of  the  numbers  of  slaves  set  free,  and  the  danger  there  was  in  so  doing. 

1777,  FEBRUARY.  —  Congress  instructed  the  commissioners  to 
France  to  press  the  formation  of  a  treaty,  offering  most  favorable 
terms.  Commissioners  were  also  appointed  to  other  courts  in 
Europe. 

Franklin  to  Spain,  and  on  his  decline,  Arthur  Lee ;  William  Lee  to  Berlin  and 
Vienna,  and  Ralph  Izard  to  Florence.  Lee  was  not  permitted  to  go  to  Madrid, 
being  stopped  at  Burgos  by  an  agent  of  the  Spanish  government.  Izard  made  no 
attempt  to  visit  Florence,  but  remained  in  Paris.  William  Lee  visited  Berlin, 
whence,  his  papers  having  been  stolen,  he  returned  to  Paris. 

1777,  MARCH  4. —  Congress  met  at  Philadelphia. 

It  remained  here  in  session  until  the  27th  of  September.  From  the  27th  of 
September  until  the  30th,  Congress  sat  at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania.  From  Sep- 
tember 30  until  July,  1778,  at  York,  Pennsylvania.  From  July  2,  1778,  until  June 
SO,  1783,  at  Philadelphia.  On  June  30,  1783,  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey.  On 
November  26,  1783,  at  Annapolis,  Maryland.  On  November  30,  1784,  at  Trenton, 
New  Jersey.  On  January  11,  1785,  Congress  met  at  New  York,  and  held  the 
sessions  in  that  city  until  1790,  when  Philadelphia  was  made  the  capital  for  ten 
years. 

1777,  MARCH  4. — The  new  government  of  Pennsylvania  was 
organized,  with  Thomas  Wharton,  Jr.,  elected  as  president,  and 
George  Bryan  vice-president. 

1777.  —  NEW  JERSEY  passed  a  militia  law  allowing  commutation 
on  payment  of  a  certain  sum  of  money. 

The  personal  estates  of  all  refugees  within  the  British  lines,  who  did  not  return 
within  a  certain  time,  were  confiscated.  New  York  passed  a  similar  law,  which  the 
refugees  in  New  York  city  attempted  to  retaliate  for  by  fitting  out  privateers. 

1777,  MARCH.  —  Congress  resolved  that  state  bills  of  credit 
should  be  received  for  loan-office  certificates,  such  receipts 
counting  towards  the  payment  of  the  states'  quota  of  the  Con- 
tinental debt. 

1777,  MARCH  23.  —  A  detachment  of  the  British  from  New 
York  city  ascended  the  Hudson,  and  destroyed  a  quantity  of 
stores  collected  at  Peekskill. 

1777,  MARCH  26.  —  Congress  voted  to  suspend  Commodore 
Hopkins. 


1777.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMEEICA.  363 

1777,  MARCH  26.  —  A  convention  was  held  at  Yorktown,  for  the 
Middle  States,  in  accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  Con- 
gress. 

New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia  were 
represented.  A  scale  of  prices  was  agreed  upon.  This  scheme,  which  was  gen- 
erally popular,  was  greatly  opposed  by  the  traders  of  all  kinds,  and  finally  fell 
into  disuse. 

1777,  APRIL  20.  —  The  convention  in  New  York,  exercising 
the  authority  of  government,  adopted  a  constitution  for  the  state. 

The  draft  of  the  constitution  was  drawn  up  bp  John  Jay.  The  constitution  was 
declared  "  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good  people."  This  constitu- 
tion remained  in  force  forty-five  years.  It  was  the  first  which  gave  the  choice  of 
the  governor  to  the  people.  George  Clinton  was  elected  governor  July  3.  Jay 
•was  appointed  chief  justice,  and  Robert  R.  Livingston  chancellor.  The  first  legis- 
lature met  in  September,  and  until  that  time  the  committee  of  safety  exercised 
authority.  The  constitution  gave  the  legislature  power  to  naturalize  at  its  dis- 
cretion ;  and  under  this  authority  naturalization  acts  for  persons  were  passed  until 
1790. 

1777,  APRIL  27.  —  A  party  of  British  from  New  York,  under 
Governor  Tryon,  destroyed  a  quantity  of  stores  at  Danbury, 
Connecticut. 

On  the  retreat  they  -were  attacked  by  the  militia  under  David  Wooster  and  Ben- 
edict Arnold.  Wooster  was  killed;  Arnold  was  made  a  major-general,  and  pre- 
sented by  Congress  with  a  horse  fully  caparisoned. 

1777,  MAY  5.  —  The  British  army  in  possession  of  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  established  a  newspaper  called  the  Newport 
Gazette. 

1777,  MAY  24.  —  A  quantity  of  stores  and  twelve  vessels  at 
Sag  Harbor,  collected  by  the  British,  were  destroyed  by  an  ex- 
pedition from  Connecticut  under  Colonel  Meigs. 

1777,  JUNE  3.  —  The  Continental  Congress  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  three  to  devise  ways  and  means  of  supplying  the 
United  States  with  salt. 

The  committee  having  reported,  Congress,  on  the  13th,  passed  a  resolution 
advising  the  states  to  offer  such  inducements  for  its  importation  as  should  prove 
effectual.  The  states  were  also  recommended  to  hire  vessels  to  import  it ;  and 
the  agents  of  the  United  States  in  Europe  and  the  "West  Indies  were  to  be  in- 
structed by  the  secret  committee  to  effect  its  importation.  At  the  same  time  the 
different  states  were  urged  to  erect  and  encourage  the  erection  of  works  for 
its  manufacture.  In  1780  the  price  of  salt  is  said  to  have  reached  eight  dollars  a 
bushel.  There  were  numerous  small  works  for  its  manufacture  all  along  the 
coast,  which  were  frequently  destroyed  by  parties  from  the  blockading  fleet. 
This  year  Congress  was  petitioned  to  detail  a  guard  of  one  hundred  men  to  guard  a 
salt-work  it  was  proposed  to  build,  if  such  protection  could  be  secured. 

1777,  JUNE  14.  — Congress  voted,  "That  the  flag  of  the  thir- 


364  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1777. 

teen  United  States  be  thirteen  stripes,  alternately  red  and  white  ; 
that  the  union  be  thirteen  stars,  white  in  a  blue  field,  represent- 
ing a  new  constellation." 

This  order  was  not  promulgated  until  September.  With  the  new  order  of 
things  a  new  commerce  had  opened  to  the  colonies.  Shipments  of  tobacco, 
lumber,  and  other  staples  were  made  to  Holland,  Spain,  and  France,  directly  in 
some  cases,  but  chiefly  through  the  West  Indies.  St.  Eustatia,  a  Dutch  island 
in  the  Caribbees,  became  a  great  port  for  this  trade,  as  it  was  a  free  port.  Con- 
gress authorized  this  year  also  the  building  of  three  seventy-fours,  five  frigates, 
and  one  or  two  smaller  vessels.  The  Lexington,  commanded  by  Captain  John 
Barry,  on  the  17th  of  April,  made  the  first  capture  of  an  armed  ship  (the  Edward) 
by  a  national  vessel.  The  privateers  were  very  busy,  and  very  successful. 
Within  a  year  from  the  opening  of  the  war  they  captured  nearly  three  hundred 
and  fifty  British  vessels,  worth,  with  their  cargoes,  nearly  five  millions  of  dollars. 
The  British  West  India  Islands  felt  the  effects  of  the  war  more  than  even  the 
United  States,  fifteen  thousand  negroes,  it  is  said,  having  starved  in  Jamaica 
alone.  The  English  cruisers  retaliated  considerably  upon  American  vessels,  and 
their  capture  of  provisions  chiefly  relieved  the  islands.  In  France,  American 
privateers  were  allowed  to  sell  their  prizes  despite  the  protest  of  the  English 
ambassador ;  and  vessels  to  sail  under  American  commissions  were  allowed  to  be 
secretly  fitted  out. 

1777,  JULY  1.  —  Burgoyne  appeared  before  Ticonderoga. 

He  had  advanced  from  Canada.  A  few  days  before  he  had  met  a  council  of 
the  Six  Nations  on  the  coast  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  some  four  hundred  of  their 
warriors  joined  his  army.  He  then  issued  a  proclamation,  speaking  of  the  fury 
of  the  Indians,  the  difficulty  of  restraining  them,  and  threatening  all  who  should 
presume  to  resist  him  with  the  extremities  of  war. 

1777,  JULY  2.  —  Vermont  applied  to  Congress  for  admission  to 
the  Union. 

The  state  had  been  organized  January  15,  and  a  constitution  adopted.  Con- 
gress refused  the  application,  as  the  territory  was  claimed  by  New  York.  Ver- 
mont had  raised  a  Continental  regiment.  Burgoyne  issued  a  proclamation  calling 
a  convention  of  deputies  from  each  township  to  meet  for  re-establishing  the  royal 
authority.  Schuyler  issued  another,  threatening  those  who  complied  with  Bur- 
goyne's  proclamation  with  the  punishment  of  treason. 

1777,  JULY  6.  —  The  garrison  at  Ticonderoga,  under  St.  Clair, 
abandoned  that  place,  and  retreated  through  New  Hampshire. 

They  were  pursued  by  the  British,  who  captured  the  baggage  and  stores,  and 
the  next  day  at  Hubberton  came  up  with  the  rear  and  captured  many  of  them. 
The  garrison  at  Whitehall  abandoned  it  and  retreated  to  Fort  Edward,  on  the 
Hudson,  where  St.  Clair  with  his  forces  joined  them.  General  Schuyler  was 
here,  and  the  united  northern  army  amounted  to  about  five  thousand  men,  but 
was  disorganized  and  in  want  of  supplies. 

1777,  JULY  13.  —  General  Prescott  was  captured  near  New- 
port by  a  small  party  who  came  over  from  the  mainland  for  the 
purpose. 

General  Prescott  had  offered  a  reward  for  the  capture  of  Arnold,  who,  in  re- 


1777.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  365 

turn,  offered  half  as  much  for  the  capture  of  Prescott.  His  capture  gave  the 
Americans  a  prisoner  of  equal  rank  for  Lee,  who  had  been  taken  in  much  the  same 
way,  and  the  exchange  was  eventually  made. 

1777.  —  WITH  the  spring,  in  order  to  get  reinforcements  for  the 
northern  army,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  and  Connecticut 
were  obliged  to  enforce  a  draft  of  militia,  to  serve  for  a  year,  until 
the  regiments  could  be  filled. 

Negroes  were  now  accepted,  and  many  obtained  their  freedom  by  serving.  At 
first  they  were  specially  prohibited.  In  the  middle  and  southern  states,  which 
were  more  behindhand  in  recruits  than  New  England  was,  many  of  the  indented 
servants  enlisted.  Congress  having  offered  land  to  such  of  the  Hessians  as  should 
desert,  Howe  offered  money  to  such  foreigners  in  the  American  service  as  should 
leave  it.  At  Washington's  request  Congress  abandoned  a  plan  they  had  matured 
for  retaining  a  part  of  the  pay  of  indented  servants  for  compensating  their  mas- 
ters, leaving  this  to  be  done  at  the  public  expense,  and  declaring  all  enlisted 
servants  free. 

1777.  —  DURING  this  year  a  lottery  was  established,  the  profits 
of  which  were  to  be  devoted  to  the  expenses  of  the  government. 
It  was  not  a  success. 

1777.  —  DURING  this  year  the  Marquis  de  La  Fayette  arrived 
with  a  ship  loaded  with  military  stores  by  Deane,  and,  offering 
his  services  in  the  army  as  a  volunteer  without  pay,  was  given 
a  commission  as  major-general,  and  entered  the  military  family 
of  Washington. 

He  was  but  nineteen,  belonged  to  a  most  distinguished  family  of  France,  and 
came  secretly,  the  French  court  having  forbidden  his  doing  so,  and  sent  orders  to 
intercept  him  at  the  West  Indies. 

1777,  JULY  29.  —  Burgoyne  with  his  army  reached  the  Hudson. 

Fort  Edward  was  abandoned  by  the  Americans,  who  crossed  the  river  and  re- 
tired to  Saratoga,  and  then  to  Stillwater,  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Mohawk. 

1777,  AUGUST  1.  —  Congress  recalled  the  officers  of  the  north- 
ern army,  and  ordered  an  inquiry  into  their  conduct. 

The  order  was  soon  suspended  on  Washington's  representation  that  the  army 
could  not  be  left  without  officers.  The  loss  of  the  artillery  and  stores  had  ex- 
cited Congress.  The  army  was  reinforced,  Washington  declined  the  appointment 
of  a  new  general,  and  Congress  appointed  Gates. 

1777,  AUGUST  3.  —  A  detachment  of  Burgoyne's  army  laid 
siege  to  Fort  Schuyler,  near  the  head  of  the  Mohawk. 

Schuyler  sent  Arnold  with  three  regiments  to  support  the  garrison,  and  with 
the  rest  of  his  army  withdrew  to  the  confluence  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson. 

1777,  AUGUST  16.  —  The  Americans,  under  John  Stark,  at- 
tacked a  detachment  of  Burgoyne's  army  at  Bennington,  Ver- 
mont, and  defeated  them. 

Stark  had  resigned  his  Continental  commission  as  colonel,  and  accepted  the 


366  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1777. 

command  of  a  force  of  New  Hampshire  militia,  which  had  been  raised  after  the 
surrender  of  Ticonderoga,  at  the  expense  of  John  Langdon.  The  result  of  this 
engagement  was  the  capture  of  about  six  hundred  prisoners,  a  quantity  of  mil- 
itary stores,  and  four  pieces  of  artillery. 

1777,  AUGUST  22. — A  detachment  of  the  American  forces, 
under  Sullivan,  landed  on  Staten  Island,  surprised  two  regi- 
ments of  Tories,  and  captured  a  number  of  prisoners. 

The  papers  of  some  of  the  Quaker  societies  on  the  island  being  captured, 
Congress,  on  their  examination,  advised  the  council  of  Philadelphia  to  arrest 
eleven  of  the  wealthiest  leading  Quakers  of  that  city,  among  them  Thomas 
Wharton,  the  father  of  the  recently  elected  president  of  Pennsylvania.  A  few 
weeks  before,  John  Pcnn,  the  late  governor,  and  others  had  been  obliged  to  give 
their  parole,  and  were  now  sent  as  prisoners  to  Fredericksburg,  Virginia.  Con- 
gress recommended  all  the  states  to  arrest  all  persons  "who  have  in  their  general 
conduct  and  conversation  evinced  a  disposition  inimical  to  the  cause  of  America," 
and  also  to  seize  the  records  of  the  Quaker  meetings,  and  send  such  portions  as 
related  to  politics  to  Congress  for  examination. 

1777,  AUGUST  22.  —  Schuyler  was  superseded  by  Gates. 

Stark's  victory  revived  the  courage  of  the  people,  and  recruits  came  flocking 
to  the  northern  army. 

1777,  AUGUST  22.  —  The  British  at  Fort  Schuyler  retreated, 
and  left  to  Arnold  the  greater  part  of  their  stores  and  baggage. 

The  Indians  began  to  desert  from  Burgoyne's  army. 

1777,  AUGUST  27.  —  The  British,  under  General  Howe,  from 
New  York,  landed  on  the  north-eastern  branch  of  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

As  soon  as  the  stores  and  baggage  were  landed,  the  army,  in  two  columns, 
began  the  march  to  Philadelphia,  distant  about  sixty  miles.  On  landing,  Howe 
issued  a  proclamation  offering  pardon  to  those  who  had  been  active  in  rebellion 
if  they  would  now  submit,  and  peace  and  security  to  those  who  should  remain 
quiet. 

1777,  SEPTEMBER  2.  —  Washington,  having  marched  through 
Philadelphia,  stationed  his  army  at  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

He  had  about  fifteen  thousand  men,  though  his  sick  list  diminished  this  force 
to  about  eleven  thousand.  The  militia  of  Maryland  and  Virginia  had  not  arrived. 
The  Pennsylvania  militia  numbered  thirty  thousand  as  enrolled,  but  not  more 
than  three  thousand  could  be  mustered.  A  portion  of  the  New  Jersey  militia  had 
been  recalled  to  act  against  the  British  in  that  state  under  Sir  Henry  Clinton.  In 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  the  Tories  were  numerous,  but  a  corps  from  Dela- 
ware, under  Caesar  Rodney,  took  the  field. 

1777,  SEPTEMBER  11.  —  Washington  with  his  army  retired 
behind  the  Brandywine,  where  a  battle  occurred,  and  the  Amer- 
icans were  driven  back. 

The  Americans  retired  to  Chester,  then  to  Philadelphia,  and  from  there  to 
Germantown. 


1777.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  367 

1777,  SEPTEMBER  12.  —  A  party  of  British  entered  Wil- 
mington. 

They  made  McKinley,  the  president  of  the  state,  a  prisoner,  and  seized  a 
ressel  on  which  were  the  public  records  and  much  valuable  property. 

1777,  SEPTEMBER  17.  —  Ticonderoga  was  besieged  by  the 
Americans. 

Burgoyne's  communications  with  his  base  were  thus  cut  off,  and  his  provisions 
were  becoming  scant.  -  His  forage  was  exhausted,  and  his  horses  were  dying. 

1777,  SEPTEMBER  19.  —  The  battle  of  Bemus'  Heights  was 
fought  between  the  British,  under  Burgoyne,  and  the  Americans, 
under  Gates. 

Gates  had  taken  up  a  position  at  this  point,  and  was  attacked.  The  field  re- 
mained in  possession  of  the  British,  the  Americans  retiring  to  their  camp.  Both 
parties  claimed  the  victory,  but  the  British  loss  was  the  greater,  while  the  effect 
was  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  Americans,  since  it  gave  them  courage,  stimulated 
recruits,  and  increased  their  morale. 

1777,  SEPTEMBER  22. —  Howe  with  his  army  crossed  the  Schuyl- 
kill,  and  placed  himself  between  Washington's  forces  and  Phil- 
adelphia. 

This  forced  the  abandonment  of  Philadelphia,  since  "Washington's  army  was 
in  no  condition  for  an  engagement,  being  sadly  deficient  in  clothing  and  supplies 
of  all  kinds.  The  abandonment  of  Philadelphia  being  foreseen,  the  military 
stores  had  been  removed,  and  Hamilton,  one  of  Washington's  aides,  was  sent  to 
secure  in  Philadelphia  the  shoes,  blankets,  and  clothing  which  the  city  could  sup- 
ply before  they  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  Congress,  before  retiring  from 
the  city,  gave  Washington  extraordinary  powers  for  sixty  days,  and  then  for  twice 
this  time.  He  could  suspend  officers,  fill  vacancies,  and  take  supplies  for  the 
army  where  he  could  find  them,  giving  certificates  for  them ;  and  could  also 
secure,  for  the  owners,  such  goods  as  would  prove  serviceable  to  the  enemy. 
Subsequently,  while  at  York,  Congress  gave  Washington  authority  to  seize  and 
try  by  court-martial  all  persons  within  thirty  miles  of  any  town  occupied  by  the 
British,  who  should  give  them  any  information  or  aid. 

1777,  SEPTEMBER  25.  —  Howe  with  his  army  occupied  Phil- 
adelphia. 

The  Tories  there  welcomed  him.  Among  others,  Duche,  who  had  been  selected 
as  the  minister  to  open  the  first  session  of  Congress  with  prayer,  wrote  to  Wash- 
ington, advising  him  to  desert  the  ungodly  cause  in  which  he  was  engaged.  The 
bulk  of  the  British  army  was  encamped  at  Germantown. 

1777,  OCTOBER  4.  —  The  Americans,  from  their  camp  on  the 
Schuylkill,  surprised  the  British  camp  at  Germantown. 

Washington  had  heard  that  two  detachments  of  the  British  army  had  been  sent 
—  the  one  to  remove  the  obstructions  in  the  Delaware,  and  the  other  to  guard  a 
train  of  provisions  from  Chester,  which  the  obstructions  in  the  Delaware  obliged 
the  British  to  transport  by  land.  The  surprise,  which  was  at  first  complete,  was, 
on  account  of  the  darkness,  changed  into  a  defeat.  After  the  first  surprise  the 


368  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1777. 

discipline  of  the  British  troops  enabled  them  to  rally  :  and  their  superior  knowl- 
edge of  the  town  gave  them  the  advantage. 

1777,  OCTOBER  5.  —  The  posts  on  the  Hudson  surrendered  to 
the  British,  who  ascended  the  river  from  New  York. 

Gates  had  the  knowledge  of  this,  and  that  an  attempt  would  be  made  to  sup- 
port Burgoyne.  After  beginning  the  negotiations  for  surrender,  Burgoyne  heard 
of  it  from  a  deserter,  but  on  consultation  with  his  officers  concluded  to  maintain 
his  areement  ^*/)  .  C  —  *" 


- 
OCTOBER  9.  —  Burgtiyne  witn  his  army  fell  back  upon 

Saratoga. 

1777,  OCTOBER  16.  —  Burgoyne  surrendered. 

The  troops  were  to  march  out  with  the  honors  of  war,  lay  down  their  arms, 
and  be  transported  from  Boston  to  England,  under  an  engagement  not  to  serve 
against  the  United  States  until  exchanged.  The  number  surrendered  was  five 
thousand  six  hundred  and  forty-two,  the  previous  losses  of  the  army  being  about 
four  thousand. 

1777,  OCTOBER  30.  —  Congress  directed  the  board  of  war  to 
write  to  the  government  of  New  York,  urging  that  the  lead 
mines  in  that  state  be  worked,  and  promising  to  supply  prisoners 
of  war  for  the  purpose,  if  necessary. 

The  Livingston  mine  at  Atcram  was  worked  during  the  war.  The  scarcity  of 
lead  caused  the  lead  gutters  and  roofs  to  be  taken  up  and  run  into  bullets.  The 
lead  statue  of  the  king  erected  in  New  York  in  1770  was  melted  up  in  the  family 
of  Governor  "Wolcott,  of  Connecticut,  and  made  42,000  bullets. 

1777,  OCTOBER.  —  Congress  adopted  the  rule  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  quotas  to  be  assessed  upon  the  states. 
All  property  in  slaves  was  exempted  from  assessment. 

1777,  NOVEMBER  10.  —  The  British  captured  the  works  defend- 
ing the  obstructions  in  the  Delaware,  and,  removing  them,  opened 
their  connection  with  the  fleet. 

1777,  NOVEMBER.  —  Congress,  in  session  at  York,  Pennsylvania, 
organized  a  new  board  of  war,  consisting  of  persons  not  members 
of  Congress. 

John  Adams  was  sent  as  a  commissioner  to  France,  and  Silas  Deane  was  re- 
called to  give  an  account  of  his  proceedings.  Hancock  resigned  as  president  of 
Congress,  and  Henry  Laurens,  of  South  Carolina,  was  elected  to  the  position. 

1777.  —  THE  amount  of  bills  of  credit  issued  this  year  was 
thirty-four  millions. 

In  November  and  December  each,  a  million  was  issued.  The  depreciation 
which  had  begun  in  the  spring  had  increased. 

1777,  NOVEMBER  15.  —  Copies  of  the  articles  of  the  plan  for 
confederation  were  ordered  transmitted  to  the  legislatures  of 
the  various  states,  with  the  recommendation  that  their  delegates 


1777.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  369 

be   authorized  to   ratify  them   in  the  Congress  of  the  United 

States. 

Thirteen  copies  were  ordered  made,  and  signed  by  the  president  of  Congress, 
Henry  Laurens,  and  on  the  29th  they  were  ordered  translated  into  French  and 
sent  to  Canada.  With  them  was  sent  a  circular  letter,  which  said  :  "  Permit  us, 
then,  earnestly  to  recommend  these  articles  to  the  immediate  and  dispassionate 
attention  of  the  legislatures  of  the  respective  states.  Let  them  be  candidly  re- 
viewed under  a  sense  of  the  difficulty  of  combining  in  one  general  system  the 
various  sentiments  and  interests  of  a  continent  divided  into  so  many  sovereign  and 
independent  communities,  under  a  conviction  of  the  absolute  necessity  of  uniting 
all  our  councils  and  all  our  strength  to  maintain  and  defend  our  common  lib- 
erties. Let  them  be  examined  with  a  liberality  becoming  brethren  and  fellow- 
citizens  surrounded  by  the  same  imminent  dangers,  contending  for  the  same  illus- 
trious prize,  and  deeply  interested  in  being  for  ever  bound  and  connected  to- 
gether by  ties  the  most  intimate  and  indissoluble ;  and  finally  let  them  be  adjusted 
with  the  temper  and  magnanimity  of  wise  and  patriotic  legislators,  who,  while 
they  are  concerned  with  the  prosperity  of  their  own  more  immediate  circle,  are 
capable  of  rising  superior  to  local  attachments  when  they  may  be  incompatible 
with  the  safety  and  glory  of  the  general  confederacy." 

1777,  NOVEMBER  22.  —  Congress  recommended  the  states  to 
raise  by  taxation  five  millions  for  the  coming  year,  and  to  refrain 
from  issuing  state  bills  of  credit,  calling  in  those  already  issued 
for  over  the  denomination  of  a  dollar,  and  raising  their  funds  for 
their  expenses  by  taxation. 

The  proceedings  of  a  convention  held  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  the  last 
of  July,  had  recommended  the  repeal  of  all  laws  regulating  prices,  and  substi- 
tuting for  them  laws  against  forestalling  and  engrossing.  Their  report  being 
brought  before  Congress,  it  recommended  three  conventions  for  the  states,  —  one 
for  the  northern  ones,  one  for  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina,  and  one 
for  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  —  to  fix  a  new  scale  of  prices  by  the  state  legis- 
latures, and  authorize  the  seizure  by  the  Continental  commissaries  of  goods  at 
these  prices,  which  the  holders  refused  to  sell. 

1777,  NOVEMBER  27.  —  Congress  recommended  the  states  to 
make  speedy  sale  of  the  property  belonging  to  those  "  who  had 
forfeited  the  right  to  the  protection  of  their  several  states,"  the 
proceeds  to  be  invested  in  the  loan  certificates. 

Most  of  the  states  had  passed,  or  soon  passed,  such  laws,  but  the  results  were 
not  as  favorable  as  it  was  hoped  they  would  be.  In  December,  Congress  advised 
the  states  to  call  in  their  colonial  bills,  replacing  them  with  their  own,  or  with 
Continental  bills,  so  that  all  the  circulation  should  bear  date  subsequent  to  the 
battle  of  Lexington.  The  same  month  they  recommended  the  states  to  seize  for 
the  army  all  clothing  in  the  possession  of  any  citizen  to  be  sold,  giving  receipts 
for  the  same,  and  inflicting  penalties  upon  those  who  sought  to  evade  such  seizure ; 
and,  further,  to  authorize  the  Continental  commissaries  to  seize  and  give  receipts 
for  such  goods  "purchased  up  or  engrossed  by  any  person  with  a  view  of  selling 
the  same."  These  laws,  Congress  said,  were  "  unworthy  the  character  of  infant 
republics,"  but  had  "become  necessary  to  supply  the  defects  of  public  virtue,  and 
to  correct  the  vices  of  some  of  her  sons." 

24 


370  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1777. 

1777.  —  THE  army  went  into  winter-quarters  at  Valley  Forge. 

During  the  winter  it  suffered  greatly  from  want  of  supplies.  Washington 
offered  a  premium  for  the  best  pattern  of  a  shoe  made  of  untanned  hide.  For 
want  of  blankets  the  troops  passed  the  nights  round  the  camp-fires.  More  than  a 
quarter  of  them  were  reported  unfit  for  duty,  being  "  barefoot  or  otherwise 
naked."  Cattle  and  eorn  were  seized  to  prevent  famine,  certificates  being  given 
for  them,  which  were  paid  (when  paid)  in  bills.  Meanwhile  the  British  paid  in 
gold.  The  new  board  of  war  was  appointed  in  November,  and  consisted  of  Gates, 
Mifflin,  Pickering,  Joseph  Trumbull,  and  Richard  Peters.  A  plot  was  formed  to 
force  Washington  to  resign,  and  substitute  Gates  in  his  place.  A  correspondence 
was  carried  on  between  Gates,  Mifflin,  and  Conway,  which  came  to  Washington's 
knowledge.  Patrick  Henry,  the  governor  of  Virginia,  and  Henry  Laurens,  the 
president  of  Congress,  enclosed  to  Washington  anonymous  letters  they  had  re- 
ceived criticising  his  conduct  of  the  war.  Though  it  appeared  that  Washington 
had  lost  New  York,  Newport,  and  Philadelphia,  and  been  defeated  at  Brandywine 
and  Germantown,  while  Gates  had  captured  Burgoync  and  his  army,  yet,  as  soon 
as  the  plot  became  known,  the  indignation  of  the  officers  under  him,  as  well  as  of 
the  state  legislatures  and  the  people,  so  disconcerted  those  active  in  the  plot  that 
they  concealed  or  destroyed  all  evidence  of  it  they  could ;  so  that  there  is  com- 
paratively little  authentic  evidence  known  to  be  extant  concerning  its  supporters 
or  their  designs. 

1777,  DECEMBER  3.  —  The  New  Jersey  Gazette  appeared. 

It  was  published  by  Isaac  Collins,  and  continued  until  1786.  It  was  the  first 
newspaper  in  New  Jersey. 

1777  or  1778.  —  OLIVER  EVANS,  of  Delaware,  invented  the 
elevator,  conveyer,  drill,  descender,  and  hopper-box,  —  all  im- 
provements in  flour-mills. 

For  years  he  found  difficulty  in  persuading  manufacturers  to  use  them,  and  it 
was  not  until  1786  that  he  obtained  from  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  the  sole 
right  to  use  his  improvements  in  flour-mills.  Evans,  who  was  all  his  life  an 
inventor,  was  born  in  Newport,  Delaware,  in  1755,  and  died  in  New  York  city, 
April  21,  1819. 

1777.  —  DAVID  BUSHNELL,  of  Saybrook,  Connecticut,  in  1777, 
in  response  to  the  rewards  offered  by  Congress  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  British  ships,  made  an  attempt  upon  the  frigate  Cerberus, 
Commodore  Simmons,  lying  at  anchor  off  New  London. 

He  did  not  blow  up  the  frigate,  but  destroyed  a  vessel  lying  near  her.  About 
Christmas  of  the  same  year,  he  sent  a  fleet  of  kegs  down  the  Delaware  to  destroy 
the  British  ships  holding  possession  of  the  river,  and  against  which  fire-ships  had 
been  employed  without  effect.  Owing  to  the  darkness,  the  kegs  were  left  at  too 
great  a  distance  from  the  ships,  and  were  dispersed  by  the  ice  floating  in  the 
stream.  Next  day  they  exploded,  and  blew  up  a  boat,  and  caused  great  alarm 
among  the  sailors  on  the  English  ships.  The  event  was  celebrated  in  a  song  by 
Francis  Hopkinson,  entitled  The  Battle  of  the  Kegs. 

The  torpedo  was  shaped  like  two  shells  placed  in  contact,  and  large  enough  to 
contain  a  man  ;  arranged  with  glass  windows,  air-pipes,  and  ventilators.  Behind 
this  submarine  vessel  was  a  powder  magazine,  water-tight,  holding  one  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds  of  powder,  fitted  with  an  apparatus  for  firing  the  powder,  at  any 


1777-8.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  371 

time  detachable  from  the  vessel  by  turning  a  screw,  and  attached  by  other  appa- 
ratus to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  intended  to  be  blown  up.  Bushnell  made  sev- 
eral attempts  to  blow  up  the  British  vessels,  but  was  successful  only  in  this 
instance,  where  a  schooner  was  destroyed. 

1777.  —  ABOUT  this  time,  the  first  works  for  making  salt  by 
solar  heat  were  built  on  Quivet  Neck,  in  the  town  of  Dennis, 
Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts. 

The  originator  of  this  specific  enterprise  was  John  Sears,  who,  with  Edward 
Sears,  Christopher  and  Edward  Crowell,  built  the  first  vat. 

1778,  JANUARY.  —  A  further  loan  of  ten  millions  was  author- 
ized by  Congress. 

It  produced  no  result,  since  the  subscription  for  the  first  was  not  completed. 
A  new  issue  of  three  millions  of  bills  was  made  this  month ;  two  more  were 
issued  in  February ;  two  in  March ;  six  and  a  half  in  April ;  five  in  May ;  five  in 
June ;  making  an  issue  of  twenty-three  and  a  half  millions  in  the  first  six  months 
of  the  year. 

1778,  JANUARY  2.       Commodore  Hopkins  was  dismissed. 

1778.  —  THE  Virginia  assembly  passed  a  bill  prohibiting  the 
importation  into  the  state  of  slaves. 

1778,  JANUARY  8.  —  A  convention  from  the  northern  states  met 
at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  agreed  upon  the  scale  of  prices 
for  provisions  and  clothing. 

Some  of  the  states  attempted  by  legislation  to  enforce  these  prices,  but  un- 
successfully. 

1778,  JANUARY.  —  Congress  resolved  to  suspend  the  embarka- 
tion of  Burgoyne's  soldiers  "  till  a  distinct  and  explicit  ratifica- 
tion of  the  convention  of  Saratoga  shall  be  properly  notified  by 
the  court  of  Great  Britain." 

Burgoyne,  in  a  letter,  complained  of  the  quarters  for  his  officers,  and  said  the 
Americans  had  broken  the  convention.  Congress  took  advantage  of  this  expres- 
sion to  suspend  the  sending  away  of  the  troops.  The  transports  were  ordered 
away,  and  Burgoyne  alone  was  allowed  in  March  to  return  to  England  on  parole. 

1778,  JANUARY  30.  —  Two  treaties  were  signed  by  France 
with  the  American  commissioners. 

One  was  of  friendship  and  commerce,  the  other  of  defensive  alliance,  should 
England  declare  war  with  France.  Vergennes  had  expressed  his  readiness  to 
treat  with  the  American  commissioners  as  soon  as  he  heard  of  the  introduction 
into  parliament  of  Lord  North's  conciliatory  bills. 

1778,  FEBRUARY  9.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  resolved  to 
raise  a  regiment  of  slaves. 

They  were  to  be  made  free  on  enlistment,  and  their  owners  to  be  paid  their 
value,  as  assessed  by  a  committee,  one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  being  the 
limit. 


372  /ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1778. 

1778.  —  UNDER  the  direction  of  General  George  Clark,  a  few 
families  settled  at  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  where  the  city  of  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  now  stands. 

Under  authority  from  Virginia,  Clark  had  enlisted  men,  and  descended  the 
Ohio  from  Pittsburg,  and  captured  Kaskaskia,  an  old  French  settlement  near  the 
Mississippi.  The  people  were  promised  security,  on  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  the  United  States,  and  did  so ;  those  at  Vincennes,  on  the  W abash,  taking  an 
oath  of  allegiance  to  Virginia  also.  In  October,  the  Virginia  assembly  made  all 
the  land  claimed  by  the  state,  north  of  the  Ohio,  into  the  county  of  Illinois. 

1778.  —  DURING  this  year,  sixty-three  millions  and  a  half  of 
bills  of  credit  were  issued,  making  the  whole  amount  outstanding 
nearl}7  one  hundred  millions. 

Several  millions  of  these  bills  had  been  paid  in  for  certificates  of  the  interest- 
bearing  loan ;  but  the  bills  had  been  immediately  paid  out  again,  and  the  certifi- 
cates themselves  were  used  as  an  addition  to  the  currency.  At  the  end  of  the 
year  the  depreciation  was,  at  the  north,  six  to  one ;  and  at  the  south,  eight  to  one. 
Congress,  in  December,  denounced  a  rumor  that  the  bills  would  never  be  re- 
deemed, as  "false  and  derogatory  to  the  honor  of  Congress."  In  December  (the 
31st)  Congress  made  a  further  call  for  six  millions  annually  for  eighteen  years  on 
the  states,  to  commence  in  1780,  and  to  be  appropriated  to  pay  the  interest  on  all 
loans  made  to  the  United  States  previously  to  that  year.  Franklin,  writing  to 
Samuel  Cooper  on  the  22d  of  April,  1779,  said,  "After  the  first  emission  I  pro- 
posed that  we  should  stop,  strike  no  more,  but  borrow  those  we  had  issued.  This 
was  not  then  approved  of,  and  more  bills  were  issued." 

1778,  FEBRUARY  17.  —  Lord  North  introduced  in  parliament  a 
plan  for  conciliation. 

He  introduced  two  bills  :  the  first  renouncing  all  intention  on  the  part  of  par- 
liament to  lay  taxes  on  America ;  and  the  other  appointing  five  commissioners, 
two  of  whom  were  the  commanders  of  the  military  and  naval  forces,  with  ample 
powers  to  treat  for  the  re-establishment  of  the  royal  authority. 

At  the  same  time  David  Hartley  was  sent  to  Paris  to  negotiate  for  a  settlement 
with  the  American  commissioners  there. 

1778. —  SOUTH  CAROLINA  amended  her  constitution. 

This  action  was  taken  to  harmonize  the  constitution  with  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence ;  the  chief  change  being  that  the  governor  was  deprived  of  his  power 
of  veto.  As  Rutledge  thought  it  too  democratic  for  liim  to  sign,  he  resigned,  and 
Lowndes  was  elected. 

1778.  —  A  NUMBER  of  slaves  brought  into  Salem,  in  a  prize 
ship,  were  set  at  liberty  by  the  court  of  Massachusetts. 

1778.  —  A  PRESS  was  erected  at  Hanover  —  then  claimed  by 
Vermont,  but  now  in  Connecticut  —  by  J.  P.  Spooner  and  Timo- 
thy Green,  printers  from  Norwich,  Connecticut. 

The  same  year  they  began  a  newspaper,  but  removed,  at  the  request  of  the 
newly  organized  government  of  Vermont,  to  Westminster. 

1778.  —  THE  New  Jersey  Journal  appeared  at  Chatham,  New 
Jersey. 


1778.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEEICA.  373 

It  was  published  by  David  Franks,  and  was  continued  until  after  the  Revolu- 
tion. He  then  went  to  New  York,  but  returned,  and  revived  the  Journal  at  Eliza- 
bethtown,  continuing  to  issue  it  until  1818. 

1778,  MARCH  13. — The  French  treaties  with  America  having 
been  communicated  to  the  British  court,  the  British  ambassador 
to  Paris  was  recalled. 

Ths  was  equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  war.  April  7,  propositions  were 
introduced  into  both  houses  of  parliament  to  make  peace  with  America,  aban- 
doning all  attempts  to  maintain  political  authority,  and  in  both  were  rejected. 
The  command  in  chief  of  the  armies  in  America  was  given  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton. 

1778,  MARCH.  —  Conway  was  ordered  to  the  northern  depart- 
ment, and  sent  in  his  resignation  to  Congress,  which  was  ac- 
cepted. 

Soon  after  he  was  wounded  in  a  duel  with  General  Cadwallader,  sent  an  humble 
apology  to  Washington,  and  on  his  recovery  returned  to  France. 

1778,  MARCH.  —  The  Duke  of  Richmond  said  in  the  English 
parliament,  the  remedy  "  is,  Jnstantly  to  declare  America  inde- 
pendent, and  withdraw  our  fleets  and  armies." 

1778,  APRIL  15.  —  News  arrived  of  Lord  North's  conciliatory 
bills. 

Congress  ordered  them  printed  in  the  newspapers,  together  with  the  report  of 
a  committee,  ending  with  a  unanimous  resolution  denouncing  all  who  should 
attempt  a  separate  treaty  as  open  and  avowed  enemies,  and  declaring  that  no 
conference  could  be  held  with  any  commissioners  until  the  British  armies  were 
withdrawn,  or  the  independence  of  the  United  States  acknowledged. 

1778,  APRIL.  —  Gates  and  Mifflin  ceased  to  act  on  the  board  of 
war,  their  places  being  supplied  by  members  of  Congress. 

Mifflin,  in  August,  resigned  his  commission,  and  was  sent  as  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Pennsylvania. 

1778,  APRIL  23.  —  Jonathan  Trumbull,  the  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, replied  to  Governor  Tryon,  of  New  York,  refusing  an 
attempt  which  had  been  made  to  lead  that  state  into  acting  with- 
out reference  to  the  General  Congress. 

The  scheme  of  the  English  ministry  was  to  break  up  the  union  of  the  states  by 
treating  with  them  separately.  Governor  Trumbull  replied  that  "  all  such  pro- 
posals were  to  be  addressed  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States." 

1778,  MAT.  —  BARON  STEUBEN,  a  Prussian  officer,  was  ap- 
pointed inspector,  with  the  rank  of  major-general. 

He  introduced  a  uniform  system  of  exercise  and  tactics.  By  a  new  plan  of 
organization,  each  battalion  of  foot  consisted,  officers  included,  of  five  hundred 
and  eighty-two  men,  in  nine  companies ;  the  horse  and  artillery  battalions  being 
one  third  smaller.  By  this  the  Continental  army  should  have  consisted  of  sixty 
thousand  men,  but  it  never  counted  more  than  half  of  this.  Georgia  and  South 
Carolina  were  never  called  on  for  troops,  except  for  local  defence,  on  account  of 
their  large  slave  population.  An  independent  corps,  part  cavalry  and  part  foot, 


374  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1778. 

was  raised  by  Pulaski ;  another  such  was  commanded  by  Arrnand,  a  French  offi- 
cer; and  a  third,  wholly  cavalry,  by  Henry  Lee.  The  works  at  West  Point, 
suggested  by  Kosciusko,  were  commenced. 

1778,  MAY.  —  Congress  promised  half- pay  for  seven  years  to 
all  officers  who  should  serve  to  the  end  of  the  war ;  and  to  all 
soldiers  who  should  serve  the  same  time,  a  gratuity  of  eighty 
dollars. 

The  promise  was  made  from  the  reiterated  recommendations  of  Washington. 
He  had  proposed  half-pay  for  life,  and  this  term  was  a  compromise,  both  Con- 
gress and  the  people  having  a  dislike  of  a  permanent  military  establishment. 

1778,  MAY.  —  News  xrf  the  treaties  with  France  arrived. 

It  was  brought  by  a  French  frigate,  despatched  for  this  special  purpose. 

1778,  MAY  28.  — The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  prohibited  the 
circulation  of  state  bills  of  credit  after  the  1st  of  July. 

Those  in  circulation  were  to  be  exchanged  for  loan-office  certificates,  or  re- 
deemed by  notes  of  the  state  treasurer. 

1778,  JUNE  8.  —  Congress  laid  an  embargo,  to  continue  in  force 
until  November  15. 

September  2,  its  provisions  were  modified  so  as  to  allow  provisions  to  be 
shipped  to  ports  on  the  coast;  but  on  October  2  this  privilege  was  withdrawn. 

1778,  JUNE  13.  —  The  commissioners  under  Lord  North's  acts 
sent  a  copy  of  their  commission  to  Congress,  with  an  address 
proposing  a  cessation  of  hostilities. 

They  were  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  William  Eden,  a  brother  of  the  late  governor 
of  Maryland,  and  Governor  Johnstone.  Washington  had  refused  a  passport  to 
Adam  Furguson,  their  secretary,  to  visit  Congress.  They  proposed,  as  a  basis 
for  negotiation,  that  the  privileges  for  trade  heretofore  allowed  to  the  colonies 
should  be  extended ;  that  no  military  force  should  be  kept  in  any  colony  without 
the  permission  of  its  assembly ;  that  the  Continental  bills  of  credit  should  be  sus- 
tained, and  an  arrangement  made  for  their  eventual  settlement ;  a  representation 
in  the  British  parliament  to  be  allowed  the  colonies,  and  of  the  British  government 
in  the  colonial  assemblies,  and  the  colonial  administrations  to  be  so  organized  as 
to  be  almost  entirely  independent. 

1778,  JUNE  15.  —  The  Independent  Ledger  and  American  Ad- 
vertiser appeared  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Draper  and  Folsom.  In  1783  it  was  published  by  John 
W.  Folsom  alone. 

1778,  JUNE  17.  —  Congress  returned  a  brief  answer  to  the 
address  of  the  commissioners,  refusing  to  treat  unless  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  states  was  first  acknowledged,  or  the  British 
armies  withdrawn. 

The  commissioners  sent,  July  1,  a  long  answer,  to  which  Congress  made  no 
reply. 


1778.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  375 

1778,  JUNE  18.  —  The  British  army  evacuated  Philadelphia. 

The  baggage  and  stores,  with  some  three  thousand  non-combatants,  who  held 
to  their  British  allegiance,  were  sent  to  New  York  by  water ;  and  the  army,  about 
twelve  thousand  in  number,  marched  for  New  York  over  land. 

1778.  —  Parliament  passed  an  act  renouncing  their  right  to 
tax  the  provinces,  save  for  the  regulation  of  commerce. 
The  proceeds  of  such  taxes  to.be  applied  for  the  use  of  the  provinces. 

1778,  JUNE  28.  —  The  battle  of  Monmouth  Court  House  took 
place  between  the  British,  under  General  Clinton,  on  their  way 
from  Philadelphia  to  New  York,  and  the  Americans,  under  Gen- 
eral Washington,  from  the  camp  at  Valley  Forge. 

The  advance  guard  of  the  Americans  was  under  Lee,  who  had  been  ordered  to 
make  an  attack.  On  coming  up  with  the  main  body  of  the  army,  Washington 
found  Lee  in  full  retreat.  Ordering  the  line  of  battle  to  be  formed,  an  engage- 
ment followed,  which  night  put  an  end  to,  and  during  this  the  British  withdrew 
to  the  high  ground  of  Neversink.  Lee  was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  and  suspended 
for  a  year.  Shortly  after  the  end  of  his  sentence,  for  an  insolent  letter  to  Con- 
gress, which  he  retracted  and  made  an  apology  for,  he  was  dismissed  the  service. 

1778,  JULY  3.  —  A  battle  took  place  between  the  Wyoming 
settlers,  under  Colonel  Zebulon  Butler,  and  the  British  force,  com- 
manded by  Colonel  John  Butler,  assisted  by  seven  hundred  In- 
dians, in  which  the  settlers  were  defeated  and  driven  into  Fort 
Wyoming. 

All  the  prisoners  taken  were  massacred,  and  the  fort  besieged.  On  the  5th  of 
July,  under  promises  of  security,  the  garrison  surrendered.  Butler  and  the  Tories 
left ;  but  the  Indians  remained,  and,  burning  the  houses,  laid  waste  the  territory, 
and  forced  the  women  and  children  in  the  valley  —  all  that  were  left  of  the  flour- 
ishing settlement  —  to  flee  through  the  wilderness  to  Stroudsburg,  Pennsylvania, 
many  perishing  on  the  way. 

1778,  JULY  6. —  The  French  fleet,  under  Count  D'Estaing, 
arrived  off  the  Delaware. 

The  fleet  consisted  of  twelve  ships-of-the-line  and  four  frigates.  It  brought 
four  thousand  French  soldiers,  and  Mr.  Gerard,  who  was  appointed  ambassador 
to  the  United  States,  and  Silas  Deane,  who  returned  in  obedience  to  the  recall  of 
Congress. 

1778,  JULY  21.  —  Washington  with  his  army  crossed  the  Hud- 
son, and  encamped  at  White  Plains. 

The  purpose  was  to  make  with  the  French  fleet  a  combined  attack  upon  New 
York  city.  The  fleet  came  to  anchor  off  the  harbor,  but  as  the  pilots  refused  to 
take  the  largest  ships  over  the  bar,  the  attack  was  given  up,  and  an  attack  on 
Newport,  then  held  by  a  British  army  of  about  six  thousand  men  under  General 
Pigot,  designed. 

1778,  JULY.  —  Nine  of  the  states  having  instructed  their  dele- 
gates to  accept  the  articles  of  confederation,  Congress  ratified 


376  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1778. 

them ;   not,  however,  to   be  binding   until   all  the   states  had 
accepted  them. 

On  the  10th  of  July,  Congress  issued  an  appeal  to  the  states  "to  conclude  the 
glorious  compact." 

1778,  AUGUST  10. — An  American  army,  under  Sullivan,  ef- 
fected a  landing  upon  the  island  on  which  Newport  is  situated. 

It  was  composed  of  ten  thousand  men,  in  two  divisions  —  one  commanded  by 
Greene,  and  the  other  by  La  Fayette.  The  French  fleet  had  entered  Narragansett 
Bay,  and  opened  communication  with  the  army  at  the  head  of  it ;  but  Lord  Howe, 
at  New  York,  having  been  reinforced  by  fo.ur  men-of-war,  had  sailed  for  the  relief 
of  Newport,  and  arriving  at  Narragansett  Bay,  the  French  sailed  out  to  engage 
them,  carrying  the  French  troops  on  board  which  were  to  co-operate  in  the  attack 
on  Newport. 

1778,  AUGUST  11.  —  Congress  passed  resolutions  Accusing 
Johnstone  of  attempts  at  bribery,  and  declining  to  hold  any 
further  correspondence  with  him  or  the  commission  of  which 
he  was  a  member. 

He  had  written  letters  to  several  members  of  Congress,  one  of  whom,  Joseph 
Reed,  stated  that  a  distinct  offer  had  been  made  to  him  of  ten  thousand  pounds 
and  any  office  he  might  wish.  He  had  replied,  "that  he  was  not  worth  purchas- 
ing; but  such  as  he  was,  the  king  of  England  was  not  rich  enough  to  buy  him." 

1778,  AUGUST.  —  The  people  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  suf- 
fered severely  from  the  want  of  provisions.  Corn  was  sold  at 
eight  dollars  a  bushel.  The  embargo  which  had  been  laid  on  all 
vessels,  in  order  that  their  crews  might  serve  in  the  military 
operations,  was  removed. 

1778,  AUGUST  20.  —  The  French  fleet  reappeared  off  Newport. 

A  severe  storm  had  scattered  both  fleets,  and  D'Estaing  determined  to  go  to 
Boston  to  refit  bis  ships.  The  storm  had  also  injured  the  troops  before  Newport, 
blowing  down  their  tents.  Sullivan  and  the  officers  of  the  army  sent  a  written 
protest  to  D'Estaing  concerning  his  leaving  them  to  go  to  Boston. 

1778,  AUGUST  29.  —  Sullivan  withdrew  from  before  Newport. 

The  British  followed  and  attacked  his  army,  but  were  repulsed,  and,  on  the 
31st,  the  American  army  crossed  again  to  the  mainland.  The  British  army  was 
the  next  day  reinforced  by  four  thousand  men  from  New  York,  led  by  Clinton  in 
person. 

1778,  SEPTEMBER.  —  A  controller  and  two  chambers  of  accounts 
were  constituted  by  Congress  to  look  after  financial  matters. 

They  acted  under  the  committee  having  superintendence  of  the  treasury.  The 
complication  of  accounts  made  them  necessary,  the  expenditures  of  the  year 
reaching  sixty-seven  millions. 

1778,  SEPTEMBER  14.  —  Congress  appointed  Franklin  sole  com- 
missioner to  France. 

Adams  returned :  he  had  found  a  violent  dispute  in  process  among  the  com- 


1778.]  ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.  377 

missioners.    The  French  court  had  granted  them  a  loan  of  three  millions  of  livres, 
or  about  five  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1778,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  towns  of  New  Bedford  and  Fair 
Haven  were  burned,  and  a  raid  made  upon  the  cattle  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  by  expeditions  of  the  British  from  Newport. 

1778,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  commissioners  made  a  demand  that 
Burgoyne's  troops  should  be  released  on  parole,  and  tendered  a 
ratification  of  the  capitulation  signed  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  the 
Earl  of  Carlisle,  and  William  Eden. 

Congress  replied  that  as  the  acts  of  the  commissioners  required  the  approval 
of  parliament,  their  authority  to  make  a  definite  ratification  was  questioned.  Soon 
after,  as  Sir  Henry  Clinton  neglected  to  provide  the  transports  for  supplying  them 
with  stores,  they  were  marched  to  Charlottesville,  Virginia,  and  quartered  in 
huts.  Some  of  the  officers  were  eventually  exchanged,  but  the  greater  part  of 
them  remained  prisoners  during  the  war. 

1778,  OCTOBER.  —  John  Roberts  and  Abraham  Carlisle  were 
tried,  found  guilty,  and  executed  in  Philadelphia,  for  treason  in 
having  aided  the  enemy. 

They  were  Quakers.  In  November,  twenty-three  others  were  tried  and  ac- 
quitted. 

1778,  OCTOBER.  —  The  settlement  of  Unadilla,  on  one  of  the 
upper  branches  of  the  Susquehanna,  occupied  by  a  mixed  pop- 
ulation of  Indians  and  refugees,  was  destroyed  by  a  Continental, 
regiment  of  the  Pennsylvania  line,  stationed  at  Schoharie. 

Revenge  was  taken  by  surprising  Cherry  Valley,  in  November.  The  fort  there 
held  out,  but  the  inhabitants  were  massacred. 

1778.  —  AN   expedition  was  undertaken   by  the   militia  and 
troops  of  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  against  St.  Augustine. 
It  proceeded  as  far  as  St.  Mary's,  but  was  there  abandoned. 

1778,  OCTOBER.  —  A  raid  on  New  Jersey  was  made  by  Clinton's 
army  from  New  York. 

Little  Egg  Harbor  was  burned,  and  the  surrounding  country  ravaged.  Bay- 
ard's regiment  of  horse  was  surprised  and  cut  to  pieces.  The  infantry  of  Pulas- 
ki's  legion  were  surprised  and  slaughtered. 

1778,  OCTOBER  3.  —  The  commissioners  published  a  manifesto, 
addressed  to  the  assemblies  and  the  people. 

It  began  with  charging  Congftss  with  the  responsibility  of  continuing  the  war ; 
offering  to  the  assemblies  separately  the  terms  already  proposed  to  Congress ; 
reminding  the  people  that  the  points  originally  in  dispute  had  all  been  conceded 
by  Great  Britain ;  suggesting  to  the  clergy  that  the  French  were  papists  ;  allow- 
ing forty  days  for  submission ;  and  ended  with  threatening,  if  this  offer  was  not 
accepted,  that  the  war  would  thereafter  be  carried  on  with  a  view  to  desolate  the 
country.  Congress  had  this  manifesto  published  in  the  papers,  together  with 
their  comments  upon  it.  La  Fayette,  in  consequence  of  the  disparaging  remarks 
upon  the  French,  despite  the  remonstrance  of  Washington  and  D'Estaing,  sent  a 


378  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1778-9. 

challenge  to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  who  declined  it  on  the  ground  that  for  his  public 
acts  he  was  responsible  only  to  his  own  sovereign.  At  the  end  of  the  forty  days 
the  commissioners  returned  to  England. 

1778,  OCTOBER  31.  —  Governor  Greene,  of  Rhode  Island,  by 
vote  of  the  assembly,  wrote  to  Connecticut,  asking  to  have 
the  embargo  in  that  state  removed,  so  as  to  allow  provisions 
to  be  sent  to  Rhode  Island,  which  was  suffering  from  their 
scarcity. 

1778,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  An  English  fleet  under  Admiral  Byron 
arrived  off  Boston. 

A  storm  scattered  it,  and  D'Estaing  sailed  for  the  West  Indies.  Both  the 
Howes  resigned,  and  returned  to  England. 

1778,  NOVEMBER.  —  An  expedition  of  the  British  from  New 
York  sailed  for  Georgia. 

1778,  DECEMBER  10.  —  Laurens  resigned  the  presidency  of 
Congress,  and  John  Jay  was  elected  to  the  office. 

1778,  DECEMBER.  —  Lincoln  was  sent  to  supersede  Howe  in  the 
command  of  the  southern  division. 

1778. —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  made  at  Elmira,  New  York. 

1778.  —  THE    first    insurrection   of   the    natives   of   Mexico 
against  the  blind  and  foolish  oppression  of  the  Spaniards,  broke 
out. 

It  was  soon  stamped  out  in  blood. 

1779,  JANUARY.  —  Congress  authorized  the  issue  of  fifty  mil- 
lions more  of  bills. 

The  faith  of  the  United  States  was  pledged  for  their  redemption  before  January 
1,  1797,  and  was  to  be  kept  by  the  payment  by  the  states  of  the  six  millions 
annually.  In  February,  ten  millions  more  were  authorized,  together  with  loan 
certificates  of  twenty  millions.  In  April,  five  millions  more  of  bills  were  issued, 
and  in  May  and  June  twenty  millions  more. 

1779,  JANUARY.  —  A  British  force  from  New  York,  under 
Colonel  Campbell,  having  landed,  defeated  the  Americana  under 
General  Howe,  and  captured  Savannah. 

1779,  JANUARY.  —  General  Prevost  tftok  command  of  the  Brit- 
ish in  Savannah. 

He  had  been  in  command  in  East  Florida,  and  was  ordered  to  unite  his  forces 
with  those  under  Campbell,  and  take  command.  He  sent  Campbell  on  an  expe- 
dition against  the  interior,  by  which  Augusta  was  captured.  A  proclamation  was 
issued  of  pardon  to  those  who  would  return  to  their  allegiance.  Some  of  the 
leaders  fled,  but  the  state  generally  submitted ;  those  who  were  suspected  being 
disarmed. 


1779.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  379 

1779,  JANUARY  2.  —  Congress  recalled  the  issues  of  bills 
of  credit  made  the  20th  of  May,  1777,  and  the  llth  of  April, 
1778,  because  they  had  been  so  largely  counterfeited. 

It  also  appealed  to  the  states  to  pay  their  quotas  of  the  fifteen  millions  for  this 
year,  and  six  millions  a  year  for  the  next  eighteen  years ;  the  quotas  were  to  be 
used  for  paying  the  loans.  Only  the  bills  issued  before  1780  were  to  be  used  in 
paying  the  quotas. 

1779,  JANUARY  5.  —  Taxes  for  fifteen  millions  were  allotted 
among  the  states. 

Georgia,  being  occupied  by  the  British,  was  exempted  from  the  allotment. 

1779,  FEBRUARY.  —  Lincoln  sent  General  Ashe  to  operate 
against  Augusta. 

The  British  deserted  the  city  and  retired  down  the  river,  the  Americans  fol- 
lowing. 

1779,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  Congress  requested  New  York  and 
Connecticut  to  repeal  their  embargo  upon  bread  stuffs  for  the 
benefit  of  Rhode  Island. 

Connecticut  contributed  five  hundred  bushels  of  grain  and  four  thousand  three 
hundred  pounds  in  money  within  two  months  for  the  aid  of  Rhode  Island. 

1779,  FEBRUARY  14.  —  A  battle  took  place  at  Kettle  Creek, 
Georgia,  between  the  Americans  under  Colonel  Pickens,  and  a 
band  of  Tories  under  Colonel  Boyd,  in  which  the  latter  were 
utterly  defeated. 

The  Tories  were  from  North  Carolina,  hastening  to  join  the  British  forces  at 
Augusta,  Georgia.  Their  loss  was  seventy  killed  and  seventy-five  prisoners ;  the 
Americans  lost  thirty-eight. 

1779,  FEBRUARY  23.  —  Vincennes,  on  the  Wabash,  and  the  fort 
were  captured  by  an  expedition  under  Clark. 

Hamilton,  the  British  commander  at  Detroit,  was  taken  prisoner  and  sent  to 

Virginia. 

1779,  MARCH.  —  The  British  attacked  Ashe's  force,  and  de- 
feated it. 

All  the  cannon  and  stores  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British,  who  lost  only  five 
killed  and  eleven  wounded,  while  some  four  hundred  of  the  Americans  were 
killed  or  taken  prisoners.  Augusta  was  again  occupied,  and  Prevost  issued  a 
proclamation  reinstating  Sir  James  White  as  governor,  and  re-establishing  the 
laws  and  administration  as  before  1775. 

1779,  MARCH  2.  —  By  a  vote  of  Congress,  Rhode  Island  was 
relieved  from  fifty  thousand  dollars,  or  one  sixth  of  her  allotted 
share,  of  the  Continental  tax. 

The  delegates  from  South  Carolina  assumed  the  portion  of  the  tax  remitted  to 
Rhode  Island,  for  their  state. 


380  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1779. 

1779,  MARCH  4.  —  The  American  Journal  and  General  Adver- 
tiser was  commenced  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  published  by  Southwick  and  Wheeler,  and  appeared  every  Thursday. 

1779.  —  THE  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act  for  the 
gradual  abolition  of  slavery. 

It  was  introduced  by  George  Bryan. 

George  Bryan  was  a  native  of  Dublin,  but  came  to  this  country  when  young. 
In  1776  he  was  chosen  vice-president,  and  in  1778  president,  of  the  executive 
council  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1780  he  was  appointed  judge  in  the  supreme  court 
of  the  state,  and  held  the  office  until  his  death,  January,  1791. 

1779.  —  THE  coin  passing  through  the  treasury  this  year 
amounted  to  seventy-three  thousand  dollars. 

For  1778  and  1779  this  makes  the  coin  used  in  carrying  on  the  entire  machinery 
of  the  government  only  one  hundred  and  fifty-one  thousand  six  hundred  and 
sixty-six  dollars; 

1779,  APRIL  15.  —  An  expedition  of  the  British  from  New  York 
visited  Nantucket,  and  carried  off  a  dozen  vessels,  chiefly  loaded 
with  oil. 

1779,  APRIL  16.  —  Three  American  vessels,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Captain  John  B.  Hopkins,  arrived  at  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, with  a  British  fleet  they  had  captured  off  Cape  Henry. 

The  ships  were  the  Warren,  the  Queen  of  France,  and  the  Ranger.  The  fleet 
they  captured  consisted  of  seven  vessels  —  one  twenty-gun  ship  and  six  transports 
—  containing  twenty-four  British  officers  on  their  way  to  Georgia.  The  stores 
captured  were  valued  at  eighty  thousand  pounds. 

1779.  —  BENJAMIN  WATERHOUSE,  a  physician  of  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, first  introduced  vaccination  for  small-pox  into  the 
country. 

Dr.  Jenner  communicated  to  him  his  discovery  in  England,  and  Waterhouse 
tried  the  experiment  not  only  on  himself,  but  his  family.  For  seven  years  he 
defended  the  practice,  not  only  against  the  prejudices  of  the  people,  but  the  ridi- 
cule of  the  profession,  and  wrote  and  published  a  great  deal  on  the  subject. 

1779,  APRIL.  —  Lincoln  set  out  towards  Augusta. 

It  was  desirable  that  the  legislature  of  Georgia  should  have  an  opportunity  to 
meet  again.  In  South  Carolina  every  effort  had  been  made  to  strengthen  Lin- 
coln's forces.  John  Rutledge  had  again  accepted  the  governorship,  and  the 
assembly  had  passed  a  more  stringent  militia  law. 

1779,  APRIL.  —  A  block-house  was  erected  on  the  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Lexington. 

1779,  MAY  11.  —  Charleston  was  summoned  to  surrender. 

While  Lincoln  was  on  his  way  to  Augusta,  having  left  Moultrie  with  the 
militia  to  guard  the  Savannah  River,  Prevost  crossed  the  Savannah  with  his 
army,  and  advanced  to  Charleston.  When  the  summons  was  given,  Rutledge, 
who  was  there,  offered  that  South  Carolina  should  be  neutral  during  the  war, 


1779.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  381 

leaving  it  to  be  decided  at  its  close  to  whom  it  should  belong.  This  proposition 
was  not  received.  Pending  the  negotiation,  the  works  were  strengthened,  and 
reinforcements  had  been  received. 

1779,  MAY.  — A  force  from  New  York,  under  General  Mathews, 
raided  in  Virginia. 

He  took  Portsmouth  and  Norfolk,  and  captured  or  burned  a  hundred  and 
thirty  merchant-vessels  in  the  James  and  Elisabeth  rivers,  carrying  off  with  him 
about  three  thousand  hogsheads  of  tobacco.  An  unfinished  frigate  and  eight 
smaller  vessels,  building  for  the  government,  were  destroyed.  The  damage  of 
this  raid  was  estimated  at  two  millions  of  dollars. 

1779,  MAY.  —  A  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of  Nashville, 
by  a  party  under  James  Robertson. 

In  1784,  the  settlement  was  incorporated  as  a  town;  in  1806  received  a  city 
charter,  and  in  1812  was  made  the  capital  of  the  state.  Before  the  late  war,  the 
city  carried  on  the  largest  publishing  business  of  the  West,  the  publishing  house 
of  the  Southern  Methodist  Conference  being  here.  The  neighborhood  is  cele- 
brated as  a  stock-raising  country,  and  has  a  high  reputation  for  blood-horses, 
sheep,  and  Cashmere  goats.  The  exports  are  cotton,  tobacco,  wheat,  and  Indian 
corn. 

1779,  MAY  21.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  to  pay  in, 
during  the  year,  forty-five  millions  of  the  bills,  in  addition  to  the 
fifteen  millions  already  called  for. 

1779.  —  IN  the  spring  the  American  army,  exclusive  of  the 
few  troops  in  the  southern  division,  consisted  of  about  sixteen 
thousand  men. 

Of  these,  Gates  had  command  of  three  thousand  in  New  England,  his  head- 
quarters being  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island ;  seven  thousand  were  about  Middle- 
brook,  in  which  place  Washington  had  his  head-quarters.  The  rest  of  the  army 
were  in  the  highlands  of  the  Hudson,  under  McDougall,  completing  the  de- 
fences of  West  Point,  and  under  Putnam,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson.  The 
British  had  eleven  thousand  men  in  New  York,  and  over  four  thousand  at  New- 
port. The  organization  of  the  army  was  modified.  The  state  quotas  were  re- 
duced to  eighty  battalions  :  Massachusetts  to  furnish  fifteen ;  Virginia  and  Penn- 
sylvania, each,  eleven;  Connecticut  and  Maryland,  each,  eight;  the  two  Carolinas, 
each,  six ;  New  York,  five ;  New  Hampshire  and  New  Jersey,  each,  three ;  Rhode 
Island,  two;  Delaware  and  Georgia,  each,  one.  Huger  of  South  Carolina, 
Sumner  and  Hogan  of  North  Carolina,  Gist  of  Maryland,  and  William  Irvine  of 
Pennsylvania,  were  made  brigadiers.  > 

1779,  MAY  21.  —  The  states  were  called  upon  to  supply  their 
quotas  of  forty-five  millions  for  this  year,  before  January 
1,  1780. 

1779,  MAY  28.  —  The  Board  of  Treasury  reported  to  Congress 
that  it  was  impracticable  to  carry  on  the  war  with  paper  money, 
if  the  quartermasters  and  commissaries  continued  their  enormous 
expenditures. 

Congress  appointed  a  committee  to  inquire  into  the  subject. 


382  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1779. 

1779.  —  PRESIDENT  REED  of  Pennsylvania,  in  his  message  to  the 
assembly,  stated  that  the  sale  of  the  confiscated  estates  had 
brought  in  sufficient  "  to  afford  a  great  relief  to  the  good  people 
in  this  state  from  their  public  burdens." 

1779,  JUNE  20.  —  Lincoln  arrived  at  Charleston,  and  encamped 
near  the  town. 

He  made  an  attack  upon  a  redoubt,  intended  to  cover  a  bridge  of  boats 
Prevost  had  provided,  and  was  repulsed.  Prevost  withdrew  to  Beaufort,  and 
then  returned  to  Georgia. 

1779,  JUNE.  —  Clinton,  from  New  York,  ascended  the  Hudson, 
and  captured  Verplanck's  Point  and  Stony  Point. 

The  works  at  Stony  Point  were  unfinished,  and  were  abandoned;  as  they 
commanded  those  at  Verplanck's,  these  also  were  surrendered.  These  captures 
interfered  with  the  transportation  of  the  stores  for  Washington's  army. 

1779,  JUNE.  —  Commissioners  were  appointed  by  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina  to  run  the  boundary  line  between  these  two 
states. 

When  they  reached  the  summit  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  the  North  Caro- 
lina commissioners  abandoned  the  survey ;  but  Walker,  the  Virginia  commis- 
sioner, continued  it,  and  ascertained  the  point  on  the  Mississippi  where  it  ought 
to  strike.  Fort  Jefferson  was  soon  erected  just  above  this  point,  being  named  in 
honor  of  Jefferson,  who  had  been  elected  governor  of  Virginia. 

1779,  JUNE.  —  The  Spanish  court  published  a  manifesto  which 
was  equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  war  with  England. 

It  had  proposed  to  mediate  between  France  and  England,  and  on  the  rejection 
of  its  offer  by  England,  published  this  manifesto.  It  did  not,  however,  recognize 
the  independence  of  the  United  States. 

1779,  JULY  4.  —  A  British  expedition  from  New  York,  under 
Governor  Tryon,  ravaged  Connecticut. 

New  Haven  was  plundered ;  Fairfield  and  Norwalk  were  burned.  Crossing  over 
to  Long  Island,  Sag  Harbor  was  visited. 

1779,  JULY  16.  —  The  British  at  Stony  Point  were  surprised 
by  an  expedition  under  General  Anthony  Wayne. 

Over  five  hundred  prisoners  were  captured,  the  American  loss  being  one  hun- 
dred. Operations  were  commenced  against  Verplanck's  Point,  but  abandoned 
when  the  British  army  moved  out  from  New  York  to  defend  it.  Stony  Point  being 
also  abandoned,  the  British  reoccupied  it. 

1779,  JULY  26.  —  An  expedition  fitted  out  by  Massachusetts 
under  Captain  Saltonstall,  in  the  Continental  naval  service,  made 
a  landing  to  dislodge  a  post  on  the  Penobscot,  which  had  been 
established  by  a  party  from  Nova  Scotia. 

Finding  the  works  too  strong,  reinforcements  were  sent  for  from  Boston.  An 
expedition  in  defence  of  the  post  was  sent  from  New  York  under  Sir  George 
Collier,  which  arrived  in  August.  The  Massachusetts  army  abandoned  their  posi- 


1779.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  383 

tion,  and  escaped  through  the  woods.  The  ships,  five  frigates  and  ten  smaller 
vessels,  were  destroyed,  the  others  being  captured  by  the  British.  Saltonstall  was 
tried  by  a  court-martial  and  cashiered.  Eventually,  after  much  discussion,  Con- 
gress assumed  the  expenses  of  the  expedition,  •which  had  resulted  in  heavy  loss. 

1779,  JULY  30.  —  The  Treasury  Board  was  reorganized,  and 
Gerry  retired  from  it. 

It  consisted  of  three  members  of  Congress,  to  be  changed  every  six  months, 
and  of  two  permanent  members  not  belonging  to  Congress.  Under  these  were  an 
auditor-general,  six  auditors,  a  treasurer,  and  three  chambers  of  accounts.  The 
envoys  in  Europe  were  instructed  to  obtain  information  in  their  respective 
countries  concerning  the  methods  used  in  organizing  and  conducting  their  finan- 
cial matters. 

1779,  AUGUST  17.  —  Congress  recommended  the  states  to  make 
provision  for  their  officers  and  soldiers,  either  by  granting  the 
officers  half-pay  for  life,  and  rewarding  the  soldiers,  or  by  such 
other  method  as  they  should  think  best. 

It  was  also  recommended  the  states  to  make  provision  for  the  widows  of  such 
as  should  be  killed. 

1779,  AUGUST  18.  —  Paulus  Hook,  now  Jersey  City,  was  cap- 
tured by  a  corps  of  the  American  army  under  Major  Henry  Lee. 

1779,  AUGUST  21.  • —  The  frigate  Providence  and  two  other 
United  States  ships,  under  Captain  Whipple,  brought  into  Boston 
eight  prizes  captured  along  the  coast. 

These  prizes  were  valued  at  over  a  million  of  dollars. 

1779.  —  PITTSFIELD,  in  Massachusetts,  this  year  instructed  its 
representatives  to  the  general  court  to  use  their  "  best  endeavors, 
that  any  petition  which  may  be  preferred  from  this  town,  or  from 
any  individual  of  it,  respecting  the  erecting  a  Paper  Mill  in 
this  town,  be  attended  to  and  espoused  by  you  in  the  General 
Court." 

1779.  —  THE  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  vested  by  an  act  the 
title  to  all  ungranted  lands,  or  quit-rents  in  the  state. 

The  late  proprietaries  were  allowed  their  private  property,  including  the  lands 
already  appropriated  as  proprietary  tenths,  with  the  quit-rents  accruing  on  them. 
The  assembly  also  granted  the  late  proprietaries  one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand 
pounds,  payable  in  instalments  to  commence  one  year  after  peace.  This  they  did 
as  a  proof  of  "their  liberality  and  remembrance  of  the  enterprising  spirit  which 
distinguished  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania.-"  This  grant  was  faithfully  paid,  and 
the  heirs  also  were  indemnified  by  the  British  government. 

1779,  AUGUST  22.  —  An  army  under  General  Sullivan,  at  New- 
town,  now  JSlmira,  defeated  the  Tories  and  Indians,  and  laid  the 
country  waste. 

At  the  same  time  an  expedition  from  Pittsburg  ascended  the  Alleghany,  de- 
stroying the  Indian  villages  along  the  river. 


384  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1779. 

1779,  AUGUST.  —  The  French  fleet,  under  D'Estaing,  arrived 
off  the  coast  of  Georgia. 

It  had  returned  from  the  West  Indies. 

1779,  SEPTEMBER. —  A  Spanish  expedition  from  New  Orleans' 
under  the  command  of  Galvez,  the  governor,  captured  Baton 
Rouge,  and  a  fort  near  Natchez. 

Soon  after  he  captured  Mobile,  leaving  Pensacola  as  the  only  fort  in  West 
Florida  in  possession  of  the  English. 

1779,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  Congress  promised  that  the  issues  of 
Continental  bills  should  not  exceed  two  hundred  millions. 

The  issue  was  stated  by  Jay,  in  a  circular  of  September  13,  as  being  one 
hundred  and  sixty  millions.  The  depreciation  was  twenty  for  one.  The  loans, 
the  interest  on  which  was  payable  in  bills  on  France,  were  seven  and  a  half  millions 
before  August  1,  1778,  and  since  twenty-six  millions.  The  interest  on  this  was  to 
increase  with  the  increase  of  the  issue.  The  foreign  debt  was  estimated  at  four 
millions.  Of  the  sixty  millions  in  paper  currency  called  from  the  states,  only 
three  millions  had  come  into  the  treasury. 

1779,  SEPTEMBER  27.  —  John  Adams  was  appointed  by  Congress 
a  commissioner  to  negotiate  with  Great  Britain,  and  John  Jay 
with  Spain. 

Jay  was  to  obtain  the  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  and  a  loan  of  five  mil- 
lions of  dollars.  The  vacancy  of  the  presidency  of  Congress  made  by  his  appoint- 
ment was  filled  by  the  election  of  Samuel  Huntington  of  Connecticut.  Shortly 
after  Laurens  was  commissioned  to  Holland  to  negotiate  a  loan. 

1779,  OCTOBER  6.  —  Congress  called  on  the  states  to  pay  their 
quotas  of  fifteen  millions. 

They  were  to  pay  it  on  the  1st  of  the  next  February,  and  the  first  of  each  suc- 
ceeding month  until  October  1,  1780.  Georgia  being  in  possession  of  the  enemy, 
was  excused. 

A  circular  letter  was  sent  with  these  calls,  in  which  Congress  explained  the 
situation.  In  the  first,  they  said :  "Suddenly  called  upon  to  repel  the  unpro- 
voked invasion  of  a  prince  who  ought  to  have  exerted  himself  for  our  protection ; 
without  arms  or  ammunition,  without  military  discipline  or  permanent  finances, 
without  an  established  government  and  without  allies,  and  enfeebled  by  habitual 
attachments  to  our  very  enemies,  we  were  precipitated  into  all  the  expensive  opera- 
tions relative  to  a  state  of  war  with  one  of  the  most  formidable  nations  on  earth. 
Surrounded  on  all  sides  with  wants,  difficulties,  and  dangers,  notwithstanding  the 
internal  wealth  of  our  country,  immediate  taxation  was  impracticable.  And  for 
the  same  reason,  and  a  share  of  ill  success  at  different  periods,  we  could  not  hope, 
either  at  home  or  abroad,  to  borrow  money  to  supply  our  exigencies.  From 
necessity  we  embraced  the  expedient  of  emitting  paper  money  on  the  faith  of  the 
United  States ;  an  expedient  often  successfully  practised  in  separate  states  while 
we  were  subjected  to  British  dominion.  Large  sums  were  indispensably  neces- 
sary, and  the  paper  currency  multiplied  beyond  what  was  necessary  for  the  pur- 
pose of  a  circulating  medium.  This  alone  could  not  fail  to  discredit  it  in  some 
degree,  but  the  arts  of  an  unprincipled  enemy  have  added  to  the  mischief.  As 
their  last  effort,  they  have  had  recourse  to  fraud.  Their  emissaries  have  em- 


1779.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  385 

ployed  a  variety  of  artifices  to  debase  our  money  and  increase  the  cost  of  com- 
modities. The  fears  and  apprehensions  of  the  people  have  been  alarmed  by 
misrepresentations,  while  our  enemies  of  the  highest  rank  have  not  hesitated  to 
counterfeit  our  bills  of  credit  and  disperse  them  through  the  country.  Such  being 
the  embarrassments  which  interrupt  the  free  circulation  of  our  money,  they 
loudly  call  for  a  remedy,  and  Congress,  from  a  regard  for  good  faith,  for  private 
justice  and  the  public  safety,  are  bound  to  apply  it.  To  raise  the  value  of  our 
paper  money  and  to  redeem  it  will  not,  we  are  persuaded,  be  difficult.  Without 
public  inconvenience,  or  private  distress,  the  whole  of  the  debt  incurred  in  paper 
emissions  to  this  day  may  be  cancelled  by  taxes ;  it  may  be  cancelled  within  a 
period  so  limited  as  must  leave  the  possessor  of  the  bills  satisfied  with  his  security, 
and  if,  by  a  continuance  of  the  war,  the  public  service  should  demand  further 
emissions,  they,  too,  may  be  cancelled  within  the  same  period ;  it  being  evident 
that  our  ability  to  sustain  a  tax  must  increase  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of 
money  in  circulation." 

Gordon,  in  his  history  of  the  American  Revolution,  quotes  from  a  confiden- 
tial letter  written  by  General  Clinton  to  Lord  George  Germain,  about  1781, 
as  follows:  "The  experiments  suggested  by  your  lordship  have  been  tried; 
no  assistance  that  could  be  drawn  from  the  power  of  gold,  or  the  arts  of  coun- 
terfeiting, have  been  left  untried,  but  still  the  currency,  like  the  widow's  cruse 
of  oil,  has  not  failed."  While  New  York  was  in  possession  of  the  British, 
the  newspapers  contained  advertisements  of  counterfeit  money,  and  flags  of  truce 
were  made  use  of  to  circulate  it.  In  New  York,  counterfeiting  the  Continental 
bills  was  a  regular  business,  and  the  British  armies  carried  forged  bills  as  one  of 
their  supplies. 

1779,  OCTOBER  9.  —  An  assault  upon  Savannah,  by  the  combined 
French  and  American  forces,  was  repulsed. 

Pulaski  was  mortally  wounded.  D'Estaing  sailed  again  for  the  West  Indies, 
and  Lincoln  returned  to  Charleston. 

1779,  OCTOBER  20. — A  convention  met  at  Hartford,  Connecti- 
cut, of  delegates  from  the  five  New  England  states. 

It  arranged  a  tariff  of  prices,  and  proposed  a  scale  for  payment  in  Continental 
bills,  on  the  basis  of  twenty  for  one,  advising  a  general  convention  to  be  held  in 
Philadelphia  in  January. 

1779,  OCTOBER.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an 
act  prohibiting  the  involuntary  sale  of  slaves  out  of  the  state. 

1779,  OCTOBER.  —  Verplanck's  Point  and  Stony  Point,  on  the 
Hudson,  were  evacuated  by  the  British. 

Clinton  hearing  of  the  arrival  of  D'Estaing's  fleet,  was  afraid  for  New  York. 
To  strengthen  it,  these  posts  were  vacated,  the  troops  from  Newport  withdrawn, 
and  an  expedition  to  the  West  Indies  detained. 

1779,  OCTOBER  25.  —  The  British  army  evacuated  Newport. 

Forty-six  Tory  families  went  with  them.  During  the  British  occupation  of  the 
island,  more  than  five  hundred  houses  had  been  destroyed,  and  a  legislative  com- 
mittee reported  in  1782  that  the  damage  in  Newport  alone  was  about  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  thousand  pounds.  The  British  carried  away  with  them  the 
records  of  the  town  from  its  settlement.  They  were  sunk  in  the  ship  which  car- 

25 


386  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1779-80. 

ried  them,  at  Hell  Gate,  in  New  York  harbor,  and  partially  recovered  three  years 
afterwards. 

1779,  NOVEMBER  19.  —  Congress  approved  the  proposition  made 
by  the  convention  at  Hartford,  but  urged  the  states  to  adopt  it 
at  once  without  waiting  for  another  convention. 

1779,  DECEMBER.  —  The  winter  was  unusually  severe,  and  in 
Rhode  Island  wood  was  very  scarce,  selling  for  twenty  dollars  a 
cord. 

Corn  was  worth  four  silver  dollars  a  bushel,  and  potatoes  two  dollars. 

1779,  DECEMBER  26.  —  The  British,  under  Clinton,  embarked 
at  New  York  for  Savannah. 

He  carried  about  seven  thousand  men,  of  whom  two  thousand  were  Tories. 
The  Tories  in  the  British  service  at  this  time  amounted  to  about  five  thousand. 

1780,  JANUARY.  —  Massachusetts  adopted  a  constitution. 

A  convention  was  called  by  the  existing  authority,  of  delegates  chosen  by  the 
method  of  choosing  representatives,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  forming  a  constitu- 
tion. They  accepted  one  prepared  by  John  Adams,  Samuel  Adams,  and  James 
Bowdoin,  and,  submitting  it  to  the  people,  adjourned.  After  the  people  had  voted 
upon  it,  they  reassembled,  and,  counting  the  votes,  declared  it  adopted.  John 
Hancock  was  chosen  in  October  the  first  governor  under  it.  It  recognized  the 
freedom  of  the  press,  and  also  provided  a  property  qualification  for  the  suffrage. 
The  legislature  was  authorized  to  provide  for  the  support  of  ministers,  and 
compel  attendance  on  their  services.  It  also  assumed  the  right  to  practically  re- 
enact  the  colonial  laws  against  blasphemy,  wlu'ch  was  defined  as  denying  the  Divine 
inspiration  of  any  part  of  the  Bible,  or  the  received  opinions  of  tiie  Divinity. 
The  Bill  of  Rights  held  that  "  all  men  are  born  free  and  equal." 

1780,  JANUARY  5.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  of  retaliation, 
ordering  the  same  allowances  and  treatment  to  be  given  to 
British  prisoners  that  was  given  to  American  prisoners  in  British 
hands. 

1780,  FEBRUARY  5.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  to  fill  up 
their  quotas,  by  new  enlistments  or  drafts,  so  as  to  make  an  army 
of  thirty-five  thousand  men. 

Washington  had  not  quite  ten  thousand  men.  The  bounties  now  paid  disaf- 
fected the  old  soldiers. 

1780.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  assembly  forbade  the  introduction 
of  any  more  slaves  into  the  state,  and  declared  ah1  persons  born 
after  the  passage  of  the  act,  free. 

George  Bryan  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  passage  of  this  act.  It  was 
opposed  as  "premature,"  and  likely  to  have  a  bad  effect  in  the  southern  states. 
This  action  of  Pennsylvania  was,  however,  soon  imitated  by  Connecticut,  Rhode 
Island,  and  New  Hampshire.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and 
Virginia  had  prohibited  the  further  importation  of  slaves,  and  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land had  repealed  their  colonial  restrictions  on  emancipation ;  but  a  bill  for  gradual 


1780.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  387 

emancipation,  which  was  prepared  by  Jefferson  and  Wythe  for  Virginia,  was  not 
brought  forward  in  1785  while  Jefferson  was  in  France;  and  in  New  York  a  bill 
for  it  was  voted  down  in  1785. 

1780.  —  THE  boundary  line  between  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia 
was  finally  agreed  upon. 

Mason  and  Dixon's  line  was  continued  to  a  point  five  degrees  west  of  the 
Delaware,  and  a  line  drawn  due  north  from  this  point  was  to  form  the  western 
boundary  of  Pennsylvania.  By  this  arrangement  Pittsburg  came  again  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  Pennsylvania. 

1780.  —  THE  assembly  of  Maryland  imposed  a  duty  on  the 
export  of  bar  and  pig  iron,  to  be  paid  in  coin. 

1780.  —  THE  legislature  of  New  Jersey  granted  to  Henry 
Guest,  of  New  Brunswick,  the  exclusive  right  for  five  years  to 
make  currier's  oil  and  blubber  by  a  new  process,  —  discovered  by 
him,  —  from  materials  found  in  the  United  States. 

Samples  and  descriptions,  sealed,  were  deposited  with  the  clerk  of  the 
assembly. 

1780.  —  AN  association  was  formed  at  Worcester,  Massachu- 
setts, for  spinning  and  weaving  cotton,  and  a  subscription  was 
opened  to  raise  funds  for  procuring  a  jenny. 

On  the  30th  of  April,  the  Spy  announced  that  the  Tuesday  before  "  the  first 
piece  of  corduroy  made  in  the  factory  in  this  town  was  taken  from  the  loom." 

1780.  —  THE  term  of  enlistment  "for  three  years,"  made  in 
1777,  ran  out,  and  the  army  was  so  much  reduced  that  Congress 
called  earnestly  upon  the  respective  states  to  replenish  their 
regiments. 

The  average  bounty  in  many  states  was  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  in  specie. 
In  Massachusetts  it  was  two  hundred  and  eighty.  The  pay  was  six  dollars  and 
sixty-six  cents  in  specie  a  month,  or  its  equivalent,  exclusive  of  bounties. 

1780.  —  THE  legislature  of  Maryland  abolished  the  quit-rents, 
and  declared  the  proprietary  estates  forfeit. 

To  a  claim  subsequently  made  for  indemnity  no  attention  was  paid.  The 
illegitimacy  of  Henry  Harford,  and  the  fact  that  he  had  inherited  by  will  instead 
of  through  descent,  were  supposed  to  justify  a  disregard  of  his  claim  for  in- 
demnity. 

1780,  FEBEUARY  7.  —  The  convention  of  northern  states  met 
at  Philadelphia,  and  discussed  various  measures  for  the  cur- 
rency. 

1780,  FEBRUARY  19.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  instructed 
its  delegates  to  Congress  to  cede  a  portion  of  the  land  claimed 
under  its  charter,  for  the  common  benefit. 

The  land  was  that  portion  of  her  claim  west  of  a  line  drawn  through  the  western- 
most extremity  of  Lake  Ontario. 


388  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1780. 

1780,  FEBRUARY  25.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  to  fur- 
nish supplies  in  kind  for  the  campaign  of  the  opening  year. 

Three  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  hundred-weight  of  beef;  four  hundred  and 
fifty-five  thousand  gallons  of  rum ;  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  thousand  barrels 
of  flour ;  six  hundred  and  ninety-five  thousand  bushels  of  corn,  or  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  short  forage ;  fifty-three  thousand  bushels  of  salt ;  nine  thousand  tons  of 
hay;  seven  thousand  hogsheads  of  tobacco,  and  fifty-two  thousand  bushels  of 
rice,  were  asked  for  to  supply  the  army.  The  accounts  for  these  supplies  were 
to  be  kept,  and  settled  in  silver  coin ;  and  those  states  furnishing  more  than  their 
quota  were  to  receive  interest  at  six  per  cent,  on  the  surplus,  while  any  deficiency 
was  to  be  charged  at  the  same  rate.  To  this  call  no  reply  was  made. 

1780,  MARCH  6.  —  Congress  resolved  upon  a  change  in  the 
character  and  management  of  the  bills  of  credit. 

They  made  a  statement  that  "  it  is  essential  speedily  to  reduce  the  quantity  of 
the  paper  medium  in  circulation,  and  to  establish  and  appropriate  funds  that  shall 
insure  the  punctual  redemption  of  the  bills."  The  United  States  was  now  com- 
petent to  do  this,  because  "their  independence  being  well  assured,  their  civil  gov- 
ernments established  and  vigorous,  and  the  spirit  of  their  citizens  ardent  for 
exertion,"  therefore  the  following  measures  were  adopted.  The  states  should  con- 
tinue to  furnish  their  quotas  of  the  fifteen  millions  assigned  them  October  G,  1779 ; 
coin  should  be  received  for  taxes  at  the  rate  of  one  dollar  for  forty  of  the  bills ; 
that  the  bills  so  received  (except  those  for  January  and  February)  should  be 
destroyed ;  that  as  bills  were  received  others  should  be  issued,  not  to  exceed  a 
twentieth  part  of  those  received;  that  the  new  bills  should  be  redeemed  in  specie, 
with  interest  at  five  per  cent.,  in  six  years,  or  in  sterling  exchange  at  four  shillings 
and  sixpence ;  the  new  bills  were  issued  on  the  faith  of  the  different  states,  as  well 
as  upon  that  of  the  United  States,  and  six  tenths  of  them  were  given  to  the  indi- 
vidual states  in  proportion  to  their  quotas,  and  four  tenths  reserved  for  the  United 
States,  and  credited  to  the  states,  in  accordance  with  their  quotas  of  October  6, 
1779 ;  the  interest  paid  upon  the  sterling  exchange  by  the  United  States  to  be 
charged  to  the  states ;  and  the  states  to  provide  funds  to  redeem  one  sixth  of  their 
quotas  yearly  from  the  1st  of  January,  1781. 

1780,  MARCH  18.  —  Congress  fixed  the  depreciation  of  the  cur- 
rency at  forty  for  one  as  the  scale  at  which  all  loan  certificates 
and  those  from  commissaries  were  to  be  paid. 

The  scale  had  been  begun  in  March,  1778,  at  one  and  three  quarters  for  one. 
In  September  5  it  was  ordered  that  only  coin,  or  the  new  issue,  should  be  received. 

1780,  MARCH  20.  —  Congress  advised  the  repeal  of  the  laws 
making  the  old  bills  of  credit  a  legal  tender,  and  desired  the 
assemblies  of  the  states  to  consider  the  proposed  measure  for  the 
new  issue. 

1780,  MARCH  20.  —  Congress  recommended  the  states  to  modify 
their  tender  laws  so  as  to  conform  to  the  change  in  the  bills  of 
credit. 

The  states  did  so ;  but,  as  they  did  not  respond  to  the  change  of  the  6th  of 
March  as  promptly  as  necessary  to  raise  money,  Congress  was  forced  to  draw  bills 


1780.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  389 

upon  their  ministers  in  Europe,  and  did  so  for  about  seven  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

1780,  MARCH.  —  Pennsylvania  issued  bills  of  credit  to  the 
amount  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 

They  bore  five  per  cent,  interest ;  and,  besides  the  security  of  the  public  credit, 
the  assembly  set  aside  city  lots  in  Philadelphia  and  on  Province  Island  for  their 
redemption.  In  December,  the  assembly  made  them  a  legal  tender,  and  fixed 
their  value  in  relation  to  the  Continental  bills  at  one  to  seventy-five,  to  last  until 
the  first  of  the  next  February,  when  the  state  executive  council  was  the  first  week 
in  each  month  to  publish  the  rate. 

1780,  APRIL  10.  —  Congress  resolved,  that  as  soon  as  the  con- 
dition of  the  finances  would  allow,  the  states  should  make  up  the 
deficiency  of  the  army's  pay  caused  by  the  depreciation  of  the 
Continental  money. 

Massachusetts  had  done  this,  and  the  Pennsylvania  line  complained  that  it  was 
not  done  for  them. 

1780,  APRIL  24.  —  Congress  appealed  to  the  states  to  be  prompt 
in  collecting  their  quotas. 

1780,  MAY  2. —  Two  Connecticut  regiments,  in  Washington's 
army,  threatened  to  march  home,  or  help  themselves  to  supplies. 

1780,  MAY  10.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  to  collect  and 
pay  in,  within  thirty  days,  ten  millions  of  dollars  —  a  part  of  the 
sum  called  for  the  year  before. 

The  states  south  of  Virginia  were  exempted  from  this  call.  The  amount  was 
to  be  collected  in  bills  of  credit. 

1780,  MAY  12.  —  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  surrendered  to 
the  British  under  General  Clinton. 

Clinton  had  left  New  York  the  last  of  the  preceding  year,  and  in  January  had 
reached  Savannah.  From  there  the  fleet  entered  Charleston  harbor,  passing  Fort 
Moultrie  with  trifling  loss.  The  city  was  finally  invested.  For  its  defence  Lincoln 
had  nearly  seven  thousand  men.  In  May,  Fort  Moultrie  surrendered,  and,  as  the 
enemy  were  nearly  ready  to  assault  the  city,  and  the  works  for  its  defence  were  full 
of  breaches,  Lincoln  offered  to  capitulate.  The  soldiers  were  to  march  out  and  lay 
down  their  arms,  and  be  dismissed  on  their  parole  not  to  take  up  arms,  and  to  be 
secure  as  long  as  the  parole  was  kept.  Governor  Rutledge/with  three  of  the 
council,  had  left  the  city  before  the  investment  was  completed.  The  lieutenant- 
governor,  Gadsden,  and  five  councillors,  were  included  in  the  capitulation. 

1780,  MAY  19.  —  The  dark  day  occurred  in  New  England. 

The  darkness  extended  from  Connecticut  to  New  Hampshire.  Candles  were 
needed  at  noonday. 

1780,  MAY.  —  As  the  army  was  in  danger  of  disbanding  from 
want  of  provisions,  a  number  of  persons  subscribed  in  currency, 
and  gave  their  bonds,  payable  in  coin  if  necessary,  to  secure  the 
government  for  the  purchase  of  the  supplies.  The  bonds  were 


390  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1780. 

never  collected.  They  ranged  from  ten  thousand  pounds  to  one 
thousand,  and  together  amounted  to  three  hundred  and  fifteen 
thousand  pounds. 

A  partial  list  of  their  names  can  be  found  in  H.  Niles's  Principles  and  Ads  of 
1he  Revolution,  p.  486.  They  formed  a  bank  called  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  movement  was  originated  by  Robert  Morris  of  Philadelphia.  Congress 
directed  the  Board  of  Treasury  to  deposit  in  the  bank  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand pounds  in  sterling  bills  of  exchange  to  secure  them. 

1780,  MAY  22. —  A  proclamation  was  issued  by  Clinton  from 
Charleston,  threatening  severe  penalties  for  those  appearing  in 
arms  against  the  royal  authority. 

June  1,  another  was  issued,  offering  pardon  to  all  those  who  returned  to  their 
allegiance;  such  as  "under  mock  forms  of  justice  had  polluted  themselves  with 
the  blood  of  their  loyal  fellow-subjects  "  being  excepted. 

1780,  MAY  26.  —  Congress  resolved  that  commissary  certifi- 
cates would  be  received  at  their  face  for  all  Continental  taxes. 

They  were  thus  made  an  addition  to  the  currency. 

1780,  MAY  27.  —  Congress  recommended  the  legislatures  of  the 
states  to  empower  the  collectors  to  receive  for  taxes  the  certifi- 
cates of  quartermasters  and  commissaries. 

The  states  made  such  attempts  to  collect  the  taxes  called  for  that  the  sellers  of 
supplies  on  credit  were  afraid  they  would  not  be  paid. 

1780,  MAY.  —  A  committee,  of  which  Schuyler  was  chairman, 
reported  to  Congress  on  the  condition  of  the  army. 

They  had  been  appointed  to  visit  the  camp,  and  in  consultation  with  Wash- 
ington, suggest  concerning  its  organization.  They  said,  "That  the  army  was 
five  months  unpaid;  that  it  seldom  had  more  than  six  days'  provisions  in  advance, 
and  was  on  several  occasions,  for  sundry  consecutive  days,  without  meat;  that 
the  army  was  destitute  of  forage ;  that  the  medical  department  had  neither  sugar, 
tea,  chocolate,  wine,  nor  spirits ;  and  that  every  department  was  without  money, 
or  even  the  shadow  of  credit." 

1780,  MAY  29.  —  Tarleton,  commanding  a  British  force  sent  by 
Clinton  from  Charleston,  overtook  and  defeated  at  Waxhaws,  near 
the  North  Carolina  line,  a  regiment  from  Virginia  under  Buford. 

The  regiment  had  set  out  to  reinforce  Charleston :  it  was  cut  to  pieces,  no 
quarter  being  given.  Two  other  detachments  sent  from  Charleston  by  Clinton 
(one  towards  Augusta,  and  the  other  towards  Camden)  met  with  no  resistance, 
the  people  submitting  and  giving  their  parole,  or  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

1780,  JUNE  3.  — A  new  proclamation  was  issued  from  Charles- 
ton, discharging  the  paroles  of  those  not  taken  in  arms,  and 
making  an  oath  of  allegiance  necessary  to  escape  being  treated 
as  an  enemy. 

Clinton  now  returned  to  New  York,  leaving  Cornwallis  in  command.  He  sub- 
sisted his  troops  by  seizure  of  supplies  from  those  who  had  not  taken  the  oath, 
and  by  paying  those  who  had  with  certificates  upon  the  British  commissaries. 


1780.]  ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  391 

1780,  JUNE  12. —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  issued  twenty 
thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit. 

They  bore  interest  at  six  per  cent.,  and  were  to  be  redeemed  in  specie  on  the 
following  January.  They  were  made  a  legal  tender. 

1780,  JUNE  23. —  The  British,  under  Clinton,  advanced  from 
New  York  to  Springfield,  New  Jersey,  and  drove  Greene  with 
his  detachment  back  over  the  Railway. 

Clinton  soon  after  withdrew  his  army  to  Staten  Island  to  recuperate. 

1780,  JULY  10.  —  A  French  fleet  of  forty-four  sail,  under  Ad- 
miral De  Torney,  with  six  thousand  troops  under  Count  de 
Rochambeau,  arrived  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

In  the  fleet  there  were  twelve  ships-of-war  and  thirty-two  transports.  Kocham- 
beau  had  orders  to  place  himself  under  Washington's  command. 

1780.  —  THE  crops  this  year  were  a  failure. 

1780,  JULY  31.  —  News  arrived  that  a  second  French  fleet  was 
blockaded  at  Brest  by  a  British  fleet. 

The  British  fleet,  which  had  reinforced  Clinton  at  New  York,  proceeded  to 
Newport,  and  blockaded  the  French  fleet  there.  The  French  army  was  forced  to 
remain  at  Newport  to  protect  the  fleet ;  and,  to  aid  them,  three  thousand  five  hun- 
dred militia  were  kept  at  Newport  under  arms. 

1780,  JULY.  — The  command  of  the  southern  department  was 
given  to  Gates. 

He  took  command  at  Deep  Eiver,  and  pressed  forward  towards  Camden. 

1780,  AUGUST  3.  —  The  command  in  the  Highlands,  embracing 
the  works  at  West  Point,  was  given  to  Benedict  Arnold. 
He  obtained  the  position  in  order  to  betray  it. 

1780,  AUGUST  6.  —  An  engagement  took  place  between  the 
British  and  Americans  at  Hanging  Rock,  South  Carolina,  in 
which  the  latter  were  victorious. 

The  Americans  were  commanded  by  General  Sumter ;  the  British  and  Tories 
by  Colonel  Tarleton.  The  battle  lasted  about  four  hours,  and  was  one  of  the 
hardest  fought  engagements  of  the  war,  considering  the  numbers  engaged. 

1780,  AUGUST  13.  —  Congress  resolved  that  from  and  after  the 
first  of  that  month  the  army  should  receive  their  pay  in  the 
"  new  bills." 

The  lands  grant  was  also  extended  to  the  general  officers. 

1780,  AUGUST  16.  —  The  battle  at  Sanders'  Creek,  a  few  miles 
north  of  Camden,  South  Carolina,  took  place  between  the  British 
under  Lord  Cornwallis,  and  the  Americans  under  General  Gates. 
The  Americans  were  defeated. 

The  two  armies  were  approaching  each  other  without  being  aware  of  it,  and 


392  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1780. 

met  suddenly  in  the  dark,  a  little  after  midnight ;  a  skirmish  took  place  between 
the  vanguards,  but  the  battle  did  not  begin  until  morning.  The  British  loss  was 
three  hundred  and  twenty-five ;  the  American,  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners, 
nearly  two  thousand  men.  Among  the  killed  was  the  Baron  de  Kalb. 

1780,  AUGUST  18.  —  Surnter's  force  was  surprised  by  Tarleton, 
and  completely  scattered. 

Georgia,  South  and  North  Carolina  had  not  a  single  battalion  in  the  field.  The 
Virginia  line  had  been  chiefly  captured  at  Charleston,  or  scattered  in  other  engage- 
ments. The  Maryland  line  was  reduced  to  a  single  regiment,  and  the  Delaware 
line  to  a  single  company.  Among  the  prisoners  taken  at  Camden  were  some  who 
had  submitted  and  taken  a  British  protection.  Of  these,  several  were  hanged  on 
the  spot,  and  the  same  fate  was  threatened  for  all  who  should  imitate  their  exam- 
ple. Some  forty  of  the  chief  residents  of  Charleston  were  arrested,  and  sent  to 
St.  Augustine.  Sumter  and  Marion,  who  were  both  officers  in  the  Continental 
service,  were  commissioned  as  generals  by  Governor  Rutledgc  of  South  Carolina, 
and  continued  to  keep  a  resistance  to  the  British,  though  the  means  at  their  com- 
mand were  of  the  slightest  kind. 

1780,  AUGUST. —  Congress  resolved  that  any  one  who  should 
sell,  embezzle,  or  wilfully  misapply  the  supplies  of  the  army, 
should  suffer  death,  or  any  other  punishment  a  court-martial 
should  decide. 

1780,  AUGUST.  —  General  Greene  resigned  the  position  of 
quartermaster,  which  was  accepted  by  Colonel  Pickering. 

1780,  AUGUST  24.  —  The  provision  of  half-pay  for  seven  years 
was  extended  to  the  generals,  and  for  such  as  had  died,  or  should 
die,  in  the  service,  to  their  wives  or  children. 

1780,  AUGUST  26.  —  Congress  earnestly  recommended  the 
states  to  withdraw  their  quotas  of  the  bills  of  credit,  by  taxa- 
tion or  otherwise,  in  order  to  prepare  for  the  new  issue ;  and  at 
the  same  time  to  raise  by  taxes,  payable  in  the  new  issue,  their 
respective  quotas  of  three  millions. 

This,  it  was  hoped,  would  be  paid  into  the  Continental  treasury  by  the  last  of 
December. 

1780,  SEPTEMBER  6.  —  Congress  resolved  that  the  lands  which 
should  be  ceded  by  the  states,  claiming  them  under  their  charters, 
or  by  authority  of  royal  proclamations,  should  be  formed  into  re- 
publican states,  and  become  members  of  the  Union  with  the  same 
rights  of  sovereignty,  freedom,  and  independence  that  the  origi- 
nal members  of  the  Union  had. 

1780.  —  DURING  the  early  part  of  this  year  the  cold  was  so 
intense  that  the  Hudson  froze. 

There  was  great  scarcity  of  fuel  and  fresh  provisions  in  New  York  city,  and 
Kniphausen  feared  an  attack  upon  the  city,  as  the  ice  in  the  river  offered  an 
opportunity  for  the  Americans  to  cross  it.  All  the  inhabitants  were  put  under 
arms ;  a  "  Board  of  Associated  Loyalists  "  was  formed,  and  William  Franklin,  the 
late  governor  of  New  Jersey,  who  had  been  exchanged,  was  made  its  president. 


1780.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  393 

1780,  SEPTEMBER  6.  —  Congress  advised  the  states  whose  boun- 
daries were  under  dispute  to  surrender  a  portion  of  their  terri- 
tory in  order  to  maintain  the  confederacy,  since  the  Union  was 
necessary  "  to  their  very  existence  as  a  free,  sovereign,  and 
independent  people." 

The  ignorance  of  the  geography  of  the  country  at  the  time  when  the  charters 
were  granted  had  caused  these  conflicting  claims.  There  was  no  controversy 
about  their  boundaries  between  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  New  Jersey,  Maryland, 
New  Hampshire,  and  Rhode  Island;  but  the  charters  of  some  of  the  others  were 
of  impossible  dimensions,  extending  a  claim  to  the  South  Sea,  the  Mississippi 
River,  or  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  dominion  of  Connecticut,  for  example,  was,  by 
its  charter,  extended  to  the  Pacific. 

1780,  SEPTEMBER  15.  —  Congress  made  a  call  upon  Massachu- 
setts, New  Hampshire,  and  Connecticut  for  supplies  for  the  army. 

A  thousand  head  of  cattle  a  week  were  wanted  for  "the  immediate  supply  of 
the  army." 

1780.  —  At  the  same  time,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Del- 
aware were  asked  to  furnish,  "  with  all  possible  dispatch,"  two 
thousand  head  of  cattle. 

Warrants  were  drawn  on  the  loan-offices  for  $28,300  for  the  expense  of  for- 
warding cattle  to  the  army. 

1780,  SEPTEMBER  19.  —  Washington  went  to  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut, to  consult  with  Rochambeau  concerning  some  definite  plan 
of  action. 

1780,  SEPTEMBER  23. —  Major  Andre"  was  arrested,  and  Arnold's 
treachery  discovered. 

Andre"  was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  of  which  General  Greene  was  president, 
and  Steuben  and  Lafayette  members.  He  was  condemned  as  a  spy,  and  hanged 
October  2.  Arnold  was  paid  fifty  thousand  dollars  by  the  English  government  for 
his  treachery,  together  with  a  brigadier's  commission  in  the  British  army.  He 
issued  an  "  Address  tb  the  Inhabitants  of  America,"  and  also  a  "Proclamation  to 
the  Officers  and  Soldiers  of  the  Continental  Army,"  inviting  them  to  desert,  con- 
trasting their  wretchedness  with  the  prompt  pay  and  abundance  of  the  English 
service,  and  offering  three  guineas  to  each  private,  and  to  the  officers  commissions 
in  the  British  army  according  to  their  rank,  and  the  number  of  men  they  brought 
with  them.  This  document  met  with  the  contempt  it  deserved. 

1780,  SEPTEMBER.  —  Laurens  embarked  for  Holland. 

He  was  captured  on  his  passage  by  an  English  ship,  and  his  papers,  which  he 
threw  overboard,  were  saved  by  a  sailor  who  leaped  in  the  sea  after  them.  The 
information  they  contained  of  the  negotiations  carried  on  with  the  Americans  by 
the  Dutch  led  to  a  declaration  of  war  by  England.  December  2,  Laurens  was 
confined  in  the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  high  treason. 

1780,  OCTOBER  5.  —  A  court  of  inquiry  was  ordered  by  Con- 
gress into  the  defeat  at  Camden. 

Washington  appointed  General  Greene  to  succeed  General  Gates., 


394  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1780. 

1780,  OCTOBER.  —  Congress  assented  to  a  plan  for  the  organi- 
zation of  the  army,  presented  by  the  committee  sent  to  the  camp. 

The  army  was  to  consist  of  fifty  regiments  of  infantry,  four  regiments  of  artil- 
lery, one  of  artificers,  two  partisan  corps,  and  four  legions  —  part  horse  and  part 
foot.  All  new  enlistments  were  to  be  for  the  war.  Massachusetts  and  Virginia 
were  to  furnish,  each,  eleven  regiments;  Pennsylvania,  nine;  Connecticut,  six; 
Maryland,  five;  North  Carolina,  four;  New  York,  three;  New  Hampshire,  New 
Jersey,  and  South  Carolina,  each,  two ;  Rhode  Island,  Delaware,  and  Georgia, 
each,  one.  The  full  list  would  have  made  the  army  amount  to  thirty-six  thousand 
men,  but  it  never  had  in  the  field  one  half  this  number.  Half-pay  for  life  was 
promised  all  officers  who  served  until  the  end  of  the  war. 

1780,  OCTOBER  9.  —  A  body  of  loyalists  from  North  Carolina, 
commanded  by  General  Ferguson,  were  defeated  at  King's 
Mountain  by  a  body  of  backwoodsmen  under  Shelby  and  Sevier. 

The  survivors  (eight  hundred  in  number)  surrendered,  and  ten  of  the  most 
active  in  inducing  them  to  rise  were  tried  and  hanged  on  the  spot. 

1780,  OCTOBER  10.  —  Connecticut  offered  to  cede  her  claim  to 
the  unsettled  territory  west  of  Pennsylvania. 

She  excepted  a  tract  south  of  Lake  Erie  and  adjoining  Pennsylvania,  and 
known  subsequently  as  the  Connecticut  Reserve. 

1780,  OCTOBER.  —  The  legislature  of  Virginia  voted  to  raise 
three  thousand  men. 

Recruits  were  given  twelve  thousand  dollars  in  paper,  and  at  the  end  of  the 
war  were  to  have  three  hundred  acres  of  land  and  a  "  healthy,  sound  negro,"  or 
two  hundred  dollars  in  coin.  Men  to  serve  eighteen  months  were  drafted  from  the 
militia.  The  seizure  of  provisions  at  certain  fixed  prices  was  authorized,  and  ten 
millions  in  bills  of  credit,  redeemable  at  forty  for  one,  were  issued. 

1780,  OCTOBER.  —  Fort  George  and  Fort  Anne  were  captured 
by  an  expedition  of  Indians  and  Tories  under  Sir  John  Johnson. 

Another  expedition  drove  the  Oneidas,  friendly  to  the  Americans,  from  the 
vicinity  of  Niagara  to  the  neighborhood  of  Albany. 

1780,  OCTOBER  19.  —  General  Van  Rensselaer  defeated  a  party 
of  Indians  and  Tories  at  Fox  Mills. 

The  New  York  line  was  stationed  for  the  winter  at  Albany.  Washington's 
headquarters  were  at  New  Windsor.  The  New  England  troops  were  quartered  in 
the  Highlands,  those  of  New  Jersey  at  Pompton,  and  Pennsylvania  near  Morris- 
town. 

1780.  —  FOR  this  year  the  expenditure  from  the  treasury  was 
eighty-three  millions,  old  tenor,  and  nine  hundred  thousand  new. 

In  specie  the  payments  were  estimated  at  three  millions.  Jay  succeeded  in 
borrowing  in  Spain  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  payable  in  three  years. 
Four  million  livres  were  lent  the  commissioners  by  the  French  court. 

1780,  NOVEMBER  4. —  A  call  was  made  upon  the  states  for  ten 
millions  of  dollars,  to  be  raised  by  taxes. 


1780.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  395 

The  quotas  were  to  be  paid  in  coin,  or  in  "money  of  the  new  emission;  "  and 
the  terms  were  the  same  as  those  of  February. 

1780,  NOVEMBER  16.  —  An  advertisement  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  in 
the  Massachusetts  Spy,  offers  ten  shillings  a  pound  for  "  clean 
white  rags." 

1780,  NOVEMBER  18.  —  An  engagement  took  place  between  the 
Americans  under  General  Sumter,  and  a  party  of  mounted  Brit- 
ish and  Tories  under  Colonel  Wemyss,  at  Fish-Dam  Ford,  on  the 
Broad  River,  South  Carolina. 

The  British  were  driven  back. 

1780,  NOVEMBER  20.  —  An  engagement  between  the  Americans 
under  General  Sumter,  and  the  British  cavalry  under  Colonel 
Tarleton,  took  place  at  Blackstocks,  a  plantation  on  the  Tiger 
River,  South  Carolina. 

After  a  sharp  contest,  Tarleton  was  driven  back,  leaving  about  two  hundred 
killed  or  wounded  on  the  field.  The  Americans  lost  three  killed  and  five  wounded. 
Sumter  was  severely  wounded.  His  men  carried  him  to  a  place  of  safety,  and 
then  disbanded  and  scattered. 

1780,  DECEMBER  2.  —  Greene  took  command  of  the  southern 
army  at  Charlotte. 

Gates  had  obtained  some  recruits.  The  army  was  in  tatters,  the  military  chest 
was  empty,  and  supplies  were  obtained  by  impressment. 

1780,  DECEMBER  31.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  tendered  to 
Congress,  for  the  common  benefit,  the  territory  claimed  by  her. 

This  was  the  vast  domain  north-west  of  the  Ohio,  and  extending  to  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  lakes.  The  right  of  Virginia  to  the  remaining  territory  east  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  north  of  35°  30'  north  latitude,  was  retained. 

1780.  —  AN  act  for  establishing  the  town  of  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, was  passed  by  the  Virginia  legislature. 

It  was  named  in  honor  of  Louis  XVI. 

1780.  —  THE  depreciation  of  the  bills  of  credit  this  year  was, 
in  January,  forty  for  one ;  in  December,  seventy-five  for  one. 
Virginia  during  this  year  issued  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  and 
made  it  a  legal  tender  at  forty  for  one. 

Congress  this  year  called  for  an  aggregate  of  taxes  of  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
six  millions  of  dollars. 

1780.  —  DAVID  BRYAN,  of  Duchess  County,  New  York,  made 
the  first  winnowing-machine  ever  known  to  be  used  in  the 
United  States. 

The  machine  was  first  brought  into  England  from  Holland  in  the  early  part  of 
the  eighteenth  century. 

1780.  —  ANN  LEE  founded  the  sect  of  Shakers  at  Lebanon,  New 
York. 

Ann  Lee  was  born  at  Manchester,  England,  February  29,  1736,  and  died  Sep- 
tember 8,  1784,  at  Watervliet,  New  York.  She  came  to  this  country  in  1774. 


396  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1780-1. 

1780.  —  THE  first  glass-works  of  which  there  is  any  precise 
account   were   built   at   Temple,   New  Hampshire,   by   Robert 
Hewes  of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

The  works  were  erected  there  on  account  of  the  cheapness  of  fuel.  The  work- 
men, thirty-two  in  number,  were  Hessians,  deserters  from  the  British  army.  They 
were  a  drunken  set ;  and  in  the  winter,  in  consequence  of  carelessness,  the  works 
took  fire,  and  were  destroyed.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  to  rebuild 
them,  but  enough  capital  could  not  be  raised. 

1781,  JANUARY  1.  —  A  mutiny  broke  out  in  the  Pennsylvania 
troops. 

The  whole  line,  with  the  exception  of  three  regiments,  mustered  under  arms 
and  demanded  redress  for  their  grievances.  They  arrested  the  British  spies  who 
came  among  them  to  excite  them  to  violence,  and  delivered  them  to  General 
Wayne.  The  men  were  in  arrears  of  pay.  They  claimed  to  be  entitled  to  dis- 
charge, since  they  had  enlisted  for  three  years  or  the  war.  The  officers  claimed 
they  had  enlisted  for  three  years  and  the  war.  The  new  recruits  had  received 
large  bounties,  which  was  a  further  cause  of  discontent  to  those  who  were  not 
paid.  A  Congressional  committee  offered  an  immediate  supply  of  clothing,  cer- 
tificates for  pay  due,  and  the  discharge  of  those  who  had  enlisted  for  three  years 
or  the  war,  their  oaths  to  be  taken  as  to  the  fact.  Most  of  the  line  was  dis- 
charged. The  British  spies  they  had  arrested  were  hanged. 

1781,  JANUARY.  —  Some  of  the  New  Jersey  line  mutinied. 

They  refused  to  obey  certain  officers,  and  claimed  to  be  discharged  on  their 
oaths.  A  committee  of  the  New  Jersey  legislature,  to  inquire  into  the  grievances 
of  the  soldiers,  refused  to  proceed  until  they  returned  to  their  duty.  Some  of 
them  did  so,  and  the  rest  were  forced  to  submit  by  a  detachment  of  eastern 
troops  under  Howe,  who  surrounded  their  camp.  Three  of  the  ringleaders  were 
condemned  by  a  court-martial  to  death,  and  two  of  them  were  shot,  and  the  rest 
forced  to  apologize  to  their  officers  and  promise  for  the  future  to  obey. 

1781,  JANUARY.  —  Holland  declared  war  against  England. 

Paul  Jones  had  carried  some  of  his  prizes  into  the  ports  of  Holland,  and  she 
refused,  on  the  demand  of  England,  to  deliver  them  up. 

1781,  JANUARY  11.  —  The  Salem  Gazette  and  General  Adver- 
tiser appeared  in  Salem,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Mary  Crouch,  who  removed  the  plant  from  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  after  the  death  of  her  husband.  After  she  had  issued  thirty-five 
numbers  of  the  Gazette,  it  was  united  with  the  Essex  Gazette,  published  by 
Samuel  Hall. 

1781,  JANUARY.  —  Arnold,  who  had  been  sent  from  New  York 
to  Portsmouth  with  a  command  composed  chiefly  of  loyalists,  as- 
cended the  James  River,  and  burned  Richmond. 

He  proposed  to  spare  the  city  if  ships  should  be  allowed  to  come  and  carry 
away  the  tobacco  and  other  stores  in  it.  Governor  Jefferson  refused  this  prop- 
osition. 

1781,  JANUARY  15.  —  Congress  made  a  requisition  on  the 


1781.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  397 

states  for  eight  hundred  and  seventy-nine  thousand  dollars,  to 
be  paid  in  coin. 

It  was  needed  for  the  arrears  of  pay  due  the  army.  On  the  18th  of  April, 
Congress  reported  that  it  had  not  been  all  paid.  *  One  half  of  it  had  been.  Mas- 
sachusetts and  New  Hampshire  sent  to  each  of  their  soldiers  twenty-four  specie 
dollars. 

1781,  JANUARY  17.  —  The  Americans  tinder  General  Morgan 
defeated  the  British  at  Cowpens,  South  Carolina,  under  Tarleton. 

The  British  lost  more  than  six  hundred  men,  and  all  their  baggage  and  artil- 
lery ;  the  Americans,  less  than  eighty. 

1781,  JANUARY.  —  The  empress  of  Russia  offered  her  media- 
tion towards  making  peace  between  England  and  America. 

The  emperor  of  Germany,  at  the  request  of  Great  Britain,  joined  in  the  medi- 
ation. Nothing  resulted  from  it.  England  refused  to  acknowledge  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  United  States,  or  to  admit  thorn  to  the  negotiation ;  and  France, 
through  whose  agency  it  was  carried  on,  broke  it  off. 

1781,  FEBRUARY  2.  —  The  legislature  of  Maryland  united  in 
instructing  their  delegates  to -Congress  to  agree  to  the  articles 
of  confederation. 

Maryland  had  refrained  from  accepting  the  articles  of  confederation  from  a 
conviction  that  the  public  lands  should  be  the  common  territory  of  the  various 
states,  and  had  expressed  an  official  opinion  to  this  effect,  which  had  excited  a 
strong  remonstrance  from  Virginia.  Now  being  convinced  that  agreeing  to  the 
articles  of  confederation  would  aid  the  common  cause  of  the  states,  she  did  so. 

1781,  FEBRUARY  3.  —  Congress  recommended  the  states  to 
give  the  Congress  "  power  to  levy  for  the  use  of  the  United 
States  a  dut}>-  of  five  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  at  the  time  and  place 
of  importation,"  upon  all  goods,  with  some  exceptions,  arriving 
after  May  1 ;  the  duties  to  be  used  in  paying  the  principal  and 
interest  of  the  debt,  and  the  expenses  of  the  war. 

Rhode  Island  refused ;  Virginia  consented,  and  then  retracted ;  Georgia  said 
nothing.  In  April,  Congress  made  another  appeal  of  a  similar  nature,  with  a  like 
result.  This  course  had  been  recommended  by  a  convention  of  the  New  England 
states,  held  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  the  autumn  before. 

1781,  FEBRUARY.  —  Judah  Paddock  Spooner  and  Timothy 
Green  published  the  first  newspaper  in  Vermont,  the  Vermont 
Gazette,  or  Green  Mountain  Postboy,  at  Westminster. 

In  1783,  the  press,  under  new  proprietors,  was  removed  to  Windsor.  The 
price  of  the  Gazette  in  1788,  "as  far  north  as  Brandon,"  was  "four  bushels  of 
wheat  per  year ;  one  bushel  of  which  to  be  lodged  at  the  time  of  subscribing,  or 
as  soon  after  as  possible." 

1781,  FEBRUARY  21.  —  Congress  created  a  superintendent  of 
finance. 

The  Board  was  found  cumbersome  and  inefficient.    Robert  Morris  was  made 


398  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1781. 

superintendent,  with  an  extension  of  the  duties  and  powers  of  the  Board.  He 
took  Gouverneur  Morris  as  his  assistant.  Robert  Morris  was  also  the  fiscal 
agent  of  Pennsylvania.  On  September  20  he  wrote :  "The  late  movements  of 
the  army  have  so  entirely  drained  me  of  money  that  I  have  been  obliged  to 
pledge  my  personal  credit  very  deeply,  besides  borrowing  from  my  friends,  and 
advancing,  to  promote  the  public  service,  every  shilling  of  my  own."  All  the 
money  Morris  advanced  was  finally  repaid  to  him.  Morris  accepted  the  position 
with  the  express  stipulation  that  all  the  transactions  should  be  in  specie  values. 

1781,  FEBRUARY  28.  —  Galvez,  the  Spanish  governor  of  Louis- 
iana, sailed  from  New  Orleans  to  attack  Pensacola. 

Galvez  was  reinforced  from  Havana  and  Mobile,  and  Colonel  Campbell  in 
command  surrendered  the  post. 

1781.  —  DURING  the  summer  the  Spanish  post  at  St.  Louis  was 
attacked  by  the  British  from  Mackinaw. 

They  descended  by  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Illinois,  but  were  forced  to  raise 
the  siege  by  General  Clark. 

1781.  —  FORT  JEFFERSON  was  attacked  by  the  Choctaws. 

General  Clark  drove  them  away.  The  fort  was  soon  after  abandoned,  as  too 
expensive  to  retain.  General  Clark  was  commissioned  as  brigadier-general,  and 
had  his  headquarters  at  Fort  Nelson,  now  Louisville.  The  region  was  being  fast 
settled.  The  Virginia  paper  money  was  so  depreciated  that  warrants  for  a  thou- 
sand acres  could  be  bought  for  five  dollars  in  specie,  and  so  many  warrants  were 
issued  that  the  lands  were  covered  with  conflicting  titles,  caused  by  the  careless 
surveys.  Three  counties  were  laid  out :  the  region  about  Louisville,  called  Jef- 
ferson; that  about  Lexington,  called  Fayette;  and  that  between  the  Kentucky 
and  the  Cumberland,  called  Lincoln. 

1781,  MARCH  1.  —  The  articles  of  confederation,  by  the  sig- 
nature of  the  delegates  from  Maryland,  became  the  settled  law 
of  the  Union. 

These  "Articles  of  Confederation  and  Perpetual  Union  of  the  United  States 
of  America "  provided  for  a  firm  league  for  the  common  defence,  whether  the 
attack  was  made  upon  grounds  of  religion  or  of  sovereignty.  The  free  inhabi- 
tants of  each  state  were  entitled  to  the  privileges  and  immunities  of  the  free  citi- 
zens of  the  other  states.  The  Union  was  represented  in  a  Congress,  in  which  each 
state  had  one  vote.  Congress  had  the  sole  right  to  decide  on  war  and  peace,  and 
arrange  the  quotas  for  each  state  of  men  and  money  for  the  common  defence. 
Congress  also  could  form  treaties  and  alliances,  establish  prize  courts,  and  grant 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal.  Disputes  between  the  states  were  to  be  settled 
by  Congress.  No  state  was  to  be  deprived  of  territory  for  the  United  States. 
Congress  had  the  power  to  borrow  money,  to  regulate  the  coinage,  fix  weights 
and  measures,  establish  post-offices,  and  make  rules  for  the  army  and  navy.  The 
assent  of  nine  states  was  necessary  for  important  decisions.  "  Each  state  retains 
its  sovereignty,  freedom,  and  independence,  and  every  power,  jurisdiction,  and 
right  which  is  not  by  this  confederation  expressly  delegated  to  the  United  States 
in  Congress  assembled."  The  regulation  of  commerce  and  taxation  was  re- 
served to  the  states.  No  state  could  receive  or  send  foreign  embassies,  or  enter 
into  alliances  with  another  state,  and  all  were  bound  to  submit  to  the  decisions  of 


1781.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  399 

Congress  on  questions  submitted  to  it.  Congress  had  power  to  appoint  one  per- 
son from  each  state,  to  serve  together  as  a  committee,  with  authority  in  the 
recess  of  Congress.  Amendments  were  to  be  agreed  to  in  Congress,  and  ap- 
proved by  the  legislatures  of  the  states.  The  articles,  attested,  were  ordered 
sent  to  the  executive  of  each  state,  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  and  the 
ministers  abroad,  and  also,  translated  into  French,  to  Canada. 

1781,  MAECH  1.  —  The  New  York  delegates  to  Congress 
ceded  to  the  United  States  the  territory  west  of  a  line  drawn 
through  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario. 

They  reserved  the  right  of  retracting  if  the  same  guaranties  were  not  given 
to  New  York  as  were  given  to  the  other  states  making  similar  cessions.  The 
Maryland  delegates  then  signed  the  articles  of  confederation,  which  thus  became 
the  law. 

1781,  MAECH  15.  —  The  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House  took 
place,  in  North  Carolina. 

The  Americans  under  Greene  lost  their  artillery,  and  were  obliged  to  retreat. 
The  British  under  Cornwallis  fell  back. 

1781,  MAECH  16. — The  French  fleet  from  Newport  engaged 
with  the  English  fleet  off  the  capes  of  the  Chesapeake,  and 
being  worsted  in  the  engagement,  returned  to  Newport  to  refit. 

They  had  sailed  to  co-operate  with  an  expedition  sent  by  Washington  under 
La  Fayette  to  capture  Portsmouth,  Virginia,  and  Arnold  with  his  force.  After 
the  engagement,  the  British  fleet  entered  the  Chesapeake,  and  reinforced  the 
troops  at  Portsmouth,  while  La  Fayette  with  his  force  halted  at  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land, his  men  being  almost  wholly  without  shoes,  hats,  and  tents. 

1781,  APRIL  18.  —  Congress  made  a  statement  of  the  financial 
condition,  on  a  specie  valuation. 

The  foreign  debt  was  computed  at  six  millions,  bearing  an  interest  of  three 
hundred  and  sixty  thousand  dollars.  The  domestic  debt  was  stated  to  be  eighteen 
million,  fifty-seven  thousand,  one  hundred  and  fifty-seven  dollars.  Of  this,  seven 
million,  three  hundred  and  thirteen  thousand,  three  hundred  and  six  drew  inter- 
est, payable  in  France,  of  four  hundred  and  thirty-eight  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  ninety-eight  dollars.  The  bills  of  credit  were  computed  in  this  estimate  at 
seventy-five  for  one. 

1781,  APEIL  25. —  A  second  battle  was  fought  at  Camden,  in 
which  the  Americans  under  General  Greene  were  forced  to 
retreat.  The  British  under  Lord  Rawdon  evacuated  Camden. 

1781,  MAY  2. —  The  bills  of  credit  of  Pennsylvania  stood  at 
the  rate  of  three  to  one  silver  dollar,  and  one  to  seventy-five 
Continental  bills  of  credit. 

Continental  bills  of  credit  stood  at  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  for  one  silver 
dollar.  The  council  at  this  date  fixed  the  value  of  the  bills  of  credit  of  the  state 
at  one  for  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  in  the  Continental  bills.  As  the  popular 
rule  was  to  multiply  this  rate  by  three,  to  get  the  value  of  Continental  money  in 
relation  to  silver,  the  rate  of  Continental  bills  became,  in  reference  to  silver,  five 


400  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1781. 

hundred  and  twenty-five  for  one;  that  is,  they  practically  ceased  to  circulate. 
Though  it  had  been  anticipated  that  this  event  would  be  most  disastrous,  yet 
there  was  no  disturbance  caused  by  it,  but  on  the  contrary  a  universal  sense  of 
rejoicing.  The  people  were  aware  that  the  Continental  money  had  supported  the 
cost  of  the  war,  and  that  its  depreciation  in  their  hands  was  the  payment  of  the 
cost.  At  the  same  time,  they  felt  that  sucli  a  method  of  payment  was  not  the 
most  economical,  and  yet  perhaps  more  so  than  the  regular  funding  of  the  debt, 
with  a  long  arrear  of  interest,  would  have  been.  In  April,  a  committee  of  Con- 
gress, speaking  of  the  depreciation  of  the  issues  in  1779  of  bills  of  credit,  ? aid : 
"  A  compliance  with  these  requisitions  would  not  only  have  answered  the  exi- 
gencies of  the  year,  but  would  have  arrested  depreciation  in  its  progress.  But 
as  they  were  not  complied  with  in  due  time,  and  the  demands  of  the  public  were 
pressing  and  constant,  the  prospect  of  future  taxes  served  only  to  urge  those  who 
had  in  their  possession  the  supplies  and  accessories  wanted  to  enhance  the  price 
in  order  to  pay  their  taxes  with  greater  ease,  while  the  treasury,  receiving  no 
recruit  from  taxes,  was  from  time  to  time  replenished  with  new  emissions;  and 
from  these  causes  combined,  the  depreciation,  instead  of  receiving  a  check,  pro- 
ceeded with  redoubled  vigour." 

1781.  —  THE  American  Herald  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Edward  E.  Powers.  In  1788  he  removed  to  "Worcester, 
and  continued  its  publication  there,  adding  to  its  title,  Worcester  Recorder. 

1781.  —  THE  journal  of  the  second  session  of  the  assembly  of 
New  York  was  not  printed  this  year  on  account  of  the  scarcity 
of  paper. 

1781.  —  BY  order  of  Congress,  Robert  Aiken  printed  an  edi- 
tion of  the  Bible,  in  small  12mo,  in  Philadelphia. 

This  has  generally  been  called  the  first  Bible  in  English  printed  in  America. 
The  paper  upon  which  it  was  printed  was  made  in  Pennsylvania.  With  the  con- 
clusion of  peace,  English  printed  Bibles  were  imported  and  sold  so  cheap,  that 
Aiken  in  1789  memorialized  Congress  asking  for  a  patent  giving  him  the  exclu- 
fiive  right  for  fourteen  years  to  print  the  Bible  in  the  United  States.  His  appli- 
cation was  laid  upon  the  table,  and  in  consequence  he  stated  that  he  lost  by  this 
publication  "  more  than  three  thousand  pounds  in  specie." 

1781.  MAY  25.  —  Richmond,  Virginia,  was  abandoned  by  La 
Fayette  with  his  force  at  the  approach  of  Cornwallis. 

The  Virginia  legislature  moved  to  Charlottesville,  and  the  prisoners  of  Bur- 
goyne's  army  were  marched  to  Winchester.  The  assembly  had  proclaimed 
martial  law  within  twenty  miles  of  either  army,  given  extraordinary  powers  to 
Governor  Jefferson,  and  issued  fifteen  millions  of  pounds  in  bills  of  credit. 

1781,  JUNE  4. —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  adjourned  from 
Charlottesville  to  Staunton. 

An  expedition  under  Tarleton  was  approaching.  It  captured  seven  members 
of  the  assembly.  Jefferson  narrowly  escaped. 

1781,  JUNE  5.  —  Augusta,  Georgia,  was  captured  by  the 
Americans  under  General  Lee. 


1781.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  401 

1781,  JUNE  7.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  elected  Thomas 
Nelson  governor. 

Jefferson's  term  had  expired,  and  he  refused  a  re-election.  Nelson  was  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  an  earnest  supporter 
of  the  cause,  and  devoted  his  great  wealth  so  freely  to  maintain  it,  that  when  he 
died,  on  January  4,  1789,  at  the  age  of  fifty-one,  his  effects  were  sold  at  auction 
to  pay  his  debts. 

1781,  JUNE  18.  —  The  siege  of  Ninety-Six  was  abandoned  by 
General  Greene  after  an  unsuccessful  assault. 

It  was  soon  after  abandoned  by  the  garrison  of  Tories  defending  it. 

1781,  JULY  16.  —  Thomas  McKean,  a  delegate  from  Delaware, 
was  elected  president  of  Congress. 

At  the  reorganization  of  Congress,  November  5,  under  the  new  articles  of 
confederation,  McKean  resigned,  and  John  Hanson  of  Maryland  was  elected  to 
the  position. 

1781,  AUGUST  1.  —  Cornwallis  retired  with  his  whole  army  to 
Yorktown,  Virginia. 

It  consisted  of  eight  thousand  men.  He  had  also  several  frigates  and  smaller 
vessels,  which  had  aided  in  the  raids  upon  Virginia.  The  amount  of  damage 
done  during  this  summer's  campaign  by  the  various  expeditions  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Cornwallis,  was  estimated  at  not  less  than  ten  millions  of  dollars. 

1781,  AUGUST  2. —  Colonel  Isaac  Hayne,  of  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  was  hanged  by  the  British  as  a  deserter. 

He  had  been  captured  at  the  surrender  of  Charleston,  given  his  parole,  and 
subsequently,  under  compulsion  as  he  claimed,  had  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance. 
Greene  in  a  proclamation  threatened  to  retaliate,  and  shoot  as  deserters  all 
found  in  the  enemy's  ranks  who  had  once  been  in  his  own.  The  war  at  the 
south  was  carried  on  with  great  bitterness.  Both  sides  plundered  and  burned  the 
houses  of  their  opponents.  Capturing  their  slaves,  and  selling  them,  was  com- 
mon. Sumpter  is  said  to  have  paid  his  men  by  this  means.  The  advantage  of 
the  campaign  was  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  Americans,  the  greater  part  of  South 
Carolina  being  recovered. 

1781,  AUGUST  17.  —  Washington  and  Rochambeau,  on  con- 
sultation, resolved  to  strike  a  blow  at  Cornwallis,  in  Virginia. 

News  had  been  received  that  De  Grasse  with  a  French  fleet  would  arrive  to 
lend  their  aid.  The  French  army  from  Newport  had  joined  Washington's,  and 
together  they  moved  south  through  New  Jersey. 

1781,  AUGUST  20.  —  Congress  consented  to  a  conference,  of  a 
committee  and  agents  of  Vermont,  authorized  to  show  cause 
why  she  should  be  independent. 

As  a  result  of  this  conference,  Congress  resolved  that  if  Vermont  would  relin- 
quish her  claim  to  territory  claimed  by  New  York  and  New  Hampshire,  she  would 
be  admitted  to  the  Union.  New  York  protested,  and  sent  troops  to  re-establish 
her  authority  over  the  towns  east  of  the  Hudson  and  north  of  the  Massachusetts 
line,  which  had  been  received  by  Vermont.  New  Hampshire  threatened  to  do 

26 


402  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1781. 

the  same  with  the  towns  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  which  had,  on  their 
application,  been  received  by  Vermont.  The  Vermont  legislature  dissolved  the 
connection  with  the  townships  in  dispute,  and  retired  to  the  original  limits  of 
the  state. 

1781,  AUGUST  25. —  Laurens  landed  at  Boston  from  his  mission 
to  France,  bringing  with  him  supplies  and  money. 

Before  Laurens  had  arrived  in  Paris,  Franklin  had  obtained  a  loan  of  four 
millions  of  livres,  to  pay  the  bills  drawn  against  him,  and  also  a  subsidy  of  six 
millions  of  livres,  for  supplies,  and  to  pay  outstanding  and  future  bills.  A  fur- 
ther loan  of  ten  millions  the  French  court  agreed  to  guarantee  in  Holland. 

,  1781,  AUGUST. —  Congress  intrusted  the  department  of  foreign 
affairs  "to  Robert  R.  Livingston,  and  the  war  department  to  Gen- 
eral Lincoln. 

The  pext  month,  the  management  of  naval  matters  was  intrusted  to  the  super- 
intendent of  finance. 

1781,  AUGUST.  —  John  Adams  was  commissioned  as  American 
minister  at  the  Hague,  Holland. 
He  was  refused  a  reception  there. 

1781,  AUGUST. —  Dana,  who  had  been  sent  as  minister  to  Rus- 
sia, could  not  obtain  an  audience  there. 

1781,  AUGUST  31.  —  The  French  fleet  under  De  Grasse,  from 
the  West  Indies,  arrived  at  the  Chesapeake. 

The  fleet  from  Newport  soon  joined  them.  They  avoided  an  engagement 
with  the  British  fleet  sent  from  New  York,  and  successfully  united  with  the  army 
operating  against  Cornwallis. 

1781,  SEPTEMBER  6.  —  A  British  force  under  Benedict  Arnold 
ravaged  the  coast  of  Connecticut. 

They  burned  New  London,  captured  Fort  Griswold,  and  slaughtered  the  garri- 
son after  surrender. 

1781,  SEPTEMBER  8.  —  An  engagement  took  place  at  Eutaw 
Springs,  South  Carolina,  between  the  Americans  under  General 
Greene  and  the  British  under  Colonel  Stuart. 

Both  parties  claimed  the  victory,  but  the  advantages  were  with  the  Americans, 
and  both  forces  retired. 

1781,  SEPTEMBER  17.  —  Washington,  De  Grasse,  and  Rocham- 
beau  in  an  interview  arranged  a  plan  of  operations. 
The  besieging  army  amounted  to  sixteen  thousand  men. 

1781,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts  de- 
cided slavery  not  to  exist  in  Massachusetts. 

The  judges  upon  the  bench  were  N.  P.  Sargent  of  Haverhill,  David  Sewall 
of  York,  and  James  Sullivan.  The  suit  was  brought  for  damages  for  enticing 
away  a  slave.  In  the  court  of  common  pleas  damages  had  been  recovered,  but 


1781.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  403 

on  appeal  to  the  supreme  court,  the  decision  was  that  there  were  none,  since,  by 
the  Bill  of  Rights,  slavery  was  not  recognized. 

1781,  OCTOBER.  —  Thomas  Barclay  was  sent  as  American  con- 
sul to  Paris,  France. 

He  was  authorized  to  settle  all  outstanding  accounts,  and  was  sent  to  take  the 
place  which  Palfrey  had  been  sent  to  fill  the  year  before,  but  who  was  probably 
lost  with  the  ship,  which  was  never  heard  from. 

1781,  OCTOBER  19.  —  Lord  Cornwallis  surrendered  at  York- 
town,  Virginia,  to  the  allied  French  and  American  forces  under 
Washington. 

There  were  about  seven  thousand  troops.  The  ships  and  about  fifteen  hun- 
dred sailors  were  given  up  to  the  French.  Cornwallis  was  allowed  to  send  a  ship 
without  examination,  under  cover  of  sending  despatches  to  Clinton  at  New  York, 
and  in  it  some  of  the  most  obnoxious  Tories  escaped.  The  British  were  made 
to  march  out  with  their  colors  cased;  and  Lincoln,  who  had  surrendered  at 
Charleston,  was  chosen  to  receive  the  capitulation. 

1781,  OCTOBER  31.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  for  eight 
millions  of  dollars,  to  be  paid  quarterly,  beginning  on  the  1st  of 
April,  1782. 

1781,  NOVEMBER  5.  —  Congress  reorganized  under  the  articles 
of  confederation. 

The  sessions  were  to  be  yearly,  commencing  in  November.  The  delegates 
were  elected  for  a  year,  but  were  liable  at  any  time  to  be  recalled.  They  could 
also  serve  not  more  than  three  years  in  six,  and  could  hold  no  salaried  Federal 
office.  The  assent  of  nine  states  was  required  on  important  points,  and  no  state 
could  be  considered  voting  unless  represented  by  two  delegates.  Upon  matters 
of  foreign  policy  Congress  could  decide,  but  it  had  no  power  to  tax.  It  could 
make  requisitions,  but  could  not  enforce  them.  The  Continental  Congress  had 
resolutely  assumed  powers  at  the  commencement  of  the  war,  and  during  the  time 
that  its  bills  of  credit  passed  current  readily,  had  a  great  power  which  it  used 
wisely.  While  the  articles  of  confederation  were  under  discussion,  though  with- 
out any  express  authority,  it  continued  to  exercise  this  power,  trusting  to  the 
consent  of  the  states.  After  three  or  four  years,  the  Congress  of  the  confedera- 
tion seldom  contained  a  complete  representation  from  all  the  states  at  the  same 
time.  The  debates  were  mostly  carried  on  in  a  conversational  manner,  there 
being  no  reporters  or  spectators  present.  The  states  paid  the  expenses  of  their 
representatives.  While  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  were  in  the  possession  of 
the  British,  Congress  gave  their  delegates  an  allowance  from  the  treasury.  The 
president  was  provided  with  a  house  at  the  public  charge,  and  his  household 
expenses  provided  for  in  the  same  way. 

1781.  —  DURING  this  year  the  total  expenditures  from  the 
treasury  were  less  than  two  millions  of  dollars. 

This  included  the  money  raised  by  the  sale  of  bills  on  France. 

1781,  NOVEMBER.  —  Pennsylvania  applied  to  Congress  for  a 
"  federal  court,"  to  settle  the  disputed  jurisdiction  to  Wyoming. 

Connecticut,  by  her  charter,  claimed  this  northern  half  of  Pennsylvania. 


404  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1781-2. 

1781,  NOVEMBER  27.  —  Sir  Guy  Carleton  was  appointed  to 
supersede  Clinton  in  the  command  of  the  British  forces. 

1781,  DECEMBER  31.  —  The  Bank  of  North  America  was  incor- 
porated by  a  resolution  of  Congress. 

The  corporators  were  partly  the  subscribers  who  had  given  their  personal 
bonds  to  the  government  in  1780.  The  title  of  the  corporation  was  The  Pres- 
ident, Directors,  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  North  America,  and  it  was  "  for 
ever."  Its  capital  was  four  hundred  thousand  dollars,  which  was  afterwards 
increased  to  two  millions.  Subscriptions  to  its  stock  were  to  be  paid  in  gold  or 
silver.  Its  notes,  payable  in  cash  on  demand,  were  to  be  received  by  the  United 
States  for  all  taxes,  duties,  and  debts  due  the  United  States.  It  began  business 
January  7,  1782,  having  received  subscriptions  of  about  seventy  thousand  dollars, 
with  not  over  forty  thousand  paid  in.  Within  six  months  it  had  advanced  the 
government  four  hundred  and  eighty  thousand  dollars,  chiefly  in  its  own  notes 
and  in  the  bills  of  credit  of  the  states.  The  charter  was  to  continue  ten  years. 

1782,  FEBRUARY  22.  —  A  motion  in  the  House  of  Commons  for 
an  address   to  the  king  to  put  a  stop  to  the  war,  was  lost  by 
one  vote. 

On  the  27th,  a  similar  motion  was  carried. 

1782,  FEBRUARY.  —  Vermont  having  complied  with  the  condi- 
tions, claimed  admission  into  the  Union. 

She  passed  also  an  act  of  indemnity  and  oblivion,  and  another  confirming  all 
existing  grants  of  land  in  her  territory.  Congress  delayed  acting  on  her  claim, 
and  soon  after  called  upon  her  to  make  restitution  to  the  New  Yorkers  whom  she 
had  sent  away.  New  York  opposed  her  admission. 

1782,  MARCH  28.  —  Lord  North  resigned. 

His  successor,  the  Marquis  of  Rockingham,  was  in  favor  of  recognizing  the 
independence  of  the  United  States. 

1782,  APRIL  12.  —  The  French  fleet  under  Count  De  Grasse, 
and  the  English  fleet  under  Admiral  Rodney,  met  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  had  an  engagement  in  which  the  English  had  the 
advantage. 

The  English  fleet  comprised  thirty-seven  ships  of  the  line  and  ten  frigates, 
and  the  French  fleet  thirty-three  ships.  One  third  of  the  French  fleet  was 
captured  or  destroyed. 

1782,  APRIL  19.  —  Holland  acknowledged  the  independence 
of  the  United  States,  and  received  John  Adams  as  minister. 

1782,  MAY  31.  —  Sir  Guy  Carleton  communicated  to  Congress 
his  instructions  to  treat  for  peace. 

He  had  been  authorized,  with  Admiral  Digby.  Congress  declined  to  negotiate 
except  at  Paris  and  in  connection  with  France. 

1782,  MAY  22.  —  Congress  sent  a  committee  to  the  northern 
states,  and  another  to  the  southern,  to  represent  the  alarmingly 


1782.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  405 

destitute  condition  of  Washington's  army  encamped  near   the 
Hudson. 

1782,  MAY  24.  —  General  "Wayne  attacked  a  detachment  of  the 
British  army  about  four  miles  from  Savannah,  Georgia,  and  drove 
them  back  to  the  town. 

1782,  JUNE  6.  —  An  expedition  to  destroy  the  Christian  Indian 
settlements  at  Sandusky  was  itself  attacked  by  the  Indians  and 
routed. 

The  Christian  Indians  had  the  year  before  been  driven  from  their  homes  on  the 
Muskingum,  and  forced  to  settle  at  Sandusky.  Many  of  the  party  now  attacking 
them  were  captured  and  burned  at  the  stake. 

1782.  —  THE  last  contest  in  Kentucky  with  the  Indians  from 
the  north  of  the  Ohio  took  place  at  Big  Blue  Lick. 

Boone  was  one  of  the  leaders.  It  was  with  difficulty  that  any  of  the  settlers 
escaped. 

1782,  JUNE  20.  —  Congress  adopted  a  design  for  the  great  seal 
of  the  United  States. 

The  design  was  an  American  eagle,  holding  in  his  right  talon  an  olive  branch, 
and  in  his  left  a  bundle  of  thirteen  arrows,  in  his  beak  a  scroll  inscribed  E 
Pluribus  Unum,  and  over  his  head,  in  an  azure  field,  thirteen  stars.  On  the 
reverse  an  unfinished  pyramid,  with  an  eye  over  it,  having  above  the  words  Annuit 
coeptis,  on  the  base  MDCCLXXVI,  and  underneath  Novus  ordo  Seculorum. 

1782.  —  ABOUT  this  time  there  was  a  window-glass  factory  at 
Gloucester,  New  Jersey. 

1782.  —  THE  assembly  of  Maryland  erected  the  county  school 
at  Chester,  Kent  County,  into  Washington  College. 

It  was  named  "in  honorable  and  perpetual  memory  of  his  Excellency,  General 
Washington." 

1782.  —  THE  Christian  Indians  at  a  Moravian  village,  on  the 
Muskingum,  were  massacred  by  a  party  of  volunteers  from 
Pittsburg. 

Some  ninety  of  them  were  killed,  on  the  ground  that  they  had  aided  in  some 
murders  which  had  recently  been  committed. 

1782,  JULY.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  passed  bills 
enlarging  the  powers  of  the  supreme  court,  and  creating  the 
courts  of  common  pleas  and  county  sessions. 

The  judges'  salaries  were  three  hundred  pounds  a  year,  and  in  February  they 
memorialized  the  general  court  for  an  increase. 

1782,  JULY  4.  —  A  committee  was  appointed  by  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature  to  consider  "  what  measures  were  to  be  taken  to 
reduce  the  expenses  of  the  government,  show  the  best  method 
of  supplying  the  public  treasury,  and  reforming  the  state  of  the 
finances." 

They  reported  in  October,  advising  the  establishment  of  customs  and  imposts. 


406  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1782. 

1782,  JULY  11.  —  The  British  evacuated  Savannah,  Georgia, 
which  was  immediately  occupied  by  the  Americans  under 
General  Wayne. 

The  British  carried  away  with  them  about  five  thousand  negroes. 

1782,  JULY  30.  — Rhode  Island  refused  to  give  Congress  the 
power  to  levy  an  import  duty  of  five  per  cent. 

The  grounds  for  the  refusal  were,  that  the  articles  of  confederation  guaranteed 
her  the  resources  of  trade ;  that  to  surrender  it  would  infringe  upon  the 
sovereignty  of  the  state ;  that  she  needed  it  to  protect  her  from  the  inland  duties 
her  neighbors  might  impose ;  that  Congress  was  not  responsible  for  the  moneys 
thus  placed  in  its  hands ;  that  such  surrender  would  tend  to  create  an  army  of 
office-holders,  and  corrupt  public  morals ;  and,  finally,  that  Congress  had  not  yet 
come  to  any  decision  concerning  the  public  lands,  which  the  united  efforts  of  the 
colonies  had  conquered  for  the  common  benefit. 

1782,  AUGUST. —  Parliament  gave  Richard  Oswald  authority  to 
treat  for  peace. 

He  had  visited  Franklin  in  Paris  serni-ofncially,  and  learned  from  him  that 
independence,  a  satisfactory  boundary,  and  participation  in  the  fisheries  were 
indispensable  to  the  treaty.  Jay  was  with  Franklin  in  Paris.  Oswald's  instruc- 
tions authorized  him  to  treat  with  certain  "  colonies."  Jay  objected  to  this,  and 
Oswald  obtained  new  ones  authorizing  him  to  treat  with  the  commissioners  of 
"the  United  States  of  America." 

1782,  AUGUST  19.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  having 
voted  to  grant  the  right  to  Congress  to  lay  an  import  duty,  the 
vote  was  negatived  by  Governor  Hancock  as  contrary  to  the 
liberties  of  the  people. 

1782,  SEPTEMBER  4.  —  Congress  made  a  call  upon  the  states  for 
twelve  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

The  call  said  this  amount  was  immediately  and  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
payment  of  interest  on  the  public  debt. 

1782,  OCTOBER  16.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  for  two 
millions  of  dollars  for  the  expenses  of  the  next  year. 

Up  to  January  30,  1783,  $1,486,511  had  been  paid  by  the  states,  in  answer  to 
the  repeated  calls  by  Congress.  The  estimated  requirements  of  the  next  year 
were  eight  millions,  besides  that  wanted  for  interest. 

1782,  OCTOBER  17.  —  The  Cherokees  made  a  treaty  with  Gen- 
eral Pickens,  who  had  led  an  expedition  against  them. 

By  it  they  gave  to  Georgia  all  their  lands  south  of  the  Savannah  and  east  of  the 
Chattahoochee.  The  treaty  was  confirmed  the  next  year,  and  by  another  shortly 
after,  they  gave  up  all  claim  to  the  lands  east  of  the  Altamaha  and  Oconee. 

1782,  OCTOBER  31.  —  Congress  accepted  formally  the  deed  of 
New  York  conveying  her  title  to  the  western  lands. 

A  committee  had  examined  the  claims  of  the  various  states  to  the  western 
lands,  and  reported  to  Congress  that  New  York's  claim  was  better  than  that  of  any 
other  state,  company,  or  individual. 


1782.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  407 

1782,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  The  new  Congress  met,  and  Elias 
Boudinot  of  New  Jersey  was  made  president. 

1782,  NOVEMBER  27.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  consoli- 
dated the  paper  money  issues  of  the  state. 

The  bills  were  to  be  redeemed  by  the  treasurer,  in  his  notes  bearing  six  per 
cent,  interest,  their  value  being  calculated  upon  the  scale  of  depreciation  pre- 
viously adopted. 

1782.  —  THE  assembly  of  Virginia  repealed  the  colonial  statute 
forbidding  the  emancipation  of  slaves  except  for  meritorious 
conduct,  and  by  the  governor  and  council. 

Emancipation  remained  unrestricted  for  twenty-three  years. 

1782.  —  NEW  HAMPSHIRE  took  a  census. 

The  actual  population  was   found  to  be  82,000  persons ;    the    estimate  in 

apportionment  was  200,000. 

1782,  NOVEMBER.  —  A  court  of  five  judges,  appointed  by  Con- 
gress, met  at  Trenton,  and  decided  the  disputed  question  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  Wyoming  in  favor  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  court  sat  six  weeks.  Connecticut  submitted  to  it.  The  people  of  Wyo- 
ming objected  to  the  refusal  on  the  part  of  Pennsylvania  to  recognize  the  land  titles 
given  by  Connecticut. 

1782,  NOVEMBER  30.  —  The  preliminary  articles  of  peace  were 
signed  at  Paris. 

With  a  distrust  of  the  hearty  co-operation  of  the  French  court,  which  was 
natural  from  the  peculiar  combination  of  circumstances,  but  which  was  wholly 
undeserved,  as  is  now  fully  known,  the  American  commissioners  had  signed  these 
preliminary  articles  without  consulting  Vergennes.  Adams  joined  Franklin  and 
Jay  in  Paris  before  the  signing  of  the  articles.  The  following  provisions  were 
settled  after  much  discussion,  and  not  a  few  compromises.  Canada  was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain ;  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  United  States  was  to  be  the  St.  Croix. 
The  northern  line  of  Florida,  according  to  the  proclamation  of  1763,  was  to  be  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  United  States,  completed  by  a  line  due  west  from  the 
St.  Mary's  to  the  Appalachicola,  and  thence  to  the  Mississippi  at  the  31°  of  north 
latitude.  The  United  States  had  a  right  to  participate  in  the  fisheries  of  New- 
foundland. By  a  secret  article,  if  Great  Britain  in  making  peace  with  Spain 
should  retain  West  Florida,  the  northern  boundary  of  that  province  was  to  be  a  line 
due  east  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  to  the  Chattahoochee.  The  English  commis- 
sioners sought  to  obtain  some  indemnity  or  restitution  for  the  Tories,  but  this  was 
refused  unless  England  would  make  restitution  for  the  private  property  destroyed 
during  the  war.  Further  confiscation  was  to  be  stopped,  and  it  was  agreed  that 
Congress  should  recommend  the  states  to  restore  all  confiscated  property.  It  was 
also  agreed  by  a  special  article  that  no  impediments  should  be  placed  by  either 
side  to  the  collection  of  debts.  As  soon  as  possible  the  British  armies  and  fleets 
were  to  be  withdrawn,  and  the  articles  were  to  take  effect  when  peace  had  been 
concluded  between  France  and  Great  Britain.  Just  before  the  signing,  Laurens 
arrived,  and  an  article  was  added  that  "  no  negroes  or  other  property"  should  be 
carried  away  by  the  evacuating  armies. 


408  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1782-3. 

1782,  DECEMBER. — A  committee  of  the  officers  of  the  army, 
appointed  for  the  purpose,  presented  a  petition  to  Congress, 
asking  for  a  settlement  of  their  pay. 

They  agreed  to  forego  the  half-pay  for  life,  for  a  sum  to  be  paid  down,  or 
secured. 

1782,  DECEMBER.  —  A  new  loan  of  six  millions  of  livres  was 
made  by  the  French  court  to  the  United  States. 

1782,  DECEMBER  14.  —  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  evacu- 
ated by  the  British. 

1783,  JANUARY  20.  —  Preliminaries  of  peace  were  signed  at 
Versailles,  France,  between  Spain,  France,  and  Great  Britain. 

1783,  JANUARY  31. —  By  an  account  made  up  at  this  time,  it 
appears  that  only  four  hundred  and  twenty-two  thousand  one 
hundred  and  sixty-two  dollars  had  been  paid  by  the  states  to- 
wards the  eight  millions  required  for  the  expenses  of  the  past 
year. 

Delaware,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia  had  paid  nothing. 

1783,  FEBRUARY  24. —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  a 
tariff  act  levying  specific  duties  on  all  imported  articles,  and  pro- 
viding for  bonding  goods  intended  for  exportation. 

Domestic  liquors,  carriages,  dogs,  billiard-tables  were  also  taxed.  The  same 
session  a  law  was  passed  giving  the  Roman  Catholics  the  same  civil  rights  as 
Protestants.  The  term  "Roman  Catholics  excepted"had  slipped  into  the  act  of 
1663,  declaring  the  rights  of  freemen,  no  one  knows  exactly  how.  It  was  proba- 
bly interpolated,  while  the  laws  were  kept  in  manuscript,  in  some  copy  that  was 
made  of  them ;  perhaps  through  orders  given  to  Governor  Dudley,  in  1702,  by 
Queen  Anne. 

1783,  MARCH  11.  —  Tn  the  general  orders  for  the  day,  Wash- 
ington spoke  of  a  call  which  had  been  made  anonymously  for  a 
meeting  of  the  officers  of  the  army,  to  consider  the  aspect  of  their 
affairs,  as  irregular  and  destructive  of  discipline,  and  called  a 
meeting  of  the  officers,  subsequently  to  that  named  in  the  call, 
to  hear  a  report  from  Congress  by  the  committee  they  had  sent. 

An  anonymous  address,  written  by  Captain  Armstrong  of  the  Pennsylvania 
line,  had  been  circulated,  and  another  was  issued  in  reply  to  general  order  of  the 
day.  Much  anxiety  was  felt  concerning  the  action  of  the  officers,  who  were  really 
suffering  for  their  pay.  At  the  meeting  on  the  loth,  Washington  entered,  made  a 
few  remarks,  and  then  retired.  The  meeting  passed  a  resolution  of  "  unshaken 
confidence  in  the  justice  of  Congress,"  and  adjourned. 

1783,  MARCH  23.  —  Congress  resolved  that  the  half-pay  of  the 
officers  of  the  army  should  be  commuted  to  five  years'  full  pay. 

The  amount  was  paid  in  bonds  of  the  government  drawing  six  per  cent.  The 
commutation  was  about  four  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  to  a  colonel,  and  two 
thousand  four  hundred  to  a  captain.  It  was  at  the  option  of  the  officers  whether 
to  receive  it  or  not.  Many  of  the  states  opposed  this  measure. 


1783.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  409 

1783,  MARCH  23.  —  The  news  of  the  preliminaries  of  peace 
reached  Philadelphia. 

1783,  APRIL  11.  —  Congress  issued  a  proclamation  announcing 
that  provisional  articles  of  peace  had  been  signed  on  the  30th 
of  November,  and  declared  a  cessation  of  arms. 

In  a  general  order,  Washington  appointed  the  19th  as  the  date  for  reading  to 
the  army,  at  the  head  of  each  regiment,  this  proclamation,  which,  he  said,  "  like 
another  morning  star,  promised  the  approach  of  a  brighter  day  than  hath  illumed 
the  western  hemisphere."  It  was  thus  read,  just  eight  years  after  the  battle  of 
Lexington.  The  proclamation  of  peace  was  celebrated  in  Greene's  army  on  the 
23d  of  April. 

1783.  —  A  CONVENTION  in  New  Hampshire  adopted  a  new  con- 
stitution for  that  state. 

It  recognized  the  freedom  of  the  press.  The  president  was  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple, and  was  president  of  the  council,  and  had  the  power  of  appointing  executive 
or  judicial  officers. 

1783,  APRIL  18.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  granted  a 
charter  to  the  Bank  of  North  America  for  ten  years. 

As  the  power  of  Congress  to  grant  a  charter  to  the  bank  was  questioned,  this 
action  was  taken  as  a  matter  of  security.  The  bank  was  given  a  monopoly  of 
issue  of  bills. 

1783,  APRIL  18. —  Congress  prepared  a  new  impost  bill,  in 
which  a  provision  was  inserted  repealing  the  article  of  the  con- 
federation giving  the  states  the  sole  power  of  taxation. 

This  act  was  limited  to  twenty-five  years,  and  gave  the  appointment  of  the 
collectors  to  the  states.  The  states  were  also  called  upon  to  contribute  revenues 
sufficient  to  raise  their  yearly  quotas  to  a  million  and  a  half,  while  those  which 
had  not  ceded  their  western  lands  were  urged  to  do  so  immediately. 

1783.  —  A  PREMIUM  of  four  pounds  was  offered  in  Massachu- 
setts for  every  wolfs  head,  and  a  pound  for  every  whelp,  brought 
to  the  selectmen  of  any  town. 

The  system  of  bounties  for  the  killing  of  wolves  was  used  by  almost  all  of 
the  colonies.  In  1677,  three  thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  guilders 
(twelve  hundred  and  fifty  dollars)  were  paid  by  the  Dutch  settlement  on  the  Dela- 
ware for  this  purpose. 

1783.  —  THE  assembly  of  Connecticut  granted  a  bounty  often 
shillings  for  every  hundred  white  mulberry-trees  planted  for  ten 
years,  and  three  pence  an  ounce  for  the  raw  silk  produced. 

The  act  was  renewed  the  next  year.  Its  passage  was  chiefly  due  to  the  exer- 
tions of  Messrs.  Styles  and  Aspinwall,  who  renewed  their  interest  in  the  subject 
of  silk  culture,  which  the  war  of  the  Revolution  had  interrupted  but  not  de- 
stroyed. 

1783.  —  BURLINGTON,  Vermont,  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
Vermont,  was  settled. 

In  1787  it  was  organized,  and  in  1789  the  first  store  was  built.     During  the  war 


410  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1783. 

of  1812,  a  garrison  and  hospital  were  stationed  here  by  the  government.  It  is  on 
the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  has  a  lake  trade  and  a- large  mercantile 
business,  as  the  steamers  from  Montreal  all  stop  here ;  and  a  steam  ferry  connects 
with  Port  Kent  and  Plattsburg. 

1783.  —  AN  application  was  made  to  parliament,  by  the  loyal- 
ists, for  an  indemnity. 

A  committee  of  one  from  each  colony  had  been  selected  to  make  the  applica- 
tion. Parliament  appointed  a  commission,  and  in  1791  three  million,  two  hundred 
and  ninety-three  thousand,  four  hundred  and  fifty-five  pounds  were  allowed.  The 
whole  amount  claimed  was  eight  million,  twenty-six  thousand,  and  forty-five 
pounds.  Claims  up  to  ten  thousand  pounds  were  paid  in  full ;  on  those  larger  a 
deduction  was  made.  The  payment  was  in  stock  bearing  three  and  a  half  per 
cent.  Two  hundred  and  four  claimants,  who  had  lost  offices,  were  provided  for 
with  pensions  amounting  to  twenty-five  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-five 
pounds.  The  Penn  and  Calvert  families  were  among  these  claimants. 

1783,  APRIL.  —  Congress  proposed  to  amend  the  articles  of 
confederation,  in  the  matter  of  apportioning  the  ratios  of  the  states. 

The  appraised  value  of  the  houses  and  improved  lands  had  been  the  basis,  but 
no  appraisement  had  been  made.  It  was  now  proposed  that  the  basis  should  be 
"  the  whole  number  of  white  and  other  free  citizens  and  inhabitants  of  every  age, 
sex,  and  condition,  including  those  bound  to  servitude  for  a  term  of  years,  and 
three  fifths  of  all  other  persons,  except  Indians  not  paying  taxes ;  "  and  that  by  a 
triennial  census  the  number  should  be  arrived  at. 

1783.  —  DICKENSON  COLLEGE,  at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  was 
incorporated. 

1783.  —  THE  Transylvania  Seminary,  in  the  District  of  Ken- 
tucky, was  incorporated  by  the  Virginia  assembly. 

It  was  endowed  with  confiscated  lands.  The  Hampden  Sidney  Academy  was 
chartered  as  a  college. 

1783.  —  THE  number  of  refugees  who  had  settled  in  Nova 
Scotia,  from  the  colonies,  was  estimated  this  year  at  eighteen 
thousand. 

1783,  APRIL  26. —  Congress  issued  an  address  to  the  states,  in 
which  they  said :  "  The  citizens  of  the  United  States  were  re- 
sponsible for  the  greatest  trust  ever  confided  to  a  political 
society." 

1783,  MAY.  —  Treasury  notes  were  issued  to  pay  the  three- 
months'  pay  to  the  furloughed  soldiers ;  and  an  earnest  appeal 
was  made  to  the  states  to  contribute  their  quotas. 

The  treasury  notes  were  payable  six  months  from  date,  and  were  receivable  for 
all  Continental  taxes,  all  Continental  receivers  being  authorized  to  redeem  them 
on  presentation. 

1783,  MAY  13.  —  The  Order  of  the  Cincinnati  was  formed  by 
the  officers  of  the  army  encamped  on  the  Hudson. 


1783.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  411 

It  was  originally  intended  to  be  hereditary,  admitting  only  the  eldest  sons  of 
the  original  founders.  It  excited  great  opposition,  as  an  attempt  to  introduce  an 
hereditary  aristocracy.  At  the  first  meeting,  in  May,  1784,  Washington  and  others 
were  instrumental  in  having  this  principle  abolished. 

1783,  JUNE  2.  —  Washington,  by  instructions  of  Congress,  in 
general  orders  granted  furloughs  to  most  of  the  soldiers. 

This  action  being  considered  simply  a  way  of  dismissing  them  without  the  pay- 
ment of  the  arrears  due  them,  caused  great  dissatisfaction.  The  furloughed  men 
were  to  have  three  months'  pay,  and  keep  their  arms  and  accoutrements  as  an 
extra. 

1783,  JUNE  23.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  repealed  the 
tariff  act,  and  passed  another,  laying  two  per  cent,  duty  ad  valo- 
rem upon  all  imports. 

1783.  —  THE  assembly  of  Maryland  prohibited  the  importation 
of  slaves,  and  removed  the  restrictions  on  emancipation. 

1783,  JUNE  26.  —  Congress  adjourned  to  Princeton. 

A  portion  of  the  Pennsylvania  line  marched,  without  their  officers,  from  Lan- 
caster to  Philadelphia,  and  surrounding  the  State  House,  in  which  Congress  was 
sitting,  demanded  the  immediate  payment  of  the  pay  due  them.  Washington 
sent  a  force  to  suppress  violence.  Several  of  the  mutineers  were  condemned  to 
death  by  a  court-martial,  but  were  all  pardoned  before  execution. 

1783,  JULY.  —  Congress  resolved  that  its  sessions  should  be 
held  alternately  at  Annapolis  and  Trenton,  the  next  session  to  be 
held  at  Annapolis. 

This  arrangement  to  last  until  two  federal  cities  should  be  built,  one  near  the 
falls  of  the  Delaware,  and  the  other  near  the  falls  of  the  Potomac,  the  sessions  to 
be  held  in  them  alternately. 

1783,  AUGUST.  —  A  ship,  loaded  at  Boston,  sailed  for  China. 

Her  cargo  was  valued  at  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars.  This  was  the 
commencement  of  the  trade  of  this  country  with  Cliina. 

1783,  SEPTEMBER  3.  —  The  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Paris. 

1783,  OCTOBER  18.  —  Congress  ratified  the  peace,  and  issued  a 
proclamation  to  disband  the  arrny  on  the  3d  of  November. 

1783,  OCTOBER  18.  —  Commercial  agents  of  France  were  sta- 
tioned at  various  parts  of  the  country. 

The  consul  for  the  New  England  states  was  Philip  Joseph  de  1'Etombe.  The 
assembly  of  Rhode  Island,  on  the  27th,  granted  exequaturs  to  him,  and  Joseph 
M.  S.  Toscan,  the  vice-consul.  The  consuls  appointed  consular  agents  in  va- 
rious ports.  Franklin  had  made  a  consular  agreement  with  the  French  gov- 
ernment, which  was  not  ratified  by  Congress  for  some  years  on  account  of  the 
powers  which  it  gave  to  the  consuls. 

1783,  NOVEMBER.  —  In  consideration  of  the  increasing  impor- 
tance of  the  provinces,  their  application  to  the  Post  Office,  to 


412  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1783-4. 

have   packets     sail   regularly   from   Falmouth   to   Halifax,    was 
granted. 

1783,  NOVEMBER  2. —  Washington  issued  his  farewell  address 
to  the  army. 

1783.  NOVEMBER  25.  —  The  British  evacuated  New  York  city, 
and  encamped  on  Staten  Island,  awaiting  their  embarkation. 

With  the  evacuation  of  New  York,  several  thousand  loyalists  found  it  neces- 
sary to  abandon  the  country.  Those  from  the  north  went  chiefly  to  Canada  or 
Nova  Scotia;  those  from  the  south  to  the  West  India  Islands.  Washington  called 
Carlcton's  attention  to  the  article  of  the  treaty  prohibiting  the  carrying  away  of 
slaves.  Carleton  refused  to  understand  this  clause  as  referring  to  slaves  who 
had  sought  refuge  under  the  British  flag,  and  sent  such  negroes  away  in  the 
first  vessels,  keeping  an  accurate  list  of  them.  Many  of  them,  under  promise 
of  protection,  had  deserted  in  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas.  They  were  carried  to 
Nova  Scotia,  whence  many  of  them  emigrated  to  Sierra  Leone,  as  freemen,  where 
their  descendants  to-day  reside. 

1783,  DECEMBER  2.  —  The  definitive  treaty  of  peace  was  re- 
ceived at  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  by  a  vessel  from  London. 

1783,  DECEMBER  4.  —  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island  were  va- 
cated by  the  British,  who  embarked. 

The  sea-coast  was  free,  but  British  garrisons  remained  in  the  western  posts  of 
Oswegatchie  (now  Ogdensburg),  Oswego,  Niagara,  Presque  Isle  (now  Erie),  San- 
dusky,  Detroit,  Mackinaw,  and  a  few  others. 

1783,  DECEMBER  23.  —  Washington,  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  in 
the  presence  of  Congress,  returned  his  commission  to  the  presi- 
dent, and  resigned  his  command. 

The  Congress,  it  is  said,  "were  seated  and  covered  as  representatives  of  the 
sovereignty  of  the  Union."  Washington  stood  during  the  remarks  he  made. 

On  his  way  through  Philadelphia,  Washington  deposited  at  the  comptroller's 
office  his  account  of  his  expenses.  It  amounted,  including  the  secret-service  fund, 
to  nineteen  thousand,  three  hundred  and  six  pounds,  eleven  shillings,  and  nine 
pence,  in  Virginia  money ;  or  sixty-four  thousand  three  hundred  and  fifteen  dollars. 

This  same  day  Congress  ordered  letters  to  be  addressed  to  the  executive  of 
New  Hampshire,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  South  Carolina,  and 
Georgia,  informing  them  that  the  honor  of  the  United  States  required  the  attend- 
ance of  their  delegates ;  that  during  the  session  there  had  not  been  more  than 
seven  states  represented,  and  most  of  them  by  only  two  delegates ;  and  that 
"matters  of  great  national  concern"  must  be  immediately  settled,  and  required 
the  assent  of  nine  states. 

1783,  DECEMBER.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  a 
copyright  law. 

It  provided  that  natives  of  the  state  —  or  of  other  states  which  should  pass  a 
similar  law  —  should  enjoy  its  benefits. 

1784,  JANUARY  14.  —  Congress  ratified  the  definitive  treaty 
of  peace. 


1784.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  413 

1784,  JANUARY  14.  —  Congress  announced  by  proclamation  that 
a  treaty  of  peace  had  been  confirmed. 

1784,  JANUARY  22. —  The  Empress  of  China,  Captain  Green, 
sailed  from  New  York  to  China. 

She  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  ship  to  display  the  American  flag  in  any 
Chinese  port. 

1784.  —  SALT-WORKS  are  said  to  have  been  erected  on  Big 
Beaver  River,  by  an  association  of  Pittsburg  and  Philadelphia 
merchants. 

1784.  —  THE  first  lots  on  the  site  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania, 
were  sold  by  the  proprietaries  of  the  manor,  John  Penn,  Jr.,  and 
John  Penn,  to  Isaac  Craig  and  Stephen  Bayard. 

1784.  —  THE  American  Daily  Advertiser  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  published  by  Benjamin  Franklin  Bache.  It  was  opposed  to  the  Federal 
party.  In  1802  it  passed  into  the  possession  of  Zachariah  Poulson,  and  was  known 
as  Paulson's  Advertiser. 

1784,  MARCH.  —  The  Northwest  Territory,  ceded  by  Virginia, 
was  accepted  by  Congress. 

Virginia  in  her  cession  reserved  certain  lands  for  her  revolutionary  soldiers, 
and  stipulated  that  the  expenses  of  the  expeditions  for  the  conquest  of  Kaskaskia 
and  Vincennes  should  be  paid,  the  French  inhabitants  being  secured  in  their 
rights.  The  lands  were  to  be  made  into  republican  states,  with  the  rights  of  the 
original  states,  and  each  of  them  not  less  than  ten  thousand,  nor  more  than  twen- 
ty-two thousand  five  hundred  miles  in  extent. 

Congress  appointed  a  committee,  composed  of  Jefferson  of  Virginia,  Chase  of 
Maryland,  and  Howell  of  Rhode  Island,  who  reported  a  plan  "  for  the  temporary 
government  of  the  western  territory."  By  this  the  territory  was  to  be  divided 
into  ten  states,  in  which  slavery  was  to  be  abolished  after  1800.  The  report  was 
adopted,  the  anti-slavery  clause  being  stricken  out,  since  it  failed  to  obtain  the 
necessary  vote  of  seven  states.  The  vote  was  taken,  and  the  report  accepted, 
April  23.  •  North  Carolina  on  the  vote  was  divided ;  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and 
Georgia  were  unrepresented;  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina  voted 
against  it. 

1784,  MARCH  24.  —  The  Massachusetts  Centinel  and  the  Repub- 
lican Journal  appeared  as  a  semi-weekly  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Warden  and  Russell,  and  was  managed  by  Major  Benjamin 
Russell.  It  was  a  strong  advocate  of  the  constitution.  June  16,  1790,  its  name 
was  changed  to  the  Columbian  Centinel.  In  November,  1828,  Russell  sold  the 
concern  to  Adams  and  Hudson ;  and  in  1840  it  was  merged  in  the  Boston  Daily 
Advertiser. 

1784.  —  NEW  BRUNSWICK  and  Cape  Breton  were  set  off  as  dis- 
tinct governments. 


414  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1784. 

1784.  —  THE  first  English  settlement  in  Sydney  County,  Nova 
Scotia,  was  made  by  officers  of  the  Nova  Scotia  regiment. 

Since  then,  they  have  had  augmentations  from  Scotland  and  New  England.  The 
principal  towns  are  Milford  Haven,  famous  for  its  coal  and  fisheries ;  Canseau, 
whose  harbor  is  always  accessible ;  and  St.  Mary's,  noted  for  its  salmon  fishery. 

1784,  APRIL  1. —  Congress  apportioned  the  necessary  quotas  to 
the  states  of  the  amount  required  to  protect  drafts  which  had 
been  drawn  by  Robert  Morris,  as  treasurer,  upon  Holland,  and 
sent  back  protested. 

A  portion  of  the  drafts  so  drawn  had  been  met  by  the  proceeds  of  loans  made 
in  Holland ;  the  remainder,  unpaid,  amounted  to  six  hundred  and  thirty-six  thou- 
sand dollars. 

1784.  —  THE  Connecticut  assembly  required  the  judges  to  give 
in  writing  the  reasons  for  their  decisions. 

1784,  APRIL  21.  —  Congress  asked  from  the  states  the  limited 
power,  for  fifteen  years,  to  regulate  the  foreign  trade  of  the 
country ;  and  commissioners  were  sent  abroad  to  negotiate  trea- 
ties on  the  basis  of  reciprocity. 

Seven  states  had  given  their  assent  to  the  impost  act,  but  generally  with  quali- 
fications. Jefferson,  who  had  drawn  up  the  plan,  which  Congress  approved,  for 
the  negotiation  of  commercial  treaties,  was  sent  to  Europe  to  take  Jay's  place,  he 
having  given  notice  of  intended  return. 

1784,  APRIL  30.  —  A  treaty  with  Sweden  was  signed  by 
Franklin. 

Special  powers  for  this  purpose  had  been  given  him. 

1784,  MAY.  —  The  Board  of  Treasury  was  re-established. 

Robert  Morris  had  resigned.  This  board  consisted  of  three  members,  and  their 
duties  were  those  of  the  superintendent. 

1784,  JUNE  1.  —  The  committee  to  regulate  matters  during  the 
absence  of  Congress  dispersed,  leaving  no  one  in  control. 

It  consisted  of  one  delegate  from  each  state,  and  had  been  appointed  according 
to  the  articles  of  confederation,  at  the  adjournment  of  Congress.  It  divided  into 
two  parties.  The  experiment  was  not  tried  a  second  time. 

1784,  JULY  1.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  rejected  the 
impost  act  of  Congress  laying  five  per  cent.  duty. 

It  also  raised  the  state  duty  on  imports  from  two  to  two  and  a  half  per  cent. 
An  act  was  also  passed  regulating  the  value  of  gold  coin  in  circulation. 

1784,  SEPTEMBER.  —  James  Rumsey  exhibited  on  the  Potomac 
River,  in  presence  of  Washington,  who  gave  a  certificate  to  that 
effect,  a  boat  which  worked  against  the  stream  by  means  of 
mechanism. 

Rumsey  was  born  in  Cecil  County,  Maryland,  about  1743 ;  died  in  England  De- 
cember 23,  1792.  He  subsequently  gave  much  attention  to  steam  as  a  motive 


1784.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  415 

power,  held  a  controversy  with  John  Fitch  as  to  who  had  the  prior  right,  went 
over  to  England,  and  obtained  patents  for  his  inventions  in  England,  France,  and 
Holland.  In  December,  1792,  he  made  a  successful  trip  with  his  boat  on  the 
Thames,  and  was  preparing  for  another,  when  he  died.  In  1839,  Congress  voted 
to  his  son,  James  Rumsey,  a  gold  medal,  in  commemoration  of  his  father's  ser- 
vices in  giving  the  benefit  of  steamboats  to  the  world. 

1874,  OCTOBER  4.  —  A  treaty  was  made  at  Fort  Schiiyler  with 
the  Six  Nations. 

They  agreed  to  peace,  and  ceded  their  claim  to  the  territory  west  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

1784.  —  NORTH  CAROLINA  ceded  her  western  territory,  on  cer- 
tain conditions,  to  the  United  States. 

A  subsequent  session  repealed  it  before  the  United  States  had  a  chance  to  ac- 
cept it. 

1784,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  The  annual  session  of  Congress  began  at 
Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

Richard  Henry  Lee  was  chosen  president.  One  hundred  thousand  dollars  were 
appropriated  to  lay  out  a  federal  city  and  erect  public  buildings  near  the  falls  of 
the  Delaware.  It  was  voted  inexpedient  to  build  more  than  one  federal  city  at 
this  time.  Congress  at  its  adjournment  voted  to  meet  in  New  York. 

1784.  —  THE  assembly  of  Maryland  established  for  the  western 
shore,  at  Annapolis,  a  college,  to  be  called  St.  John's. 

This  with  Washington  College  were  to  constitute  the  University  of  Maryland ; 
and  a  perpetual  grant  of  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  to  Washington  Collegs, 
and  seventeen  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  to  St.  John's,  to  be  taken  from  the  mar- 
riage, tavern,  and  peddler's  licenses,  and  fines,  was  voted  them. 

1784.  —  NORTH  CAROLINA  adopted  the  rule  of  the  equal  divis- 
ion of  intestate  estates  among  all  the  heirs. 

1784.  —  THE  Connecticut  assembly  forbade  the  further  intro- 
duction of  slaves  into  that  state,  and  declared  those  born  subse- 
quently to  the  act  free. 

Rhode  Island  passed  a  similar  law. 

1784.  —  EIGHT  bags  of  cotton,  shipped  in  an  American  ship  to 
Liverpool,  England,  were  seized  on  their  arrival,  on  the  ground 
that  so  much  cotton  could  not  be  raised  in  the  United  States. 

1784.  — -  ABOUT  this  time  Mr.  Chittenden  of  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut, invented  a  machine  for  making  teeth  for  cards,  capable 
of  producing  eighty-six  thousand  in  an  hour. 

1784.  —  THE  legislature  of  South  Carolina  passed  an  act  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts  and  sciences. 

It  secured  to  authors  their  copyrights,  and  patents  to  inventors. 

1784.  —  NEW  JERSEY  was  reported  as  having  eight  furnaces 
and  seventy-nine  forges  for  the  manufacture  of  iron.~ 


416  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1784. 

1784.  —  THE  cost  of  transportation  from  Philadelphia  to  Erie 
is  said  to  have  been  two  hundred  and  forty-nine  dollars  a  ton. 

The  transportation  was  by  pack-horses  and  wagons. 

1784.  —  THE  Bank  of  New  York,  and  the  Bank  of  Massachu- 
setts, in  Boston,  were  organized. 

1784,  NOVEMBER.  —  Samuel  Seabury  was  consecrated  Bishop 
of  the  Episcopal  churches  in  Connecticut. 
The  ceremony  took  place  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

1784.— 

Of  the  two  hundred  millions  of  Continental  bills  of  credit  issued  by  Congress, 
eighty-eight  had  been  paid  for  taxes  into  the  state  treasuries,  at  the  rate  of  forty 
for  one,  and  replaced  by  four  million  four  hundred  thousand  dollars  of  the  "  new 
tenor,"  bearing  interest  at  six  per  cent.  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  and 
Rhode  Island  had  thus  provided  for  their  entire  quota  of  the  issue.  Connecticut, 
Delaware,  both  the  Carolinas,  and  Georgia  had  taken  up  none.  The  other  states 
had  taken  up  a  part.  About  forty  millions  were  in  the  federal  treasury,  and  a  part 
of  the  balance  was  in  the  state  treasuries,  the  remainder  being  in  the  hands  of 
individuals.  Besides  these  Continental  issues,  all  of  the  states  had  made  issues 
of  their  own.  In  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania,  these  had  been  called  in,  and 
bonds  issued  for  them.  In  others  of  the  states,  land  warrants  had  been  issued 
for  a  part  of  them,  the  rest  remaining  in  the  holders'  hands.  In  Virginia  eventu- 
ally this  portion  was  received  for  bonds  at  the  rate  of  one  thousand  for  one.  The 
direct  and  indirect  taxes  also,  levied  by  the  states,  are  estimated  at  about  thirty 
millions.  Congress  had  also  borrowed  about  forty-four  millions,  ten  of  which 
were  due  in  France.  Franklin  had  signed  contracts  for  about  seven  millions. 
The  French  king  remitted  the  interest  until  peace  was  declared,  and  the  payment 
was  to  be  made  in  instalments,  beginning  the  next  year.  There  was  a  loan  from 
Spain,  another  from  the  Farmers  General  of  France,  and  the  loan  from  Holland. 
Besides  these,  the  United  States  owed  at  home  eleven  millions  and  a  half,  specie 
value,  borrowed  on  loan-office  certificates ;  six  millions  to  the  army ;  five  millions 
to  the  officers  for  commutation  of  pay;  and  twelve  millions  on  other  accounts. 
The  states  also  owed  their  own  debts  of  this  kind. 

1784,  NOVEMBER  13.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature  of 
Massachusetts  authorizing  their  delegates  in  Congress,  or  any 
three  of  them,  to  cede,  for  the  common  benefit,  to  the  United 
States  such  of  the  disputed  lands  claimed  by  her  as  they  should 
think  proper. 

The  lands  were  specified  as  lying  between  the  Hudson  and  the  Mississippi. 

1784,  DECEMBER  14.  —  A  convention  met  at  Jonesborough, 
Tennessee,  and  resolved  to  organize  an  independent  government, 
tinder  the  name  of  Franklin,  or  Frankland. 

Both  names  appear  to  have  been  used.  The  convention  made  a  provisional 
organization,  taking  the  constitution  of  North  Carolina  as  a  basis,  and  referring  to 
a  convention,  to  meet  the  next  year,  the  subject  of  a  permanent  constitution.  The 
people  had  objected  to  the  cession  of  their  territory  by  North  Carolina,  and  were 
not  appeased  by  its  prompt  repeal. 


1784-5.]  AXXALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  417 

1784.  —  MAYSVILLE,  Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  River,  was  settled, 
under  the  name  of  Limestone. 

In  1788,  the  name  was  changed  to  the  present  one,  in  honor  of  John  May,  one 
of  the  original  settlers.  It  has  been  for  many  years  the  largest  hemp  market  in 
the  United  States. 

1784.  —  THE  Litchfield  Law  School  was  opened  by  Tapping 
Reeve. 

Until  1798  he  was  the  sole  instructor.  Reeve  was  born  in  Brookhaven,  Long 
Island,  in  October,  1774;  died  at  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  December  13,  1823.  In 
1772,  he  settled  in  Litchfield,  and  began  to  practise  law.  His  school  soon  became 
famous,  and  in  1798  he  took  as  an  associate  James  Gould.  Mr.  Reeve  continued 
to  lecture  until  1820.  He  was  the  first  lawyer  who  labored  to  effect  a  change  in 
the  laws  regarding  the  property  of  married  women.  The  building  in  which  he 
began  the  law  school  is  still  standing  in  Litchfield. 

1784,  DECEMBER  25. —  A  conference  was  held  at  Baltimore  of 
Methodist  preachers,  and  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of 
America  was  organized. 

1784.  —  THE  legislature  of  Georgia  granted  a  tract  of  wild 
lands  for  a  college. 

A  charter  for  it  was  granted  the  next  year.  The  University  of  Georgia  was 
subsequently  organized  at  Athens  upon  this  grant. 

1785,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  Falmouth  Gazette  and  Weekly  Adver- 
tiser appeared  at  Falmouth,  Maine. 

This  first  newspaper  in  Maine  was  published  by  Thomas  B.  "Wait  and  Benja- 
min Titcomb.  In  178G,  when  Falmouth  was  incorporated  and  called  Portland,  it 
was  published  by  Wait,  and  its  name  changed  to  the  Cumberland  Gazette.  Tit- 
comb  also  commenced  soon  after  the  publication  of  the  Gazette  of  Maine,  which 
was  discontinued  in  1796. 

1785,  JANUARY  21.  —  A  treaty  was  made  with  the  western 
Indians. 

1785,  FEBRUARY  24.  — John  Adams  was  appointed  minister  to 
Great  Britain. 

The  younger  Pitt  declined  to  enter  into  any  treaty  on  the  subject  of  com- 
merce. 

1785,  MARCH.  —  The  Philadelphia  society  for  promoting  agri- 
culture was  formed. 

1785.  —  THE  South  Carolina  Agricultural  Society  was  formed 
in  South  Carolina. 

This  society  offered  premiums  for  the  introduction  of  various  articles,  among 
others  a  medal  for  the  first  flock  of  sheep  of  the  true  merino  breed,  and  for  oil 
made  from  cotton  or  other  seeds. 

1785. — JOHN  BAINE,  a  type  founder  of  Edinburgh,  about  this 
time  established  a  type  foundery  in  Philadelphia. 
Baine  died  in  1790. 

27 


418  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1785. 

1785.  —  AN  iron  mine  was  opened  in  Tinmouth,  Rutland 
County,  Vermont. 

1785.  —  JAMES  JDLIANN,  of  Philadelphia,  advertised  "the  great 
American  Piano-forte  of  his  own  invention." 

1785.  —  THE  Philadelphia  dispensary,  the  first  institution  of 
the  kind  in  the  country,  was  planned  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  of 
Philadelphia. 

1785,  MARCH.  —  Under  the  provisional  arrangement  of  Frank- 
land,  an  assembly  met  and  chose  John  Sevier  governor. 

Courts  were  instituted,  laws  passed,  and  an  address  forwarded  to  Governor 
Martin  of  North  Carolina,  stating  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  counties  of  Wash- 
ington, Sullivan,  and  Greene  had  formed  the  state  of  Frankland,  and  declared 
themselves  independent  of  North  Carolina.  In  April,  Governor  Martin  urged 
them  in  a  manifesto  to  return  to  their  allegiance,  and  the  assembly  of  North 
Carolina  passed  an  act  of  oblivion,  while  insisting  on  their  authority. 

1785,  MARCH  1.  —  The  New  York  Daily  Advertiser  appeared 
in  New  York. 

It  was  published  by  Francis  Childs  &  Co.  Philip  Freneau  became  its  editor 
about  1790,  and  continued  to  be  so  until  the  seat  of  government  was  changed  to 
Washington. 

1785.  —  DUBUQUE,  the  oldest  town  in  Iowa,  was  settled  by 
Julien  Dubuque,  a  French  Canadian,  who  had  the  grant  from 
Spain,  and  authority  to  work  the  lead  mines  in  the  vicinity. 

The  United  States  took  formal  possession  of  the  land  in  1833,  having  made  a 
treaty  with  the  Indians  of  the  neighborhood  the  year  before,  and  leases  of  the 
mines  were  issued.  In  1844,  in  consequence  of  the  trouble  in  collecting  the 
rents,  the  leases  were  called  in,  and  the  mining  lands  offered  for  sale.  La  Sueur, 
in  his  voyage  up  the  Mississippi  in  1700,  discovered  the  lead  mines  in  Iowa, 
Illinois,  and  Wisconsin. 

1785,  MARCH  8. —  General  Knox  was  made  secretary  of  war. 

In  April,  an  enlistment  was  ordered  for  three  years  to  defend  the  western 
frontier. 

1785,  MARCH  10.  —  Jefferson  was  appointed  minister  to  France 
in  place  of  Franklin,  who  had  resigned. 

1785,  APRIL  19.  —  The  delegates  from  Massachusetts  made  a 
deed  to  Congress  of  all  the  territory  west  of  the  present  western 
boundary  of  New  York. 

Congress  on  the  20th  of  May  provided  for  the  survey  and  sale  of  the  lands 
northwest  of  the  Ohio.  By  this  ordinance  the  lands  were  all  surveyed  at  the 
public  expense,  and  divided  into  townships  of  six  miles  square,  each  township  into 
thirty-six  sections  of  a  square  mile,  one  section  in  each  township  being  reserved 
for  schools.  The  lands  were  then  offered  for  sale  to  purchasers  in  the  states  in 
quantities  proportionate  to  the  quotas  of  the  states.  The  sales  were  at  auction  at 
a  minimum  price  of  a  dollar  an  acre,  with  the  expense  of  the  survey,  $49,  a 
township.  Payment  was  in  specie  or  certificates  of  federal  debt.  This  system  was 


1785.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  419 

an  improvement  upon  that  in  use  in  New  England  and  Pennsylvania ;  in  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina,  each  purchaser  had  surveyed  his  own  grant.  A  pfoposition 
to  prohibit  slavery  in  these  lands  was  referred  to  a  committee. 

1785.  —  THE  Vermont  legislature  established  a  mint  at  Rupert, 
\vbich  issued  copper  cents  and  some  few  half  cents. 

The  cents  bore  on  one  side  a  sun  rising  from  behind  hills,  with  a  plough  in  the 
foreground;  legend  Vermontensium  Res  Publica  1786;  on  the  reverse  a  radiated 
eye  surrounded  by  tliirteen  stars ;  legend  Quarto,  Decima  Stella.  The  centa 
coined  in  1788  had  on  one  side  a  head  with  the  legend  Auctoritate  Vermontensium  ; 
on  the  reverse,  a  woman  and  the  letters  Inde.  Et  Lib. 

1785.  —  CONNECTICUT  authorized  a  mint  at  New  Haven  to  issue 
coins  of  copper  weighing  six  pennyworths. 

On  one  side  a  head  with  the  words  Auctori.  Connec.  ;  on  the  reverse,  a  female 
holding  an  olive  branch,  with  the  words  Inde.  Et  Lib.  1785.  This  mint  lasted  for 
three  years. 

1785,  MAY  2.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  added  a  duty 
of  seven  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  all  goods  imported  in  British 
vessels. 

1785,  MAY.  —  A  convention  was  held  at  Danville,  Kentucky, 
which  petitioned  Virginia  for  permission  to  form  a  new  state. 

In  March,  the  assembly  of  Virginia  had  made  the  three  western  counties  a 
separate  judicial  district,  and  given  it  a  supreme  court  of  its  own.  Another  con- 
vention was  held  soon  after,  and  an  address  to  the  people,  in  manuscript,  was  cir- 
culated. There  was  no  printing-press  in  Kentucky. 

1785,  JUNE.  —  A  suit  in  Massachusetts,  brought  by  John 
Murray  and  involving  religious  liberty,  was  decided  by  the  jury 
in  favor  of  liberty. 

The  law  of  Massachusetts  taxed  the  inhabitants  for  the  support  of  the  Orthodox 
clergy.  The  third  article  of  the  Bill  of  Rights  gave  individuals  the  right  to  pay 
their  taxes  for  the  support  of  any  public  Protestant  teacher  of  piety,  religion,  and 
morality  on  whose  services  they  attended ;  otherwise  they  were  used  for  the  support 
of  the  established  preacher  of  the  district.  Mr.  Murray,  whose  opinions  were 
those  of  the  Universalists,  was  settled  over  a  congregation  in  Gloucester,  Massa- 
chusetts, who  built  him  a  church.  The  Calvinists  of  the  town  excommunicated 
him,  and  disputed  his  right  to  take  the  assessments  of  the  members  of  his  audience 
for  his  support.  A  suit  was  therefore  brought  by  Mr.  Murray  against  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  town  of  Gloucester.  The  point  had  been  tried  before  and  appealed, 
but  this  was  the  first  decision  it  reached. 

John  Murray  was  born  in  England,  December  10,  1741,  and  died  in  Boston, 
Septembers,  1815.  In  1770,  he  came  to  this  country.  He  is  generally  considered 
the  founder  of  Universalism  in  this  country. 

1785,  JUNE  14.  —  The  first  pier  for  the  bridge  from  Charlestown 
to  Boston  was  laid. 

The  bridge  was  finished  in  about  a  year,  was  considered  at  that  time  one  of  the 
greatest  building  enterprises,  and  its  completion  was  celebrated  by  a  public  pro- 
cession, in  which  the  legislature,  military,  and  civic  societies  joined. 


420  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1785. 

1785.  —  THE  Davidson  Academy  was  incorporated  at  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee. 

In  1826  its  name  was  changed  to  the  Nashville  University. 

1785,  JUNE  27.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an 
additional  tariff  act,  levying  specific  duties  upon  all  tools,  and  an 
ad  valorem  duty  of  from  five  to  twenty  per  cent,  upon  hats, 
articles  of  leather,  furs,  paper,  and  other  articles,  "  for  encoura- 
ging the  manufacture  thereof  within  this  state  and  the  United 
States." 

1785,  JULY  6.' —  The  "  dollar  "  was  adopted  by  Congress. 

Jefferson  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  its  adoption,  and  in  that  of  the  decimal 
system  of  subdivisions. 

1785.  —  ONE  bag  of  cotton  from  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
twelve  bags  from  Philadelphia,  and  one  from  New  York  were 
shipped  to  Liverpool. 

1785.  —  THEATRES  were  reopened  in  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia. 

The  company  of  which  Lewis  Hallam,  the  son  of  the  manager  who  had  intro- 
duced the  first  theatrical  company  in  the  country,  was  manager,  had  returned  from 
Jamaica.  They  had  gone  there  on  the  opening  of  the  war.  The  Continental 
Congress  had  passed  a  resolution  discountenancing  "  shows,  plays,  and  other 
expensive  diversions  and  entertainments ;  "  and  the  company  "  determined  to  leave 
the  continent  rather  than  offend  the  patriotic  supporters  of  their  country's  free- 
dom." This  is  a  statement  made  by  Hallam  in  a  memorial  to  the  Massachusetts 
legislature  in  1790.  He  says  also  that  the  various  British  commanders  in  New 
York  during  the  war  repeatedly  asked  the  company  to  return  there,  but  they 
refused;  "  they  felt  themselves  Americans,  and  would  not  act  in  opposition  to 
their  country." 

1785.  —  THE  constitution  of  Vermont  was  amended. 

It  had  been  adopted  in  1777.  The  right  of  suffrage  was  given  to  every  man, 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  of  peaceable  behavior,  and  a  resident  of  the  state  a  year 
before  the  election.  An  assembly  of  a  single  house  was  elected  by  the  towns.  It 
could  pass  no  act  before  it  had  been  printed  for  the  consideration  of  the  people, 
and  laid  before  the  governor  and  council,  and  laid  over  one  session.  A  council 
of  censors,  consisting  of  thirteen,  were  to  be  chosen  by  the  people  once  in  seven 
years,  to  inquire  whether  the  constitution  had  been  violated,  and  to  suggest 
amendments,  if  needed,  and  call  a  convention  to  consider  them,  the  proposed 
amendments  being  printed  six  months  before.  The  first  article  of  the  Bill  of 
Rights  read:  "No  male  person  born  in  this  country,  or  brought  from  over  sea, 
ought  to  be  bound  by  law  to  serve  any  person  as  a  servant,  slave,  or  apprentice 
after  he  arrives  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  nor  female,  in  like  manner,  after 
ehe  arrives  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  unless  they  are  bound  by  their  own 
consent,  after  they  arrive  at  such  age,  or  are  bound  by  law  for  the  payment  of 
debts,  damages,  fines,  costs,  or  the  like."  The  constitution  of  1777  had  con- 
tained this  provision. 

This  revision  also  removed  the  test  of  Protestantism,  contained  in  the  first  con- 


1785.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMEKICA.  421 

stitution  in  a  provision  that  no  one  could  be  a  member  of  the  assembly  who  did 
not  sign  a  declaration  of  his  belief  in  a  God,  the  creator  and  governor  of  the  uni- 
verse, the  rewarder  of  the  good  and  the  punisher  of  the  wicked,  and  in  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments  as  inspired,  and  in  the  Protestant  faith.  The  members  were 
in  1793  absolved  from  the  whole  declaration.  Public  schools  in  every  town,  at 
public  expense,  were  provided  for  in  the  constitution,  and  county  schools  and  a 
university  recommended. 

1785,  JULY.  —  A  treaty  was  made  with  Prussia. 

In  case  of  war  it  prohibited  privateering,  making  free  ships  insure  free  goods. 

1785,  JULY.  —  M.  Gardoqui  was  sent  by  Spain  as  minister  to 
the  United  States. 

1785,  AUGUST.  —  Jefferson,  in  letters  from  Paris,  mentions  that 
the  French  government  were  practically  introducing  an  im- 
proved method  of  manufacturing  fire-arms. 

It  consisted  '  '•  in  the  making  every  part  of  them  so  exactly  alike  that  what 
belongs  to  any  one  may  be  used  for  every  musket  in  the  magazine." 

1785,  SEPTEMBER.  —  Congress  made  a  requisition  on  the  states 
for  three  millions  of  dollars. 

It  was  a  portion  of  the  eight  millions  called  for  in  1781.  Two  thirds  of  it  were 
made  payable  in  interest  certificates,  called  "indents." 

1785,  OCTOBER  14.  —  News  was  received  that  Algiers  had  de- 
clared war  against  the  United  States. 

Circulars  with  this  information  were  sent  to  the  several  states  by  John  Jay. 
No  formal  proclamation  was  made,  but  American  vessels  were  seized,  the  object 
being  to  force  the  United  States  to  pay  tribute  to  Algiers. 

1785.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  Herald  was  started  in  Philadelphia 
by  Matthew  Carey. 

It  was  the  first  to  give  regular  reports  of  legislative  proceedings. 

CAREY  was  born  in  Dublin,  January  28,  1760 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  September 
16,  1839.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1784.  In  1791  he  opened  a  bookstore,  and 
was  the  originator  of  the  yearly  fairs  which  have  resulted  in  the  trade  sales.  He 
wrote  largely  on  politico-commercial  topics. 

1785,  OCTOBER.  —  The  Virginia  legislature  passed  an  act  mak- 
ing it  treason  to  erect  a  new  state  in  any  part  of  her  territory 
without  first  obtaining  permission  from  the  assembly. 

1785,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  convention  in  Frankland  met  and 
rejected  the  constitution  which  had  been  prepared  by  a  com- 
mittee, adopting  the  provisional  form  as  a  permanent  one. 

It  sent  William  Cocke  as  a  delegate  to  Congress,  asking  admission  to  the  Union. 
He  met  no  encouragement. 

1785,  NOVEMBER.  —  Congress  convened,  and  John  Hancock, 
again  a  delegate,  was  chosen  president. 

As  sickness  prevented  his  attendance,  David  Kamsey,  of  South  Carolina,  was 
appointed  chairman. 


422  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1785-6. 

1785,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  Virginia  legislature  authorized  the 
election  of  five  delegates  from  each  of  the  seven  counties  of 
Kentucky,  to  consider  the  question  of  forming  an  independent 
government. 

If  the  convention  should  decide  for  this,  the  separation  would  be  allowed,  pro- 
vided Congress  would  admit  the  new  state  before  June,  1787,  and  provided  the  new 
state  would  assume  its  proportion  of  Virginia's  debt.  The  Ohio  was  to  remain 
open,  and  all  Virginia  land  titles  to  be  held  good,  and  warrants  to  be  located  until 
September,  1788,  and  no  special  tax  to  be  levied  on  non-resident  citizens  of  the 
United  States  who  were  land-owners  in  the  new  state. 

1785.  —  THE  Virginia  legislature  passed  a  Religious  Freedom 
Act. 

It  confirmed  and  extended  the  act  of  1776,  suspending  the  collection  of  parish 
rates. 

1786,  JANUARY.  —  Treaties  were  made  with  the  various  tribes 
of  Indians,  so  that  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  extended 
over  almost  all  the  territory  of  the  present  states  of  Tennessee, 
Alabama,  and  Mississippi. 

1786,  FEBRUARY.  —  A  special  committee  to  examine  the  matter 
of  the  federal  impost  reported. 

Nine  states  had  so  far  granted  the  power  to  Congress  to  levy  it,  that  it  could 
act,  provided  Georgia,  Maryland,  New  York,  and  Rhode  Island  should  agree. 
Rhode  Island,  Maryland,  and  Georgia  soon  agreed  to  it,  and  so  did  New  York, 
though  reserving  the  collection  of  the  duties  to  her  own  officers,  and  making 
them  payable  in  her  own  recently  issued  bills  of  credit.  Another  committee 
reported  that  all  the  states  except  Delaware,  Georgia,  and  South  Carolina  had 
granted  the  power  to  Congress  to  regulate  commerce  for  a  certain  term  of  years, 
though  some  of  them  had  done  so  with  conditions. 

1786,  MARCH  13.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Rhode 
Island  empowering  Congress  to  regulate  the  trade  of  that  state 
with  vessels  of  nations  having  no  treaties  with  the  United  States, 
and  to  forbid  the  importation  by  such  nations  of  goods  of  their 
own  manufacture,  and  also  to  regulate  the  trade  between  the 
states.  The  same  session  a  tender  act  was  passed  to  enable 
debtors  to  settle  their  obligations  by  the  transfer  of  lands  and 
certain  personal  effects  at  an  appraised  value,  the  same  to  be  re- 
deemed within  a  year  by  the  payment  of  their  value  in  money, 
with  interest. 

The  Tender  Act  was  repealed  the  same  year. 

1786,  MARCH.  —  James  Rumsey  succeeded,  on  the  Potomac,  in 
propelling  a  boat  by  a  steam-engine  and  machinery. 

The  motion  was  caused  by  the  force  of  a  stream  of  water  thrown  out  at  the 
stern  through  a  pump. 

The  next  year  he  made  another  successful  trip ;  and  about  this  time  he  and 
John  Fitch,  who  had  been  experimenting  on  the  Delaware,  engaged  in  a  contro- 
versy on  the  subject  of  steam  navigation. 


1786.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  423 

1786,  APRIL  25. —  The  legislature  of  New  York  authorized  its 
agents  to  settle  the  question  of  disputed  borders  otherwise  than 
by  appeal  to  the  federal  courts. 

1786,  MAY  3.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created  a  loan, 
or  "  bank,"  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 

Bills  of  credit  to  this  amount  were  issued,  and  loaned  on  mortgages  of  land  to 
double  their  value,  to  be  paid  into  the  treasury  at  the  end  of  fourteen  years. 
The  deputies  from  Providence  entered  their  protest  against  it. 

1786.  — THE  legislature  of  North  Carolina  passed  an  act  laying 
a  duty  of  five  pounds  a  head  upon  the  importation  of  slaves. 

The  act  spoke  of  the  introduction  of  slaves  into  the  state  as  "of  evil  conse- 
quences and  highly  impolitic." 

1786.  —  THE  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act  forbid- 
ding theatrical  performances. 

1786.  —  THE  first  American  play  was  represented  in  New 
York. 

It  was  a  comedy,  entitled  "  The  Contrast,"  and  was  written  by  Royal  Tyler, 
who  was  subsequently  chief  justice  of  Vermont. 

1786.  —  A  COINAGE  of  copper  money  was  authorized  by  New 
Jersey.  The  patent  allowed  the  establishment  of  two  mints,  one 
at  Solitude,  two  miles  west  of  Morristown,  the  other  at  Elizabeth. 

The  coins  had  on  the  obverse  a  horse's  head,  with  a  plough  beneath  it,  and  the 
legend,  Nova  Caesarea  1786 ;  reverse,  a  shield,  the  legend,  E  Pluribus  Unurn. 

1786,  JULY  5. —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  authorized 
its  agents  to  settle  the  question  of  disputed  borders. 

1786,  JULY.  — The  merchants  refusing  to  sell  their  wares  for 
the  bills  of  credit,  a  mob  in  Newport  forced  the  dealers  in  corn 
to  accept  the  bills  for  their  stock. 

The  distress  was  severe,  and  the  movement  spread,  leading  to  conventions.  The 
assembly  passed  penal  laws  in  favor  of  the  bills.  A  plan  for  state  trade  was 
suggested,  the  state  providing  vessels  and  importing  necessaries,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  committee  of  the  legislature ;  payments  for  the  supplies  to  be  made  in 
produce,  lumber,  and  labor,  to  furnish  return  cargoes.  A  law  case  against  a 
butcher  for  refusing  to  sell  his  meat  for  the  bills  of  credit  was  tried  before  the 
superior  court  in  Newpoi't,  with  a  full  bench,  and  the  court  declared  the  acts  in 
favor  of  the  bills  unconstitutional  and  void.  An  extra  session  of  the  assembly 
was  called,  and  the  judges  were  summoned  before  them  to  give  their  reasons  for 
their  decision.  Their  examination  was  postponed  until  the  next  session.  Tlie 
judges  maintained  their  independence,  and  that  they  were  not  accountable  to  the 
assembly ;  and  the  assembly  resolved  finally  that  "  no  satisfactory  reasons  "  had 
been  given  by  the  judges  for  their  judgment,  and,  there  being  no  ground  for  im- 
peachment, dismissed  them. 

1786,  JULY  29. — The   CommomueaUh,  or  Pittsburg  Gazette, 
appeared  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 
It  was  published  by  John  Scull. 


424  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1786. 

1786.  —  FALMOUTH,  Maine,  was  incorporated,  and  its  name 
changed  to  Portland. 

1786.  —  CALONNE  stated,  this  year,  that  the  American  war  of 
independence  had  cost  France  fourteen  hundred  and  forty  mil- 
lions of  francs  —  about  two  hundred  and  fifty-six  millions  of 
dollars.  The  English  national  debt  was  increased  by  the  war, 
in  dollars,  about  five  hundred  and  seventy-five  millions. 

1786.  —  AT  the  convention  held  in  Annapolis,  Maryland,  James 
Madison  said  "  there  was  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  United 
States  would  one  day  become  a  great  cotton-producing  country." 

1786.  —  THE  seed  of  sea  island,  or  long  staple  cotton,  was 
introduced  about  this  year  into  Georgia. 

1786.  —  THIS  year  there  were  within  ten  miles  of  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania,  which  was  situated  on  the  great  high-road  to  the 
West,  eighteen  grain-mills,  sixteen  saw-mills,  one  fulling-mill, 
four  oil-mills,  five  hemp-mills,  two  boring  and  grinding-mills  for 
gun-barrels. 

1786. — JEFFERSON,  writing  to  M.  De  Warville,  in  August, 
says : — 

"  Virginia,  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  New  Jersey,  and  New  York 
abound  with  large  manufacturing  mills  for  the  exportation  of  flour." 

1786.  —  ROBERT  ATSTD  ALEXANDER  BARR,  Scotchmen,  made  three 
carding,  roping,  and  spinning  machines  for  Hugh  Orr,  at  his 
works  at  East  Bridgewater,  Massachusetts. 

The  legislature  granted  them  two  hundred  pounds  to  complete  them,  and  gave 
them  six  tickets  in  the  land  lottery,  which  had  no  blanks,  as  a  reward.  The 
machines  were  placed  on  exhibition.  They  cost  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven 
pounds,  and  are  said  to  have  been  the  first  jenny  and  stock-card  made  in  the 
country. 

1786,  JULY. —  A  three-inch  cylinder  model  of  a  steam-engine 
was  built  in  Philadelphia  by  John  Fitch  and  Henry  Voight,  by 
which  a  skiff  was  moved  on  the  Delaware  by  means  of  oars  at- 
tached to  a  crank. 

The  next  year  a  twelve-inch  cylinder  engine  was  built,  which  propelled  a 
steamer  on  the  Delaware  in  the  presence  of  the  Federal  convention,  then  in 
session  in  the  city. 

1786.  —  LYNCHBURG,  Virginia,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  James 
River,  was  laid  out. 

The  manufacturing  of  tobacco  is  the  chief  business  of  the  city. 

1786,  AUGUST  3.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  for  three 
millions  seven  hundred  and  seventy-seven  thousand  dollars. 

It  was  to  pay  the  expenses  and  two  instalments  of  the  foreign  debt,  falling 
due.  One  million  six  hundred  and  six  thousand  of  it  could  be  paid  in  "  indents." 
A  large  part  of  the  last  year's  requisition  remained  unpaid.  Rhode  Island  had 


1786.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  425 

made  the  Continental  taxes  payable  in  her  own  bills  of  credit.  New  Jersey 
refused  to  pay  until  New  York  consented  to  the  federal  impost,  and  then,  though 
she  recalled  this  refusal,  she  made  no  arrangement  for  collecting  the  money. 
Pennsylvania  claimed  that  too  large  a  quota  had  been  assigned  her.  South  Caro- 
lina claimed  credit  for  supplies  she  had  furnished  the  army  in  1782  and  1783. 

1786,  AUGUST.  —  The  courts  in  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  and 
the  adjoining  counties,  were  prevented  by  an  armed  force  of  the 
people  frorai  holding  their  sessions. 

The  popular  discontent  against  the  extortionate  fees  of  the  lawyers,  the  multi- 
plicity of  lawsuits,  and  the  absence  of  any  money  in  circulation,  since  the  state 
and  Continental  issues  had  ceased  to  serve  this  purpose,  had  been  for  a  long 
time  gathering  to  a  head. 

1786,  AUGUST  7.  —  An  Indian  Bureau  was  organized  by 
Congress. 

It  was  subordinate  to  the  "War  Department,  and  had  two  superintendents,  one 
for  the  district  north  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  other  for  the  district  south  of  that 
river.  Their  duty  was  to  keep  the  Indians  quiet  by  treating  them  with  justice, 
and  preventing  the  encroachments  by  which  their  hostility  was  generally  pro- 
voked. The  states  of  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  and  Virginia  especially  conceived 
it  their  right  to  deal  directly  with  the  Indians,  though  the  articles  of  confedera- 
tion had  given  exclusive  control  over  Indian  affairs  to  Congress. 

1786,  SEPTEMBER  6.  —  The  Hampshire  Gazette  appeared  in 
Northampton,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  William  Butler.  It  was  issued  to  counteract  the  discon- 
tent which  culminated  in  Shays'  rebellion. 

1786. — THE  pope  appointed  John  Carroll,  of  Maryland,  his 
vicar-apostolic. 

Carroll  was  afterwards  consecrated  as  bishop  of  Baltimore,  and  eventually  as 
archbishop  of  the  United  States.  By  the  state  constitution,  the  Catholics  had 
been  made,  politically,  the  equals  of  the  Protestants. 

1786,  SEPTEMBER  11.  —  Congress  accepted  the  cession  of  Con- 
necticut to  the  western  lands. 

This  completed  the  title  of  the  United  States  to  the  lands  northwest  of  the 
Ohio. 

1786.  —  EARLY  this  year  the  assembly  of  Virginia  appointed 
commissioners  to  meet  in  convention  at  Annapolis,  to  consider  the 
question  of  commerce,  with  a  view  of  altering  the  articles  of 
confederation. 

The  states  had  reserved  the  control  of  their  own  foreign  commerce,  and  the 
general  sentiment  of  the  inadequacy  of  the  confederation  for  national  purposes 
was  expressed  by  Washington,  who  said  in  a  letter  dated  August  1,  1786 :  "  I  do 
not  conceive  we  can  long  exist  as  a  nation  without  having  lodged  somewhere  a 
power  which  will  pervade  the  whole  Union  in  as  energetic  a  manner  as  the 
authority  of  the  states  governments  extends  over  the  several  states."  The  assem- 
bly of  Virginia  made  it  the  duty  of  the  committee  appointed  to  confer  with  the 
other  states  and  invite  them  to  concur.  This  movement  of  Virginia  was  not  the 


42G  ANNALS   OP  NORTH  AMERICA.  [178G. 

first  that  was  made  towards  this  end.  It  was  suggested  in  Common  Sense  in 
1776 ;  a  convention  for  the  purpose  was  suggested  by  Hamilton  in  1780 ;  by  the  legis- 
lature of  New  York  in  1782;  by  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  Bowdoin,  in  a 
speech  to  the  legislature  in  1785,  and  by  other  individuals;  but  nothing  definitive 
had  arisen  from  these  suggestions. 

1786,  SEPTEMBER  11.  —  The  convention  suggested  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Virginia  assembled  at  Annapolis,  and  issued  an  address, 
suggesting  another  and  a  larger  convention  for  the  same  purpose. 

There  were  delegates  present  from  four  legislatures  —  Virginia,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey.  Delegates  had  been  appointed  by  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  North  Carolina,  who  did  not  attend. 
From  Connecticut,  Maryland,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia  no  notice  of  any 
action  had  been  received.  The  representation  was  so  partial  that  no  definite 
action  was  taken  upon  the  object  of  the  convention,  other  than  issuing  an  address 
urging  the  appointment  of  commissioners  from  each  of  the  states,  to  meet  in 
Philadelphia  on  the  second  Monday  in  May  of  the  next  year,  to  devise  such 
measures  as  should  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  case. 

1786,  SEPTEMBER  29.  —  Congress  called  upon  Virginia  and 
Massachusetts  to  modify  their  cessions,  so  that  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  Ohio  could  be  divided  into  three  or  five  states,  as 
might  be  best. 

1786,  SEPTEMBER.  —  An  extra  session  of  the  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  was  called  by  Governor  Bowdoin. 

Acts  were  passed  diminishing  the  legal  fees  for  the  collection  of  debts,  allow- 
ing the  payment  of  back  taxes  and  debts  in  produce  at  specific  valuations.  The 
militia  was  called  out  to  defend  the  courts  in  the  southern  counties,  and  the  habeas 
corpus  was  suspended,  after  the  general  court  in  an  address  offered  pardon  to  all 
for  past  offences,  provided  they  should  cease  unlawful  proceedings. 

An  act  was  also  passed  limiting  the  claim  to  lands,  based  upon  writs  of  right. 
By  this  it  was  intended  to  recognize  the  rights  of  actual  settlers  and  improvers 
of  land  against  the  claims  of  those  who  demanded  possession  from  patents  or 
charters.  The  time  for  the  issue  of  writs  of  right  was  limited  to  sixty  years,  for 
writs  of  entry  to  fifty  years,  and  claims  upon  one's  own  seisin  to  thirty  years. 

1786,  SEPTEMBER.  —  A  quorum  was  not  present  at  the  conven- 
tion called  in  Kentucky. 

The  members  had  been  called  away  upon  an  expedition  against  the  Indians. 
Those  who  attended  asked  from  the  assembly  of  Virginia  that  a  new  convention 
should  be  called  the  next  year,  which  was  granted. 

1786,  SEPTEMBER.  —  A  convention  met  at  Portland,  Maine,  to 
\consider  the  expediency  of  making  that  state  independent   of 
Massachusetts. 

1786,  SEPTEMBER.  —  An  armed  force  of  the  people,  in  New 
Hampshire,  surrounded  the  legislative  hall  at  Exeter,  and  de- 
manded a  remission  of  taxes  and  an  issue  of  a  supply  of  bills  of 
credit. 

The  legislature  had  submitted  a  proposed  issue  to  the  people,  but  no  vote  had 
yet  been  taken.  They  dispersed  when  appealed  to  by  Governor  Sullivan. 


1786.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  427 

1786,  OCTOBER  16.  —  A  mint  was  established. 

It  coined  only  cents,  and  but  a  few  tons  of  those.  A  mint  law  had  been  passed 
in  August,  and  was  now  modified. 

1786.  —  THE  supreme  court  of  New  York  pronounced  the 
Trespass  Act  void,  as  conflicting  with  the  treaty  with  England. 

This  act,  passed  three  years  before,  empowered  owners  of  real  estate  in  the 
city  to  recover  damages  and  rent  from  those  who  had  used  their  buildings  during 
the  British  occupation. 

1786,  OCTOBER  21.  —  Congress  voted  to  raise  thirteen  hundred 
men,  and  called  upon  the  states  for  money  to  support  them. 

They  were  for  service  in  Massachusetts.  The  federal  armory  in  Springfield 
was  thought  to  be  in  danger.  Before  the  troops  were  raised,  the  insurrection 
had  culminated. 

1786,  OCTOBER  28.  —  A  riot  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature 
of  Massachusetts. 

This  devolved  on  justices  and  sheriffs  the  duty  of  dispersing  riotous  assemblies 
of  more  than  twelve  armed,  or  thirty  unarmed  persons,  and  allowed  these  officers 
to  call  to  their  aid  assistance. 

1786,  OCTOBER.  —  Massachusetts  established  a  mint.  The  next 
year  the  works  were  put  up  at  Dedham  and  on  Boston  Neck, 
and  in  1788,  cents  and  half  cents  were  issued. 

The  coins  bore  on  the  obverse  the  American  eagle,  with  arrows  in  the  right 
talon,  and  an  olive  branch  in  the  left,  a  shield  on  the  breast,  bearing  the  word 
"Cent";  legend,  "Massachusetts,  1788";  on  the  reverse,  an  Indian  holding  a 
bow  and  arrow;  legend,  "  Commonwealth,"  and  a  star. 

1786.  —  ABOUT  this  time  a  machine  for  cutting  cold  tacks  and 
nails  was  invented  by  Ezekiel  Reed  of  Bridgewater,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

His  son  Jesse  Reed,  in  1807,  patented  a  machine  for  cutting  and  heading  tacks 
at  one  operation. 

1786,  NOVEMBER  9.  —  The  Virginia  legislature  selected  dele- 
gates to  attend  the  convention  at  Philadelphia. 

Washington  was  made  the  chairman  of  the  delegation.  The  purpose  of  the 
convention,  as  expressed  in  the  instruction  to  the  delegates,  "  was  to  concur  in 
such  further  suggestions  and  provisions  as  might  be  necessary  to  secure  the 
great  objects  for  which  that  government"  (the  Federal  government)  "was  estab- 
lished, and  to  render  the  United  States  as  happy  in  peace  as  they  have  been  glori- 
ous in  war." 

1786,  NOVEMBER  30. — The  agents  of  New  York  and  Massa- 
chusetts met  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  and  agreed  upon  a  settle- 
ment of  the  disputed  claim  to  the  territory  west  of  the  Delaware. 

The  pre-emption  right  to  the  land  in  dispute  was  about  equally  divided  be- 
tween the  two  states,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  whole  being  left  to  New  York. 

1786,  DECEMBER  5.  —  A  force  of  about  a  thousand  armed  men, 


428  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1786-7. 

under    Daniel    Shays,   took    possession    of   Worcester,   Massa- 
chusetts. 

They  prevented  the  session  of  the  court  here,  and  also  in  Springfield.  Shays 
had  been  a  captain  in  the  Continental  army. 

1786.  —  DURING  the  spring,  elections  were  held  in  Frankland 
for  members  to  the  new  assembly,  and  also  to  that  of  North 
Carolina. 

Two  sets  of  officers  claimed  the  authority,  and  party  spirit  ran  very  high. 

1787.  —  THE  "  Pennsylvania  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
Manufactures  and  the  Useful  Arts  "  was  formed. 

The  fee  for  membership  was  ten  shillings,  and  the  same  annual  dues  and  sub- 
scriptions were  received  for  a  manufacturing  fund.  The  influence  of  this  society 
in  introducing  various  branches  of  industry,  and  in  calling  public  attention  to  the 
whole  subject  was  very  marked.  They  offered  prizes  for  various  new  processes 
and  machines. 

1787,  JANUARY. — The  coinage  for  Khode  Island  was  granted 
to  Deputy- Governor  Owen  and  others,  on  their  petition,  as  "  an 
exclusive  privilege  "  for  twelve  years. 

1787,  JANUARY. —  The  militia  being  called  out  by  Governor 
Bowdoin  of  Massachusetts,  assembled,  and,  under  General  Lin- 
coln, marched  for  Worcester,  on  their  way  to  Springfield. 

While  attempting  to  capture  the  arsenal  at  Springfield,  General  Shepherd,  in 
command,  fired  upon  the  insurgents  and  dispersed  them.  On  the  27th,  hearing  of 
Lincoln's  approach,  they  retreated  to  Pelham.  On  the  3d  of  February,  from 
want  of  provisions,  they  retreated  to  Petersham.  By  a  forced  march,  Lincoln 
surprised  them  there,  captured  many  of  them,  and  the  rest  fled. 

1787.  FEBRUARY  3.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  met 
in  special  session. 

They  declared  the  existence  of  rebellion,  and  voted  men  to  supply  the  place 
of  the  militia,  who  had  been  called  out  only  for  thirty  days.  The  neighboring 
states  were  called  on  to  assist  in  arresting  and  dispersing  the  insurgents.  New 
Hampshire,  Connecticut,  and  New  York  promptly  lent  their  aid ;  Khode  Island 
and  Vermont  not  so  promptly.  A  free  pardon  was  offered  all  who  would  lay 
down  their  arms  and  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.  Many  were  tried,  fourteen  were 
condemned  to  death  for  treason,  but  no  one  was  executed.  A  commission,  insti- 
tuted to  pardon  those  they  should  see  fit,  was  very  lenient.  They  were  neces- 
sarily so,  since  about  one  third  of  the  population  were  thought  to  sympathize 
with  the  insurgents. 

1787,  FEBRUARY  4.  —  The  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ordained 
White  of  Philadelphia,  and  Provoost  of  New  York,  as  bishops  of 
Pennsylvania  and  New  York. 

An  act  of  parliament  had  been  obtained  to  permit  such  ordinations.  A  con- 
vention had  also  been  held,  which  matured  a  constitution  for  the  "Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  of  the  United  States,"  and  had  altered  the  liturgy  in  accord- 
ance with  the  newly  established  government. 


1787.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  429 

1787. — A  SPINNING-JENNY  was  set  up  in  Providence,  Rhode 
Island. 

It  was  made  by  Daniel  Jackson,  and  had  twenty-eight  spindles.  Daniel 
Anthony,  Andrew  Dexter,  and  Lewis  Peck  were  the  copartners  in  this  enter- 
prise. The  jenny  is  said  to  have  been  made  on  the  model  of  that  at  Beverly. 

1787,  FEBRUARY  20.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  passed 
an  act  authorizing  the  governor  to  call  upon  the  military,  when 
necessary,  to  suppress  insurrection. 

Where  notice  could  not  be  given  the  governor,  the  sheriff  or  any  two  justices 
could  call  upon  the  local  military. 

1787.  —  THERE  were  sixty-three  paper-mills  in  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey,  and  Delaware,  forty-eight  of  which  were  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

1787.  —  SPECIMENS  of  white  glass,  made  at  Albany,  New  York, 
were  presented  to  the  American  Philosophical  Society.  The 
works  were  built  by  John  de  Neufville. 

John  de  Neufville  came  to  this  country  from  Holland.  He  was  the  negotiator 
of  the  treaty  between  Holland  and  America,  which  led  to  the  war  between  Hol- 
land and  England  in  1781.  Being  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  the  struggle  for  lib- 
erty in  this  country,  he  sacrificed  his  independent  fortune  in  its  support;  and, 
finally  coming  over,  he  invested  the  remnant  of  his  wealth  in  establishing  this 
glass-work  about  eight  miles  west  of  Albany. 

1787,  FEBRUARY  21.  —  Congress  recommended  the  legislatures 
of  the  states  to  appoint  delegates  to  meet  in  convention  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

They  were  to  be  elected  "for  the  sole  and  express  purpose  of  revising  the 
Articles  of  Confederation,  and  report  to  Congress  and  the  several  State  legis- 
latures." The  convention  was  for  the  purpose  of  "  establishing  in  those  States  a 
firm  national  government."  All  the  states  except  Rhode  Island  elected  delegates. 

1787,  MARCH  28.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an 
act  confirming  in  Wyoming  the  grants  made  by  Connecticut  prior 
to  the  decision  of  jurisdiction. 

The  people  were  still  dissatisfied,  and  the  plan  of  making  an  independent  state 
was  openly  discussed. 

1787,  MARCH  31.  —  Up  to  this  date,  but  one  million  three  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars  had  been  paid  into 
the  Continental  treasury  by  the  states. 

From  1782,  requisitions  upon  the  states  to  pay  the  interest  upon  the  debt  had 
been  made  by  Congress,  amounting  to  six  million,  two  hundred  and  seventy-nine 
thousand,  three  hundred  and  seventy-six  dollars. 

1787,  APRIL.  —  The  disputed  title  to  the  territory  west  of  the 
Altamaha  was  settled  by  mutual  agreement  by  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina. 

South  Carolina  ceded  it  to  Georgia. 


430  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1787. 

1787,  APRIL.  —  Congress  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  the  gov- 
ernors of  the  various  states,  calling  their  attention  to  the  neces- 
sity for  the  organization  of  a  national  system  of  responsibility. 

The  circular  says  that  "  the  national  Constitution  having  committed  to  them  the 
management  of  the  national  concerns  with  foreign  states  and  powers,  it  was  their 
duty  to  take  care  that  all  the  rights  which  they  ought  to  enjoy  within  their  juris- 
diction, by  the  law  of  nations  and  the  faith  of  treaties,  remain  inviolate ;  "  and  that 
"  when  a  treaty  was  constitutionally  made,  it  immediately  became  binding  on  the 
whole  nation  and  superadded  to  the  laws  of  the  land,  without  the  intervention  of 
a  fiat  of  State  legislatures."  This  circular  letter  was  signed  by  A.  St.  Clair, 
President. 

1787,  MAY  1.  —  John  Fitch  made  an  experiment  upon  the 
Delaware  with  a  steamboat  he  had  constructed,  a  description  of 
which  he  had  printed  in  the  Columbian  Magazine  for  December, 
1786. 

His  experiment  was  witnessed  by  Messrs.  Rittenhouse,  Ewing,  and  Ellicott, 
with  others,  and,  according  to  the  measurements  of  these  gentlemen,  the  new 
steamboat  travelled  at  the  rate  of  eight  miles  an  hour  at  dead  water.  On  the  28th 
of  March  of  this  year,  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  granted  to  Fitch  "the  sole 
right  and  advantage  of  making  and  employing  the  steamboat  by  him  lately  in- 
vented, for  a  limited  time"  —  that  is,  for  fourteen  years.  Fitch  had  obtained 
similar  privileges  from  the  legislatures  of  Delaware,  New  York,  and  Virginia. 
Fitch's  method  was  by  a  paddle-wheel  at  the  stern. 

1787,  MAY  25.  —  The  convention  of  delegates  from  the  states 
met  at  Philadelphia,  and  organized. 

Washington  was  elected  president.  Sixty-five  delegates  had  been  elected,  but 
ten  did  not  appear  to  take  their  seats.  The  convention  sat  from  May  25  until 
September  17.  Its  sessions  were  secret,  no  member  being  allowed  to  copy  from 
its  journal.  This  document  was  intrusted  to  the  custody  of  Washington,  who 
deposited  it  in  the  state  department.  In  1818  it  was  printed  by  the  order  of  Con- 
gress. One  of  the  New  York  delegates,  Robert  Yates,  made  short  notes  of  the 
earlier  debates,  which  were  printed  in  1821.  Madison  took  short-hand  notes  of 
the  proceedings,  which  he  wrote  out  daily.  These  were  printed  in  1840.  Wash- 
ington left  the  convention  on  the  29th  of  June,  and  did  not  return  until  August  13. 
On  July  10,  he  wrote  a  letter  to  Hamilton,  in  which  he  said  he  almost  despaired 
of  seeing  a  favorable  result  of  the  proceedings,  and  regretted  having  had  any- 
thing to  do  with  them.  It  was  a  difficult  thing  to  harmonize  the  prejudices  and 
the  local  interests  of  the  various  sections.  One  of  the  chief  disturbances  arose 
from  the  existence  of  slavery.  Luther  Martin,  one  of  the  delegates,  said:  "I 
believe  near  a  fortnight,  perhaps  more,  was  spent  in  the  discussion  of  this  busi- 
ness, during  which  we  were  on  the  verge  of  dissolution,  scarce  held  together  by 
the  strength  of  a  hair.!'  The  conflicting  elements  were  arranged  by  a  compromise 
fixing  the  basis  of  representation  by  allowing  the  slave  population  to  count  as 
three  fifths  of  their  number  in  the  enumeration  for  settling  the  representation, 
and  by  making  the  states  equally  represented  in  the  senate,  and  a  right  to  one 
member  in  the  house  for  every  forty  thousand  inhabitants.  This  and  the  reconcili- 
ation of  the  advocates  for  centralization,  and  for  the  paramount  power  of  the  state 
governments,  were  the  chief  causes  of  the  delay.  Hamilton  proposed  a  plan  in 
which  the  general  government  should  appoint  the  governors  of  the  states.  It  was 


1787.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  431 

not,  however,  .acted  upon.  Finally  the  articles  were  agreed  upon,  and  attested  in 
the  form  furnished  by  Franklin  :  "  Done  in  convention,  by  the  unanimous  consent 
of  the  States  present,  the  17th  day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1787,  and 
of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America,  the  twelfth."  When  the 
articles  as  agreed  upon  were  read,  Franklin  said :  "I  agree  to  that  Constitution, 
with  all  its  faults,  if  they  are  such,  because  I  think  a  general  government  neces- 
sary for  us ;  and  there  is  no  form  of  government  but  what  may  be  a  blessing  to 
the  people  if  well  administered ;  and  believe,  further,  that  this  is  likely  to  be  well 
administered  for  a  course  of  years,  and  can  only  end  in  despotism,  as  other  forms 
have  done  before  it,  when  the  people  shall  be  so  corrupted  as  to  need  despotic 
government,  being  incapable  of  any  other."  When  the  document  was  signed,  it 
was  decided  that  it  should  be  transmitted  to  the  people,  the  sovereignty,  through 
Congress,  which  should  forward  it  to  the  various  legislatures,  and  when  its  ratifi- 
cation by  nine  states  should  be  made  known  to  Congress,  it  should  be  practically 
put  in  operation. 

1787.  —  BINGHAMTON,  New  York,  at  the  junction  of  the  Che- 
nangc  and  Susquehanna  rivers,  was  settled  by  William  Bingham 
from  Philadelphia. 

Owing  to  the  water-power,  the  city  carries  on  an  extensive  flour  and  lumber 
trade. 

1787.  —  THE  states  accepted  the  Constitution  in  the  following 
order : — 

December  7,  Delaware,  unanimously;  December  12,  Pennsylvania,  by  two 
thirds  majority;  December  18,  New  Jersey,  unanimously.  1788,  January  2, 
Georgia,  unanimously ;  January  9,  Connecticut,  128  to  40 ;  February  7,  Massa- 
chusetts, 187  to  168,  with  nine  amendments  proposed;  April  28,  Maryland,  63  to 
12;  May  24,  South  Carolina,  149  to  73,  with  three  amendments;  June  21,  New 
Hampshire,  57  to  4G,  with  the  same  amendments  proposed  by  Massachusetts  ;  June 
27,  Virginia,  89  to  79,  with  amendments ;  July  25,  New  York,  with  amendments ; 
August  7,  North  Carolina,  conditionally,  if  the  other  states  accepted  amendments. 
1789,  November,  a  new  convention  in  North  Carolina  accepted.  1790,  May  29, 
Rhode  Island. 

1787,  JUNE.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  granted  a 
charter  to  a  company,  with  the  exclusive  right  to  make  glass  for 
fifteen  years  in  Boston.  The  penalty  of  an  infringement  was  five 
hundred  pounds  for  each  offence.  The  capital  stock  was  ex- 
empted from  taxation  for  five  years,  and  the  persons  employed 
in  the  work  from  military  duty. 

A  large  factory  was  built,  and  then  taken  down  and  replaced  by  another.  Op- 
erations were  not  commenced  until  November,  1792,  when  they  made  crown 
window-glass  of  a  superior  quality. 

1787,  JULY  6.  —  The  first  metallic  coinage  was  made  by  the 
United  States. 

It  consisted  of  cents,  having  thirteen  circles  linked  together,  with  a  small 
circle  in  the  middle.  The  words  "  United  States  "  round  it;  "  We  are  one  "  in  the 
centre;  on  the  reverse,  a  dial  and  sun,  the  date  and  Fugio,  with  the  words 


432  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1787. 

"Mind  your  business "  below  the  dial.    The  cents  were  made  at  New  Haven, 
under  a  contract  with  James  Jarvis. 

1787. — A  COMPANY  at  Beverly,  Massachusetts,  was  formed  to 
manufacture  cotton. 

They  imported  a  carding-machine  at  a  cost  of  eleven  hundred  pounds.  Their 
jennies  were  either  imported  or  made  from  the  machine  exhibited  by  the  state. 
The  legislature  made  them  a  grant  of  five  hundred  pounds.  Washington  visited 
the  manufactory  in  1789.  In  1790  they  petitioned  the  general  court  for  assistance 
to  carry  on  the  enterprise ;  the  business,  as  a  corporation,  was  abandoned,  and 
was  carried  on  by  individuals,  who  were  also  unsuccessful. 

1787,  JULY  11.  —  Congress  accepted  a  report  from  the  com- 
mittee appointed  for  the  subject,  entitled  "  An  Ordinance  for  the 
Government  of  the  Territory  of  the  United  States  Northwest 
of  the  Ohio." 

Nathan  Dane,  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  chairman  of  the  committee.  The 
report  contained  a  proviso  that  intestate  estates  should  be  equally  divided. 
The  officers  of  the  territory  were  appointed  by  Congress,  but,  as  soon  as  it  con- 
tained five  thousand  male  inhabitants,  it  was  entitled  to  a  representative  assembly. 
Religious  freedom,  trial  by  jury,  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  and  other  rights 
claimed  m  the  state  Bills  of  Rights,  were  guaranteed.  Schools,  and  justice,  good 
faith,  and  humanity  to  the  Indians  were  also  demanded.  The  states  to  be  formed 
were  to  accept  their  responsibility  for  the  public  debt,  and  were  not  to  tax  the 
lands  of  non-residents  higher  than  those  of  residents.  When  the  territory  con- 
tained sixty  thousand  inhabitants,  it  was  to  be  divided  into  three  or  five  states  at 
the  option  of  Congress ;  and  finally  "  there  shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary 
servitude  in  the  said  Territory,  otherwise  than  in  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof 
the  party  shall  hq,ve  been  duly  convicted."  A  further  clause  provided  for  the 
reclamation  of  fugitives  from  labor. 

Nathan  Dane  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1752,  and  died  there  in  1835.  He 
founded  the  Dane  professorship  in  the  Harvard  College  Law  School,  which  was 
filled  at  his  request  by  Judge  Story. 

1787,  JULY  23.  —  A  contract  was  made  with  the  Ohio  Company 
for  the  sale  of  a  tract  of  five  million  acres  extending  along  the 
Ohio  from  the  Muskingum  to  the  Scioto. 

The  price  paid  was  two-thirds  of  a  dollar  an  acre,  payable  by  instalments  in 
certificates  of  the  public  debt.  The  chief  leaders  of  the  company  were  the  Rev. 
Manasseh  Cutler  and  Winthrop  Sargent.  In  December,  Cutler  with  a  party 
started  from  Massachusetts,  and  made  a  settlement  at  Marietta.  They  travelled 
overland,  and  were  travelling  until  April.  Cutler  is  said  to  have  suggested  the 
provisions  of  the  ordinance  for  the  Northwest  Territory. 

1787,  SEPTEMBER  7.  —  A  convention  at  Danville,  Kentucky, 
resolved  unanimously  in  favor  of  separation  from  Virginia. 

They  directed  the  calling  of  another  convention  to  frame  a  state  constitution, 
and  sent  an  address  to  Congress  asking  admission  to  the  Union.  At  the  request 
of  the  convention,  the  Virginia  assembly  elected  John  Brown,  a  Kentuckian,  to 
Congress. 


1787.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  433 

1787.  —  THE  Kentucky  Gazette  was  published  at  Lexington, 
Kentucky. 

It  was  published  by  John  Bradford,  who  had  made  the  type  himself. 

1787,  SEPTEMBER  28.  —  Congress  passed  a  resolution  to  trans- 
mit the  constitution  accepted  by  the  convention  at  Philadelphia 
to  the  state  legislatures,  recommending  its  reference,  for  approval 
or  rejection,  to  state  conventions  to  be  called  by  the  state  legis- 
latures. 

1787.  —  A  SOCIETY  "  for  promoting  the  abolition  of  slavery,  for 
the  relief  of  free  negroes  unlawfully  held  in  bondage,  and  for 
improving  the  condition  of  the  African  race,"  was  formed  in 
Philadelphia. 

Franklin  was  its  president,  and  Dr.  Rush  and  Tench  Coxe  its  secretaries.  A 
similar  society  was  soon  formed  in  New  York,  and  others  in  all  the  states  from 
Virginia  northward. 

1787,  SEPTEMBER  28.  —  Congress  ordered  the  plan  of  the  con- 
stitution "  be  submitted  to  a  convention  of  delegates,  chosen  in 
each  State  by  the  people  thereof,  in  conformity  to  the  resolves 
of  the  Convention." 

The  seventh  article  of  the  Constitution  thus  proposed  reads :  "The  ratification 
of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient  for  the  establishment  of  this 
constitution  between  the  states  so  ratifying  the  same."  When  accepted,  the  pre- 
amble of  the  Constitution  thus  adopted  read :  "  We  the  People  of  the  United 
States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  Union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic 
tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote  the  general  welfare  and 
secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  estab- 
lish this  CONSTITUTION  for  the  United  States  of  America."  A  provision  in  the 
Constitution  gave  Congress  the  power  to  make  a  uniform  law  for  naturalization,  to 
apply  to  all  the  states. 

1787,  OCTOBER.  —  The  estimate  for  the  year's  expenses  was 
$3,009,788. 

Of  this,  $1,300,798  was  needed  in  specie,  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  public 
debt.  The  rest  was  called  for  in  indents. 

1787,  OCTOBER  27.  —  The  first  number  of  the  Federalist  ap- 
peared in  New  York. 

It  was  published  in  the  Independent  Journal,  and  the  subsequent  numbers  in 
all  of  the  papers.  Then  they  were  the  same  year  issued  in  book-form.  They  were 
written  by  Hamilton,  Madison,  and  Jay.  The  first  edition  in  book-form  was 
printed  by  J.  and  A.  McLean,  the  publishers  of  the  Independent  Journal.  In 
1788,  the  name  of  this  paper,  to  distinguish  it  from  Holt's  Journal  revived,  was 
changed  to  the  New  York  Gazette,  which  in  1840  was  merged  in  the  Journal  of 
Commerce.  The  Gazette,  when  in  the  possession  of  the  Langs,  as  it  was  for  many 
years,  began  the  custom  of  giving  the  shipping  news,  and  the  elder  Lang  is  said 
to  have  instituted  the  practice  of  collecting  the  news  by  news-boats. 

1787,  OCTOBER.  —  The  legislature  of  Ehode  Island  passed  a 
28 


434  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1787. 

law  forbidding  the  citizens  of  that  state  to  engage  in  the  slave- 
trade. 

Massachusetts  passed  a  similar  law  the  next  year,  and  Connecticut  and  Penn- 
sylvania did  the  same. 

1787.  — THE  legislature  of  South  Carolina  passed  an  act  class- 
ing actors  as  vagrants. 

All  persons  representing  publicly  for  hire  "any  play  or  entertainment  of  the 
stage  "  might,  as  vagrants,  be  required  to  give  security  for  their  good  behavior,  or 
be  sent  to  the  county  jail,  and,  at  the  option  of  the  court,  sold  for  not  exceeding  a 
year. 

1787.  —  ABOUT  this  date  the  manufacture  of  salt  was  com- 
menced at  the  Onondaga  Salines. 

At  first  about  ten  bushels  a  day  were  made.  During  this  or  the  following  year, 
the  lands  in  this  part  of  the  state  were  ceded  to  New  York  by  the  Oneida  Indians, 
and  the  salt  springs  were  reserved  by  the  state.  The  boiling  process  was  begun 
near  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Syracuse. 

1787.  —  SYEACUSE,  New  York,  at  the  head  on  Onondaga  Lake,, 
was  settled. 

It  remained  a  village  until  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal,  when  it  rapidly 
increased  in  population  and  importance,  and  in  1847  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 
From  its  central  location,  being  accessible  by  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  and 
being  the  terminus  of  the  Oswego  Canal  and  the  Syracuse,  Binghamton,  and  New 
York  Railroad,  it  is  a  favorite  place  for  conventions.  It  is  famous  for  its  fac- 
tories, of  machinery,  soap  and  candles,  flour,  boots  and  shoes,  coaches,  &c. ;  and 
the  machine  shops  of  the  Central  Railroad  are  established  here.  It  is  also  the 
depot  of  the  great  salt-producing  region  in  the  country. 

1787.  —  NEW  BEDFORD,  Massachusetts,  was  set  off  from  Dart- 
mouth, and  in  1847  received  a  city  charter. 

As  early  as  1755.  the  people  were  celebrated  for  their  whaling  vessels  ;  and  in 
1776  there  were  about  sixty  vessels  engaged  in  the  business,  many  of  which  were 
captured.  After  the  war  the  trade  revived,  was  crushed  by  the  war  of  1812,  but 
again  in  1818  a  fresh  impulse  was  given,  and  in  18GO  the  number  of  vessels  em- 
ployed in  trade  and  fishing  was  five  hundred  and  forty-seven.  Since  the  discov- 
ery of  petroleum,  and  the  use  of  gas,  kerosene,  &c.,  for  illuminating  purposes, 
the  trade  has  almost  entirely  declined.  It  was  at  one  time,  in  1859,  the  wealthiest 
city  in  the  country  in  proportion  to  its  population. 

1787.  —  OLIVER  EVANS  made  an  application  to  the  legislature 
of  Pennsylvania  for  an  exclusive  right  to  r.se  his  steam-carriages, 
which  was  denied,  though  his  application  for  mill  machinery  was 
granted. 

The  same  year  he  made  the  same  application  to  the  legislature  of  Maryland. 
His  application  was  granted,  and  shortly  after  his  mill  improvements  were  intro- 
duced into  the  extensive  establishments  of  the  Ellicotts  on  the  Patapsco.  The 
saving  in  attendance  alone  in  these  mills,  where  three  hundred  and  twenty-five 
barrels  of  flour  were  made  daily,  was  estimated  at  four  thousand  eight  hundred 


1787-8.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  435 

and  seventy-five  dollars  a  year ;  and  the  saving  made  by  the  increased  manufac- 
ture was  at  least  fifty  cents  a  barrel. 

1787,  DECEMBER.  —  James  Rumsey  made  his  first  experiment 
with  a  steamboat  on  the  Potomac  at  Shepherdstown.    His  method 
was  to  push  the  boat  along  by  poles  acting  against  the  bottom, 
and  operated  by  a  steam-engine. 

In  1784  he  had  exhibited  a  model  of  his  invention  to  General  "Washington;  and 
in  March,  1785,  had  obtained  an  exclusive  right  for  ten  years  from  the  assembly 
of  Pennsylvania  "to  navigate  and  build  boats  calculated  to  work  with  greater  ease 
and  rapidity  against  rapid  rivers." 

Rumsey  was  supported  in  his  claims  for  priority  of  invention  of  the  steamboat 
by  the  Rumseian  Society  of  Philadelphia,  of  which  Benjamin  Franklin  was  a 
member,  and  by  the  legislatures  of  New  York,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  while 
Fitch  was  sustained  by  those  of  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  New  Jersey.  The 
discussion  concerning  the  invention  of  the  steamboat,  or  the  practical  application 
of  steam  to  navigation,  comprises  an  entire  literature  of  such  dimensions  as  can- 
not be  reproduced  here.  There  is  no  question  that  the  idea  of  making  use  of  the 
steam-engine  as  a  power  for  the  propulsion  of  boats  was,  very  soon  after  the  inven- 
tion of  the  steam-engine  itself,  present  in  many  minds.  It  is  said  that,  as  early  as 
1750,  a  farmer  of  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  had  tried,  without  success,  the  idea  of 
doing  this  by  means  of  poles,  somewhat  as  Rumsey  invented.  Oliver  Evans  seems 
to  have  had  an  idea  of  doing  it  as  early  as  1773;  and  to  others,  both  here  and  in 
Europe,  the  idea  occurred.  A  succinct  account  of  the  data  concerning  the  whole 
subject  may  be  found  in  the  article  upon  Steam  Navigation  in  The  Great  Indus- 
tries, Hartford,  1872. 

1788,  JANUARY  2.  —  Georgia  ratified  the  Constitution. 
1788,  JANUARY  9.  —  Connecticut  ratified  the  Constitution. 

1788. — DE  WARVILLE,  who  visited  the  states  this  year,  says 
Franklin  told  him  he  had  established  about  eighteen  paper-mills. 

He  states  that  there  was  a  glass  factory  at  Alexandria,  Virginia,  which  ex- 
ported the  year  before  ten  thousand  pounds'  worth  of  its  product,  and  employed 
five  hundred  hands. 

1788,  JANUARY.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  'laid  a  duty  upon 
imports. 

1788,  JANUARY  13.  —  The  Friends  in  Philadelphia  emancipated 
their  slaves. 

1788.  —  MRS.  KINSEY  BURDEN,  of  St.  Paul's  Parish,  South 
Carolina,  made  the  first  experiment  in  that  state  to  cultivate  Sea 
Island  cotton. 

1788.  —  A  COMPANY  was  incorporated  in  the  state  of  Connecti- 
cut to  manufacture  cloth  of  silk. 

Thomas  Barrens  and  thirty-one  others  were  the  incorporators. 

This  year,  at  Yale  College  commencement,  President  Stiles  wore  a  gown 
made  of  Connecticut  silk. 


436  ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMEKICA.  [1788. 

1788,  FEBRUARY  7. —  Massachusetts  accepted  the  national  Con- 
stitution. 

A  month  after  accepting  the  Constitution,  the  legislature  passed  a  rigid  law 
against  the  slave-trade,  and  another  forbidding  any  African,  or  negro,  not  a  citi- 
zen, from  settling  in  the  state.  Any  such  person,  without  a  certificate  of  citizen- 
ship of  another  state,  who  should  remain  sixty  days,  upon  complaint  before  a  jus- 
tice of  the  peace,  should  be  ordered  to  leave  the  state  in  ten  days,  and  neglecting 
should  be  confined  with  hard  labor  in  the  house  of  correction.  If  found  guilty 
when  tried  at  the  next  session  of  the  court,  he  should  receive  not  more  than  ten 
stripes,  and  leave  the  state  within  ten  days. 

1788,  MARCH  2. —  Congress  passed  a  series  of  resolutions,  and 
sent  them  to  all  the  states. 

The  right  of  any  state  to  pass  laws  obstructing  the  execution  of  any  treaty,  or 
attempting  to  construe  it,  was  denied.  The  states  were  all  called  upon  to  aid  in 
preparing  the  basis  of  a  new  demand  for  the  delivery  of  the  forts,  and  for  com- 
pensation for  the  negroes  carried  away,  by  repealing  any  laws  in  force  obstructing 
the  execution  of  any  part  of  the  treaty. 

1788,  MARCH  29.  —  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an 
act  "  to  encourage  the  manufactures  of  the  state." 

It  was  limited  to  two  years,  and  forbade  the  exportation  of  manufacturing 
machines. 

1788.  —  THE  "  Rumseian  Society  "  was  formed  in  Philadelphia 
to  aid  the  schemes  of  the  inventor  James  Rumsey. 

Franklin  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  society. 

1788,  APRIL.  —  Marietta,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum,  was 
settled. 

It  was  named  after  Marie  Antoinette,  and  was  the  first  white  settlement  in 
Ohio. 

1788,  APRIL  28.  —  Maryland  accepted  the  Constitution. 

1788,  MAY.  —  A  collision  occurred  in  the  state  of  Frankland, 
between  the  partisans  of  the  new  state  and  those  adhering  to 
North  Carolina. 

Several  persons  were  wounded,  and  one  or  two  killed.  Sevier,  the  gov- 
ernor of  Frankland,  fled,  and  North  Carolina  assumed  the  jurisdiction  without 
further  resistance.  Sevier  was  arrested  for  high  treason,  but  made  his  escape. 

1788,  MAY  24.  —  South  Carolina  ratified  the  Constitution. 

1788,  JUNE  21.  —  The  state  of  New  Hampshire  ratified  the 
Constitution. 

1788.  —  JOHN  GREENWOOD,  a  dentist,  established  an  office  in 
New  York. 

He  was  the  first  dentist  in  the  United  States  ;  and  in  1790,  and  again  in  1795, 
carved  a  set  of  teeth  out  of  ivory  for  General  Washington,  which  were  considered 
marvels  of  neatness  and  ingenuity. 


1788.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  437 

1788,  JUNE  25.  — Virginia  ratified  the  Constitution. 

1788. — A  COMPANY  was  formed  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
for  making  "  home-spun  cloth." 

They  obtained  their  drawings  for  machinery  from  the  Massachusetts  Company. 

1788,  JULY  2.  —  The  president  of  Congress  informed  that  body 
that  the  Constitution  had  been  ratified  by  the  conventions  of  nine 
of  the  states. 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  report  an  act  "  for  putting  the  said  Constitution 
into  operation."  The  plan  adopted  by  Congress,  on  the  13th  of  September,  was  as 
follows  :  —  The  first  Wednesday  in  January,  1789,  was  fixed  for  the  appointment 
of  electors.  The  first  Wednesday  in  February  for  their  meeting  to  vote  for 
President ;  and  the  first  Wednesday  in  March  as  the  time  for  commencing  the 
new  administration  of  the  government,  in  New  York  city,  which  was  chosen  as  the 
place  for  the  proceedings. 

1788,  JULY  4.  —  The  acceptance  of  the  Constitution  was  cele- 
brated with  great  pomp  in  Philadelphia. 

Its  acceptance  by  their  states  had  been  celebrated  in  Boston,  Baltimore,  and 

Charleston. 

1788.  —  THE  general  assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
America  issued  a  pastoral  letter  recommending  the  abolition  of 
slavery  and  the  instruction  of  the  negroes. 

1788,  JULY  8.  —  The  Continental  Congress  referred  the  peti- 
tion of  Kentucky  for  admission  into  the  Union  to  the  new  con- 
gress to  meet  under  the  new  Constitution. 

1788.  —  THE  Confederate  Congress,  in  preparing  for  the  new 
government,  reported  the  military  condition. 

It  had  about  six  hundred  men  in  the  service,  under  the  command  of  Brigadier- 
General  Harmar.  Two  companies  of  artillery,  formed  from  the  recruits  raised 
for  Massachusetts,  were  stationed,  one  at  Springfield,  and  the  other  at  West 
Point.  The  frontier  stations  were  :  Pittsburg ;  Fort  Mclntosh,  on  Beaver  Creek ; 
Fort  Franklin,  on  French  Creek ;  Fort  Harmar,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum ; 
Fort  Steuben,  at  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  opposite  Louisville;  and  Fort  Vincennes, 
on  the  Wabash.  The  British  still  kept  possession  of  Oswego,  Niagara,  and  the 
posts  on  the  Lakes.  There  were  arsenals  at  Springfield,  West  Point,  and  Phila- 
delphia, and  stores  of  arms  at  Providence,  New  London,  the  Mohawk  River,  Man- 
chester in  Virginia,  opposite  Richmond,  and  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina.  The 
regiment  of  Canadians  who  had  served  in  the  Revolution  still  drew  rations  from 
the  government,  though  they  had  settled  on  lands  near  Lake  Champlain  granted 
them  by  New  York. 

1788.  —  JOHN  JAY  reported  to  Congress  upon  the  foreign 
relations. 

With  Great  Britain  and  Spain  they  were  in  an  unsettled  condition.  At  the 
time  of  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  and  since,  Massachusetts, 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina  had  laws  placing  obstacles 
in  the  way  of  the  collection  of  debts  due  England.  With  regard  to  the  negroes 


438  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1788. 

carried  away  by  the  British,  he  thought  England  could  not  have  acted  differently, 
but  that  compensation  was  due  their  late  owners. 

1788,  JULY  25.  —  New  York  ratified  the  Constitution. 

1788,  AUGUST.  —  A  committee  reported  to  Congress  on  the 
financial  condition. 

The  liabilities  of  the  treasury  incurred  since  1774,  exclusive  of  the  interest  on 
the  domestic  debt,  but  including  two  instalments  of  the  French  debt,  were  a 
little  over  six  millions,  of  which  more  than  half  had  been  paid.  Of  this  amount 
nearly  two  millions  had  been  paid  by  the  states  ;  the  rest  had  been  received  from 
Dutch  loans.  Of  the  specie  requisitions  made  since  the  peace  upon  the  states, 
about  three  millions  remained  unpaid.  One  million  seven  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  in  indents,  were  called  for  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  domestic  debt.  Of 
the  five  millions  called  for  up  to  this  time,  not  two  had  been  paid.  Other  com- 
mittees reported  that  the  accounts  of  the  loan  offices  had  been  settled  in  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  and  Maryland.  The  accounts 
of  the  first  Virginia  loan  office  were  lost.  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  had  used 
the  proceeds  of  the  loan  offices  for  state  purposes.  From  the  commissioners 
appointed  to  settle  with  the  states,  no  returns  had  been  received  except  from  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Georgia.  The  expenditure  of 
much  of  the  money  raised  abroad,  and  of  that  appropriated  to  the  secret  service, 
was  unexplained.  The  committee  spoke  of  "  many  strong  marks  of  want  of 
responsibility  or  attention  in  former  transactions  respecting  the  public  treas- 
ure." 

1788,  AUGUST.  —  Fort  Washington  was  built  on  the  present  site 
of  Cincinnati. 

A  road  was  laid  out  by  Virginia  from  Alexandria  to  the  Ohio,  opposite  Marietta. 
It  was  about  three  hundred  miles  long. 

Cincinnati  owes  its  growth  to  the  introduction  of  steamboats.  The  first  one  built 
there  was  finished  in  1816.  By  means  of  these  the  long  extent  of  river  coast  on  the 
Mississippi  and  Ohio  was  opened  to  traffic,  and  the  city  soon  became  the  depot  for 
the  reception  and  transmission  of  the  products  of  the  great  western  valleys. 
Since  1816,  one  fifth  of  the  whole  number  of  steamboats  built  in  the  United  States 
has  been  built  at  Cincinnati,  and  in  fifty  years  the  population  increased  from  the 
few  settlers  to  200,000,  an  unprecedented  growth.  The  city  is  famous  for  its 
manufactories,  especially  those  for  the  curing  of  hogs  and  the  manufacture  of 
whiskey. 

1788,  AUGUST.  —  Pennsylvania  purchased  the  tract  between 
her  northern  boundary  and  Lake  Erie. 

She  thus  secured  the  harbor  of  Presque  Isle,  now  Erie. 

1788.  —  A  LAND  OFFICE  was  opened  at  Canandaigua. 

The  tract  accorded  to  Massachusetts  was  purchased  of  her  for  a  million  of 
dollars,  payable  by  instalments,  in  certificates  of  her  state  debt,  by  a  company 
who  opened  it  to  settlers. 

1788,  AUGUST  7.  —  North  Carolina  conditionally  ratified  the 
Constitution. 

Another  convention,  November  13,  1789,  accepted  it  without  conditions. 


1788-9.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  439 

1788.  —  IN  this  year,  or  the  next,  Ebenezer  Allen  built  a  mill 
to  make  use  of  the  water-power  of  the  Genesee  Falls,  on  the 
site  of  the  city  of  Rochester,  New  York. 

He  soon  sold  it  to  Colonel  Fisk.     The  mill  went  to  decay. 

1788.  —  GILES  RICHARDS  &  Co.  began  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, the  manufacture  of  cards,  for  carding. 

They  used  a  newly  invented  machinery,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  that 
invented  by  Oliver  Evans,  of  Philadelphia,  in  1777,  and  which,  as  the  state  refused 
to  assist  him  in  introducing,  he  sold  to  some  one.  His  machine  is  said  to  have 
made  card  teeth  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  hundred  a  minute. 

1788,  SEPTEMBER  15.  —  The  Herald  of  Freedom  and  Federal 
Advertiser  appeared  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  advocated  the  election  of  Hancock  to  the  governorship  of  Massachusetts  in 
opposition  to  Bowdoin. 

1788.  —  JOSEPH  ALEXANDER,  a  Scotchman,  introduced  at  Prov- 
idence, Rhode  Island,  the  use  of  the  fly-shuttle. 

1788,  OCTOBER.  —  The  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an 
act  "  to  assist  the  cotton  manufactures  of  this  state." 

1788. — A  MANUFACTORY  of  sail  duck  was  erected  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  incorporated  by  the  general  court,  and  aided  by  a  bounty.  The  work- 
men were  organized  into  societies  for  their  mutual  aid,  and  admitted  members 
only  by  vote.  Their  hours  were  from  eight  to  six. 

1788,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  legislature  of  North  Carolina  passed 
an  act  of  oblivion  to  all  who  would  submit,  excepting  Sevier, 
who  was  disqualified  for  any  office  of  trust. 

The  next  year  he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of  North  Carolina  by  a  large 
majority,  and  the  disqualifying  clause  was  repealed,  and  he  took  his  seat. 

1789,  FEBRUARY.  —  Washington  received  the  unanimous  vote 
of  the  electors  for  President,  and  John  Adams  the  next  highest 
number,  and  was  thus  elected  Yice-President. 

Senators  and  representatives  under  the  new  constitution  were  also  elected  by 
the  eleven  ratifying  states.  The  Continental  Congress  quietly  passed  out  of 
existence,  no  notice  being  taken  of  its  demise.  New  York,  from  a  dispute  be- 
tween the  two  houses  of  the  legislature,  did  not  vote  for  President. 

1789,  MARCH.  —  John  Hewson  received  a  loan  of  two  hundred 
pounds  from  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  to  enable  him  "  to 
enlarge  and  carry  on  the  business  of  calico  printing  and  bleach- 
ing within  this  state." 

His  print  works  were  near  Richmond,  where  Dyottville  now  is,  and  were  con- 
tinued by  his  son. 

1789. —  THE  first  saw-mill  in  Ohio  was  built  by  the  "New 
England  Ohio  Company." 

It  was  situated  on  Wolf  Creek,  about  a  mile  above  its  junction  with  the 


440  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1789. 

Muskingum,  and  sixteen  miles  from  Marietta.  Colonel  Robert  Oliver,  Major 
Hatfield,  and  Captain  John  Dodge  received  an  allotment  of  land  for  this  purpose 
from  the  company.  The  crank  weighed  one  hundred  and  eighty  pounds,  and  was 
made  in  New  Haven,  carried  on  a  pack-horse  over  the  mountains  to  the  Youghio- 
gheny  River,  at  Siiurel's  Ferry,  and  thence  by  water  to  Marietta. 

1789.  —  NEW  HAMPSHIRE  granted  Oliver  Evans  the  monopoly 
of  the  sale  of  his  improved  mill  machinery  for  fourteen  years. 

1789. — THIS  year  the  first  wagon-load  of  goods  is  said  to 
have  crossed  the  southern  route  through  Virginia  to'Brownsville, 
Pennsylvania. 

With  a  team  of  four  horses,  the  wagon  took  twenty  hundred-weight  from 
Hagerstown  and  back,  one  hundred  and  forty  miles,  in  a  little  less  than  a  month, 
charging  three  dollars  a  hundred-weight.  The  previous  method  of  transportation 
had  been  by  lines  of  ten  or  twelve  horses,  tied  to  each  other,  in  single  file, 
each  carrying  a  pack  weighing  about  two  hundred  pounds,  and  all  under  the  care 
of  a  single  driver. 

1789.  —  THE  legislature  of  Maryland  made  a  considerable 
loan  to  a  glass  factory  established  at  Tuscarora  Creek,  four 
miles  above  Fredericktown,  and  known  as  the  Etna  Glass 
Works. 

They  were  established  by  a  German,  John  Frederick  Amelung. 

1789,  MARCH  4.  —  Congress  met  at  New  York  city. 

The  session  was  held  at  the  old  City  Hall,  at  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Nassau 
streets,  opposite  Broad  Street.  The  building  had  been  fitted  up  for  the  purpose 
by  a  private  subscription.  Only  eight  senators  and  thirteen  representatives  were 
present,  —  not  enough  to  form  a  quorum  of  either  house.  The  House,  fully 
represented,  would  consist  of  fifty-nine  members,  not  counting  those  from  Rhode 
Island  and  North  Carolina,  who  had  not  yet  accepted  the  Constitution.  Massa- 
chusetts, New  York,  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  South  Carolina  had  elected  their 
representatives  by  districts ;  New  Hampshire,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and 
Georgia,  by  a  general  ticket ;  Connecticut,  by  having  the  voters  nominate  a  list  of 
candidates,  three  times  the  number  to  be  chosen,  and  from  a  selection  of  these, 
the  list  having  been  published,  they  were  elected.  In  the  southern  states  a 
plurality,  and  in  the  New  England  states  a  majority  elected.  It  was  almost  a 
month  after  the  appointed  day  before  enough  members  had  arrived  to  form  a  quo- 
rum in  either  house. 

1789,  MARCH  30.  —  The  House,  having  a  quorum,  proceeded  to 
organize  itself. 

Frederic  A.  Muhlenburg,  of  Philadelphia,  was  chosen  chairman  by  ballot. 

At  this  first  session  of  Congress,  reporters  were  admitted  to  the  floor  of  the 
House,  and  gave  reports  of  the  debates,  which  were  printed  in  the  newspapers, 
and  afterwards  published  in  two  volumes,  entitled  the  Congressional  Record.  At 
the  next  session,  the  speaker  was  allowed  to  admit  such  reporters  as  he  thought 
necessary,  to  the  floor  or  the  gallery.  The  Congressional  Record  extends,  how- 
ever, only  to  the  middle  of  the  second  session. 

1789,  APRIL  6.  —  The  Senate,  having  a  quorum,  organized. 


1789.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  441 

John  Langdon  was  chosen  president  "  for  the  sole  purpose  of  counting  the 
votes  for  President  of  the  United  States."  A  message  was  sent  to  the  House, 
who  proceeded  to  the  Senate  chamber,  and  the  votes  were  counted.  The  whole 
sixty-nine  votes  were  cast  for  Washington  as  president,  and  thirty-four  for  John 
Adams  as  vice-president.  The  House  sat  with  open  doors,  the  Senate  with 
closed  doors. 

1789,  APRIL  21.  —  John  Adams  arrived,  and  took  Iris  position 
to  preside  over  the  Senate. 

He  was  escorted  from  Massachusetts  by  a  troop  of  horse,  which  was  changed 
as  he  entered  Connecticut  and  New  York. 

1789,  APRIL  23. — Washington  arrived  at  Elizabethtown  Point, 
and  was  escorted  to  New  York  by  a  committee  of  both  houses. 

He  was  rowed  in  a  barge  manned  by  thirteen  pilots  dressed  in  white.  His 
progress  from  Mount  Vernon  had  been  a  triumphal  procession. 

1789,  APRIL  30.  —  The  oath  of  office  was  formally  taken  by 
Washington. 

The  oath  of  office  was  administered  by  Chancellor  Livingston,  of  New  York. 
The  ceremony  took  place  in  the  balcony  of  the  City  Hall.  The  president's  inau- 
gural address  was  delivered  before  both  houses  of  Congress,  the  officers  of  the 
old  government,  and  the  public,  in  the  Senate  chamber. 

1789.  —  KING'S  COLLEGE,  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia,  was  founded. 

The  assembly  granted  four  hundred  and  forty-four  pounds  yearly  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  college,  and  gave  five  hundred  pounds  for  the  purchase  of  the  neces- 
sary land. 

1789,  MAY  20.  —  A  department  of  foreign  affairs  was  estab- 
lished by  Congress. 

During  the  same  session  it  was  made  the  department  of  state.  John  Jay  con- 
tinued to  discharge  its  duties.  It  was  given  to  Jefferson,  who  entered  on  its 
duties  in  March  of  the  next  year. 

1789.  —  THE  department  of  war  was  reorganized. 

General  Knox  remained  at  the  head  of  it. 

1789.  —  THE  federal  courts  established  in  the  United  States 
were  allowed  to  administer  in  equity  as  well  as  law,  and  courts 
of  chancery  were  practically  abolished. 

John  Jay  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court. 

1789,  MAY.  —  The  constitution  of  Georgia  was  amended. 

The  legislature  was  to  consist  of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives.  A 
property  qualification  was  necessary  to  serve  in  either  house,  and  no  clergyman 
could  be  a  member.  The  right  of  the  franchise  was  accorded  to  all  tax-paying, 
resident  freemen,  the  property  qualification  being  removed.  The  governor, 
judges,  and  civil  officers  were  elected  by  the  assembly.  Entails  were  prohibited, 
and  intestate  estates  were  equally  divided  among  all  the  children.  Religious 
freedom  was  allowed  to  all,  no  one  to  be  taxed  for  the  support  of  any  religious 
denomination  other  than  his  own.  A  convention  of  three  from  each  county  was 


442  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1789. 

to  meet  to  consider  the  need  for  changes  in  the  constitution  at  the  end  of  five 
years.     Louisville  was  made  the  capital  of  the  state. 

1789.  —  THE  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  repealed,  the  act  for- 
bidding any  theatrical  performance. 

It  was  done  through  the  efforts  of  the  actors,  who  had  petitioned  for  it. 

1789,  JUNE.  —  The  Cherokees  sent  a  delegation  to  appeal  to 
"  their  elder  brother  General  Washington,  and  the  great  council 
of  the  United  States,"  to  protect  them  in  their  rights  under  the 
treaty  made  with  them. 

Congress  promised  them  justice ;  but  as  North  Carolina  had  not  at  the  time 
accepted  the  Constitution,  and  claimed  the  territory  as  within  her  jurisdiction, 
nothing  further  could  be  done. 

1789,  JULY  4.  —  Congress  passed  a  tariff  bill. 

The  preamble  declared  that  it  was  "  necessary  for  the  support  of  the  govern- 
ment, for  the  discharge  of  the  debts  of  the  United  States,  and  the  encouragement 
and  protection  of  manufactures,  that  duties  be  laid  on  goods,  wares  and  merchan- 
dise imported."  The  operation  of  the  bill  was  limited  to  June  1,  1796. 

1789,  AUGUST  7. —  The  act  organizing  a  new  government  for 
the  Northwest  Territory  was  passed  by  Congress. 

The  first  log  cabin,  on  the  site  of  Cincinnati,  then  called  Losantiville,  was 
built  in  December,  1788,  and  the  first  saw-mill  in  Ohio,  was  built  this  year  at 
Wolf  Creek,  by  the  Ohio  Company,  who  had  made  the  first  settlement  at 
Marietta. 

1789.  —  THE  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act  ena- 
bling aliens  to  purchase,  hold,  sell,  and  bequeath  real  estate,  with- 
out relinquishing  their  former  allegiance. 

1789.  —  KNOXVILLE,  Tennessee,  was  settled. 

It  was  named  after  General  Knox,  and  became  the  capital  of  the  state  in  1794 ; 
and  the  same  year  Blount  College  was  founded,  the  largest  in  the  state. 

1789,  SEPTEMBER  2.  —  By  an  act  of  Congress,  the  treasury 
department  of  the  United  States  was  organized. 

Alexander  Hamilton  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury. 

1789,  SEPTEMBER  24.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  exempting  the 
ships  of  Ehode  Island  and*  North  Carolina,  for  a  limited  period, 
from  the  tonnage  duties  laid  upon  foreign  vessels. 

These  states  had  not  accepted  the  Constitution.  The  general  assembly  of 
Rhode  Island  had  sent  an  address  to  Congress  explanatory  of  their  situation,  say- 
ing, "  They  have  viewed  in  the  new  constitution  an  approach,  though  perhaps 
but  a  small  one,  toward  that  form  of  government  with  which  we  have  lately  dis- 
solved our  connection,  at  so  much  hazard  and  expense  of  blood  and  treasure." 

1789.  —  THE  Gazette  of  the  United  States  appeared  in  New 
York. 

Its   originator  was  John  Penno.      Its   name  was  afterwards  changed  to  the 


1789-90.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  443 

United  States  Gazette;  and  when,  in  1790,  the  government  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
the  Gazette  was  moved  to  that  city.  It  was  the  organ  of  Alexander  Hamilton  and 
the  Federalists.  The  Gazette,  after  a  varied  career,  was  finally  absorbed,  in  1847, 
by  the  North  American,  of  Philadelphia. 

1789.  —  THE  Exeter  Federal  Miscellany  appeared  in  Exeter, 
New  Hampshire. 

It  was  published  by  Henry  Ranlet,  and  was  a  supporter  of  Federalism. 

1789.  —  GENERAL  WASHINGTON,  in  his  tour  through  the  eastern 
states,  notes,  after  leaving  New  York,  that  all  the  houses  had 
brick  or  stone  chimneys.  Those  in  Connecticut  were,  as  a  rule, 
"  two  flush  stories,  with  a  very  good  show  of  sash  and  glass 
windows." 

1789,  NOVEMBER  13.  —  A  new  convention  in  North  Carolina 
accepted  the  Constitution. 

They  suggested  eight  amendments. 

1789,  NOVEMBER. — The  legislature  of  North  Carolina  ceded 
the  territory  constituting  the  state  of  Tennessee  to  the  United 
States. 

It  was  provided  that  the  territory  was  subject  to  the  land  warrants  already 
issued  by  North  Carolina,  and  "that  no  regulation  made  or  to  be  made  by  Con- 
gress shall  tend  to  the  emancipation  of  slaves."  It  also  endowed  the  state  uni- 
versity at  Chapel  Hill,  and  founded  the  city  of  Raleigh  as  the  capital  of  the  state. 

1789.  —  AT  the  end  of  the  year,  Washington  made  a  tour 
through  the  New  England  states. 

He  avoided  Rhode  Island.  All  throughout  his  route  the  people  received  him 
with  great  enthusiasm. 

1790,  JANUARY  8.  —  Congress  reassembled. 

It  accepted  a  report  of  a  committee  fixing  the  date  for  its  dissolution  March 
3,  1791. 

1790.  —  THE  manufacture  of  wooden  clocks  was  commenced 
in  Waterbury,  Connecticut,  by  James  Harrison. 

The  first  one  is  charged  at  three  pounds  twelve  shillings  and  six  pence. 

1790,  JANUARY  21.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  called  a  con- 
vention to  consider  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 

They  also  requested  Congress  to  further  suspend,  as  far  as  Rhode  Island  ship- 
ping was  concerned,  the  collection  of  the  extra  duties  on  foreign  vessels. 

1790,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  The  consideration  of  the  public  debt  was 
entered  upon  by  Congress,  in  committee  of  the  whole,  on  a  series 
of  resolutions  introduced. 

Hamilton,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  had  reported  in  writing.  The  foreign 
debt  he  estimated  at  $11,710,378,  and  the  domestic  debt  at  $42,414,085,  nearly 
one  third  of  which  was  interest  due.  The  state  debts,  including  interest  due,  he 


444  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1790. 

estimated  at  about  twenty-five  millions,  and  advised  their  assumption  by  the  Fed- 
eral government.  After  much  discussion,  it  was  voted  to  fund  the  debt,  both  inter- 
est and  principal,  and  assume  the  state  debts. 

1790,  FEBRUARY  11.  —  Petitions  from  the  yearly  meetings  of 
Quakers  in  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  New  York  were  pre- 
sented to  Congress  on  the  subject  of  slavery. 

They  asked  whether  it  was  not  in  the  power  of  Congress  "to  exercise  justice 
and  mercy,  which  if  adhered  to  must  produce  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade." 
Under  the  rules,  a  motion  to  refer  it  to  a  special  committee  was  laid  over  until  the 
next  day,  when  a  memorial  on  the  same  subject  from  the  Pennsylvania  society 
for  the  abolition  of  slavery,  signed  by  Franklin  as  president,  was  presented. 
After  a  long  debate,  the  subject  was  referred  to  a  special  committee  of  one  from 
each  of  the  states  of  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia.  After  a  month's  consideration,  they 
reported  a  series  of  resolutions  which  Avere  debated  for  six  days,  and  finally 
ordered  placed  upon  the  journal  as  follows  :  "That  the  migration  or  importation 
of  such  persons  as  any  of  the  states  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit 
cannot  be  prohibited  by  Congress  prior  to  the  year  1808. 

"  That  Congress  have  no  authority  to  interfere  in  the  emancipation  of  slaves, 
or  in  the  treatment  of  them,  in  any  of  the  states,  it  remaining  with  the  several 
states  alone  to  provide  any  regulations  therein  which  humanity  and  true  policy 
require. 

"  That  Congress  have  authority  to  restrain  the  citizens  of  the  United  States 
from  carrying  on  the  African  slave  trade  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  foreigners 
with  slaves,  and  of  providing  by  proper  regulations  for  the  humane  treatment, 
during  their  passage,  of  slaves  imported  by  the  said  citizens  into  the  said  states 
admitting  such  importation. 

"  That  Congress  have  also  authority  to  prohibit  foreigners  from  fitting  out 
vessels  in  any  part  of  the  United  States  for  transporting  persons  from  Africa  to 
any  foreign  port." 

1790,  MARCH  26.  —  Congress  accepted  the  territory  ceded  by 
North  Carolina. 

The  territory  was  erected  into  the  Territory  south  of  the  Ohio,  and  was  in 
every  respect,  with  the  exception  of  slavery,  to  stand  on  the  same  footing  with 
the  Territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio.  North  Carolina  had,  in  the  cession,  made  it 
a  condition  that  Congress  should  make  no  regulation  tending  to  the  emancipation 
of  slaves.  The  land  was  chiefly  in  possession  of  the  Indians.  The  north-east 
corner  —  the  late  State  of  Frankland  —  and  a  portion  around  Nashville,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Cumberland,  were  the  only  portions  where  the  Indian  title  had  been 
extinguished. 

1790,  MARCH  26.  —  Congress  enacted  that  any  "  alien  free 
white  person,"  after  a  two  years'  residence  in  the  United  States, 
of  good  character,  on  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance,  could  be 
naturalized. 

Any  court  of  record  was  authorized  to  receive  such  applications.  No  one  dis- 
franchised by  any  state  under  laws  passed  during  the  Revolution  was  to  be  ad- 
mitted as  a  citizen  except  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  to  which  he  had 
belonged. 


1790.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  445 

1790,  APRIL. — The  Pennsylvania  assembly  repealed  the  act 
confirming  the  Connecticut  titles  in  the  western  counties. 

The  Susqxiehanna  Company  had  been  revived,  and  a  design  formed  to  secede 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  Pennsylvania.  Violent  collisions  had  taken  place,  and 
arrests  by  both  parties  had  been  made.  No  more  opposition  was  made  to  the  juris- 
diction of  Pennsylvania,  the  question  being  carried  into  the  courts,  and  finally 
after  years  of  litigation  was  settled. 

1790.  —  THE  General  Advertiser  was  published  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

Its  name  was  subsequently  changed  to  the  Aurora,  and  under  the  editorship  of 
Bache  it  became  the  chief  organ  of  the  opposition  to  the  Federal  party. 

1790,  MAY  29.  —  The  convention  in  Ehode  Island  accepted  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

It  was  ratified  by  a  majority  of  two  votes.  They  suggested  twenty-one  amend- 
ments, and  a  Bill  of  Rights  in  eighteen  articles.  The  members  from  Rhode 
Island  took  their  seats  in  Congress ;  and  after  that  body  had  adjourned,  Washing- 
ton made  a  tour  through  the  state,  being  received  everywhere  with  enthusiasm. 

1790,  MAY  31.  —  An  act  "  for  the  encouragement  of  learning  " 
was  passed  by  Congress. 

It  secured  to  authors,  "  residents  in  the  United  States,"  a  copyright  for  four- 
teen years  ;  and  if  the  author  was  living  at  the  end  of  this  period,  for  an  additional 
term  of  fourteen  years. 

1790.  —  AN  act  "  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  sea- 
men "  was  passed  by  Congress. 

It  made  a  written  contract  necessary,  specifying  the  voyage  and  the  rate  of 
wages.  Without  such  a  contract  the  master  was  liable  for  the  highest  rate.  De- 
serters could  be  compelled  to  fulfil  the  agreement,  and  the  ship  was  liable  for  the 
wages. 

1790.  —  AN  act  to  "  regulate  trade  and  intercourse  with  the 
Indian  tribes  "  was  passed  by  Congress. 

No  one  was  allowed  to  trade  with  the  Indiana  except  with  a  license  from  the 
President.  Sales  of  land  by  the  Indians  could  be  made  only  at  a  public  treaty, 
and  offences  against  the  persons  or  property  of  Indians  were  to  be  treated  as  though 
against  white  men. 

1790,  JUNE.  —  A  convention  met  at  Columbia,  South  Carolina, 
which  had  been  made  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  formed  a  con- 
stitution; 

The  right  of  suffrage  was  given  to  all  tax-paying  citizens.  A  property  quali- 
fication was  required  of  -candidates  for  office.  The  governor,  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, and  judges,  and  all  other  civil  officers,  were  elected  by  the  legislature. 
The  liberty  of  the  press  was  guaranteed  in  a  bill  of  rights.  The  "free  exercise 
and  enjoyment  of  religious  profession  and  worship  "  was  secured.  Clergymen 
were  made  ineligible  to  the  legislature,  or  the  office  of  governor  or  lieutenant- 
governor.  The  right  of  primogeniture  was  abolished,  and  intestate  estates  were 
equally  divided. 


446  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1790. 

1790,  JULY.  —  A  convention  in  Kentucky  voted  for  separation 
from  Virginia,  and  fixed  June  1,  1792,  as  the  date. 

They  also  authorized  the  meeting  of  another  convention  to  frame  a  constitu- 
tion for  the  state. 

1790.  —  THE  New  York  Dispensary  was  established. 

There  were  in  1876  twenty-five  institutions  for  the  gratuitous  treatment  of  the 
poor. 

1790.  —  CONGRESS  imposed  tonnage  duties  of  six  cents  a  ton 
on  all  vessels  of  the  United  States  entering  from  foreign  ports ; 
on  all  vessels  built  in  the  United  States,  but  partly  owned 
abroad,  thirty  cents ;  and  ou  other  ships  or  vessels,  fifty  cents. 

1790.  —  THE  General  Washington,  a  fine  ship  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  tons,  was  launched  from  the  ship-yard  of  William 
Woodcock,  in  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

1790. —  BRICKS,  coarse  tiles,  and  potters  ware  were  among  the 
industries  enumerated  by  Hamilton  as  most  considerable. 

1790.  —  THE  first  successful  crop  of  Sea  Island  cotton  was 
raised  by  William  Elliot,  on  Hilton  Head,  near  Beaufort,  South 
Carolina,  from  five  bushels  and  a  half  of  seed. 

1790.  —  ABOUT  fifty  families  were  engaged  in  silk-raising  in 
New  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  about  thirty  at  Norfolk. 

The  occupation  is  said  to  have  been  profitable.  The  silk  was  made  into 
stockings,  handkerchiefs,  ribbons,  buttons,  and  sewing-silk,  worth  a  dollar  an 
ounce.  Fine  sewing-silk  was  manufactured  in  Western  (now  Warren),  in  Wor- 
cester County,  Massachusetts,  and  elewshere  in  that  state.  Ipswich  produced 
some  forty  thousand  yards  of  lace  this  year.  The  last  silk  was  offered  for  sale  in 
Georgia. 

1790.  —  THE  first  voyage  round  the  world  by  an  American 
ship  was  completed. 

The  ship  Columbia,  Captain  Gray,  sailed  from  Boston  to  Nootka  Sound,  and 
returned  by  way  of  Canton  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

1790,  JULY  10.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  providing  for  the  per- 
manent seat  of  the  Federal  government  on  the  Potomac. 

The  particular  spot  was  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  President,  who  was  to  ap- 
point commissioners  to  fix  the  location,  erect  the  buildings,  &c.  Congress  was  to 
move  there  in  1800,  and  meanwhile,  from  the  next  session,  to  meet  at  Philadelphia. 

1790,  JULY  24. —  Congress  passed  the  funding  bill. 

It  had  been  amended,  assuming  certain  specified  amounts  of  the  debts  of  the 
various  states.  The  act  authorized  the  President  to  borrow  twelve  millions  of 
dollars,  to  be  paid  within  fifteen  years.  Payment  for  stock  in  this  loan  could  be 
made  in  certificates  of  the  domestic  debt  at  par,  and  in  Continental  bills  of  credit 
at  one  hundred  for  one.  Subscriptions  to  the  interest  of  the  domestic  debt  bore 
interest,  payable  quarterly,  at  three  per  cent,  a  year,  to  commence  January  1, 
1791.  Subscriptions  to  the  principal  of  the  public  debt  bore  interest  at  six  per 


1790.1  ANNALS   OF  NOKTII  AMERICA.  447 

cent.,  that  portion  known  as  deferred  stock  being  about  one  third  of  the  amount, 
interest  to  commence  in  1800.  An  additional  loan  was  also  opened  of  twenty-one 
and  a  half  millions,  payable  in  certificates  of  state  debts,  to  the  following 
amounts  :  Massachusetts  and  South  Carolina',  four  millions  each ;  Virginia,  three 
millions  and  a  half ;  North  Carolina,  two  millions  four  hundred  thousand ;  Penn- 
sylvania, two  millions  two  hundred  thousand ;  Connecticut,  one  million  six  hun- 
dred thousand ;  New  York,  one  million  two  hundred  thousand ;  New  Jersey  and 
Maryland,  eight  hundred  thousand  each ;  New  Hampshire  and  Georgia,  three  hun- 
dred thousand  each ;  Rhode  Island  and  Delaware,  two  hundred  thousand  each. 
Only  such  certificates  as  had  been  issued  for  services  or  supplies  were  to  be 
received.  If  the  subscriptions  exceeded  the  amounts  allowed,  a  pro  rata  division 
was  to  be  made ;  if  it  fell  short,  the  states  would  receive  the  interest  until  their 
accounts  with  the  Federal  government  were  arranged  and  settled.  For  the  pay- 
ment of  the  foreign  debt,  the  excess  of  the  import  and  tonnage  duties,  over  six 
hundred  thousand  dollars  for  expenses,  were  pledged.  At  the  same  time  additional 
duties  were  imposed.  A  sinking  fund  was  also  established,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  a  board. 

1790,  AUGUST  1.  —  The  first  national  census  was  completed. 
The  population  of  the  United  States  was  found  to  be  3,921,326, 
includiing  697,697  slaves,  and  exclusive  of  Indians  not  taxed. 

A  patent  law  was  made,  under  which  the  first  patent  was  issued  July  31,  and 
also  a  law  of  copyright. 

1790.  —  AN  act  for  "the  punishment  of  crimes  against  the 
United  States  "  was  passed  by  Congress. 

The  penalty  of  death  was  enacted  for  treason,  murder,  piracy,  and  forgery  of 
the  securities  of  the  United  States.  For  this  last,  fine  and  imprisonment  have 
been  since  substituted.  In  cases  of  conviction,  no  forfeiture  of  estate  or  corrup- 
tion of  the  blood  were  to  ensue.  Falsification  of  the  records  was  to  be  punished 
by  imprisonment  and  a  public  whipping,  not  to  exceed  thirty-nine  lashes.  A 
fine  might  be  substituted. 

1790,  AUGUST  13.  —  A  treaty  was  negotiated  with  the  Creeks. 

They  acknowledged  themselves  to  be  under  the  sole  protection  of  the  United 
States,  and  ceded  all  the  lands  north  and  east  of  the  Oconee,  while  all  the  lands 
south  and  west  of  that  river  were  guaranteed  to  them.  The  treaty  was  ratified 
by  M.  Gillivray,  the  chief  of  the  tribe,  who  with  twenty-eight  others  went  to  New 
York  to  meet  Congress,  where  the  treaty  was  ratified  with  Washington.  The 
ceremony  took  place  in  the  hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  concluded 
with  a  general  hand-shaking  and  singing  the  "  song  of  peace,"  in  which  the  chiefs 
all  joined.  On  their  arrival  in  New  York,  the  Creek  chiefs  were  received  by  the 
Tammany  society,  which  had  been  recently  organized,  dressed  in  their  Indian 
costumes. 

1790,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  United  States  bought  of  Stephen 
Moore  the  point  where  West  Point  stands. 

In  1824  it  purchased  the  tract  adjoining,  and  in  1826  New  York  ceded  juris- 
diction over  it. 

1790,  SEPTEMBER  2.  —  A  convention  in  Pennsylvania  accepted 
a  new  constitution. 

The  legislature  was  to  consist  of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives.     The 


448  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1790. 

governor  was  to  be  elected  by  the  people.  The  right  of  suffrage  was  bestowed  on 
all  tax-paying  citizens,  and  their  sons,  over  twenty-one  years  old.  Elections  to 
be  by  ballot.  The  judges  were  appointed  during  good  behavior,  and  had  fixed 
salaries.  The  Bill  of  Rights  guaranteed  freedom  of  worship,  and  exempted  from 
involuntary  contributions  to  support  any  ministry.  The  belief  in  the  existence 
of  a  God,  and  a  future  condition  of  rewards  and  punishments,  was  necessary  as  a 
qualification  to  .hold  office ;  but  the  members  of  the  assembly  were  no  longer 
obliged  to  sign  their  belief  in  the  divine  inspiration  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments. Schools  at  which  the  poor  were  to  "be  taught  gratis  "  were  to  be  estab- 
lished "  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be." 

1790,  OCTOBER  7.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  consented 
to  the  admission  of  Vermont  into  the  Union,  and  renounced  all 
claim  of  jurisdiction  over  the  territory  of  that  state. 

It  had  been  arranged  that  Vermont  should  pay  thirty  thousand  dollars  to  the 
New  York  grantees.  The  Vermont  legislature,  the  same  month,  agreed  to  the 
arrangement.  The  boundary  of  the  state  to  be  the  western  line  of  the  western- 
most townships  granted  by  New  Hampshire,  and  the  middle  channel  of  Lake 
Champlain. 

1790,  OCTOBER.  —  An  expedition  sent  against  the  Indians  north 
of  the  Ohio  was  unsuccessful. 

Harmer  and  Hardina,  the  leaders,  were  tried  by  a  court-martial  and  acquitted. 

1790,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  legislature  of  Virginia  resolved  that 
the  assumption  of  the  state  debts  was  "  repugnant  to  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,"  since  it  was  "  the  exercise  of  a 
power  not  expressly  granted  to  the  general  government." 

A  memorial  to  this  effect  was  presented  to  Congress.  The  North  Carolina 
legislature  passed  very  strong  resolutions  to  the  same  effect. 

1790,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  A  furnace  and  forge  were  erected  on 
Jacob's  Creek,  fifteen  miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  Youghio- 
gheny  River. 

This  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  built  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 

1790.  —  A  STEAM-PACKET  was  run  as  a  freight-boat  between 
Philadelphia  and  Burlington. 

Her  engine  had  been  improved  by  the  labors  of  many  ingenious  inventors  of 
the  time. 

1790,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  Virginia  legislature  passed  a  resolu- 
tion recommending  that  the  sessions  of  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States  should  be  public. 

The  legislatures  of  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  North  and  South  Carolina 
passed  similar  resolutions.  The  Virginia  legislature  also  appropriated  one  hun- 
dred and  ten  thousand  dollars  for  the  erection  of  the  national  buildings,  and  the 
legislature  of  Maryland  voted  seventy  thousand  dollars  for  the  same  purpose. 

1790,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  legislature  of  North  Carolina  refused 


1790-1.]  ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA.  449 

a  request  made  by  Congress  to  allow  the  jails  of  the  state  to  be 
made  use  of. 

It  also  refused  to  take  an  oath  to  support  the  Federal  Constitution. 

1790,  DECEMBER  6.  —  Congress  met  at  Philadelphia. 

The  debates  of  Congress,  during  its  continuance  at  Philadelphia,  were  chiefly 
printed  in  the  Philadelphia  Gazette.  A  plan  for  the  regular  employment  of  a 
reporter  to  take  them,  made  in  1796,  was  not  carried.  The  price  asked  —  four 
thousand  dollars  —  was  considered  too  high,  though  Mr.  Brown,  of  the  Gazette, 
offered  to  pay  a  part.  Washington,  at  the  second  session  of  Congress,  delivered 
his  annual  address  in  a  full  suit  of  broadcloth  made  at  the  factory  of  Colonel 
Wadsworth,  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

1790,  DECEMBER  20.  —  Samuel  Slater  started  three  cards, 
drawing  and  roving  frames,  and  two  frames  of  seventy-two 
spindles,  at  Pawtucket,  Rhode  Island. 

This  was  the  real  origin  of  the  cotton  manufacturing  industry  of  the  country. 
Slater  had  been  engaged  in  cotton-spinning  in  England,  and  came  to  this  country 
induced  by  the  interest  taken  in  its  introduction  here.  From  the  jealous  care 
with  which  England  guarded  the  secret  of  this  branch  of  industry,  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  clandestinely,  and  to  bring  no  drawings  or  models  with  him.  The 
details  of  his  history,  and  of  his  connection  witli  the  success  of  cotton-spinning, 
will  be  found  in  White's  Memoir  of  Slater,  Philadelphia,  1836. 

1790.  —  DURING  this  year,  Herman  Vandausen,  at  East  Green- 
wich, Rhode  Island,  commenced  the  printing  of  calicoes  from 
blocks. 

He  cut  his  own  blocks,  samples  of  which,  with  those  of  his  prints,  are  in  the 
Historical  Society  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  The  business  was  soon  given  up. 

1790.  —  A  COMPANY  to  manufacture    duck  was  incorporated 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1791,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  was 
formed. 

It  was  incorporated  February  19,  1794,  and  was  the  first  society  of  the  kind 
organized. 

1791. — 'CANADA  was  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 

The  "  clergy  reserves"  established  by  parliament  —  one  seventh  of  the  waste 
lands  of  the  colony  —  were  appropriated  for  the  support  of  the  Protestant 
ministers. 

1791,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  total  debt  of  the  United  States 
amounted  to  seventy-five  million,  four  hundred  and  sixty-three 
thousand,  four  hundred  and  seventy-six  dollars  and  fifty-two 
cents. 

Of  the  foreign  debt  there  were  due  to  France  seven  million,  five  hundred  and 
sixty-one  thousand,  four  hundred  and  forty-nine  dollars  and  forty-two  cents ;  to 
Spain,  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand,  three  hundred  and  eighty-two  dollars  and 

29 


450  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1791. 

fifty  cents ;  to  Holland,  five  million  and  one  thousand  dollars.  Between  the  years 
1791  and  1795  money  enough  was  borrowed  in  Holland  to  pay  the  debt  due 
France  and  Spain. 

1791,  JANUARY  19. —  A  convention  called  in  Vermont  ratified 
the  Federal  Constitution,  and  asked  admission  into  the  Union. 

Commissioners  were  appointed  to  wait  upon  Congress  and  negotiate  the  accept- 
ance into  the  Union. 

1791,  FEBRUARY  4.  — Kentucky  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

The  date  of  admission  was  fixed  for  June  1,  1792,  the  date  which  a  conven- 
tion had  fixed  for  the  separation  from  Virginia,  and  the  formation  of  a  state  con- 
stitution. 

1791,  FEBRUARY  18.  —  Vermont  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

The  act  was  to  take  effect  after  the  termination  of  the  session  of  Congress. 

1791,  FEBRUARY  25. —  Congress  passed  the  bill  creating  the 
national  bank. 

The  plan  of  the  bank  was  submitted  by  Alexander  Hamilton  December  13, 
1790.  The  title  of  the  bank  was  The  President,  Directors,  and  Company  of  the 
Bank  of  the  United  States.  Its  capital  was  ten  millions,  and  the  President  of  the 
United  States  was  authorized  to  subscribe,  for  the  account  of  the  United  States, 
for  an  amount  not  exceeding  two  millions.  Its  privileges  were  to  cease  on  the 
4th  of  March,  1811.  Its  notes  were  to  be  received  for  all  dues  by  the  govern- 
ment, and  were  not  to  be  under  ten  dollars.  Individual  subscriptions  were  pay- 
able in  four  instalments ;  the  last  at  the  end  of  eighteen  months,  one  fourth  in 
gold  or  silver,  the  rest  in  United  States  stocks,  the  six  per  cents  at  par,  and  the 
three  per  cents  at  fifty  per  cent.  The  United  States'  subscription  was  payable  in 
cash,  and  they  were  entitled  to  a  loan  from  the  bank  equal  to  their  subscription, 
to  be  paid  in  ten  annual  instalments.  Twenty-five  directors,  chosen  by  the  stock- 
holders, were  to  choose  a  president  from  among  themselves. 

1791.  —  THE  University  of  Vermont  was  established  at  Bur- 
lington. 

It  was  endowed  by  private  subscriptions,  and  the  legislature  gave  it  nearly  fifty 
thousand  acres  of  land. 

1791.  —  AFTER  the  adjournment  of  Congress,  General  Wash- 
ington made  a  tour  through  the  southern  states. 

On  his  way  he  stopped  on  the  Potomac,  and  selected,  in  accordance  wfth  the 
authority  given  him  by  Congress,  the  site  for  the  federal  seat  of  government.  In 
his  journal  he  speaks  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  as  having  a  number  of  very 
good  houses  of  brick  and  wood,  but  most  of  the  latter,  the  whole  number  being 
about  one  thousand  six  hundred. 

1791.  — THERE  were  three  banks  in  the  United  States. 

Their  capital  was  two  millions  of  dollars. 

1791,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  laid  an  import  duty  upon  imported 
spirits,  and  an  excise  duty  upon  their  home  manufacture. 

The  duty  ranged  from  twenty  to  forty  cents  a  gallon,  and  the  excise  from  nine 


1791-2.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  451 

to  thirty  cents.  The  proceeds  were  pledged  to  reduce  the  public  debt,  and  the  act 
was  to  cease  when  this  was  attained.  Resolutions  against  the  excise  were  passed 
by  the  legislatures  of  Pennsylvania,  North  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  Maryland. 
Small  distilleries  were  common  in  these  states,  Pennsylvania  alone  having  about 
five  thousand. 

1791,  JULY  27.  —  A  public  meeting,  held  at  Brownsville,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Monongahela,  to  protest  against  the  excise,  was 
the  first  step  taken  in  the  expression  of  the  public  discontent, 
which  gradually  assumed  such  proportion  as  to  be  threatening, 
and  which  is  known  as  the  "  Whiskey  Rebellion." 

The  collection  of  the  excise  was  resisted,  and  it  was  finally  obtained  only  by  a 
rigorous  exercise  of  authority  on  the  part  of  the  administration. 

1791,  AUGUST. —  George  Hammond  presented  his  letters  of 
credence  as  minister  from  Great  Britain. 

1791,  OCTOBEE.  —  The  National  Gazette  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  published  by  Philip  Freneau,  who  was  at  the  time  a  clerk  in  the  state 
department  under  Jefferson.  It  opposed  the  Federal  party  vigorously.  In  Oc- 
tober, 1793,  it  ceased  to  appear. 

1791.  —  THE  Grade,  of  Dauphin  appeared  in  Harrisburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Its  editor  was  John  Wyeth.     It  was  the  first  paper  in  this  place. 

1791,  NOVEMBEE.  —  The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  chartered  a 
company  with  extensive  privileges,  to  carry  on  all  kinds  of  man- 
ufactures at  the  falls  of  the  Passaic. 

This  was  the  origin  of  Patterson,  which  now  contains  extensive  cotton-mills, 
large  machine-shops  (half  the  locomotives  used  in  the  country  being  made  there), 
paper-mills,  printing  and  dyeing  establishments.  Within  the  last  few  years  four 
silk  factories  have  been  started,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $846,000. 

1791.  —  A  FOEGE  was  built  on  Furnace  Brook,  in  Pittsford, 
Vermont. 

1791.  —  THE  first  furnace  erected  in  Kentucky  was  built  by 
government  troops  on  Slate  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Licking 
River,  in  Bath  (now  Bourbon)  County. 

It  was  worked  until  1838. 

1791,  DECEMBEE.  —  Thomas  Pinckney,  of  South  Carolina,  was 
appointed  minister  to  England. 

1792,  FEBEUAEY  1.  —  The  Impartial  Intelligencer  appeared  in 
Greenfield,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Thomas  Dickman.  Six  months  afterwards  its  name  was 
changed  to  the  Greenfield  Gazette.  As  the  Gazette  and  Courier,  it  is  still  pub- 
lished. 


452  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1792. 

1792.  —  THE  State  Gazette  appeared  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

1792,  MARCH  7.  —  The  Massachusetts  Society  for  promoting 
Agriculture  was  incorporated. 

1792,  APRIL  2.  —  The  mint  was  established  in  Philadelphia. 

Bullion  was  to  be  assayed  and  coined  free,  or  exchanged  for  coin  at  a  reduc- 
tion of  one  half  per  cent.  Horse-power  was  used  for  coining  until  1815,  when  a 
steam-engine  was  procured.  Dr.  David  Rittenhouse  was  the  first  director.  The 
mint  was  ready  for  operation  September  7.  Six  pounds  of  copper,  at  ten  shillings 
and  three  pence  a  pound,  was  the  first  purchase  of  material. 

1792.  —  MOUNT  LEBANON  New  York,  the  parent  Shaker  society, 
was  established. 

In  1787  the  "Millennial  Church,  or  United  Society  of  Believers,  commonly 
called  Shakers,"  was  organized.  They  have  now  eighteen  societies  in  the  United 
States,  of  which  two  are  in  Maine,  at  Alfred  and  New  Gloucester ;  two  in  New 
Hampshire,  at  Canterbury  and  Enfield ;  one  in  Connecticut,  at  Enfield ;  four  in 
Massachusetts,  at  Harvard,  Shirley,  Tyringham,  and  Hancock;  three  in  New 
York,  at  Mount  Lebanon,  Watervliet,  and  Groveland ;  four  in  Ohio,  at  Union  Vil- 
lage, North  Union,  Watervliet,  and  Whitewater ;  two  in  Kentucky,  at  South  Union 
and  Pleasant  Hill. 

1792.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  by  which  all  able-bodied  citi- 
zens (except  those  mentioned  as  specially  exempt)  between  the 
ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five  were  to  serve  in  the  militia 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  different  states. 

The  exempted  persons  differed  according  to  the  states,  as  did  the  time  of  service 
required. 

1792.  —  A  COMPANY  in  Massachusetts  obtained  charters  for  the 
South  Hadley  and  Montague  canals,  the  earliest  constructed  in 
the  United  States. 

They  are  both  short.  The  first  is  two  miles  long,  the  second  three  miles  in 
length,  but  there  is  in  it  a  cut-out  of  solid  rock  of  forty  feet  in  depth,  and  three 
hundred  feet  in  length. 

1792,  MAY  2.  —  Congress  increased  the  average  rate  of  duties- 

The  expenses  of  the  Indian  war  on  the  frontier  made  it  necessary.  It  was  pro- 
posed to  admit  cotton  free,  as  an  aid  to  manufactures,  since  the  supply  came 
from  abroad,  but  the  southern  members  desired  the  duty  of  three  cents  a  pound 
to  remain,  since  they  gave  the  assurance  that  it  was  plentifully  raised  in  South 
Carolina,  and  there  was  no  market  for  it.  The  excise  duty  was  lessened. 

1792,  MAY  4.  —  The  post-office  was  established. 

A  single  letter  cost  six  cents  for  thirty  miles,  the  rate  increasing  with  the  dis- 
tance ;  over  four  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  the  price  was  twenty-five  cents. 

1792,  MAY  8.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  reserving  the  revenue 
received  from  the  sale  of  the  public  lands  for  the  payment  of  the 
debt. 


1792.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  453 

1792. —  DAVID  BRUCE  arrived  in  New  York  from  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  and  established  a  type  foundery. 

1792.  —  CONGRESS  provided  the  method  for  the  election  of  the 
President. 

In  1853  the  act  was  so  amended  as  to  make  the  electors  chosen  by  all  the  states 
upon  the  same  day  —  the  Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  of  November  in 
every  fourth  year.  The  act  also  provided  for  the  succession  in  case  of  the  death, 
resignation,  or  removal  of  the  acting  president.  It  gave  the  succession  to  the 
president  of  the  Senate  pro  tempore,  or  the  speaker  of  the  House,  until  another 
election. 

1792.  —  CONGRESS  regulated  the  authority  and  duty  of  Amer- 
ican consuls  in  foreign  ports. 

1792.  —  A  CONVENTION  in  Kentucky  prepared  a  constitution 
for  that  state. 

The  existing  code  of  laws  of  Virginia  were  to  remain  in  force  until  altered  by 
the  legislature,  which  consisted  of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives.  The 
senators  were  to  be  chosen  by  electors,  who  chose  also  the  governor.  No  pecu- 
niary qualification  was  demanded  for  the  suffrage,  or  for  office.  The  legislature 
was  to  have  no  power  to  pass  laws  for  the  emancipation  of  slaves,  without  the 
consent  of  their  owners  and  the  payment  of  a  full  pecuniary  equivalent.  Re- 
ligious freedom  and  the  equality  of  sects  was  provided  for  in  the  Bill  of  Rights. 

1792.  —  THE  constitution  of  Delaware  was  revised. 

The  president  was  made  a  governor ;  the  legislative  council  a  senate,  and  the 
executive  council  was  dispensed  with. 

1792.  —  THE  constitution  of  New  Hampshire  was  amended. 

The  president  was  made  a  governor.  All  tax-paying  inhabitants  were  allowed 
to  vote,  and  a  property  qualification  was  made  for  representatives,  senators,  and 
governor ;  all  of  whom  must  be  Protestants. 

1792,  JUNE.  —  A  turnpike  road  was  commenced  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Lancaster  —  a  distance  of  sixty-two,  miles. 

It  was  built  by  a  private  company,  and  was  completed  in  1794,  costing  four 
hundred  and  sixty-five  thousand  dollars.  It  was  subsequently  paved  with  stone, 
and  then  macadamized. 

1792,  AUGUST.  —  A  convention  of  four  counties  was  held  at 
Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  which  passed  a  series  of  resolutions 
against  the  excise. 

Albert  Gallatin  was  secretary  of  the  convention.  The  resolutions  declared 
their  intention  to  persist  in  every  ' '  legal  measure  "  to  obstruct  the  collection  of 
the  tax.  It  appointed  a  committee  of  correspondence. 

1792,  SEPTEMBER  29.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  in 
reference  to  the  opposition  to  the  excise. 

It  warned  all  unlawful  combinations  to  desist,  and  charge^  magistrates  and 


454  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1792-3. 

courts  to  use  their  best  efforts  to  bring  the  infractors  of  the  law  to  justice.  It 
quieted  the  disturbances  in  North  Carolina,  but  did  not  have  this  effect  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

1792.  —  WASHINGTON  was  elected  president  for  a  second  term, 
and  John  Adams  vice-president. 

Washington  was  elected  unanimously,  and  Adams  by  seventy-seven  votes  out 
of  one  hundred  and  thirty. 

1792.  —  PETITIONS  to  Congress  for  the  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade  were   sent  from  the  abolition  societies  of  Pennsylvania, 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Virginia,  and  Maryland. 

They  were  referred  to  a  special  committee.  Others  presented  by  New  Hamp- 
shire and  Massachusetts  were  suffered  to  lie  on  the  table.  A  petition  from  Warner 
Mifflin,  of  Delaware,  was  ordered  returned  to  Mm. 

1793,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  Massachusetts  Mercury  appeared  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Alexander  Young  and  Samuel  Etheridge  were  the  proprietors.  It  was  a  tri- 
weekly. It  was  finally  merged  in  the  Advertiser. 

1793.  —  THE  Farmer's  Weekly  Museum  appeared  in  Walpole, 
New  Hampshire. 

It  was  published  by  Isaiah  Thomas.  It  was  in  this  sheet  that  the  "  Lay  Ser- 
mons "  of  Joseph  Dennie,  who  signed  himself  the  Lay  Preacher,  were  printed. 
They  were  copied  very  extensively. 

1793.  —  THE  Knoxville  Gazette  appeared  at  Knoxville,  Ten- 
nessee. 

It  was  published  by  a  New  Englander  named  Roulstone. 

1793.  —  ELI  WHITNEY,  of  Massachusetts,  invented  the  saw  gin 
for  cleaning  cotton,  which  was  patented  the  next  year. 

Various  devices  had  been  used  previously.  The  first  was  the  bow-string, 
which  had  been  used  in  India  for  ages.  The  use  of  this  gave  rise  to  the  com- 
mercial term  "  Bowed  cotton."  In  1722  a  roller  gin,  the  idea  of  which  was 
derived  from  the  East,  where  it  was  seen  and  spoken  of  by  Nearchus,  an  officer 
in  Alexander's  army.  Various  forms  of  this  gin  were  used.  A  Mr.  Bissel,  of 
Georgia,  in  1788  used  a  "  simple  plan  of  a  bench,  upon  which  rose  a  frame  sup- 
porting two  short  rollers  revolving  in  opposite  directions,  and  each  turned  by  a 
boy  or  girl,  and  giving  as  the  result  of  a  day's  work  five  pounds  of  clean  cotton." 
Gins  at  this  time  were  manufactured  in  Philadelphia,  which  claimed  to  clean 
tliirty  or  forty  pounds  a  day.  The  saw  gin  superseded  all  these,  as  it  enabled  one 
man's  labor  to  clean  a  thousand  pounds  a  day.  South  Carolina  gave  the  inventor 
fifty  thousand  dollars  for  his  invention,  and  threw  it  open  to  the  planters  of  the 
state.  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  remunerated  him  by  a  tax  they  laid  for  the 
purpose.  The  patent  was  elsewhere  immediately  infringed,  and  the  legal  expenses 
for  its  defence  absorbed  almost  all  the  pecuniary  benefit  Whitney  derived  from 
this  invention  which  made  the  culture  of  cotton  profitable. 


1793.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  455 

1793.  —  A  MANUFACTORY  of  woollen  cloth  was  commenced  at 
Byfield,  Massachusetts. 

1793.  —  THE  circuit  court  of  the  United  States,  sitting  at 
Richmond,  Virginia,  declared  all  acts  of  Virginia  obstructing  the 
collection  of  British  debts,  null  and  void. 

Their  ground  was  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain.  Virginia  had  en- 
acted that  the  debtor  making  certain  payments  into  the  state  treasury,  was  absolved. 

1793,  FEBRUARY  21.  —  A  new  patent  law  was  passed,  that  of 
1790  being  repealed. 

1793,  MARCH.  —  The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Useful 
Arts  was  incorporated  in  New  York. 

1793.  —  THE  Lehigh  Coal  Company  was  formed  in  Pennsylvania 
to  work  the  mines  at  Mauch  Chunk. 

1793.  —  THIS  year  the  caterpillar  first  appeared  in  the  cotton- 
fields  of  Georgia. 

It  nearly  destroyed  the  crop.  In  1788  it  had  been  very  destructive  in  the 
Bahamas,  and  caused  the  abandonment  of  the  cotton  culture  in  many  of  the  West 
India  Islands. 

1793.  —  WILLIAMS  COLLEGE,  at  Williamstown,  Massachusetts, 
received  its  deed  of  incorporation. 

In  1755,  Colonel  Ephraim  Williams  died,  leaving  property  to  found  a  college. 
The  funds  were  left  to  accumulate  until  1785,  when  a  free  school  was  incorporated, 
buildings  erected,  and  the  school  opened  in  October,  1791,  the  Rev.  Ebenezer 
Fitch  being  appointed  principal.  When  the  college  was  started,  he  was  chosen 
president.  In  1795,  at  the  first  graduation,  the  college  catalogue,  said  to  be  the 
first  ever  issued  in  this  country,  was  published. 

1793.  —  THE  cent,  with  the  head  and  inscription  of  "Liberty," 
was  coined  this  year. 

Its  issue  had  been  ordered  the  year  previous. 

1793.  —  "  HAMILTON  ONEIDA  ACADEMY  "  was  incorporated. 

The  Rev.  Samuel  Kirkland,  for  more  than  forty  years  minister  to  the  Oneida 
Indians,  gave  to  the  trustees  several  hundred  acres  of  land.  In  1812  the  title 
was  changed  to  that  of  Hamilton  College,  and  Dr.  Azel  Backus,  of  Connecticut, 
was  chosen  first  president. 

1793.  —  THE  legislature  of  New  York  voted  a  loan  of  three 
thousand  pounds  to  the  proprietors  of  the  glass-works,  near 
Albany,  for  three  years,  without  interest,  and  for  five  years  at 
five  per  cent. 

The  proprietors  were  McClallen,  McGregor  &  Co.  They  this  year  offered 
a  reward  of  fifty  dollars  for  the  discovery  of  a  suitable  sand-bank  within  ten 
miles  of  their  works.  In  1796  they  extended  their  operations,  called  their  town 


456  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.'  [1793. 

Hamilton,  and  the  next  year  were  incorporated  by  the  state  as  the  Hamilton  Man- 
ufacturing Company,  and  exempted  from  taxation  for  five  years.  The  proprietors 
•were  Jeremias  Van  Rensselaer,  John  Sanders,  Abraham  Ten  Eyck,  Elkanah 
Watson,  F.  A.  de  Zeng,  K.  K.  Van  Rensselaer,  Thomas  and  Samuel  Mather, 
Douw  Fonda,  and  Walter  Cochran.  They  had  two  glass-houses,  a  saw-mill, 
pounding-mill,  and  cross-cut  mill.  They  employed  three  furnaces  and  about 
thirteen  glass-blowers,  and  made  about  twenty  thousand  feet  of  glass  a  month, 
besides  bottles  and  flint-glass.  They  used  kelp  instead  of  pearlash,  and  had  quite 
a  reputation  for  their  products.  The  enterprise  is  said  to  have  stopped  in  1815  for 
the  want  of  fuel. 

1793.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  regulating  the  surrender  of 
fugitives  from  justice,  and  from  service. 

Fugitives  from  justice  -were  to  be  delivered  up  and  carried  back  for  trial  on  the 
presentation  of  a  duly  authenticated  indictment  or  affidavit  from  the  executive  of 
the  state  from  whence  they  had  fled.  The  person  to  whom  service  was  due,  or 
his  agent  or  attorney,  might  seize  a  fugitive  escaped  from  his  service,  and  carry 
him  before  any  United  States  judge,  or  magistrate  of  the  city,  town,  or  county 
where  the  arrest  was  made,  who  was,  on  presentation  of  proof  that  the  service  was 
due,  to  give  a  certificate  of  the  fact,  which  was  sufficient  warrant  for  the  re- 
moval of  the  fugitive  to  the  state  from  which  he  had  fled.  A  fine  of  five  hun- 
dred dollars,  to  be  recovered  by  the  claimant,  was  imposed  upon  any  one  obstruct- 
ing the  seizure  of  such  fugitive,  or  harboring  him  after  notice. 

1793,  MARCH  1.  —  The  first  issue  was  made  from  the  mint. 

It  consisted  of  11,178  cents.  Nothing  but  cents  and  half  cents  were  coined 
until  1795. 

1793,  MARCH  4.  —  Washington  took  the  oath  of  office  publicly 
in  the  senate  chamber. 

1793,  APRIL  9.  —  Citizen  Genet  arrived  at  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  as  ambassador  from  France. 

He  brought  the  news  of  the  declaration  of  war  by  France  against  England.  It 
had  reached  New  York  five  days  before. 

1793,  APRIL  22.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  of  neu- 
trality. 

Genet  had  been  enthusiastically  received  in  Charleston,  and  had  issued  com- 
missions to  two  privateers,  manned  chiefly  by  Americans,  but  sailing  under  the 
French  flag,  and  which  had  made  several  British  prizes.  The  frigate  in  which  he 
arrived  (the  L' Ambuscade),  on  her  way  to  Philadelphia,  captured  several  British 
vessels ;  one  within  the  Capes  of  the  Delaware. 

1793.  —  CANADA  was  made  a  bishopric. 

1793.  —  A  PAPER-MILL  was  erected  at  Troy,  New  York,  by 
Messrs.  "Webster,  Ensign,  and  Seymour,  which  made  from  five  to 
ten  reams  of  paper  a  day. 

1793,  MAY  30.  —  A  Democratic  society  was  formed  in  Phila- 
delphia. 


1793.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  457 

It  was  in  imitation  of  the  clubs  in  France.  Others  were  formed  in  other 
cities,  and  from  this  the  term  Democrat  first  came  to  be  used  in  the  politics  of  the 
country,  though  at  first  it  was  objectionable  to  even  the  party  itself,  who  claimed 
for  themselves  the  name  of  Democratic  republicans. 

1793,  JUNE  14.  —  A  French  privateer,  fitted  out  in  New  York, 
was  seized  by  the  militia,  ordered  out  for  this  purpose  by  Gov- 
ernor Clinton. 

Clinton  was  acting  under  the  instructions  of  the  government.  Genet  had 
assumed  the  authority  under  a  decree  of  the  convention,  in  authority  in  France, 
to  give  the  French  consuls  in  the  United  States  power  to  act  as  courts  of  admiralty 
for  trying  and  condemning  such  prizes  as  the  French  cruisers  might  bring  into 
American  ports.  His  reception  during  his  progress  from  Charleston  to  Philadel- 
phia, and  at  this  place,  where  a  "republican  feast  had  been  tendered  him,"  had 
given  him  the  idea  that  the  people  would  support  him,  though  the  government 
should  object  to  such  steps  as  he  should  take  to  identify  the  nation  with  the  cause 
of  France.  He  had  been  informed  that  the  issuing  of  commissions  within  the 
United  States  was  an  infringement. 

1793,  JUNE.  —  The  Creeks  and  Cherokees  along  the  southern 
border  began  hostilities. 

They  had  been  roused  to  it  by  aggressions. 

1793,  JULY.  —  It  was  resolved  to  submit  all  the  questions 
concerning  the  duty  of  the  government  in  the  matter  of  the 
French  privateers  to  the  supreme  court,  and  Genet  was  informed 
that  the  detention  of  such  vessels  as  had  been  stopped  should 
continue  until  the  decision  was  made. 

Four  privateers,  the  Sans  Culotte,  the  Citizen  Genet,  the  Cincinnatus,  and  the 
Vanqueur  de  la  Bastile,  had  been  fitted  out  at  Charleston;  the  Anti- George,  at 
Savannah ;  the  Carmagniole,  in  the  Delaware ;  the  Roland  and  another  at  Boston. 
Numerous  prizes  had  been  captured  by  these,  which  the  French  consuls  continued 
to  condemn.  Another  vessel,  the  Little  Sarah,  which  had  been  captured  and  sent 
into  Philadelphia,  was  rechristened  the  Little  Democrat  by  Genet,  and  fitted  out  as 
a  privateer.  News  of  her  destination  coming  to  the  knowledge  of  the  govern- 
ment, Governor  Mifilin,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  called  upon  to  stop  her,  and  ordered 
out  the  militia  to  do  so.  On  the  excuse  that  she  was  not  ready,  and  intended  to 
drop  down  the  river  for  repairs,  the  militia  was  dismissed,  and  the  ship  slipped 
away.  Washington  was  at  Mount  Vernon  while  these  occurrences  took  place, 
and  on  his  return  the  project  of  submitting  the  questions  above  to  the  supreme 
court  was  decided  upon. 

1793,  AUGUST. — The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  expressed 
themselves  as  unwilling  to  give  any  opinion  concerning  the 
rights  and  duties  of  the  United  States,  unless  some  suit  was 
brought  before  them. 

An  indictment  having  been  brought  against  Henfield,  who  had  enlisted  on  the 
Citizen  Genet  at  Charleston,  he  was  acquitted  by  the  jury. 

1793,  AUGUST.  —  Copies   of  the   correspondence  with   Genet 


458  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1793. 

were  sent  to  Gouverneur  Morris,  the  minister  to  France,  with 
instructions  to  lay  them  before  the  executive  council. 

He  was  also  to  ask  for  Genet's  recall.  A  statement  was  also  made  to  Genet, 
who  was  called  upon  to  give  up  the  captured  vessels,  since  France  would  be 
held  responsible  for  the  indemnity  of  their  owners.  The  British  minister  was  in- 
formed that  the  owners  would  be  reimbursed  for  the  vessels  captured  since  the 
date  on  \vhich  Genet  had  been  informed  that  the  equipment  of  French  priva- 
teers would  not  be  allowed.  The  vessels  captured  within  a  marine  league  of  the 
outer  coast  were  also  to  be  delivered  up  by  Genet. 

1793,  AUGUST.  —  A  council  of  the  Six  Nations  refused  to  treat 
with  commissioners  sent  for  the  purpose,  unless  the  Ohio  should 
be  made  the  boundary. 

The  commissioners  on  their  way  to  the  council  at  Maumee  Rapids  had  been 
met  at  the  entrance  to  the  River  Detroit  by  a  deputation  of  Indians,  and  this 
answer  was  sent  in  writing  to  a  proposition  submitted  by  the  commissioners. 

1793,  SEPTEMBER  7.  —  A  circular  letter  was  sent  to  the  French 
consuls  in  the  country  threatening  to  revoke  their  exequaturs, 
should  they  continue  to  exercise  their  pretended  admiralty  juris- 
diction. 

In  October  this  was  done  with  the  French  vice-consul  at  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1793,  SEPTEMBER  27.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
instructed  its  delegates  in  Congress  to  take  measures  to  amend 
the  Constitution,  and  instructed  the  governor  to  send  the  infor- 
mation to  the  other  states. 

The  amendment  was  to  provide  against  a  state's  being  sued  by  an  individual  in 
a  United  States  court. 

Suits  having  been  brought  in  the  Federal  courts  in  various  states  by  individ- 
uals. Judge  William  Gushing,  of  the  supreme  court,  had  pronounced  such  con- 
stitutional. It  had  been  supposed  that  the  states  were  sovereign,  and  could  not 
be  sued.  The  legislature  of  Georgia  passed  an  act  subjecting  to  death,  without 
the  benefit  of  clergy,  any  marshal  or  other  person  who  should  serve  any  process 
issued  against  the  state  in  the  suit  of  an  individual.  Such  a  suit  had  been  com- 
menced against  Massachusetts.  Ultimately  the  proposition  of  Massachusetts, 
which  was  favorably  received,  prevailed. 

1793,  NOVEMBER  9.  —  William  Maxwell  commenced  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Centinel  of  the  North  West  Territory  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

This  was  the  first  newspaper  published  north  of  the  Ohio.  In  1796  it  was  pur- 
chased by  Edward  Freeman,  who  changed  its  name  to  the  Freeman's  Journal. 
This  year  it  was  printed  on  paper  made  in  the  vicinity. 

1793,  DECEMBER  2.  —  The  Third  Congress  met  at  Philadelphia. 

The  Senate  passed  a  resolution  that  as  soon  as  suitable  galleries  should  be  pro- 
vided, after  the  present  session  the  proceedings,  except  in  cases  requiring  secrecy, 
should  be  public. 


1793-4.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  459 

1793,  DECEMBER  9.  —  The  Minerva  appeared  in  New  York. 

It  was  edited  by  Noah  Webster,  and  published  by  George  Bunce  &  Co.  Its 
name  was  soon  changed  to  the  Commercial  Advertiser,  and  under  this  name  it 
still  exists. 

1793.  —  DURING  the  summer  and  early  fall  the  yellow  fever 
prevailed  in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  so  violent  that  most  of  the  newspapers  suspended  their  publication,  and 
business  was  at  a  standstill. 

1793.  —  WILLIAM  FOSTER,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  imported 
the  first  merino  sheep. 

He  gave  them  to  a  gentleman  to  keep,  who,  ignorant  of  their  value,  ate  them. 
At  the  World's  Fair  at  London,  in  1851,  a  fleece  raised  in  Tennessee  carried  off 
the  prize  in  a  competition  with  Spain,  Saxony,  Silesia,  and  other  parts  of  Ger- 
many ;  and  in  1863,  at  the  International  Exhibition  in  Hamburg,  the  merino  sheep 
of  Vermont  carried  off  the  prize. 

1793.  —  "  JUSTIN  MORGAN,"  a  famous  stallion,  was  foaled. 

The  celebrated  " Morgan"  stock  came  from  him. 

1794,  JANUARY  1.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  from  the  socie- 
ties for  the  abolition  of  slavery  was  held  at  Philadelphia. 

They  prepared  a  memorial  to  Congress  praying  it  to  do  all  it  could  to  suppress 
the  slave  trade.  This  with  similar  documents  were  referred  to  a  committee,  who 
introduced  a  bill,  which  was  passed,  prohibiting  fitting  out  ships  in  the  United 
States  to  supply  foreign  nations  with  slaves.  The  penalty  was  the  forfeiture  of 
the  vessel  and  a  fine  of  two  thousand  dollars. 

1794,  JANUARY  2.  —  Congress  resolved  to  purchase  a  treaty 
with  the  Algerines,  and  to  provide  a  naval  force  to  protect  Amer- 
ican commerce  in  the  Mediterranean. 

The  Senate  had  previously  made  a  secret  arrangement  to  pay  forty  thousand 
dollars  for  the  ransom  of  thirteen  captives  held  by  the  Algerines,  and  a  yearly 
sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  for  a  treaty  of  peace  with  them.  This  was 
communicated  to  the  House,  considered  in  secret  session,  and  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee of  ways  and  means,  which  was  on  this  occasion  appointed  for  the  first 
time. 

1794,  FEBRUARY.  —  The  Boston  Theatre  was  completed  and 
opened  to  the  public. 

The  general  court  in  1742,  and  again  in  1750,  had  passed  a  law  prohibiting  the- 
atrical performances.  In  1785,  after  the  adoption  of  the  state  constitution,  the 
provincial  laws  were  revised,  and  the  statute  of  1750  was  re-enacted  to  remain  in 
force  until  1797.  In  1791,  at  a  public  meeting,  in  October,  at  Faneuil  Hall,  the 
Boston  members  of  the  assembly  were  instructed  to  procure,  if  possible,  the  repeal 
of  the  laws  against  the  theatre ;  the  matter  was  brought  before  the  assembly  in 
January,  1792,  referred  to  a  committee  who  reported  against  it,  and  the  report 
was  accepted  by  a  vote  of  ninety-nine  to  forty-four.  In  1793  a  company  of  actors, 
with  Charles  Powell  as  manager,  fitted  up  a  stable  in  Board  Alley  as  a  theatre, 
and  advertising  their  performances  as  moral  lectures,  commenced  giving  public 


460  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1794. 

performances.  The  attention  of  the  grand  jury,  in  September,  was  brought  to  the 
subject,  but  it  refused  to  interfere,  and  the  representations  continued.  In  Novem- 
ber, Governor  Hancock,  in  his  speech  to  the  general  court,  advised  that  the  law  be 
vindicated ;  and  in  December,  the  sheriff,  under  the  directions  of  James  Sullivan, 
the  attorney-general,  to  whom  the  governor  had  given  a  special  order,  entered 
the  building  during  the  performance  of  The  School  for  Scandal,  arrested  one  of 
the  actors  named  Harper,  and  held  him  to  bail.  Harper's  examination  took  place 
before  the  justices  in  Faneuil  Hall,  where  counsel  appeared  for  him,  and  he  was 
acquitted  on  the  ground  that  his  arrest  was  contrary  to  the  bill  of  rights.  In 
March  following,  the  legislature  repealed  the  act  of  1750,  and  in  1797  passed  a 
statute  regulating  theatres. 

1794,  MARCH  11.  —  Congress  authorized  the  President  to  pro- 
vide and  equip  a  naval  force  against  the  Algerine  cruisers. 

Six  frigates,  the  Constitution,  the  President,  the  United  States,  the  Chesa- 
peake, Constellation,  and  Congress,  were  constructed  at  Boston,  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, Portsmouth  (Virginia),  Baltimore,  and  Portsmouth  (New  Hampshire). 
The  first  three  carried  forty-four  guns  each,  and  the  second  three  thirty-six. 
A  bill  was  also  passed  for  fortifying  the  harbors,  purchasing  arms,  and  establishing 
arsenals.  The  exportation  of  arms  was  prohibited  for  a  year,  and  for  two  years 
arms  could  be  imported  free  of  duty. 

1794,  MARCH  26.  —  An  embargo  was  laid  by  Congress  for 
thirty  days. 

It  was  then  continued  thirty  more. 

1794,  APRIL  19.  —  The  appointment  of  John  Jay  as  a  special 
envoy  to  England  was  confirmed  by  Congress. 

1794,  MAY.  —  The  appointment  of  minister  to  France  was  given 
to  James  Munroe. 

The  French  government  had  asked  the  recall  of  Gouverneur  Morris. 

1794.  —  THE  first  sewing- thread  from  cotton  was  made  at 
Pawtucket,  Rhode  Island,  by  Samuel  Slater. 

1794.  —  MATTHEW  PATON,  of  Virginia,  emigrated  to  Kentucky, 
carrying  with  him  some  fine  cattle. 

He  had  obtained  them  from  a  Mr.  Goff,  of  Maryland,  who  with  two  other 
gentlemen  had  imported  them  from  England  in  1793.  In  1800,  one  of  Mr.  Paton's 
sons  carried  some  of  them  to  Ohio.  From  these  animals  it  is  claimed  the  im- 
provement in  the  stock  of  the  West  chiefly  arose. 

1794.  —  A  TURNPIKE  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  a 
distance  of  sixty-two  miles,  was  completed. 

It  was  commenced  in  1792  by  a  private  company.  Its  cost  was  $465,000.  It 
was  afterwards  paved  with  stone,  and  finally  macadamized. 

1794,  JUNE  5. — A  bill  was  passed  by  Congress  defining  the 
duties  of  neutrality,  and  inflicting  penalties  for  their  infraction. 

It  imposed  a  fine  upon  any  one  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  who 
should  enlist,  or  enlist  others  in  the  military  service,  whether  by  sea  or  land,  of 


1794]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEEICA.  4(51 

any  foreign  prince  or  state,  together  with  imprisonment  for  not  over  three  years. 
Any  such  enlisted  person  giving  information  to  the  government,  leading  to  con- 
viction, escaped  the  penalty.  Fitting  out  cruisers,  or  aiding  in  any  military  expe- 
dition against  a  nation  at  peace  with  the  United  States,  was  subject  to  similar 
penalties.  The  sale  of  prizes  within  the  United  States  was  also  prohibited. 

1794,  AUGUST  7.  —  A 'proclamation  was  issued  requiring  the 
opposers  of  the  excise  to  desist  their  unlawful  acts,  and  a  requi- 
sition made  upon  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  and  Vir- 
ginia for  fifteen  thousand  men. 

Commissioners  were  sent  to  treat  with  the  insurgents. 

1794,  AUGUST.  —  An  expedition  under  General  Wayne,  against 
the  allied  Indians,  defeated  them  thoroughly  in  a  battle  on  the 
banks  of  the  Maumee. 

1794.  —  THE  Massachusetts  legislature  granted  a  charter  to 
Bowdoin  College,  at  Brunswick,  Maine. 

They  also  endowed  it  with  a  land  grant.  The  college  was  named  after  Gover- 
nor Bowdoin. 

1794.  —  A  LINE  of  packets  was  started  between  Pittsburg  and 
Cincinnati. 

There  were  two  of  them,  and  made  the  trip  every  four  weeks.  Each  boat  was 
armed  with  six  cannons,  carrying  pound-balls,  and  plenty  of  muskets.  The  pub- 
lic were  assured  of  safety,  since  the  cabins  were  proof  against  rifle  or  musket 
balls,  and  provided  with  convenient  port-holes  for  firing  from. 

1794,  SEPTEMBER  24.  —  The  commissioners  having  returned 
and  reported,  another  proclamation  was  issued  commanding  sub- 
mission to  the  excise  laws,  and  giving  notice  of  the  advance  of 
the  militia. 

With  the  advance  of  the  militia  all  resistance  ceased.  Arrests  were  made,  and 
two  persons  were  found  guilty  of  treason,  but  were  pardoned. 

1794,  OCTOBER  15.  —  The  first  silver  coins  were  issued  from 
the  mint. 

The  silver  had  been  deposited  July  18;  the  amount  issued  was  §1,758.  The 
silver  dollar  was  to  weigh  371.25  grains  of  pure  metal. 

1794.  —  THIS  year,  where  Utica,  New  York,  now  stands,  there 
was  only  one  log  house  and  two  dwellings. 

1794.  —  GEORGE  SCRIBA,  a  merchant  in  New  York,  who  had 
purchased  fifty  thousand  acres  of  land  in  the  present  counties  of 
Oswego  and  Oneida  for  eighty  thousand  dollars,  erected  at  a 
place  called  Rotterdam  (now  Constantia  Centre),  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Oneida),  a  saw-mill. 

1794.  —  THERE  were  this  year  three  flour-mills  at  Fayetteville, 
North  Carolina. 


462  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1795. 

1795,  JANUARY.  —  Congress  amended  the  naturalization  act. 

By  this  the  preliminary  residence  was  made  five  years,  and  the  declaration  of 
intention,  to  be  made  in  some  court  of  record,  must  be  made  three  years  before- 
hand, and  the  applicant  must  have  resided  in  the  state  at  least  a  year.  He  was 
also  called  upon  to  renounce  all  foreign  allegiance,  and  make  an  express  renun- 
ciation of  any  title  of  nobility  he  may  have  been  entitled  to. 

1795,  JANUARY  16. — A  patent  was  issued  to  Jacob  Perkins 
for  a  machine  for  cutting  and  heading  nails. 

He  invented  the  machine  about  1790. 

Jacob  Perkins  was  born  in  Newburyport  in  July,  1766.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  a  goldsmith.  As  an  ingenious  inventor,  he  was  very  prolific,  having  taken 
out  seventeen  patents  in  the  United  States  and  a  number  in  England,  where  he 
passed  the  latter  part  of  his  life. 

1795,  FEBRUARY.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  gradual 
redemption  of  the  public  debt. 

By  this  act  the  management  of  the  debt  was  taken  from  the  treasury  depart- 
ment and  vested  in  the  commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund.  The  total  debt 
amounted  to  nearly  seventy-seven  millions.  The  annual  revenue  was  estimated, 
from  the  past,  at  six  millions  and  a  half,  and  the  expenditures  at  nearly  six  mil- 
lions. The  duties  on  imports  were  made  permanent,  and  the  temporary  taxes 
continued  to  March  1,  1801.  From  these  resources  the  debt  would  be  cancelled, 
it  was  estimated,  within  twenty-three  years.  Hamilton's  official  conduct  having 
been  investigated  by  Congress,  and  found  perfectly  satisfactory,  he  resigned,  and 
Oliver  Wolcott  was  appointed  to  the  place. 

1795,  FEBRUARY  25.  —  Union  College,  at  Schenectady,  New 
York,  was  incorporated. 

1795.  —  THE  legislature  of  New  York  appropriated  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars  for  the  establishment  of  public  schools. 

The  money  was  to  be  divided  among  the  towns  and  counties  in  proportion  to 
their  voters,  and  each  county  was  to  raise  from  the  towns  by  taxation  a  sum 
equal  to  one  half  the  amount  allowed  it  by  the  state.  The  idea  had  been  sug- 
gested by  George  Clinton,  the  governor,  in  his  message  to  the  legislature.  The 
appropriation  ended  in  1800. 

1795. — THE  society  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  aid  and 
instruct  emigrants,  recommended  brick-making  as  a  profitable 
pursuit. 

Their  price  was  then  nine  dollars  a  thousand. 

1795.  —  A  SMALL  window-glass  factory  was  set  up  in  Pitts- 
burg,  Pennsylvania. 

Wood  was  employed  as  the  fueL 

1795. — UP  to  this  year  the  amount  realized  in  Massachusetts 
from  the  property  confiscated  from  the  loyalists  was  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty  thousand  pounds. 

From  the  property  seized  the  debts  of  the  owners  were  paid. 


1795.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  463 

1795,  MAY.  —  The  Jersey  Chronicle  appeared  at  Mount  Pleas- 
ant, New  Jersey. 

It  was  conducted  by  Philip  Freneau. 

1795,  MAY  9.  —  The  first  copyright,  under  the  United  States 
law,  was  granted. 

It  was  granted  to  William  Patten,  a  minister  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  for  a 
work  entitled  Christianity  the  true  Theology  :  an  Answer  to  the  Age  of  Reason, 
which  was  printed  at  Warren,  Rhode  Island. 

1795.  —  GEORGE  SCRIBA  erected  at  Constantia  Centre  a  grist- 
mill, the  first  in  Oswego  County,  New  York. 

1795,  JULY.  —  The  treaty  with  England  was  furnished  by  the 
President  for  publication  in  the  newspapers. 

The  opposition  to  it  was  expressed  very  strongly  in  various  cities.  A  public 
meeting  in  Boston,  which  expressed  a  disapproval  of  it  in  toto,  sent  an  address  to 
the  President.  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Wilming- 
ton, Delaware,  and  other  towns  made  similar  demonstrations.  Gradually,  how- 
ever, the  expression  of  the  counter  opinion  obtained  utterance,  and  numerous 
public  meetings  were  held  at  which  a  favorable  opinion  of  the  treaty  was  ex- 
pressed. 

1795,  AUGUST  3.  —  A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Northwestern 
Indians. 

General  Wayne  met  a  large  assemblage  of  deputies  from  the  various  tribes  at 
Fort  Grenville.  The  Indian  boundary,  by  this  treaty,  was  to  commence  on  the 
Ohio,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky ;  thence  the  line  extended  to  Fort 
Recovery  on  the  south-easternmost  head-waters  of  the  Wabash ;  thence  east  to 
Lake  Erie,  by  the  Muskingum  and  Cuyahoga.  All  east  of  this  line  was  ceded  to 
the  United  States,  together  with  sixteen  detached  pieces  of  territory  occupied  as 
posts.  For  this  the  Indians  were  paid  twenty  thousand  dollars  in  goods,  and  a 
yearly  allowance  of  nine  thousand  five  hundred  dollars. 

1795,  AUGUST  14.  —  The  President  ratified  the  commercial 
treaty  with  England,  which  had  been  negotiated  by  John  Jay. 

It  had  been  signed  by  Jay  on  the  19th  of  November,  1794 ;  and  May  28,  1795, 
Jay  had  returned.  On  the  2d  of  June  it  was  submitted  to  the  Senate,  who  by  a 
vote  of  twenty  to  ten  voted  its  ratification.  The  treaty  provided  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  three  boards  of  commissioners ;  one  to  determine  the  eastern  border  of  the 
United  States,  another  to  ascertain  the  British  debts  due  before  the  Revolution, 
which  the  United  States  were  to  pay,  and  a  third  to  estimate  the  losses  Americans 
had  incurred  by  seizures  made  by  British  cruisers,  and  which  the  British  govern- 
ment was  to  pay.  As  the  negroes  carried  away  at  the  end  of  the  Revolution  were 
all  such  as  had  been  freed  during  the  course  of  the  war  by  proclamation  and 
promised  British  protection,  no  compensation  for  them  was  to  be  paid.  The 
western  posts  were  to  be  surrendered  on  the  1st  of  June,  1796.  The  rivers  and 
harbors  of  America  were  to  be  opened  to  British  trade.  American  vessels  were 
not  admitted  to  the  harbors  of  the  British  North  American  colonies,  nor  to  the 
rivers  below  the  highest  port  of  entry.  Alienage  was  no  bar  to  the  inhabitants 
of  either  nation  in  the  possession  of  land,  nor  in  case  of  a  war  was  there  to  be 
any  confiscation.  These  points  were  perpetual ;  the  other  commercial  regulations 


464  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1795-6. 

were  limited  to  two  years  after  the  war  then  raging  with  France.  American  ships 
were  allowed  in  British  ports  in  Europe  and  the  East  Indies.  To  the  West  Indies 
only  vessels  not  exceeding  seventy  tons  were  allowed.  Privateers  were  to  give 
bonds  to  reimburse  neutrals.  Carefully  prepared  provisions  concerning  contraband 
trade  completed  the  treaty,  which  contained  also  provisions  for  the  mutual  return 
of  fugitives  guilty  of  murder  or  forgery. 

1795,  SEPTEMBER  5. — The  Boston  Prices  Ci^rrent  and  Marine 
Intelligencer,  Commercial  and  Mercantile,  appeared  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  the  first  periodical  publication  devoted  chiefly  to  commerce.  In  1789 
it  introduced  politics  into  its  columns,  and  in  1800  its  name  was  changed  to  the 
Boston  Gazette,  and  it  became  a  regular  newspaper. 

1795.  —  GOLD  was  first  coined  by  the  United  States  mint. 

The  gold  dollar  contained  24.75  grains  of  pure  metal.  The  rating  of  gold  to 
silver  being  lower  than  in  England,  gold  coin  was  exported. 

1795,  OCTOBER  20.  — A  treaty  with  Spain  settled  the  boundary 
of  Florida,  and  secured  the  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  line  of  Florida  was  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Appalachicola,  the 
31°  of  north  latitude.  East  of  the  Appalachicola,  a  line  from  the  junction  of  the 
Flint  to  the  head  of  the  St.  Mary's,  and  thence  to  the  sea.  The  Americans  for 
three  years  had  the  right  of  deposit  at  New  Orleans,  and  then  this  arrangement 
was  to  be  continued,  or  some  other  made. 

1796,  JANUARY  11.  —  A  convention  adopted  a  constitution  for 
the  state  of  Tennessee. 

The  convention  had  been  called  as  soon  as  the  census  taken  had  shown  the 
number  of  inhabitants  to  be  67,000  and  10,000  slaves.  Under  the  terms  of  the 
act  constituting  the  territory  south  of  the  Ohio,  the  people  claimed  the  right  to 
become  a  state.  By  the  constitution  adopted,  the  right  of  suffrage  was  given  to 
every  freeman  who  had  resided  six  months  in  any  county.  A  property  quali- 
fication was  required  for  the  assembly,  of  which  no  minister  of  the  gospel  could 
be  a  member.  The  governor  must  own  not  less  than  five  hundred  acres  of  land, 
and  was  elected  for  two  years  by  the  people.  The  code  of  North  Carolina  was 
accepted  as  the  law.  No  mention  of  slavery  was  made  in  the  constitution. 
Knoxville  was  made  the  capital  until  1802.  No  person  who  denied  the  being  of  a 
God,  or  a  future  state  of  rewards  and  punishments,  could  be  elected  to  any  office. 
The  legislature  was  forbidden  to  compel  any  one  to  attend  any  place  of  worship, 
or  give  any  preference  to  any  religious  establishment.  The  bill  of  rights  forbade 
that  any  religious  test  should  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  for  any  office. 

1796,  JANUARY  15. — The  whole  foreign  debt  of  the  United  States 
was  eleven  million  nine  hundred  and  thirty-nine  thousand  dollars. 

It  was  all  due  to  Holland,  and  bore  interest  at  four  and  four  and  a  half  per 
cent.  The  last  of  it  was  paid  in  1810. 

1796,  MARCH  30.  —  The  President,  in  a  message  to  the  House, 
declined  to  furnish  the  House  with  the  correspondence  and  other 
documents  relating  to  the  treaty  with  England. 

The  House  had  asked  for  them  in  a  set  of  resolutions  passed  March  24. 


1796.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  465 

1796,  APRIL  29.  —  The  House  of  Representatives  voted  the  ap- 
propriations needed  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  with 
England. 

The  vote  was  a  tie,  and  the  chairman  voted  for  the  appropriations.  The 
debate  upon  the  subject  had  been  long  and  violent.  On  the  28th,  Fisher  Ames,  of 
Massachusetts,  made  his  great  speech  in  favor  of  the  treaty,  the  effect  of  which 
was  undoubtedly  to  carry  the  resolutions.  Under  the  treaty  the  commissioners 
were  appointed  as  follows  :  For  ascertaining  the  true  St.  Croix,  as  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  United  States,  Howell  of  Rhode  Island ;  to  settle  the  British 
debts,  Fitzsimmons  and  Sitgreaves ;  to  settle  the  British  spoliations,  Christopher 
Gore  and  William  Pinkney. 

Fisher  Ames  was  born  at  Dedham,  Massachusetts,  April  9,  1758,  and  died 
July  4,  1808. 

1796.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  regulating  intercourse  with 
the  Indians. 

The  boundary  line  was  marked  out,  and  no  white  man  could  cross  it,  either 
for  hunting  or  pasturage,  without  a  permit  from  some  one  authorized  to  give 
it.  Trade  with  the  Indians  required  a  license.  The  establishment  of  public 
trading-houses  was  also  authorized,  and  the  money  appropriated  for  them.  The 
goods  were  to  be  sold  at  prices  which  kept  the  capital  intact.  Though  limited  to 
two  years,  as  an  experiment,  the  system  was  continued,  and  an  end  was  put  to 
the  border  wars,  which  had  lasted  so  long. 

1796.  —  AN  act  of  Congress  authorized  the  survey  of  the  pub- 
lic lands  north  of  the  Ohio,  and  they  were  offered  for  sale. 

They  were  divided  into  townships  six  miles  square,  and  sold  at  public  sale 
at  an  upset  price  of  two  dollars  an  acre.  The  townships  were  divided  into  thirty- 
six  sections,  and  into  quarters  alternately.  A  year's  credit  for  half  the  purchase- 
money  was  given ;  ten  per  cent,  discount  being  allowed  for  cash. 

1796.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  appointment 
of  two  more  agents,  to  investigate  impressments,  to  report  to  the 
state  department,  and  to  relieve  the  sufferers. 

One  agent  was  to  reside  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  others  elsewhere,  as  the 
President  should  direct. 

1796,  JUNE  1.  —  A  bill  passed  Congress  to  admit  Tennessee 
as  a  state. 

In  April,  a  legislature  had  met  in  Knoxville,  and  copies  of  the  state  constitu- 
tion, and  of  the  census,  had  been  sent  the  President,  who  laid  them  before  Con- 
gress. The  House  was  for  admitting  the  new  state  at  once,  but  the  Senate  thought 
the  census  should  be  taken  by  Congress.  By  a  conference  between  the  houses,  it 
was  agreed  to  admit  the  new  state  at  once,  and  the  senate  bill,  so  amended,  was 
passed.  Senators  from  the  new  state  presented  themselves,  but  were  allowed  on 
the  floor  of  the  Senate  only  as  spectators.  After  the  admission  of  the  state,  they 
again  claimed  their  seats,  but  were  refused  by  the  Senate  on  the  ground  that  their 
credentials  were  dated  before  the  act  admitting  the  state  to  the  Union. 

1796,  JUNE  11.  —  The  Washington  Gazette  appeared  in  Wash- 
ington. 

The  seat  of  government  had  not  yet  been  removed.     The  commissioners  for 

30 


4G6  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1796. 

the  erection  of  the  public  buildings  in  "Washington  reported  that  from  the  dona- 
tions given  by  Virginia  and  Maryland,  together  with  the  sale  of  lots  in  the  city, 
they  had  received  seven  hundred  and  sixty-eight  thousand  dollars.  They  had  on 
hand  four  thousand  seven  hundred  lots,  valued  at  one  million  three  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars.  The  money  received  had  been  expended  in  laying  the  foundation  of 
the  capitol  and  in  building  a  house  for  the  President ;  and,  to  continue  the  work 
they  wanted  authority  to  mortgage  the  lots  for  three  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
the  loan  to  be  guaranteed  by  the  United  States.  Congress  passed  the  act,  but  the 
money  could  be  borrowed,  finally,  only  from  the  state  of  Maryland,  in  United 
States  stock,  and  then  only  two  thirds  of  the  amount  desired. 

1796. — THE  Sciota  Gazette  appeared  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio. 

It  was  established  by  Nathaniel  Willis. 

1796. — A  MANUFACTORY  of  bolting  cloth  from  Georgia  silk 
was  established  at  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

1796.  — ELEVEN  hundred  mill  sites  were  occupied  at  this  time 
in  New  Jersey,  and  five  hundred  of  them  by  flouring-mills. 

1796.  —  A  WATER-POWER  mill,  near  Philadelphia,  Rumsey's 
pattern,  improved  by  Baker,  ground  and  bolted  flour,  ground 
chocolate,  snuff,  hair-powder,  and  mustard,  and  pressed  and 
cut  tobacco. 

1796,  JUNE  29.  —  The  treaty  with  the  Creeks  was  renewed. 

They  were  given  an  annuity  of  six  thousand  dollars,  and  provided  with  two 
blacksmiths.  The  right  to  establish  such  trading-houses  as  the  President  might 
find  necessary,  was  also  obtained. 

1796,  JULY  31.  —  The  first  issue  of  gold  coin  was  made  from 
the  mint. 

The  gold  was  deposited  for  coinage,  February  12,  1795. 

1796.  —  THE  Eastern  Star  appeared  in  Hallowell,  Maine. 
1796.  —  THE  Post  appeared  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

1796,  SEPTEMBER.  —  Charles  C.  Pinckney  was  appointed  minis- 
ter to  France. 

Monroe  was  recalled ;  he  had  overstepped  his  instructions  in  his  relations  with 
France.  On  his  return  he  published  his  vindication. 

1796.  —  JOHN  FITCH  moved  a  small  boat  on  the  Collect  Pond, 
in  New  York  city,  by  a  small  engine,  and  a  worm-screw  project- 
ing from  the  stern  of  the  boat. 

This  was  the  first  employment  of  the  screw  as  a  method  of  naval  propulsion. 

1796.— "THE  American  Coast  Pilot,"  by  Edmund  Blunt,  of 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  was  published. 

This  work  is  used  by  seamen  all  over  the  world,  no  port  in  this  country  being 
undescribed.  It  still  remains  an  authority,  and  has  been  translated  into  various 
foreign  languages. 


1796.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  467 

1796.  —  THIS  year  the  town  of  Milton,  Massachusetts,  had,  be- 
sides other  manufactories,  three  paper-mills.  On  the  Neponset 
there  were  six,  and  in  the  state,  twenty. 

1796,  SEPTEMBER  18.  —  Washington  issued  his  Farewell  Ad- 
dress. 

He  had  resolved,  at  the  end  of  his  second  term,  to  retire  to  private  life. 

1796.  —  THE  Scourge  of  Aristocracy  and  Depository  of  Impor- 
tant Political  Truth  appeared  at  Castleton,  Vermont. 

It  was  published  by  Matthew  Lyon.  He  is  said  to  have  made  his  own  type,  and 
used  paper  made  by  himself  from  the  bark  of  the  bass-wood  tree.  His  paper  aided 
his  election  to  the  House  of  Representatives. 

1796.  —  THE  legislature  of  North  Carolina  re-enacted  the  law 
prohibiting  emancipation,  except  for  meritorious  conduct. 
Even  then  it  required  the  allowance  of  the  county  courts. 

1796,  OCTOBER.  —  Cleveland,  Ohio,  was  settled. 

It  was  the  point  of  departure  on  Lake  Erie  of  the  line  for  the  boundary  of  the 
Indian  territory.  It  was  named  after  General  Moses  Cleveland  of  Connecticut. 
It  is  now  quite  a  railroad  and  commercial  centre. 

1796.  —  FROM  Philadelphia,  this  year,  there  were  four  daily 
stages  to  New  York  —  at  four,  five,  six,  and  eight  o'clock  A.  M.  ; 
a  line  of  packet  boats  to  Bordentown,  thence  by  stage  to  Amboy, 
and  thence  by  packet  to  New  York  ;  a  daily  stage  to  Baltimore, 
a  tri-weekly  mail-carriage,  and  six  days  in  the  week  by  packet 
and  stage  combined ;  a  stage  twice  a  week  for  Lancaster  and 
Burlington,  and  six  other  weekly  stages  to  various  points. 

1796.  —  SUGAR  was  manufactured  from  the  cane  in  Louisiana 
by  M.  Etienne  Bore",  on  his  plantation  just  above  New  Orleans. 

He  had  been  partially  successful  the  year  before.  Unsuccessful  attempts  had 
been  made  previously. 

1796,  NOVEMBER  5.  —  The  French  minister,  Adet,  published  in 
the  newspapers  an  order,  in  the  name  of  the  French  Directory, 
calling  upon  all  Frenchmen  residing  in  America  to  mount  the 
tri-colored  cockade. 

Many  of  the  sympathizers  with  the  French  republic  began  also  to  wear  the  tri- 
colored  cockade.  This  was  the  beginning  of  this  custom,  which,  as  the  excite- 
ment of  party  politics  grew  stronger,  became  very  common  as  a  mark  of  party 
allegiance. 

1796,  NOVEMBER  11.  —  A  patent  was  granted  to  Isaac  Garret- 
son,  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  on  December  12,  another  to  George 
Chandler,  of  Maryland,  for  machines  for  cutting  and  heading 
nails. 

Later,  others  were  granted  to  different  inventors ;  that  to  Jesse  Reed,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, being  the  most  important.  It  has  been  estimated  that  from  1794,  the 


468  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1797. 

time  of  the  first  patent,  to  1810,  over  one  million  dollars  had  been  spent  in  bring- 
ing them  to  perfection.  That  year  Albert  Gallatin,  as  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
made  the  value  of  this  American  invention  generally  known ;  and  Joseph  C.  Dyer, 
of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  took  out  patents  in  England  for  the  American  machines, 
built  manufactories,  and  settled  in  England.  In  1856  it  was  computed  that  the 
United  States  produced  eighty-one  thousand  four  hundred  and  sixty-two  tons  of 
nails. 

1797.  —  THE  first  national  vessel  built  upon  Lake  Erie  was 
launched  this  year  at  Four-Mile  Creek,  near  Erie,  Pennsylvania. 
She  was  named  the  Washington,  and  was  lost  soon  after. 

1797.  —  NEW  YORK  state  legislated  for  the  first  time  upon  the 
subject  of  salt-works. 

The  yield  of  the  wells  is  generally  a  bushel  of  salt  to  every  thirty  or  fifty  gal- 
lons of  brine  evaporated.  The  average  of  sea-water  is  a  bushel  to  about  three 
hundred  to  three  hundred  and  fifty  gallons.  As  early  as  1791,  salt  from  Onondaga 
could  be  purchased  sixty  miles  west  of  it  for  half  a  dollar,  where  it  had  previously 
cost  many  dollars. 

1797.  —  NEWBERN,  North  Carolina,  had  about  four  hundred 
houses,  all  built  of  wood,  except  the  palace  built  for  Governor 
Tryon. 

1797. — A  GLASS-FACTORY  went  into  operation  at  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Peter  "W.  Eichbaum,  of  Philadelphia,  erected  the  works  for  General  James 
O'Hara  and  Mr.  Craig.  *  A  memorandum,  found  after  his  death  among  General 
O'Hara's  papers,  read,  "  To-day  we  made  the  first  bottle,  at  the  cost  of  thirty 
thousand  dollars."  Flint-glass  and  window-glass  were  afterwards  made,  and  coal 
was  used  as  fuel. 

1797.  —  A  CHARTER  was  obtained  for  the  Massachusetts  Mutual 
Fire  Insurance  Company. 

This  was  the  first  mutual  insurance  company  in  the  state. 

1797,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  The  electoral  votes  were  opened  and 
counted  in  the  presence  of  both  houses  of  Congress,  with  the 
result  of  the  choice  of  John  Adams  for  President,  and  Thomas 
Jefferson  Vice-President. 

As  Vice-President,  John  Adams  declared  the  result. 

1797,  MARCH.  —  The  Time  Piece  appeared  in  New  York. 

It  was  published  by  Philip  Freneau,  and  subsequently  Matthew  L.  Davis  be- 
came its  editor. 

1797,  MARCH  4.  —  John  Adams  was  inaugurated  as  President. 

Washington  retired  to  Mount  Vernon,  in  his  progress  thither  receiving  various 
evidences  of  the  regard  of  the  people  for  him.  The  following  extract  from  an 
article  communicated  to  the  Aurora,  the  opposition  paper  of  Philadelphia,  edited 
by  Benjamin  Franklin  Bache,  will  show  the  height  of  party  spirit  at  the  time. 


1797.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  469 

The  article  is  said  to  have  been  written  by  Michael  Leib,  a  member  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania assembly,  and  was  printed  March  6. 

"  The  man  who  is  the  source  of  all  the  misfortunes  of  our  country  is  this  day 
reduced  to  a  level  with  his  fellow-citizens,  and  is  no  longer  possessed  of  power 
to  multiply  evils  upon  the  United  States.  If  ever  there  was  a  period  of  rejoicing, 
this  is  the  moment.  Every  heart  in  unison  with  the  freedom  and  happiness  of  the 
people  ought  to  beat  high  with  exultation  that  the  name  of  Washington  from  this 
day  ceases  to  give  a  currency  to  political  iniquity  and  to  legalized  corruption.  A 
new  era  is  now  opening  upon  us,  an  era  which  promises  much  to  the  people ;  for 
public  measures  must  now  stand  upon  their  own  merits,  and  nefarious  projects 
can  no  longer  be  supported  by  a  name." 

1797,  MARCH  25.  —  A  special  session  of  Congress  was  called 
by  a  proclamation  from  the  President. 

Despatches  had  been  received  from  Pinckney,  telling  of  the  refusal  of  the 
French  Directory  to  receive  him  as  minister,  or  to  permit  his  stay  in  France. 
News  was  received  at  the  same  time  of  the  capture  of  American  vessels  by  the 
French  privateers. 

1797,  MARCH.  —  Porcupine's  Gazette  appeared  in  Philadelphia. 

It  .was  published  by  William  Cobbett,  and  was  the  eighth  daily  paper  then  pub- 
lished in  Philadelphia. 

1797,  MAY  10.  — News  was  received  of  a  decree  of  the  French 
Directory  of  July  2,  1796. 

By  this,  American  vessels  and  their  cargoes  were  declared  lawful  captures  for 
any  cause  recognized  as  lawful  by  the  treaty  with  England;  and  Americans  found 
serving  on  hostile  armed  vessels  were  to  be  treated  as  pirates,  though  they  pleaded 
compulsion  as  their  excuse.  This  applied  to  sailors  impressed  by  the  British. 

1797,  MAY  13.  —  The  special  Congress  assembled. 

During  its  eight  weeks'  session,  it  apportioned  eighty  thousand  militia  among 
the  states,  to  be  ready  at  a  moment's  warning ;  appropriated  one  hundred  and  fif- 
teen thousand  dollars  for  defence  of  the  harbors ;  prohibited  the  exportation  of 
munitions  of  war,  and  encouraged  their  importation ;  authorized  the  building  of 
three  frigates,  and  a  number  of  revenue  cutters ;  imposed  a  fine  of  ten  thousand 
dollars  and  ten  years'  imprisonment  for  fitting  out  any  privateer,  or  being  con- 
nected with  one  armed  against  nations  at  peace  with  the  United  States ;  authorized 
a  loan  of  eight  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  raised  the  import  duties,  and  laid 
specific  taxes  by  stamps  and  other  methods.  The  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means 
was  this  session  organized  of  seven  members  taken  from  the  House  at  large. 

1797,  MAY.  —  A  grand  jury,  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  presented 
letters  from  members  of  Congress  to  their  constituents  as  an 
evil. 

The  charge  specified  as  "a  real  evil  the  circular  letters  of  several  members 
of  the  late  Congress,  and  particularly  letters  with  the  signature  of  Samuel  J. 
Cabcll,"  and  spoke  of  them  as  "  endeavoring,  at  a  time  of  real  public  danger,  to 
disseminate  unfounded  calumnies  against  the  happy  government  of  the  United 
States,  and  thereby  to  separate  the  people  therefrom,  and  to  increase  or  produce 
a  foreign  influence  ruinous  to  the  peace,  happiness,  and  independence  of  the 
United  States."  Cabell  responded  by  saying  that  the  grand  jury  had  gone  out  of 


470  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1797. 

their  province.  Nothing  further  came  of  it,  though  it  was  proposed  to  follow  it 
up  by  proceedings  of  some  kind  against  the  grand  jury,  and  Judge  Iredell  who 
had  charged  them.  The  incident  is  an  indication  of  how  high  the  political  excite- 
ment was  at  the  time  upon  the  question  of  support  for  France  in  her  struggle 
against  the  feudal  institutions  of  Europe. 

1797,  JUNE  2.  —  Envoys  to  France  were  appointed. 

They  were  John  Marshall,  Pinckney,  and  Gerry. 

1797,  JULY  9.  —  The  Senate  expelled  William  Blount,  a  mem- 
ber from  Tennessee. 

The  House  had  asked  that  he  be  "  sequestered  from  his  seat "  until  his  im- 
peachment was  decided.  He  had  been  engaged  in  a  plot  to  transfer  New  Orleans 
and  Louisiana  to  the  British,  by  means  of  an  expedition.  He  had  been  governor 
of  the  territory  south  of  the  Ohio.  On  his  return  home,  Blount  was  elected  to 
the  state  senate,  and  made  its  president. 

1797,  AUGUST.  —  A  warrant  was  issued  against  William  Cob- 
bett  by  Chief-Justice  McKean  of  Pennsylvania,  ibr  having  libelled 
various  persons,  and  he  was  bound  over  in  bonds  to  keep  the  peace. 

In  November,  another  warrant  was  issued  against  him  for  publishing  certain 
libels  on  the  king  of  Spain  and  his  minister,  and  the  Spanish  nation,  "tending  to 
alienate  their  affections  and  regard  from  the  government  and  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  excite  them  to  hatred,  hostilities,  and  war."  In  his  charge 
to  the  grand  jury,  Judge  M'Kean  spoke  of  Cobbett  as  "  licentious  and  virulent  be- 
yond all  former  example."  The  grand  jury,  however,  took  no  notice  of  the  case. 

1797.  —  AMOS  WHITTEMORE,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
patented  a  machine  for  making  cotton  and  wool  cards. 

He  said  that  the  proper  method  occurred  to  him  in  a  dream.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land to  secure  a  patent  there,  but  it  was  not  granted.  He  sold  his  patent  for  this 
country,  but  it  was  afterwards  bought  back  by  one  of  his  brothers.  "VVhittemore 
was  born  in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  April  19,  1759 ;  died  in  West  Cambridge, 
April,  1828. 

1797.  —  THE  first  patent  for  a  cast-iron  plough  in  this  country 
was  issued  to  Charles  Newbold,  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

It  combined  the  mould-board,  share,  and  land-slide,  all  being  cast  together. 

It  was  asserted  at  first  that  cast-iron  poisoned  the  land  and  spoiled  the  crop. 

A  form  of  the  wooden  plough  used  heretofore,  and  known  as  the  "  Carey 
Plow,"  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  C.  L.  Flint :  "  It  was  more  extensively  used  than 
any  other,  though  its  particular  form  varied  very  much,  according  to  the  skill  of 
each  blacksmith  or  wheelwright  who  made  it.  The  land-slide  and  the  standard 
were  made  of  wood,  and  it  had  a  wooden  mould-board,  often  roughly  plated  over 
with  pieces  of  old  saw-plate,  tin,  or  sheet-iron.  It  had  a  clumsy  wrought-iron 
share,  while  the  handles  were  upright,  held  in  place  by  two  wooden  pins.  It  took 
a  strong  man  to  hold  it,  and  about  double  the  strength  of  team  now  required  to  do 
the  same  amount  of  work.  The  '  bar-share  plow,'  sometimes  called  the  '  hill- 
plow,'  was  also  used.  A  flat  bar  forming  the  land-slide,  with  an  immense  clump 
of  iron,  shaped  like  half  of  a  lance-head,  into  the  upper  part  of  which  a  kind  of 
'  colter  was  fastened,  which  served  as  a  point.  It  had  a  wooden  mould-board  fitted 
to  the  iron  work  in  a  most  bungling  manner.  A  sharp-pointed  shovel,  held  with 


1797.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  471 

the  reverse-side  up,  and  drawn  forward  with  the  point  in  the  ground,  would  give 
an  idea  of  its  work.  Then  there  was  the  '  shovel-plow,'  in  very  general  use  in  the 
middle  and  southern  colonies.  A  roughly-hewn  stick  was  used  for  the  beam,  and 
into  this  another  stick  was  framed,  upon  the  edge  of  which  there  was  a  piece  of 
iron,  shaped  a  little  like  a  sharp-pointed  shovel.  The  two  rough  handles  were 
nailed,  or  pinned,  to  the  sides  of  the  beam.  A  plow  known  as  the  '  hog  plow ' 
was  also  used  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  in  the  last  and  the  early  part  of  the 
present  century,  so  called,  probably,  on  account  of  its  rooting  propensity.  Speci- 
mens of  this  plow  were  taken  to  Canada  in  1808,  for  use  there,  which  would  seem 
to  indicate  that  it  was  thought  to  be  one  of  the  best  plows  then  made.  These  old 
forms  of  the  wooden  plow  continued  to  be  used,  with  little  or  no  improvement, 
till  some  time  after  the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  The  wooden  plow  was 
liable  to  rapid  decay.  As  for  the  other  implements  of  husbandry,  they  were  very 
few  and  very  rude.  The  threshing  was  done  with  the  flail ;  the  winnowing  was 
done  by  the  wind.  Slow  and  laborious  hand-labor  for  nearly  all  the  processes  of 
the  farm  was  the  rule,  and  machine-labor  the  exception,  till  a  comparatively  re- 
cent date.  Indeed,  it  has  been  said  that  a  strong  man  could  have  carried  on  his 
shoulders  all  the  implements  used  on  his  farm,  except,  perhaps,  the  old  wooden 
cart  and  the  harrow,  previous  to  the  beginning  of  the  present  century ;  and  we 
know  that  the  number,  as  well  as  the  variety,  of  these  tools  was  extremely  small." 
A  manuscript  upon  the  correct  form  of  the  mould-board,  with  mathematical  cal- 
culations, written  by  Thomas  Jefferson  in  1790,  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Flint. 

1797.  The  quarterly  Medical  Repository,  the  first  scientific 
journal  in  America,  was  started  by  Drs.  Edward  Muller,  Edward 
Mitchell,  and  Elihu  Smith,  in  New  York. 

Dr.  Mitchill  was  the  first  editor,  and  held  the  office  for  sixteen  years.  lie  was 
born  at  North  Hempstead,  Long  Island,  August  20,  1764;  died  September  7,  1831, 
in  New  York. 

1789-97.  — FIRST  administration,  1789  to  1797. 

President,  George  Washington,  of  Virginia,  two  terms. 

Vice-President,  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  two  terms. 

r  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia,  Sept.  26,  1789. 
Secretaries  of  State,        «  Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  Jan.  2,  1794. 

I  Timothy  Pickering,  of  Massachusetts,  Dec.  10,  1795. 
Secretaries  of  Treasury,  /  Alexander  Hamilton,  of  New  York,  Sept.  11,  1789. 

I  Oliver  Wolcott,  of  Connecticut,  Feb.  3,  1795. 

r  Henry  Knox,  of  Massachusetts,  Sept.  12,  1789. 
Secretaries  of  War,         \  Timothy  Pickering,  of    "  Jan.  2,  1795. 

I  James  McHenry,  of  Maryland,  Jan.  27,  1796. 

r  Samuel  Osgood,  of  Massachusetts,  Sept.  26,  1789, 
Postmasters-General,       -I  Timothy  Pickering,  of          "  Nov.  7,  1794. 

Lf  Joseph  Habersham,  of  Georgia,  Feb.  25,  1795. 

f  Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  Sept.  2G,  1789. 
Attorneys-General,  \  William  Bradford,  of  Pennsylvania,  Jan.  27,  1794. 

I  Charles  Lee,  of  Virginia,  Dec.  10,  1795. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives, — 

Frederick  A.  Muhlenberg,  of  Pennslyvania,  First  Congress,  1789. 
Jonathan  Trumbull,  of  Connecticut,  Second  Congress,  1791. 
Frederick  A.  Muhlenberg,  of  Pennsylvania,  Third  Congress,  1793. 
Jonathan  Dayton,  of  New  Jersey,  Fourth  Congress,  1795. 


472  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEEICA.  [1798. 

1798,  FEBRUARY.  —  The  first  personal  encounter  on  the  floor 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  took  place,  and  was  not  pun- 
ished. 

Lyon,  the  member  from  Vermont,  spat  in  the  face  of  Griswold,  the  member 
from  Connecticut,  on  January  30 ;  and  on  February  12  a  motion  to  expel  him  was 
lost,  as  it  required  a  two-thirds  vote.  On  the  loth  of  February,  Griswold  caned 
Lyon  on  the  floor  of  the  House,  after  the  reading  of  prayers,  but  before  the  House 
was  called  to  order.  February  23,  a  vote  to  expel  both  of  them  was  lost,  as  was 
also  a  vote  of  censure. 

1798,  MARCH.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  creating  the  Missis- 
sippi Territory. 

It  embraced  that  portion  of  the  late  British  province  of  West  Florida 
lying  between  the  31°  of  north  latitude  and  a  line  due  east  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Yazoo  to  the  Chattahoochee.  It  was  to  be  constituted  and  regulated  in  all 
respects  like  the  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio,  except  that  slavery  was  not  pro- 
hibited in  it.  During  the  debate,  the  motion  was  made  to  forbid  slavery,  but  on 
the  vote  was  lost,  only  twelve  votes  being  given  in  its  favor,  the  majority  of  them 
by  slaveholders.  A  few  days  afterwards,  an  amendment  was  carried,  forbidding 
the  introduction  of  slaves  in  the  new  territory  from  without  the  limits  of  the 
United  States. 

1798,  MARCH. — The  President  notified  Congress  that  despatches 
had  been  received  from  the  envoys  to  France,  and  that  the  mis- 
sion was  a  failure. 

The  envoys  were  never  officially  received,  but,  being  kept  in  suspense  for  a 
long  time,  were  finally  dismissed. 

1798,  APRIL  3.  —  The  papers  relating  to  the  mission  to  France 
were  furnished  Congress. 

They  were  soon  printed.  The  evidence  they  afforded  that  the  leaders  in  power 
in  France  were  more  interested  in  getting  money  from  America  than  in  forming 
an  alliance,  justified  fully  the  action  of  the  administration.  From  this  time  arose 
the  popular  saying,  "  Millions  for  defence,  but  not  one  cent  for  tribute." 

1798,  MAY  4.  —  Harper's  Ferry,  in  Virginia,  was  selected  as 
the  site  ibr  a  government  armory  and  manufactory. 

1798,  MAY. —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  raising  a  provisional 
army. 

It  empowered  the  President,  at  any  time  within  three  years,  in  case  of  a  war 
declared  against  the  United  States,  or  an  actual  invasion  by  a  foreign  power,  or  a 
danger  of  such  invasion,  to  enlist  ten  thousand  men  for  three  years.  Another 
act,  passed  soon  after,  gave  the  President  power  to  authorize  commanders  of  ships 
of  war  to  seize  and  bring  to  port  for  trial  any  armed  vessel  which  had  committed 
depredations  on  American  shipping,  or  might  be  intending  to  do  so. 

1798,  MAY.  —  "  Hail  Columbia  "  first  appeared,  and  had  a  great 
success. 

It  was  written  by  Joseph  Hopkinson,  of  Philadelphia.  It  was  adapted  to  an 
air  called  the  President's  March.  "  Adams  and  Liberty,"  by  Robert  T.  Paine, 


1798.]  ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.  473 

of  Boston,  had  also  a  great  popularity  during  the  excitement  concerning  a  war 
with  France. 

1798.  —  THE  Shakers  at  Watervliet,  New  York,  began  the 
manufacture  of  brooms. 

They  were  sold  at  fifty  cents. 

1798. — THE  navy-yard  at  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  was 
started. 

It  is  the  best  in  the  country,  and  many  of  the  largest  and  finest  vessels  in  the 
service  were  built  here. 

1798.  —  A  PATENT  for  a  machine  for  making  horn  combs  was 
granted  to  Isaac  Tryon  of  Connecticut. 

1798.  —  THE  legislature  of  New  York  granted  to  Chancellor 
Livingston  an  exclusive  right  to  navigate  the  inland  waters  of 
the  state  by  vessels  propelled  by  fire  or  steam. 

In  1803  the  legislature  extended  the  duration  of  the  monopoly  for  twenty  years, 
and  extended  the  time  for  making  the  experiment  to  1807. 

1798.  —  NATHAN  READ,  of  "Warren.  Massachusetts,  patented  a 
machine  for  cutting  and  heading  nails  at  Tone  operation. 

Read  was  born  at  Warren,  July  2,  1759 ;  died  at  Belfast,  Maine,  January  20, 
1849.  In  1796  he  started,  with  others,  the  Salem  Iron  Foundery.  In  1788  he 
devised  for  Fulton  a  cylinder  to  be  used  on  his  steamboats,  and  in  1791  patented 
the  multitubular  boiler.  He  built  a  small  boat  for  his  own  use,  fitted  with  pad- 
dle-wheels and  cranks;  also  planned  a  steam-carriage,  with  a  tubular  boiler; 
different  pumping-engines  and  threshing-machines.  By  profession  he  was  a 
lawyer,  and  was  for  many  years  chief  justice  in  Hancock  County,  Maine. 

1798.  —  THE  first  straw  bonnet  braided  in  the  United  States 
was  made  by  Miss  Metcalf,  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  after- 
wards Mrs.  Baker. 

It  was  in  imitation  of  an  imported  bonnet,  and  a  fac-simile  is  preserved  by  the 
Rhode  Island  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Domestic  Industry,  to  whom 
Mrs.  Baker  sent  it.  This  was  the  first  step  in  this  industry,  which  is  now  an 
important  one. 

1798.  —  THIS  year  the  first  American-built  vessel  on  Lake 
Ontario  was  launched  at  Hanford's  Landing,  three  miles  below 
Rochester. 

She  was  called  the  Jemima,  and  was  thirty  tons  burden. 

1798.  —  IT  was  stated,  this  year,  that  there  were  in  New  Jer- 
sey eleven  hundred  improved  mill  sites,  of  which  about  six 
hundred  were  occupied  with  saw-mills,  fulling-mills,  forges, 
furnaces,  slitting  and  rolling  mills,  paper,  powder,  and  oil  mills, 
a  large  portion  of  them  being  saw-mills. 

1798.  —  RusseWs  Echo,  or  the  North  Star,  appeared  in  Frye- 
burg,  Maine. 

It  was  published  by  Elijah  Russell. 


474  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1798. 

1798.  —  THE  Bee  appeared  in  New  London,  Connecticut. 

It  was  published  by  Charles  Holt.  It  opposed  the  administration,  and,  under 
the  Sedition  Act,  Holt  was  fined  and  imprisoned  in  1800. 

1798.  — A  MANUFACTORY  of  fire-arms  was  erected  at  Whitney- 
ville,  Connecticut,  by  Eli  Whitney. 

He  had  obtained  a  contract  from  the  government  for  ten  thousand  stand  of 
arms.  Most  of  his  machinery  fot  their  manufacture  he  invented  for  himself. 
His  buildings  were  the  models  upon  which  the  national  armories  were  afterwards 
arranged. 

1798.  —  BERKS  COUNTY,  Pennsylvania,  had  six  furnaces  and  as 
many  forges. 

1798,  JUNE.  —  Congress  passed  three  acts  relative  to  aliens. 

The  first  of  these  extended  the  period  of  residence  necessary  to  naturalization 
to  fourteen  years,  with  five  years  subsequent  to  the  declaration  of  intention.  A 
register  to  be  kept  of  aliens,  who  were  to  report  themselves,  and  the  entry  in  this 
to  be  the  only  proof  of  residence,  in  case  of  application  for  citizenship.  The  sec- 
ond act  gave  the  President  authority,  for  two  years,  to  send  such  aliens  as  he  saw 
fit  out  of  the  country.  The  third  provided  that,  in  case  of  war  or  invasion,  all 
aliens,  upon  a  proclamation  to  this  effect,  to  be  issued  at  the  President's  discretion, 
should  be  apprehended  and  sent  away  or  secured. 

1798,  JUNE.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  Congress  suspending  all 
commercial  relations  with  France  or  her  dependencies. 

1798,  JUNE  21.  —  The  President  communicated  to  Congress  the 
fact  of  the  return  of  Marshall,  one  of  the  envoys  to  France,  to- 
gether with  the  correspondence  concerning  the  whole  matter. 

Gerry  had  written  that  he  would  remain,  and  a  letter  was  sent  him  recalling 
him.  For  the  first  time,  this  communication  from  the  President  was  printed,  and 
distributed  among  the  people. 

1798,  JUNE  25.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  giving  authority  to 
merchant  ships  to  defend  themselves  against  search  or  seizure  by 
any  vessel  under  French  colors. 

The  act  was  to  remain  in  force  until  the  President  should  announce  that  the 
French  had  conformed  to  the  law  of  nations.  Merchant  vessels  were  also  author- 
ized to  capture  any  such  vessel  as  attempted  to  search  or  seize  them,  and  to  retake 
any  vessel  captured  by  the  French,  and  given  a  claim  of  salvage  in  such. 

1798,  JUNE  30.  —  The  President  was  authorized  to  accept  ves- 
sels furnished  by  private  subscription,  and  pay  for  such  in  stock. 

Seven  hundred  and  eleven  thousand  seven  hundred  dollars  were  paid  for  vessels 
thus  furnished.  The  movement  for  constructing  them  was  very  general,  all  the 
large  towns  taking  part  in  it.  In  Cincinnati  a  subscription  was  opened  for  building 
a  galley  for  the  defence  of  the  Mississippi. 

1798,  JUNE.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  abolishing  imprisonment 
for  debt. 


1798.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  475 

All  debtors  of  the  United  States,  on  proving  to  the  secretary  of  state  their  in- 
ability to  pay,  and  that  they  made  no  fraudulent  concealment  of  their  property, 
were  to  be  released  from  prison.  The  judgment  to  stand  against  their  property, 
and  the  act  not  to  apply  in  cases  of  fine,  forfeiture,  penalty,  or  breach  of  trust. 

1798,  JUNE.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  benefit  of  sea- 
men. 

Twenty  cents  a  month  were  to  be  retained  from  their  wages,  by  the  collectors 
of  the  ports,  to  be  used  for  a  fund  for  the  erection  of  hospitals.  There  are  now 
five  hospitals,  built  from  this  fund,  one  each  at  Chelsea  (Massachusetts),  Brooklyn 
(New  York),  Philadelphia,  Portsmouth  (Virginia),  and  Pensacola  (Florida). 

1798.  —  THE  constitution  of  Georgia  was  amended. 

The  legislature  was  forbidden  to  pass  any  act  of  emancipation  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  owners.  All  further  importation  of  slaves  from  foreign  countries  was 
prohibited.  Immigrants,  however,  were  not  to  be  forbidden  from  bringing  with 
them  "such  persons  as  may  be  deemed  slaves  by  the  laws  of  anyone  of  the 
United  States." 

The  freedom  of  the  press  was  recognized. 

1798,  JULY  6. —  Congress  passed  an  act  declaring  the  French 
treaties  void. 

It  said  the  treaties  had  been  "repeatedly  violated  on  the  part  of  the  French 
government,  and  the  just  claims  of  the  United  States  for  reparation  of  the  injuries 
so  committed  having  been  refused,  and  their  attempts  to  negotiate  an  amicable 
adjustment  of  all  complaints  between  the  two  nations  repelled  with  indignity." 

1798,  JULY  8.  —  Congress  gave  the  President  authority  to  in- 
struct the  commanders  of  the  national  armed  vessels  to  capture 
any  French  armed  vessels,  and  grant  commissions  to  private  armed 
vessels  to  do  the  same. 

Unarmed  merchant  ships  were  not  to  be  captured. 

1798,  JULY.  —  The  navy  and  army  were  increased,  and  appro- 
priations made  by  Congress  for  the  purchase  of  arms. 

To  meet  the  expenses,  a  direct  tax  was  laid,  chiefly  on  slaves,  houses,  and 
lands. 

1798,  JULY.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  defining  treason,  and  to 
punish  sedition. 

It  was  carried  by  forty-four  votes  to  forty-one.  The  first  section  made  it  a 
misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  and  imprisonment,  "for  any  persons  unlawfully 
to  combine  and  conspire  together,  with  intent  to  oppose  any  measures  of  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States,"  £c.  The  second  section  gave  the  same  kind  of 
penalty  to  the  printing  or  publishing  "  any  false,  scandalous,  and  malicious  writ- 
ings against  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  or  either  house  of  the  Congress, 
or  the  president,  with  intent  to  defame  them,  or  bring  them  into  contempt  or  dis- 
repute, or  to  excite  against  them  the  hatred  of  the  good  people  of  the  United 
States,"  &c.  The  truth  might  be  stated  in  defence  in  any  trial  under  thisf  act, 
wluch  was  to  continue  in  force  until  March  4,  1801. 

1798,  JULY.  —  The  President  appointed  Washington   lieuten- 


476  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1708-9. 

ant-general  of  all  the  armies  raised,  or  to  be  raised,  for  the  service 
of  the  United  States. 

Washington  accepted  the  position  on  condition  that  he  should  not  serve  actively 
•until  the  army  needed  him,  and  was  confirmed  by  the  Senate. 

1798,  OCTOBER  25. —  The  commissioners*  to  settle  the  eastern 
boundary  decided  that  the  true  St.  Croix  was  the  Passamaquoddy. 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  islands  in  the  Bay  of  Passamaquoddy  was  left  un- 
settled. 

1798.  —  UNDER  the  Sedition  Act,  four  convictions  were  ob- 
tained. 

The  first  was  that  of  Matthew  Lyon,  the  representative  from  Vermont,  who, 
for  having  written  a  letter  to  a  paper  in  Vermont,  was  sentenced  to  a  fine  and 
four  months'  imprisonment.  While  in  prison,  he  was  re-elected  to  Congress. 
The  second  was  Haswell,  the  printer  of  the  Vermont  Gazette,  for  printing  a  call 
in  favor  of  Lyon.  The  third  was  Holt,  the  printer  of  the  New  London  Bee  ;  and 
the  fourth  was  Abijah  Adams,  of  Boston,  the  bookkeeper  of  the  Independent 
Chronicle,  the  editor,  Thomas  Adams,  being  sick. 

1798,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  legislature  of  Kentucky  passed  a  series 
of  resolutions  against  the  alien  and  sedition  acts  of  Congress, 
asking  their  repeal. 

They  called  upon  the  other  states  to  do  the  same,  and  the  next  month  the 
legislature  of  Virginia  passed  resolutions  to  the  same  effect. 

1798,  DECEMBER  24.  —  The  Senate  resolved  itself  into  a  court 
of  impeachment,  to  consider  the  case  of  Blount,  undisposed  of  at 
the  last  session. 

Blount,  at  this  time,  was  president  of  the  senate  of  Tennessee,  and  disregarded 
the  summons  to  appear  personally.  He  was  represented  by  counsel,  who  ques- 
tioned the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  since  senators  were  not  "  officers ; "  and 
further,  that  his  expulsion  from  the  Senate  made  the  accused  no  longer  a  senator. 
The  plea  was  sustained  by  the  Senate,  and  this  ended  the  matter. 

1799,  FEBRUARY  9.  —  The  American  vessel,  the  Constellation, 
captured  the  French  vessel,  the  L'insurgeute,  off  the  Island  of 
St.  Kitts,  after  an  engagement  of  an  hour  and  a  quarter. 

The  prize  was  sent  to  the  United  States. 

1799.  —  PERMISSION  was  granted  to  change  the  name  of  St. 
John's  to  that  of  Prince  Edward's  Island. 

1799,  FEBRUARY.  —  A  bill  was  passed  by  Congress  authorizing 
retaliation  upon  French  prisoners  upon  proof  that  Americans  were 
treated  by  the  French  as  pirates. 

The  French  had  extended  the  provisions  of  their  act  to  all  neutrals,  and  then 
repealed  it,  but  left  the  first  regarding  Americans  in  force. 

1799,  FEBRUARY.  —  Congress  authorized  the  increase  of  the 
navy  and  army,  and  voted  two  millions  of  dollars  to  be  used  if 
necessary. 


1799.]  ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  477 

1799,  FEBRUARY  18.  —  The  President  sent  to  the  Senate  the 
nomination  of  William  Van  Murray,  resident  minister  to  the 
Hague,  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to  France. 

The  Senate  refused  to  confirm  it,  but  did  so  when  Patrick  Henry  and  Chief 
Justice  Ellsworth  were  joined  with  Murray;  the  two  former  not  to  leave  for 
France  until  assurances  were  given  they  would  be  received.  Henry  declined 
from  age,  and  General  Dane,  governor  of  North  Carolina,  was  appointed  in  his 
place. 

1799.  —  THE  estimates  for  this  year  amounted  to  over  thirteen 
millions  of  dollars. 

To  raise  this  amount,  direct  taxation  and  a  loan  were  relied  upon.  The  interest 
upon  the  loan  was  eight  per  cent.  An  act  was  passed  that  the  states  in  debt  to  the 
general  government  for  the  revolutionary  accounts  should  be  credited  with  such 
amounts  as  within  five  years  they  should  spend  in  fortifications.  New  York  par- 
tially accepted  this,  but  from  the  other  debtor  states  nothing  was  obtained. 

1799,  MARCH  2.  —  A  patent  was  issued  to  Charles  Whiting,  of 
Massachusetts,  for  a  method  of  extracting  oil  from  cotton- seed. 

Oil  had  been  made  previously  from  the  seed  by  the  Moravians  at  Bethlehem, 
Pennsylvania,  a  sample  of  it  being  shown  to  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
in  1770.  Another  patent  was  granted  in  1820  to  George  P.  Digges,  of  Virginia, 
for  a  method  of  extracting  oil  from  cotton-seed. 

1799.  —  OLIVER  EVANS  made  the  first  high-pressure  steam- 
engine. 

Vivian  and  Trevethick,  who  had  access  to  his  drawings,  sent  to  England  in 
1794-5,  have  claimed  the  credit  of  the  invention. 

1799.  —  VACCINATION  was  advocated  by  Dr.  Waterhouse,  of 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

In  1802,  nineteen  boys,  from  eight  to  fifteen  years  old,  the  sons  of  selectmen 
of  Boston,  and  others,  were  taken  to  Noddle's  Island,  vaccinated,  and,  when  it  had 
taken,  were  subjected  to  infection  and  contagion.  The  experiment  was  carried 
on  under  the  direction  of  the  principal  physicians  of  the  city.  None  of  them 
caught  the  disease. 

1799.  —  THE  Western  Spy  and  Hamilton  Gazette  appeared  at 
Hamilton,  Ohio. 

In  1823  its  name  was  changed  to  the  National  Republican  and  Ohio  Political 
Register. 

1799.  —  THE  Register  appeared  in  Raleigh,  North  Carolina. 

It  was  published  by  Joseph  Gales.  Gales  was  an  Englishman,  the  publisher 
of  a  liberal  paper  (the  Sheffield  Register}  in  England,  and  had  been  obliged  to  flee 
that  country  to  escape  persecution  by  the  government.  He  landed  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  was  employed  on  one  of  the  newspapers  there  as  a  printer.  On  the 
voyage  over  he  had  practised  stenography,  and  commenced  to  report  the  debates 
in  Congress  for  the  newspapers.  This  was  the  first  attempt  at  verbatim  report- 
ing, and  made  an  excitement  at  the  time.  The  Register  was  a  moderate  repub- 
lican sheet. 


478  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1781 

1799,  MARCH.  —  Armed  resistance  was  made  in  Pennsylvania 
to  the  collection  of  the  land-tax  laid  by  Congress. 

The  militia,  furnished  on  call  of  the  President,  put  down  the  opposition.  Some 
of  the  leaders  were  tried  and  found  guilty  of  misdemeanor. 

1799,  APRIL.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  an  act  for 
the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery. 

John  Jay  was  the  governor,  and  had  been  chiefly  instrumental  in  securing  the 
passage  of  the  act.  All  who  were  slaves  at  its  passage  were  to  remain  so  during 
life,  but  their  children,  born  after  July  4  following,  were  to  be  free,  to  remain  as 
apprentices  to  their  mothers'  owner  —  males  until  they  were  twenty-eight,  and 
females  until  they  were  twenty-five.  The  exportation  of  slaves  was  forbidden  by 
a  fine,  and  the  slave  to  become  free  at  once.  Slaves  who  had  been  owned  a  year 
might  be  brought  by  their  owners  into  the  state,  but  could  not  be  sold. 

1799,  APRIL.  —  The  New  York  legislature  chartered  the  Man- 
hattan Company. 

Its  charter  was  perpetual,  and  its  capital  two  millions.  Its  ostensible  purpose 
was  to  supply  the  city  of  New  York  with  water,  within  ten  years,  to  such  citi- 
zens as  should  wish  it,  at  such  prices  as  the  company  should  make.  Its  real  pur- 
pose was  to  do  a  banking  business,  which  was  provided  for  by  a  clause  in  the 
charter  providing  that  the  surplus  capital  of  the  company  might  be  used  in  the 
purchase  of  stocks,  "or  any  other  moneyed  transactions  or  operations."  The 
company  sunk  a  well  at  the  corner  of  Duane  and  Cross  streets,  and  the  water  was 
pumped  up  by  a  steam-engine.  The  supply  was  inadequate,  and  its  quality  not 
good. 

1799.  —  THE  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  indemnified  the  pur- 
chasers of  the  Wyoming  lands,  under  Pennsylvania  grants,  by 
payment  of  a  certain  price. 

The  lands  were  rated  according  to  quality.  The  holders  of  them  under  grants 
from  Connecticut  contributed  a  part  of  the  payment.  This  ended  the  controversy. 

1799,  AUGUST.  —  A  convention  in  Kentucky  revised  the  con- 
stitution of  the  state. 

The  election  of  the  governor  and  senators  was  given  to  the  people.  The  con- 
stitution recognized  the  freedom  of  the  press.  An  attempt  was  made  to  abolish 
slavery,  in  which  Henry  Clay  took  part.  An  attempt  for  the  gradual  abolition  of 
slavery  in  Maryland,  and  for  its  immediate  abolition  in  Pennsylvania,  were  equally 
unsuccessful. 

1799,  AUGUST.  —  Assurances  having  been  received  from  the 
authorities  in  France  that  the  envoys  would  be  received,  orders 
were  given  them  to  prepare  for  going. 

They  were  instructed  to  demand  their  passports,  if  the  assurances  were  not  ful- 
filled within  twenty  days  after  their  arrival  in  France.  They  were  to  demand 
indemnity,  and  a  release  from  all  the  obligations  of  the  old  treaty  of  alliance  and 
commerce,  and  the  repeal  of  the  French  decree  for  confiscation  of  neutral  vessels 
with  English  merchandise  on  board. 

1799.  —  THE  commissions  under  the  treaty  with  England  for 


1799-1800.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  479 

settling  the  claims  of  English  and  American  citizens  disbanded 
without  arriving  at  any  definite  result. 

That  for  awarding  American  claims  under  the  sixth  article  of  the  treaty  was 
sitting  in  London,  and  another  for  British  claims,  under  the  seventh  article,  in  Phil- 
adelphia. This  last  disagreed,  and  the  American  commissioners,  with  the  per- 
mission of  the  government,  retired.  Hearing  this,  the  British  government  with- 
drew their  commissioners  in  London,  and  thus  both  dissolved. 

1799,  NOVEMBER  21. —  David  Frothingham,  of  the  Argus,  was 
tried  in  New  York  for  libel,  on  complaint  of  Alexander  Hamilton, 
and  sentenced  to  four  months'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  a  thou- 
sand dollars. 

The  case  was  tried  before  Judge  Radcliff,  Richard  Harrison,  the  recorder,  and 
the  mayor  of  the  city.  Frothingham  was  foreman  of  the  office.  The  attorney  for 
the  prosecution,  Mr.  Hoffman,  claimed  that  every  one  connected  with  the  printing- 
office  was  liable  to  prosecution  for  the  libel.  The  libel  consisted  in  printing  from 
another  paper  a  story  concerning  an  offer  on  Hamilton's  part  to  buy  the  Aurora 
for  the  purpose  of  suppressing  it. 

1799.  —  THE  assembly  of  Virginia  passed  an  act  repealing  all 
the  laws  passed  in  the  state  since  the  Revolution,  which  recog- 
nized a  corporate  character  in  the  Episcopal  Church. 

1799,  DECEMBER  14.  —  Washington  died. 

An  oration  was  pronounced  in  his  honor,  before  Congress,  by  Henry  Lee,  and 
throughout  the  country,  in  the  various  cities  and  towns,  by  various  orators.  On 
December  30,  Congress  recommended  the  people  to  observe  his  birthday  (the  22d 
of  February)  in  testimony  of  their  grief,  which  was  quite  generally  done.  When 
the  news  was  received  in  Europe,  the  British  fleet  guarding  the  Channel  lowered 
their  flags  at  half-mast,  and  Bonaparte  in  the  order  of  the  day  paid  a  tribute  to 
his  memory. 

1800,  JANUARY  2. —  A  petition  was  presented  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  from  the  free  colored  inhabitants  of  Philadelphia, 
alleging  that  the  slave-trade  with  Africa  was  secretly  carried  on, 
and  that  free  colored  men  were  seized  and  sold  as  slaves  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the   country;  that  the  Fugitive  law  of  1793  was 
severe  in  many  of  its  provisions,  and  asking  Congress  to  do  all 
they  could  to  prepare  the  way  for  their  relief. 

The  petition,  amended,  was  referred  to  a  committee,  who  in  May  brought  in  a 
bill,  which  was  passed,  making  stricter  provisions  for  preventing  the  slave-trade 
by  United  States  ships.  The  debate  upon  referring  the  petition  was  very  acri- 
monious, the  members  from  Boston  and  Rhode  Island  being  even  more  violent 
against  it  than  the  southern  members. 

1800,  JANUARY.  —  Under  the  sedition  law,  Thomas  Cooper,  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  indicted  and  found  guilty  of  a  libel  against  the 
President. 

He  had  published  an  article  attacking  the  administration,  and  charged  the  Pres- 
ident with  a  "stretch  of  power  which  the  monarch  of  Great  Britain  would  have 
shrunk  from."  The  act  was  the  delivery  to  England  of  one  Thomas  Nash,  or 


480  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1800. 

Jonathan  Robbins,  who  had  been  engaged  in  a  mutiny  in  an  English  trar-v2ssel, 
and  taking  refuge  in  this  country,  claimed  its  protection. 

1800,  FEBRUARY.  —  Congress  suspended  further  enlistments, 
and  empowered  the  President,  in  case  of  war,  to  order  their 
renewal. 

The  President  was  also  authorized  to  borrow  three  millions  and  a  half  of 
dollars. 

1800,  MARCH  2. —  The  commissioners  to  France  arrived,  and 
were  formally  received  by  Bonaparte,  the  first  consul,  and  pleni- 
potentiaries appointed  to  treat  with  them. 

The  negotiations  resulted,  October  1,  in  the  conclusion  of  a  convention.  The 
old  treaties  were  to  be  inoperative;  public  ships,  and  all  captured  property  not 
yet  condemned,  were  to  be  returned  by  both  parties ;  the  debts  due  either  by  both 
governments,  or  by  individuals,  were  to  be  paid,  and  'both  nations  were  to  enjoy 
from  each  other  the  privileges  of  the  most  favored  nation.  American  commerce 
was  to  be  freed  from  the  vexations  of  French  cruisers  countenanced  by  French 
tribunals.  Free  ships  were  to  make  free  goods. 

1800,  APRIL.  —  Congress  passed  a  general  bankrupt  law. 

It  applied  to  only  merchants  and  traders.  Another  act  gave  persons  impris- 
oned on  executions  issued  from  the  Federal  courts  the  right  of  discharge  on 
taking  an  oath  of  poverty ;  their  future  property  to  be  liable  for  the  debt.  This 
oath  could  also  be  taken  with  the  same  effect  though  no  execution  had  issued. 
The  law  remained  in  force  until  December  19,  1803. 

1800,  APRIL.  —  Connecticut  relinquished  her  claim  of  jurisdic- 
tion to  the  lands  west  of  her  present  border. 

By  agreement,  the  United  States  ceded  the  lands  claimed  by  settlers  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  Connecticut  in  trust  for  them.  This  action  settled  the  disputes  of  juris- 
diction to  the  western  lands  between  Connecticut,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania. 

1800,  MAY  7.  —  The  territory  of  Indiana  was  created  by  act 
of  Congress. 

It  was  formed  from  a  portion  of  the  Connecticut  Reserve,  and  consisted  of  the 
land  west  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky  River  to  Fort  Recov- 
ery, and  thence  due  north  to  Canada.  The  name  was  taken  from  one  of  the  land 
companies  which  had  claims  in  the  region.  It  was  but  sparsely  settled  on  such 
isolated  spots  as  the  Indian  title  had  been  extinguished  in.  A  territorial  assembly 
was  allowed  as  soon  as  the  majority  of  the  freeholders  should  desire  it,  and  Vin- 
cennes  was  selected  as  the  capital. 

1800,  MAY  10.  —  A  territorial  assembly  was  granted  to  the 
territory  of  Mississippi  by  Congress. 

Commissioners  were  empowered  to  settle  with  Georgia  concerning  her  claims 
to  the  territory,  no  money,  however,  to  be  paid  her  other  than  such  as  was  derived 
from  the  sale  of  the  lands. 

1800,  MAY.  —  The  duties  were  raised  on  imports. 

1800,  MAY.  —  Congress  established  four  land-offices  in  the  ter- 
ritory north-west  of  the  Ohio.  • 


1800.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  481 

They  were  at  Cincinnati,  Marietta,  Chillicothc,  and  Steubenville.  The  lands 
were  divided  into  sections  of  three  hundred  and  twenty  acres  each,  offered  at 
auction,  and  if  unsold  could  bo  entered  at  two  dollars  an  acre,  besides  the  expense 
of  survey.  One  fourth  payable  in  forty  days,  and  the  remainder  in  three  instal- 
ments within  four  years. 

1800,  MAY.  —  The  President  removed  two  of  his  cabinet. 

For  James  McHenry,  secretary  of  war,  Samuel  Dexter  was  substituted.  For 
Timothy  Pickering,  secretary  of  state,  John  Marshall  was  substituted.  McHenry 
resigned  on  being  asked  to  do  so ;  Pickering  refused,  and  was  dismissed. 

1800,  JUNE.  —  Under  the  sedition  law,  J.  C.  Callender,  of 
Virginia,  was  indicted  for  passages  in  a  pamphlet  called  The 
Prospect  before  Us,  and  found  guilty. 

He  was  fined  and  imprisoned. 

1800,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  frigate  George  "Washington,  under  the 
command  of  Bainbridge,  who  had  brought  the  yearly  tribute  to 
the  Bey  of  Algiers,  was  pressed  to  carry  presents  to  Constan- 
tinople. 

The  Bey  said:  "You  pay  me  tribute,  by  which  you  become  my  slaves,  and 
therefore  I  have  a'  right  to  order  you  as  I  think  proper."  Bainbridge  wrote  to  the 
navy  department:  "I  hope  I  shall  never  again  be  sent  to  Algiers  with  tribute, 
unless  I  am  authorized  to  deliver  it  from  the  mouth  of  our  cannon."  His  slu'p 
was  the  first  to  show  the  American  flag  in  Constantinople. 

1800,  OCTOBER  1.  —  Spain  ceded  Louisiana  to  France. 

The  territory  was  to  be  of  the  same  extent  it  possessed  when  formerly  trans- 
ferred by  France  to  Spain.  The  treaty  was  a  secret  one,  to  take  effect  within  six 
months  after  the  complete  execution  of  another  by  which  Tuscany  was  to  be  as- 
sured to  the  Duke  of  Parma,  the  king  of  Spain's  son-in-law.  Tuscany  was  at  the 
time  a  republic. 

1800.  —  THE  legislature  of  South  Carolina  prohibited  emanci- 
pation except  by  consent  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  and  five 
indiiferent  freeholders. 

The  same  year  it  was  made  unlawful  for  a  number  of  slaves,  free  negroes, 
mulattoes,  or  mestizos,  to  assemble  together,  even  in  the  presence  of  white  per- 
sons, "  for  mental  instruction  or  religious  worship." 

1800,  OCTOBER  31.  —  The  National  Intelligencer  and  Washing- 
ton Advertiser  appeared  in  Washington. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Harrison  Smith,  and  was  at  first  a  tri-weekly.  It 
was  a  continuation  of  the  Independent  Gazetteer,  of  Philadelphia,  which  had  been 
sold  by  Joseph  Gales  in  1799.  In  1810,  Joseph  Gales,  Jr.,  became  a  partner, 
and  the  name  Washington  Advertiser  was  dropped.  In  1812,  William  Winston 
Seaton  became  a  partner,  and  Smith  having  retired,  the  firm  was  styled  Gales  & 
Seaton.  The  Intelligencer  was  the  organ  of  the  government.  Gales,  who  was 
also  a  stenographer,  having  learned  the  art  from  his  father,  reported  the  debates 
in  Congress.  For  many  years  after  Seaton  became  interested  in  the  paper,  these 
two  proprietors  were  the  only  reporters.  Seaton  reported  the  Senate,  and  Gales 

31      ' 


482  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1800. 

the  House.  It  was  from  these  notes  that  Congress  afterwards  authorized  the 
preparation  of  The  Debates  in  Congress.  The  Intelligencer  continued  after  it  had 
ceased  to  receive  the  government  patronage.  Joseph  Gales  died  in  I860,  and  Wil- 
liam Winston  Seaton  in  18G6.  Before  the  death  of  the  latter,  it  had  been  sold  to 
Snow,  Coylc  &  Co.,  and  finally  ceased  to  appear  about  1870. 

1800.  —  THE  Washington  Federalist  appeared  in  "Washington, 
B.C. 

1800,  NOVEMBER  22.  —  Congress  met  for  the  first  time  in  Wash- 
ington. 

Only  the  north  wing  of  the  Capitol  was  finished,  and  had  been  fitted  up  for  the 
accommodation  of  Congress.  The  White  House  was  finished  externally.  The 
printed  Letters  of  Mrs.  Adams  describe  the  inconveniences  of  the  unfinished  con- 
dition of  the  interior.  Speculation  had  carried  the  price  of  lands  to  a  high  price. 
Wolcott,  writing  at  this  time,  says,  after  describing  the  desolate  condition  of  the 
grounds  about  the  public  buildings  :  "  All  the  lands  I  have  described  are  valued  at 
fourteen  to  twenty-five  cents  the  superficial  foot.  There  appears  to  be  a  confi- 
dent expectation  that  this  place  will  soon  exceed  any  city  in  the  world.  Mr. 
Thornton,  one  of  the  commissioners,  spoke  of  a  population  of  1(JO,000  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course  in  a  few  years.  No  stranger  can  be  here  a  day,  and  converse  with 
the  proprietors,  without  conceiving  himself  in  the  company  of  crazy  people. 
Their  ignorance  of  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  their  delusion  with  respect  to  their 
own  prospects,  are  without  parallel.  Immense  sums  have  been  squandered  in 
buildings  which  are  but  partly  finished,  in  situations  which  are  not,  and  never  will 
be,  the  scenes  of  business,  while  the  parts  near  the  public  buildings  are  almost 
•wholly  unimproved.  .  .  .  Though  five  times  as  much  money  has  been  expended 
as  was  necessary,  and  though  the  private  buildings  are  in  number  sufficient  for  all 
who  will  have  occasion  to  reside  here,  yet  there  is  nothing  convenient  and  nothing 
plenty  but  provisions  ;  there  is  no  industry,  society,  or  business."  An  application 
of  two  reporters  for  seats  on  the  floor  of  the  House  was  refused  by  the  speaker ; 
the  reporters  appealed  to  the  House,  which  sustained  the  speaker.  One  of  the 
reporters  was  the  editor  of  the  National  Intelligencer,  who  in  consequence  accom- 
modated himself  outside  of  the  bar  and  in  the  gallery.  For  a  report  he  made, 
the  speaker  instructed  the  sergeant-at-arms  to  expel  him.  When  this  course  was 
brought  before  the  House  as  a  usurpation  of  authority,  the  motion  for  a  vote  of 
censure  was  ruled  out  of  order,  and  a  motion  to  amend  the  rules,  so  as  to  give 
reporters  a  right  to  be  present,  was  set  aside  by  the  previous  question. 

1800.  —  THE  cotton- worm  first  appeared  in  South  Carolina. 

1800.  —  THE  oxy-hydrogen  blow-pipe  was  invented  by  Robert 
ITare,  of  Philadelphia. 

1800. — VACCINATION  for  the  small-pox  was  brought  to  this 
country  by  Dr.  Waterhouse. 

It  had  been  discovered  by  Dr.  Jenner  in  1776,  and  made  public  in  England  in 
1798. 

1800.  —  THE  first  machine  for  brick-making  was  patented. 

1800.  —  A  JOINT-STOCK  company  introduced  water  into  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  from  Jamaica  Pond,  about  eight  miles  distant. 


1800.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  483 

The  proposition  for  an  aqueduct  was  first  made  in  1794,  and  the  legislature 
asked  for  a  charter.  The  people  of  the  locality  in  which  the  pond  was  situated 
made  such  objection  that  the  application  was  withdrawn  for  a  time,  but  Avas  finally 
carried  through  despite  their  opposition.  James  Sullivan,  the  president  of  the 
company,  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  carrying  the  work  through.  The  engineer 
of  the  works  was  Bond.  Subsequently  the  company  sold  out  their  charter  to  the 
city  of  Boston. 

1800.  —  THE  Charleston  Courier  appeared  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina. 

It  was  established  by  Loring  Andrews,  who  had  previously  published  the  Her- 
ald of  Freedom  in  Boston,  the  Western  Star  in  Stockbridge,  Massachusetts,  and 
the  Centinel  in  Albany,  New  York.  In  1807  he  died.  The  Courier  was  continued, 
and,  in  the  hands  of  A.  Wellington  &  Co.,  was  a  leading  paper.  James  Gordon 
Bennett  was  employed  upon  it  at  one  time.  At  times,  by  way  of  Havana,  the 
Courier  received  advices  from  Europe,  through  the  packets  between  Cadiz  and 
Havana,  sooner  than  the  New  York  papers. 

1797-1801.  —  SECOND  administration. 

President,  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts. 

Vice-President,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia. 

Secretaries  of  State,        -f  Timothy  KckerinS  continued  in  office. 

I.  John  Marshall,  of  Virginia,  May  13,  1800. 

Secretaries  of  Treasury,  (  Oliver  Wolcott>  of  Connecticut,  continued  in  office. 
I  Samuel  Dexter,  of  Massachusetts,  Dec.  31,  1800. 

1  James  McHenry,  of  Maryland,  continued  in  office. 
Samuel  Dexter,  of  Massachusetts,  May  13,  1800. 
Roger  Griswold,  of  Connecticut,  February  3,  1801. 

Secretary  of  Navy,  Benjamin  Stoddert,  of  Maryland,  May  21,  1798. 

Postmaster-General,  Joseph  Habersham,  of  Georgia,  continued  in  office. 

Attorney-General,  Charles  Lee,  of  Virginia,  continued  in  office. 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Jonathan  Dayton,  of  New  Jersey,  Fifth  Congress,  1797. 
Theodore  Sedgwick,  of  Massachusetts,  Sixth  Congress,  1799. 

1800.  —  DURING  the  winter,  the  war  and  treasury  departments 
were  burned. 

Valuable  papers  were  destroyed  in  them  both. 

1800.  —  THE  receipts  of  the  United  States,  from  all  sources, 
loans  included,  for  this  year,  amounted  to  nearly  thirteen  millions 
of  dollars. 

The  expenditures  were  about  twelve  millions.  Wolcott  resigned  at  the  end  of 
the  year,  and  Samuel  Dexter  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury,  leaving  the 
war  department  without  a  head. 

1800,  DECEMBER.  —  Congress  amended  the  convention  with 
France. 

Bonaparte  accepted  the  amended  convention,  with  the  proviso  that  both  parties 
abandoned  their  claims  to  indemnity. 


484  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1801. 

1801.  —  THE  judiciary  was  reorganized. 

The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  were  reduced  to  five,  and  released  from 
circuit  duty.  Twenty-three  districts  were  organized  into  six  circuits,  each  to  have 
a  bench  of  its  own,  composed  of  a  chief  judge  and  two  puisne  judges,  holding 
court  annually. 

1801,  JANUARY  31.  —  John  Marshall  of  Virginia  was  appointed 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court. 

He  held  the  office  until  his  death. 

Marshall  was  born  in  Virginia,  September  24,  1755,  and  died  at  Philadelphia 
July  6,  1835.  His  Life  of  Washington  is  still  the  standard  authority. 

1801,  FEBRUARY  17.  —  Thomas  Jefferson  was  elected  President, 
and  Aaron  Burr  Vice-President,  by  the  House  of  Representatives. 

The  college  vote  was  a  tie,  and  the  House  voted  thirty-seven  times.  There 
were  four  methods  of  conducting  the  presidential  election  at  this  time.  The 
electors  were  chosen  by  the  legislature,  either  by  a  joint  ballot  or  a  concurrent 
vote ;  or  by  the  people,  the  whole  number  of  electors  being  on  one  ticket  voted 
for  throughout  the  state ;  or  chosen  by  districts.  Massachusetts  and  Virginia  had 
abandoned  the  district  system.  In  Virginia,  the  choice  had  been  given  the  people 
on  a  general  ticket ;  in  Massachusetts  their  election  was  by  the  legislature.  In 
Maryland  the  election  was  by  districts.  In  North  Carolina  it  was  the  same.  In 
Pennsylvania,  it  was  settled  at  the  last  moment  that  each  house  of  the  assembly 
should  nominate  eight  candidates,  from  whom,  by  joint  ballot,  the  fifteen  electors 
were  to  be  chosen.  In  South  Carolina  the  election  was  by  the  legislature. 

1801,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  authorized  the  President  to  sell 
all  the  vessels  of  the  navy  except  thirteen  of  the  best. 

For  the  construction  of  the  six  seventy-four-gun  ships,  which  were  not  com- 
pleted, half  a  million  of  dollars  was  appropriated. 

1801,  MARCH  4.  —  Jefferson  was  inaugurated  President. 

Ex-President  Adams  left  in  the  morning,  before  the  ceremony,  for  his  home  in 
Massachusetts. 

1301,  MARCH  5.  —  James  Madison,  Henry  Dearborn,  and  Levi 
Lincoln  were  appointed  secretaries  of  state,  of  the  treasury,  and 
attorney-general,  respectively. 

1801,  MAY  15.  —  Albert  Gallatin  was  appointed  secretary  of 
the  treasury. 

1801,  MAY.  —  Jefferson  announced  that  there  would  be  no 
more  presidential  levees,  and  that  at  the  openings  of  Congress  a 
message  would  be  sent  in  manuscript,  to  which  no  answer  would 
be  expected. 

This  last  custom  has  been  followed  ever  since.  The  levees  were  revived  by 
Mrs.  Madison,  on  her  husband's  accession  to  the  presidency. 

1801.  —  THE  Palladium  appeared  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1801.  —  A  RELIGIOUS  revival,  which  lasted  several  years,  com- 
menced in  Kentucky. 


1801.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  485 

Camp-meetings  were  held  in  the  different  counties,  which  thousands  of  people 
attended.  "  The  falling  exercise  "  and  "the  jerks"  were  common.  In  the  first, 
as  described  by  a  witness,  Richard  McNemar,  "at  first  they  were  taken  with  an 
inward  throbbing  of  the  heart;  then  with  weeping  and  trembling;  from  that  to 
crying  out  in  apparent  agony  of  soul ;  falling  down  and  swooning  away,  until  every 
appearance  of  animal  life  was  suspended."  Those  so  affected  were  gathered  to- 
gether, and  laid  out  like  corpses,  in  order  to  prevent  their  being  trampled  on  by 
the  others.  Those  with  the  "jerks  "  are  said  to  have  in  some  cases  jerked  their 
heads  so  violently  that  their  hair  snapped  like  a  whip.  Lorenzo  Dow  describes 
one  of  these  camp-meetings  where  poles  were  set  firmly  in  the  ground  for  the 
jerkers  and  stampers  to  hold  on  to. 

1801.  — THE  House  of  Representatives,  by  an  addition  to  the 
rules,  made  reporters  entitled  to  seats  within  the  bar,  to  be  as- 
signed them  by  the  speaker. 

The  Senate  also  admitted  reporters  to  the  floor;  but  the  reports  of  the  speeches 
were  not  printed. 

1801,  JULY  22.  —  Robert  Smith  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
navy. 

1801.  —  AN  envoy  was  sent  to  France  with  the  amended  con- 
vention. 

He  was  sent  in  the  sloop-of-war  Maryland.  He  was  given  a  letter  also  from 
Jefferson,  inviting  Thomas  Paine  to  return,  and  offering  him  a  passage  in  the 
Maryland.  Soon  after  the  departure  of  the  envoy,  a  French  chargt  d'affaires 
arrived. 

1801,  NOVEMBER  10.  —  The  chief  justice  of  the  circuit  court 
was  made  sole  justice  of  the  district  court  of  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

Justices  of  the  peace  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  and  the  laws  of 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  as  they  then  stood,  were  made  the  law  of  the  District,  on 
the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  Potomac  respectively. 

1801.  —  THE  Albany  ^Register  appeared  in  Albany,  New  York. 

It  was  edited  by  John  Barber,  assisted  by  Solomon  Southwick.  Southwick 
became  the  chief  editor  in  1808.  The  Register  was  the  organ  of  the  Clintonians, 
a  portion  of  the  Democratic  party.  In  1820  its  name  was  changed  to  New  York 
Statesman,  and  Nathaniel  H.  Carter  became  its  editor. 

1801,  NOVEMBER  16.  —  The  Evening  Post  appeared  in  New 
York. 

It  was  edited  by  William  Coleman.  It  was  in  support  of  the  Federalists,  and 
was  said  to  be  the  organ  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 

1801.  —  THE  American  Citizen  appeared  in  New  York. 

It  was  established  by  Dennison,  and  edited  by  James  Cheetham,  and  was  the 
organ  of  the  Republicans. 

1801.  —  OLIVER  EVANS  completed  at  Philadelphia  a  small  high- 
pressure  steam-engine. 

It  had  a  six-inch  cylinder,  with  eighteen-inch  stroke.     It  cost  him  three  thou- 


486  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1801-2. 

Band  seven  hundred  dollars.     He  used  it  to  grind  plaster,  then  coming  into  use  as 
a  fertilizer. 

1801,  NOVEMBER  22. —  The  pillory  was  used  for  the  last  time 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1801.  —  BUFFALO,  New  York,  was  founded  by  the  Holland 
Land  Company. 

It  was  incorporated  in  1832.  As  the  terminus  of  the  Erie  Canal,  it  has  a  large 
trade.  In  1857,  an  English  consulate  was  established  there  for  protection  of  ita 
Canadian  trade. 

1801.  —  THE  legislature  of  South  Carolina  purchased  the  right 
for  the  use  of  the  cotton  gin  in  the  state,  of  the  patentees,  and 
gave  its  use  to  the  people. 

The  price  paid  was  fifty  thousand  dollars.  Messrs.  Miller  and  "Whitney,  the 
owners,  had  asked  a  hundred  thousand. 

1801.  —  THE  Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  was 
incorporated. 

It  was  formed  at  New  Haven  in  1799. 

1801.  —  THE  South  Carolina  College  was  founded  at  Columbia 
by  act  of  the  assembly. 

The  college  is  liberally  endowed  by  the  state. 

1801.  —  THE  Port  Folio  was  published  at  Philadelphia. 

It  was  the  first  periodical  which  lasted  ten  years.     It  ceased  to  exist  in  1825. 

1802,  JANUARY.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  Virginia  legislature 
forfeiting  the  glebes  of  the  Episcopal  Church  as  fast  as  they  be- 
came vacant. 

They  were  to  be  sold  for  such  purpose,  "not  religious,"  as  the  majority  of  the 
parishioners  should  select. 

1802,  MARCH  3.  —  The  judiciary  act  of  the  last  session  was 
repealed. 

The  first  reported  debate  of  the  Senate  was  upon  this  motion  for  repeal. 

1802,  MARCH  16.  —  Congress  reduced  the  army  to  the  peace 
establishment  of  1796,  and  a  military  academy  was  instituted  at 
West  Point. 

In  the  reduction  of  the  army,  a  corps  of  engineers  was  retained,  to  consist  of 
seven  officers  and  ten  cadets,  with  their  headquarters  at  "West  Point.  The  senior 
officer  to  be  the  superintendent,  with  forty  students,  two  from  each  of  the  twenty 
companies  of  artillery. 

1802,  MARCH.  — The  excise  tax  was  repealed. 

1802,  APRIL  26.  —  The  President  communicated  to  Congress 
the  compact  made  by  the  commissioners  of  the  United  States  and 
those  of  Georgia  concerning  the  territory  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  Chattahoochee. 


1802.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  487 

The  compact  was  to  remain  in  force,  unless  one  of  the  parties  to  it  rejected  it 
within  six  months.  By  its  provisions,  Georgia  ceded  all  her  claims,  on  condition 
of  receiving,  out  of  the  first  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  the  lands,  one  million  two 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  and  the  United  States  to  agree  to  extinguish, 
"  as  early  as  the  same  could  be  peaceably  obtained  on  reasonable  terms,"  the  In- 
dian title  to  the  lands  reserved  by  Georgia.  It  was  also  provided  that  when  the 
population  of  the  territory  ceded  should  amount  to  sixty  thousand,  or  earlier  if 
Congress  chose,  it  should  be  erected  into  a  state,  on  the  terms  and  conditions  of 
the  ordinance  of  1787  for  the  northwest  territory,  "that  article  only  excepted 
which  prohibits  slavery." 

1802,  APRIL  29. — Anew  judiciary  act  was  passed  by  Congress. 

The  supreme  court  was  held  once  a  year,  a  majority  of  the  judges  being  au- 
thorized to  hold  it.  Six  circuits  were  organized,  with  a  single  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court,  with  a  district  judge  for  an  associate,  to  hold  semiannual  courts  in 
each  circuit.  In  case  the  judges  differed  on  a  point  of  law,  the  case,  by  certi- 
ficate, was  carried  to  the  supreme  court. 

1802,  APRIL.  —  The  naturalization  act  was  repealed,  and  the 
provisions  of  the  act  of  1795  re-enacted. 

1802,  APRIL  29.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  Congress  appropri- 
ating the  annual  sum  of  seven  million  three  hundred  thousand 
dollars  to  pay  the  interest  and  principal  of  the  public  debt. 

The  current  expenses  were  to  be  paid  from  the  surplus  revenue  remaining  after 
this  payment. 

1802,  APRIL  29.  —  Congress  passed  a  copyright  law. 

The  copyright  was  granted  for  fourteen  years,  with  a  right  of  renewal  for  the 
same  period,  if  the  author  was  living.  The  copyright  notice  on  the  title-page  was 
first  required  by  this  act.  Designs,  etchings,  and  engravings  were  made  subject 
to  copyright. 

1802.  —  THE  manufacture  of  large  saws  was  commenced  by 
William  Rowland  of  Philadelphia. 

1802.  —  A  COMPANY  was  incorporated  in  Pennsylvania,  with  a 
capital  of  twenty  thousand  dollars,  to  engage  in  wine  culture. 

They  purchased  land  at  Spring  Hill,  on  the  Schuylkill,  thirteen  miles  from 
Philadelphia,  planted  a  vineyard,  and  in  1811  had  thirty  thousand  vines  growing. 

1802.  —  THE  Morning  Chronicle  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  William  A.  Davis.  Its  first  editor  was  Dr.  Peter  Irving. 
Washington  Irving  first  appeared  as  a  writer  in  its  columns,  with  the  signature 
"  Jonathan  Oldstyle."  The  Chronicle  was  established  by  the  friends  of  Aaron  Burr, 
in  order  to  support  him  against  the  attacks  his  desertion  of  the  Democratic  party 
subjected  him  to.  It  continued  until  1805,  when  it  was  merged  with  the  Pough- 
keepsie  Journal. 

1802.  —  BENJAMIN  HENFREY  obtained  a  patent  for  an  "  improve- 
ment, being  a  cheap  mode  of  obtaining  light  from  fuel." 

He  had  made  gas  from  wood,  and  proposed  to  light  the  light-houses  with  gas 
made  from  coal. 


488  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1802. 

1802,  APRIL  30. — The  people  residing  in  the  northwest  terri- 
tory north  of  the  Ohio  were  authorized  to  organize  themselves 
into  a  state. 

The}'  had  petitioned  for  this  permission.  Congress  provided  that  a  convention 
should  meet  at  Chillicothe  in  November,  and  form  a  constitution  for  the  state. 
The  remainder  of  the  territory  was  to  be  annexed  to  Indiana.  The  convention  in 
November  formed  the  constitution  of  the  state  of  Ohio.  By  an  irrepealable  ordi- 
nance, all  lands  newly  purchased  from  the  United  States  were  exempted  from 
taxation  for  four  years,  and  Congress  in  return  granted  one  township  in  each  sec- 
tion for  school  purposes,  together  with  five  per  cent,  of  the  proceeds  of  the  lands 
sold  for  the  construction  of  roads,  which  was  subsequently  divided  so  that  three 
per  cent,  was  spent  for  roads  constructed  within  the  state,  and  two  per  cent,  upon 
roads  leading  eastward. 

1802.  —  BY  act  of  Congress  the  board  of  commissioners  hav- 
ing charge  of  the  affairs  of  the  city  of  Washington  .was  dissolved, 
and  a  superintendent  appointed. 

A  municipal  government  was  also  provided  for  the  city. 

1802.  —  A  BILL  was  passed  by  Congress  appropriating  the 
means  for  the  payment  of  two  million  six  hundred  and  sixty- 
four  thousand  dollars,  in  three  annual  payments,  to  Great  Britain. 

The  commission  under  the  treaty  had  made  an  agreement  to  pay  this  sum. 

1802,  JUNE.  —  A  trade-sale  for  books  was  held  in  New  York 
city. 

It  was  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  American  Company  of  Booksellers. 

1802.  — THE  Natchez  Gazette  appeared  in  Natchez,  Mississippi. 

It  was  established  by  Colonel  Andrew  Marschalk.  The  circulation  of  the  ter- 
ritory at  this  time  consisted  of  "  cotton  receipts ;  "  that  is,  receipts  for  cotton  de- 
posited for  ginning  in  public  gins. 

1802,  JiraE  16.  —  The  Creeks  ceded  the  territory  between  the 
Oconee  and  the  Ocmulgee. 

A  treaty  was  held  with  them,  and  considerable  presents  made  them.  This  was 
the  territory  Georgia  reserved  in  the  compact  of  cession  with  the  United  States ; 
and  this  cession  by  the  Creeks  chiefly  induced  Georgia  to  allow  the  compact  to  go 
into  force. 

1802.  —  AN  act  was  passed  by  Congress  regulating  intercourse 
with  the  Indians. 

The  public  trading-houses  for  supplying  them  with  goods  were  maintained. 

1802.  —  A  SQUADRON  was  ordered  to  be  got  ready  for  service 
against  Tripoli. 

Tripoli  had  declared,  and  Congress  had  recognized  the  existence  of  war. 

1802.  —  THE  Repertory  appeared  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1802,  JULY  31.  —  The  Western  Spy  was  published  at  Cincin- 
nati. 


1802-3.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  489 

1802,  JULY  31.  —  The  Sciota  Gazette  was  published  at  Chilli- 
cothe,  Ohio. 

The  paper  for  these  two  Ohio  journals  was  brought  from  Georgetown,  Ken- 
tucky, on  horseback. 

1802,  OCTOBER  16.  — The  Spanish  intendant  of  Louisiana  issued 
a  proclamation  forbidding  the  depositing  American  merchandise 
at  New  Orleans. 

The  treaty  of  1785  had  secured  this  privilege  for  three  years,  and  guaranteed 
that,  if  stopped,  some  other  convenient  place  should  be  provided. 

1802.  —  THE  legislature  of  North  Carolina  purchased  the  right 
to  use  the  cotton  gin  for  the  state,  for  a  tax  upon  each  machine, 
for  five  years. 

1802.  —  A  MECHANICS'  association  was  formed  at  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire. 

1803,  FEBRUARY  16.  —  The  commissioners  who  had  negotiated 
the  cession  from  Georgia  reported  concerning  the  claims  to  the 
territory. 

They  had  been  authorized  to  inquire  into  them.  They  reported  in  favor  of 
liberal  grants  to  all  actual  settlers  prior  to  the  Spanish  evacuation  of  the  territory, 
however  defective  their  titles  might  be.  The  claims  resting  on  the  grants  of  1789 
they  thought  invalid.  For  those  based  on  the  grants  of  1795  they  proposed  a 
compromise.  The  claimants  Avanted  twenty-five  cents  an  acre.  The  commission- 
ers proposed  to  pay  two  millions  and  a  half  in  interest-bearing  certificates,  or 
twice  that  amount  in  non-interest-bearing  certificates,  payable  out  of  the  first  re- 
ceipts for  the  Mississippi  territory,  after  Georgia  had  been  paid. 

1803,  MARCH  1.  —  Ohio  began  its  state  government. 

Its  constitution  had  been  framed  by  the  convention  of  the  year  before.  It  gave 
the  right  of  suffrage  to  all  white  male  inhabitants  over  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
resident  in  the  state  for  a  year,  and  on  whom  taxes  had  been  assessed.  The  gov- 
ernor was  elected  by  the  people.  The  freedom  of  the  press  was  secured. 

1803,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  intrusting  to  the 
President  the  matter  of  the  closing  of  the  Mississippi  by  the 
Spanish  intendant  of  Louisiana. 

He  was  authorized,  if  he  saw  fit,  to  call  upon  the  governors  of  the  states  for 
eighty  thousand  volunteers ;  and  twp  millions  of  dollars  were  appropriated  for 
purchasing  a  place  of  deposit.  The  West  was  much  excited  concerning  the  closing 
of  the  Mississippi. 

1803.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  prohibiting  the  slave  trade. 

It  imposed  a  fine  of  a  thousand  dollars  upon  the  captain  of  the  ship,  with  the 
forfeiture  of  the  vessel,  for  each  person  imported  contrary  to  the  laws  of  any 
state.  The  law  was  passed  from  the  remonstrance  of  South  Carolina  concerning 
the  importation  of  slaves  from  Africa,  and  slaves  and  free  blacks  from  the  West 
Indies. 


490  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1803. 

1803,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  created  two  boards  of  commis- 
sioners to  adjudicate  the  claims  on  the  Mississippi  territory. 

Settlers  prior  to  the  Spanish  evacuation,  whose  titles  proved  defective,  were  to 
be  granted  lots  not  exceeding  six  hundred  and  forty  acres  each ;  those  who  had 
settled  in  the  territory  prior  to  this  act,  without  any  title,  were  to  have  a  pre-emp- 
tion right  of  purchase  for  their  lands,  payable  in  the  usual  instalments,  without 
interest.  The  territory  remaining  after  settling  these  claims  was  to  be  used  for 
settling  such  other  claims  as  should  be  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of 
state  before  the  end  of  the  year ;  the  same  commissioners  being  appointed  to  re- 
ceive such  claims  and  submit  them  to  the  next  Congress.  The  act  also  provided 
for  the  survey  and  sale  of  the  lands,  by  a  system  similar  to  that  provided  for 
Ohio.  Only  that  portion  of  the  territory  which  now  constitutes  the  states  of  Mis- 
sissippi and  Alabama  had  the  Indian  title  extinguished,  and  were  to  be  surveyed. 

1803,  MARCH  19.  —  The  New  York  legislature  granted  a  charter 
to  the  State  Bank,  at  Albany. 

There  were  only  three  banks  in  the  state,  out  of  New  York  city :  the  Bank  of 
Columbia,  at  Hudson ;  the  Bank  of  Albany ;  and  the  Farmers'  Bank,  near  Troy. 

1803,  APRIL  30.  —  A  treaty  was  concluded,  transferring  Louis- 
iana to  the  United  States  for  fifteen  million  dollars. 

The  treaty  consisted  of  three  parts,  all  dated  the  same  day.  The  first  provided 
for  the  cession,  and  the  other  two  regulated  the  payment  of  the  consideration.  It 
was  provided  that  the  inhabitants  should  be  secure  in  their  liberty,  property,  and 
religion,  and  as  soon  as  possible  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  The  payment  was  to  be  made  —  eleven  million,  two  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  dollars  in  six  per  cent,  stock  of  the  United  States,  the  interest  payable 
in  Europe,  and  the  principal  to  be  redeemed,  after  fifteen  years,  in  annual  instal- 
ments of  not  less  than  three  millions  of  dollars.  The  claims  of  citizens  of  the 
United  States  against  France  were  to  be  paid,  to  the  amount  of  three  million, 
seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  at  the  American  treasury,  on  orders 
from  the  American  minister  in  France.  The  claims  to  be  decided  by  a  joint  com- 
mission, consisting  of  the  French  bureau,  to  which  the  claims  had  been  referred, 
and  three  American  commissioners,  to  be  appointed.  In  case  of  any  dispute,  the 
final  decision  to  be  with  the  French  minister  of  finance.  The  territory  ceded, 
embraced  not  only  the  state  of  Louisiana,  but  also  that  occupied  by  the  states  of 
Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territo- 
ries. The  American  flag  was  first  raised  in  Louisiana  December  20,  1803.  The 
treaty  required  a  mutual  ratification  within  six  months. 

1803,  APRIL.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  extended  for 
twenty  years  the  privilege  granted  in  1798  to  Livingston  and 
Fulton. 

It  also  extended  for  two  years,  and  later  to  1807,  their  time  for  practically 
demonstrating  they  could  propel  a  boat  of  twenty  tons  four  miles  an  hour  against 
the  current  of  the  Hudson  River. 

1803.  —  THE  Middlesex  Canal,  in  Massachusetts,  connecting  the 
Merrimac  and  the  Charles  Rivers,  was  completed. 

It  was  chartered  by  the  state,  June  22,  1793.  It  was  a  great  aid  to  local  trade, 
until  the  railroad  superseded  it. 


1803.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  491 

1803.  —  THE  Moniteur  appeared  in  New  Orleans. 

It  was  published  by  Fontaine.     Louisiana  was  still  in  the  possession  of  France. 

1803.  —  THE  legislature  of  South  Carolina  repealed  the  con- 
tract made  with  the  proprietors  of  the  cotton  gin,  retained  the 
payment  of  the  balance  due,  and  began  a  suit  to  recover  what 
had  already  been  paid. 

In  Georgia,  claims  for  a  prior  invention  were  made,  and  the  governor,  in  a 
message,  advised  withholding  compensation  for  it,  and  invited  the  other  states  to 
co-operate  with  Georgia  in  getting  Congress  to  buy  the  patent.  The  next  year, 
the  legislature  of  South  Carolina  rescinded  the  repeal. 

1803.  —  THE  flax  rust  appeared  on  Long  Island. 

1803.  —  A  PLASTER-MILL  was  erected  at  Newburg,  New  York. 

The  use  of  plaster  as  a  fertilizer  was  becoming  general. 

1803.  —  THE  "  Miami  Exporting  Company,"  of  Cincinnati,  was 
incorporated. 

Its  capital  was  four  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  and  was  used  for  bank- 
ing purposes.  It  was  the  first  such  institution  in  that  city. 

1803,  MAY  17. —  An  improved  machine  "  for  cutting  grain  and 
grass  "  was  patented  by  Richard  French  and  John  T.  Hawkins 
of  New  Jersey. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  mowing  or  reaping  machine  on  record. 

1803,  AUGUST  13.  —  At  a  treaty  held  with  Governor  Harrison, 
the  Kaskaskias  ceded  to  the  United  States  a  large  tract  north  of 
the  Ohio. 

The  consideration  was  five  hundred  and  eighty  dollars  in  cash,  an  increase  of 
their  annuity  to  one  thousand  dollars,  three  hundred  dollars  towards  building  a 
church,  and  one  hundred  dollars  a  year,  for  seven  years,  to  a  Catholic  priest.  The 
territory  ceded  embraced,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  reservation,  all  the  land 
bounded  by  a  line  from  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois,  down  the  Mississippi  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Ohio,  up  the  Ohio  to  the  Wabash,  and  then  west  to  the  Mississippi. 
The  Kaskaskias,  now  consisting  of  a  few  hundreds,  claimed  to  represent  the 
Illinois. 

1803,  OCTOBER  IT.  —  Congress,  called  by  proclamation,  met. 

The  cession  of  Louisiana  was  ratified  by  Congress  on  the  25th. 

1803.  —  THE  commissioners  under  the  treaty  with  England 
awarded  American  claims  to  about  six  millions  of  dollars. 

The  award  was  paid  by  the  British  government. 

1803,  OCTOBER  31.  —  The  frigate  Philadelphia,  Captain  Bain- 
bridge,  while  blockading  the  port  of  Tripoli,  ran  aground,  and 
was  captured  by  the  Tripolitans. 

The  oflicers  were  well  treated,  but  the  men  were  reduced  to  slavery. 


492  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1803-4. 

1803,  DECEMBER. —  A  commission  received  the  island  and  city 
of  Orleans  from  Citizen  Lansat,  the  French  commissioner. 

Lansat  had  a  few  days  before  received  them  from  the  Spanish  authorities.  The 
American  commissioners  were  General  Wilkinson,  the  commander  of  the  army, 
and  C.  C.  Claiborne,  who  had  been  made  governor  of  the  Mississippi  Territory. 
Claiborne  chartered  the  Bank  of  Louisiana,  with  a  capital  of  six  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

1803.  —  A  HOUSE  for  the  relief  of  shipwrecked  sailors  was 
founded  at  Sable  Island,  and  four  hundred  pounds  granted  yearly 
for  its  support. 

1803.  —  As  late  as  this,  persons  were  publicly  whipped  in  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 

In  the  court  of  sessions,  the  judge's  charge  was  :  "  Gentlemen  of  the  grand 
jury,  you  are  required  by  your  oath  to  see  to  it  that  that  the  several  towns  in  the 
county  be  provided  according  to  law  with  pounds,  schoolmasters,  whipping  posts, 
and  ministers." 

1803.  —  WILLIAM  E.  CHANNING,  the  founder  of  Unitarianism  in 
America,  was  settled  minister  of  the  Federal  Street  church  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Channing  was  born  April  7,  1780,  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island ;  died  October  2, 
18-42,  at  Bennington,  Vermont. 

1803.  —  THE  legislature  of  Massachusetts  granted  a  bounty  on 
the  manufacture  of  window-glass. 

A  German,  named  Lint,  took  charge  of  the  works  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1803.  —  THE  state  of  Tennessee  purchased  the  right  to  use 
the  cotton  gin,  by  a  tax  on  each  machine  used  for  four  years. 

It  suspended  the  payment  later  in  the  year. 

1803-4.  —  OLIVER  EVANS  furnished  a  steam-engine  for  a  boat 
to  ply  between  New  Orleans  and  Natchez. 

The  boat  was  built  in  Kentucky  by  Captain  James  McKeever,  of  the  navy,  and 
Louis  Valcour,  and  floated  to  New  Orleans  to  be  supplied  with  her  engine.  She 
was  eighty  feet  keel,  and  eighteen  feet  beam.  The  river  subsiding,  left  her 
grounded,  and  the  engine  was  put  up  in  a  saw-mill,  where  it  cut  three  thousand 
feet  of  boards  in  twelve  hours. 

1804.  —  CONGRESS  divided  the  territory  obtained  from  France 
into  two  provinces. 

They  were  divided  by  a  line  drawn  along  the  thirty-third  parallel  of  north  lati- 
tude. That  on  the  south  of  this  line  was  called  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  that  west 
of  the  Mississippi  and  north  of  Orleans  was  called  the  District  of  Louisiana. 
Orleans  contained  at  this  time  about  fifty  thousand  persons,  more  than  half  of 
whom  were  slaves.  The  President  was  authorized  to  appoint  the  governor  and 
secretary  of  the  territory,  and  to  nominate  annually  the  thirteen  members  to  com- 
pose the  legislative  council.  To  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  Spain,  the  laws  of 
France  had  been  in  force.  On  taking  possession,  the  Spanish  governor  substi- 
tuted the  Spanish  code,  and  this  remained  in  force,  except  where  repugnant  to 


1804.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  493 

\ 

the  constitution  .and  laws  of  the  United  States.  A  Federal  district  court  and  a 
superior  territorial  court  were  organized  by  the  act.  The  trial  by  jury  was  insti- 
tuted, and  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  guaranteed  the  inhabitants.  Claiborne  was 
continued  as  governor.  New  Orleans  contained  about  eight  thousand  inhabi- 
tants. In  the  District  of  Louisiana,  the  chief  settlement  was  St.  Louis.  The 
President  was  authorized  to  propose  to  the  Indians  on  the  east  of  the  Mississippi 
to  exchange  their  lands  for  those  west  of  that  stream ;  in  the  meanwhile  the  whole 
territory  was  annexed  to  the  territory  of  Indiana.  The  territory  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, in  which  the  Indian  title  had  been  extinguished,  were,  by  another  act, 
ordered  to  be  surveyed,  and  land  offices  were  opened  at  Detroit,  Vincennes,  and 
Kaskaskia.  The  lands  were  offered  for  sale  in  quarter-sections  of  one  hundred 
and  sixty  acres,  without  interest  on  the  instalments  if  prompt  payment  was  made. 
The  salt-springs  were  reserved,  and  every  sixteenth  section  in  each  township 
reserved  for  schools,  and  an  entire  township  in  each  district  for  a  seminary. 

1804,  FEBRUARY.  —  A  memorial  was  presented  to  Congress 
from  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the  societies  in  the  different 
states  for  promoting  the  abolition  of  slavery  and  improving  the 
condition  of  the  African  race,  asking  that  the  importation  of 
slaves  into  the  Territory  of  Louisiana,  recently  obtained,  be  pro- 
hibited. 

It  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  the  government  of  Louisiana,  and  in  the 
act  creating  the  Territory  of  Orleans  it  was  forbidden  to  introduce  slaves  except 
from  some  part  of  the  United  States,  and  by  actual  settlers  in  the  new  territory ; 
slaves  introduced  into  the  United  States  since  1798  being  exempted  from  this 
permission. 

1804.  —  THE  legislature  of  South  Carolina  repealed  the  act 
prohibiting  the  slave  trade. 

The  representative  from  the  state  defended  it  in  the  national  House,  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  done  because  slaves  were  constantly  imported,  and  to  avoid 
the  daily  open  infraction  of  the  law.  The  law  was  repealed. 

1804,  FEBRUARY  15.  —  The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  passed 
an  act  abolishing  slavery. 

It  made  all  persons  born  in  the  state  after  the  fourth  of  thq.  next  July,  free. 
The  children  of  slaves  to  become  free,  males  at  twenty-five  and  females  at  twenty- 
one. 

1804.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  giving  to  the  electors  the 
right  of  designating  their  candidates  for  President  and  Yice- 
President. 

It  was  passed  by  the  speaker's  vote. 

1804.  —  AN  additional  duty  of  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  was 
laid  on  goods  subject  to  an  ad  valorem  duty. 

It  was  to  remain  in  force  during  the  continuance  of  hostilities  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. The  news  had  arrived  of  the  capture  of  the  Philadelphia.  A  million  of 
dollars  was  also  appropriated,  and  additional  frigates  ordered. 

1804,  FEBRUARY  16.  —  The  captured  frigate  Philadelphia  was 


494  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1804. 

boarded  and  burned  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli  by  an  expedition 
under  Lieutenant  Decatur. 

She  had  been  refitted  by  her  captors. 

1804.  —  CONGRESS  repealed  the  Bankruptcy  Act. 

1804,  MARCH  10.  —  Upper  Louisiana  was  formally  surrendered 
to  the  United  States. 

It  was  taken  possession  of  by  Captain  Amos  Stoddard,  as  the  agent  of  the 
United  States.  The  chief  business  of  the  territory  was  furs,  which  centred  at  St. 
Louis,  and  the  circulation  consisted  of  peltry  bonds,  or  notes  payable  in  furs. 

1804.  —  THERE  were  eighty-four  patents  granted  this  year. 

1804.  —  THE  legislature  of  New  York  passed  an  act  prohibiting 
all  unincorporated  companies  from  issuing  their  notes  to  serve  as 
money. 

A  similar  act  was  passed  in  Massachusetts. 

1804,  MAY  9.  —  The  Richmond  Inquirer  appeared  at  Rich- 
mond, Virginia. 

It  was  published  by  Thomas  Ritchie  and  William  W.  Worsley,  and  was  founded 
upon  the  Examiner,  a  Republican  paper  edited  by  Merriweather  Jones.  Jeffer- 
son was  interested  in  its  establishment,  and  in  its  first  number  it  printed  the  laws 
of  the  United  States.  Thomas  Ritchie  retired  from  it  in  1843,  and  his  sons  Wil- 
liam F.  and  Thomas,  Jr.  carried  it  on.  It  is  still  in  existence.  In  its  palmy  days 
it  was  known  as  the  organ  of  the  Richmond  Junta. 

1804.  —  ELEVEN  thousand  dollars  of  the  gold  coined  this  year 
was  obtained  from  North  Carolina. 

All  the  gold  from  this  date  to  1827,  amounting  to  one  hundred  and  ten  thousand 
dollars,  was  obtained  from  this  state. 

1804.  —  OLIVER  EVANS  constructed,  this  year,  a  steam  dredg- 
ing-machine  which  he  called  the  Eruktor  Amphiholis. 

It  was  built  on  the  order  of  the  Philadelphia  Board  of  Health.  It  propelled 
itself  upon  land,  and  in  the  water  with  paddle-wheels  at  the  stern.  Later  in  the 
year  he  made  an  estimate  for  the  Lancaster  Turnpike  Company  of  the  expense  of 
a  locomotive  engine,  and  offered  to  build  one  such. 

1804,  JULY  11.  —  Alexander  Hamilton  was  fatally  wounded  in 
a  duel  with  Aaron  Burr. 

His  death  created  much  excitement,  and  was  of  much  influence  in  creating  an 
abhorrence  of  duelling.  The  coroner's  inquest  found  Burr  guilty  of  wilful  murder. 
In  New  Jersey,  where  the  duel  was  fought,  he  was  indicted  for  murder,  and  in 
New  York,  he  and  his  seconds  were  indicted  for  being  concerned  in  sending  and 
receiving  a  challenge,  a  recent  law  of  the  state  having  made  tliis  an  offence  pun- 
ishable with  disfranchisement  and  incapacity  for  holding  office  for  twenty  years. 

1804.  —  CONGRESS  appropriated  sixty  thousand  dollars  for 
building  twenty-five  gunboats. 

They  were  in  addition  to  the  ten  ordered  before.     Jefferson,  in  his  annual 


1804.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  495 

message,  had  advised  twenty-five  a  year  for  ten  years,  to  be  used  for  harbor 
defence. 

1804.  —  A  COMPANY  of  Germans,  under  the  leadership  of  George 
Rapp,  landed,  and,  organizing  the  "  Harmony  Society,"  settled 
about  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

In  1814  they  moved  to  Posey  County,  Indiana,  .and  in  1824  moved  to  their 
present  settlement  of  Economy,  on  the  Ohio.  They  are  a  religious  community, 
and  are  very  wealthy. 

1804.  —  THE  Historical  Society  in  New  York  city,  and  the 
Athenseum  Library  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  were  both  organ- 
ized this  year. 

1804.  — DAVID  PEACOCK,  of  New  Jersey,  patented  a  plough. 

The  mould-board  and  land-side  were  made  separate  and  of  cast-iron,  while  the 
share  was  of  wrought-iron  edged  with  steel. 

1804. — JOHN  STEVENS,  of  New  York,  constructed  a  steam- 
propeller. 

It  was  finished  soon  after  Fulton's  steamer,  the  Clermont.  As  Livingston  and 
Fulton  held  the  monopoly  of  steam  navigation  in  the  state,  Stevens  carried  hia 
boat  by  sea  round  to  the  Delaware. 

John  Stevens  was  born  in  New  York  in  1749,  and  died  at  Hoboken,  New  Jer- 
sey, in  1838.  In  1812  he  published  a  pamphlet  proposing  to  build  a  railroad  from 
Albany  to  Lake  Erie. 

1804,  AUGUST.  — During  this  month  two  treaties  were  made  at 
Vincennes,  by  which  the  Indian  title  to  large  tracts  was  extin- 
guished. 

The  treaties  were  held  with  the  Delawares  and  Piankeshaws.  In  November 
another  treaty  was  made  at  St.  Louis  with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  by  which  also 
large  tracts  were  ceded.  The  consideration  in  this  last  treaty  was  a  yearly  pay- 
ment in  goods  of  a  thousand  dollars,  and  the  tract  ceded  embraced  nearly  eighty 
thousand  square  miles,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi. 

1804.  —  CONGRESS  annexed  all  the  region  south  of  the  state  of 
Tennessee  to  the  Territory  of  Mississippi. 

The  act  made  an  appropriation  for  exploring  the  Territory  of  Louisiana,  and 
under  it  the  expedition  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  was  made. 

1804.  —  A  MEMORIAL  from  a  convention  of  the  people  of  In- 
diana, held  at  Vincennes,  asking  for  the  territory  a  suspension 
of  the  article  in  the  ordinance  of  1787  prohibiting  slavery  north 
of  the  Ohio,  was  referred,  together  with  a  report  made  upon  it 
by  a  committee,  to  a  new  committee. 

The  memorial  had  been  presented  at  the  last  session,  and  the  committee  had 
reported  just  before  its  close,  that  they  thought  it  "  highly  dangerous  and  inexpe- 
dient to  impair  a  provision  wisely  calculated  to  promote  the  happiness  and  pros- 
perity of  the  north-western  country,  and  to  give  strength  and  security  to  that 
extensive  frontier."  The  new  committee  reported  in  favor  of  the  suspension,  so 
as  to  admit  for  ten  years  slaves  born  in  the  United  States,  their  male  heirs  to  be 


496  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1805. 

free  at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  and  their  female  heirs  at  the  ago  of  twenty-one.   N o 
further  action  was  taken  on  the  subject. 

1805,  JANUARY  2.  —  Judge  Chase,  of  the  Supreme  Court,  ap- 
peared before  the  Senate  to  answer  charges  of  impeachment,  and 
requesting  delay,  was  given  a  month. 

There  wer^  eight  charges  against  him :  six  for  his  conduct  in  trials,  and  two 
for  liis  late  charge  to  the  Maryland  grand  jury.  At  the  trial,  in  consideration  of 
his  age  and  infirmities,  he  was  allowed  to  be  seated  in  the  centre  of  the  Senate 
chamber.  He  was  acquitted  on  all  of  the  charges. 

1805. — THE  Territory  of  Orleans  was  given  such  a  govern- 
ment as  that  of  the  Territory  of  Mississippi,  or  of  a  territory  of 
the  first  class. 

The  people  had  petitioned  for  the  right  to  form  a  state,  and  had  complained  of 
the  arbitrary  government  placed  over  them.  This  gave  them  a  legislature  chosen 
by  the  people,  and  the  privilege  of  organizing  themselves  into  a  state,  forming  a 
constitution,  and  claiming  the  right  of  admission  to  the  Union,  as  soon  as  they 
numbered  sixty  thousand.  Claiborne  was  continued  as  governor,  and  Robert 
Williams  made  governor  of  Mississippi. 

1805.  —  THE  District  of  Louisiana  was  erected  into  a  territory 
of  the  second  class. 

The  governor  and  judges  had  the  legislative  power.  By  a  section  of  the  act, 
all  existing  laws  and  regulations  were  continued  in  force  until  repealed  or  altered 
by  the  legislature.  This  tacitly  permitted  slavery,  which  existed  in  some  of  the 
settlements  on  the  Arkansas  and  Missouri. 

1805.  — A  PORTION  of  Indiana  was  divided  off  and  erected  into 
a  territory  of  the  second  class  called  Michigan. 

The  population  of  the  territory  was  about  four  thousand.  The  Indian  title  had 
been  extinguished  in  only  a  small  tract  about  Detroit,  and  another  on  the  main 
land  opposite  Mackinaw.  William  Hull  was  appointed  governor. 

1805,  FEBRUARY  13.  —  Thomas  Jefferson  was  elected  President, 
and  George  Clinton  Vice-President. 

1805,  APRIL. — The  New  York  legislature  granted  a  charter 
to  the  Merchants'  Bank  of  New  York  city. 

1805. — THE  legislature  of  New  York  appropriated  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  remaining  state  lands  for  the  school  fund. 
The  land  consisted  of  more  than  a  million  acres. 

1805,  JUNE.  —  A  treaty  of  peace  was  made  with  Tripoli. 

It  provided  for  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  man  for  man.  As  the  American 
prisoners  were  fewer  by  about  two  hundred,  sixty  thousand  dollars  were  paid  by 
the  United  States. 

1805.  —  THE  King's  County  Society  of  Mechanics  and  Trades- 
men was  incorporated  in  New  York. 

1805.  — THE  first  cargo  of  ice  exported  from  this  country  was 


1805.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  497 

one  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  tons,  sent  by  Frederick  Tudor, 
of  Boston,  in  his  own  brig,  to  Martinique. 

Mr.  Tudor  persevered,  making  very  little,  if  any  profit  from  the  business  until 
after  the  war  of  1812.  In  1815  he  obtained  the  monopoly  of  the  Havana  trade; 
in  1817,  that  of  Charleston.  South  Carolina ;  in  1820,  that  of  New  Orleans.  In  1833 
he  sent  the  first  cargo  to  Calcutta,  and  in  1834,  the  first  to  Brazil.  He  monopo- 
lized the  business  until  1836,  when  other  parties  became  interested. 

1805.  —  THE  Free  School  Society  was  incorporated  in  New 
York  city. 

The  present  Board  of  Education  was  its  outgrowth. 

1805,  JULY  4.  —  At  a  treaty  held  at  Fort  Industry,  the  Indians 
ceded  to  the  United  States  the  tract  in  Ohio  known  as  the  Con- 
necticut Reserve. 

The  treaty  was  made  by  Governor  Harrison,  with  the  Wyandots,  Ottawas, 
Chippeways,  Mamsees,  Delawares,  Shawanees,  and  Potta\vatomies.  The  consid- 
eration was  a  perpetual  annuity  of  one  thousand  dollars.  The  Connecticut  Land 
Company,  which  had  purchased  the  land  from  Connecticut,  had  already  paid  the 
Indians  sixteen  thousand  dollars. 

1805,  AUGUST  21. —  By  a  treaty  with  the  Indians,  their  title 
to  almost  the  whole  of  the  present  state  of  Indiana  was  extin- 
guished. 

The  treaty  was  made  with  the  Delawares,  the  Pottawatomies,  Miamis,  Eel  River 
Indians,  and  Ucas.  The  land  ceded  extended  to  within  fifty  miles  of  the  Ohio, 
except  a  narrow  strip  along  the  west  bank  of  the  "W abash.  The  consideration 
was  four  thousand  dollars  in  cash,  an  annuity  for  ten  years  of  five  hundred  dol- 
lars, and  a  permanent  one  of  eleven  hundred  dollars. 

1805.  —  THE  Cherokees  ceded  to  the  United  States  the  tract 
between  the  settlements  of  East  and  West  Tennessee,  and  allowed 
the  opening  of  roads,  and  the  passage  of  the  mail  through  their 
territory. 

The  consideration  was  fourteen  thousand  dollars  in  cash  and  a  perpetual  an- 
nuity of  three  thousand  dollars.  Having  become  interested  in  agriculture  and 
stock-raising,  they  no  longer  needed  as  wide  an  expanse  of  hunting-grounds. 

1805,  OCTOBEE.  — A  decision  in  a  Massachusetts  court  was  con- 
sidered a  further  advance  of  religious  liberty. 

A  tax-collector  in  the  town  of  Dalton  had  collected  a  tax  from  a  member  of  a 
Baptist  church  for  the  support  of  an  older  parish  in  the  town.  Suit  was  brought 
against  the  town  for  the  recovery  of  the  money,  and  the  court  decided  it  should 
be  returned. 

1805.  —  THE  Reporter  appeared  in  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

It  was  established  by  William  W.  Worsley,  who  left  the  Richmond  Inquirer, 
and  Thomas  S.  Smith.  It  was  the  organ  of  Henry  Clay. 

1805. — A   BILL   was   passed   by   the   New   York  legislature 
authorizing  the  truth  to  be  given  in  evidence,  when  the  matter, 
32 


498  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1805-6. 

•written  or  printed,  was  published  "  with  good  motives  and  for 
justifiable  ends." 

This  change  in  the  law  of  libel  was  incorporated  in  the  constitutions  adopted 
for  the  state  in  1821,  1845,  and  1865.  It  was  brought  about  from  a  trial  in  1804 
of  Harry  Croswell,  the  editor  of  the  Hudson  Balance,  who  had  assailed  Thomas 
Jefferson  with  such  violence  that  he  was  indicted  by  the  grand  jury  of  Columbia 
County  for  libel.  The  case  was  tried  before  Chief  Justice  Lewis  in  the  superior 
court,  and  Alexander  Hamilton,  as  counsel  for  Croswell,  showed  that  the  maxim 
"The  greater  the  truth,  the  greater  the  libel,"  was  contrary  to  the  genius  of  our 
republican  institutions,  an  outrage  on  human  rights,  common  justice,  and  common 
sense,  and  of  modern  date  in  England. 

1805.  —  THE  legislature  of  Virginia  enacted  that  thenceforth 
all  emancipated  slaves  remaining  in  the  state  six  months  ai'ter 
obtaining  their  freedom  should  be  arrested  and  sold  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  poor  of  the  county. 

The  proceeds  of  such  sale  were  afterwards  awarded  to  the  literary  fund.  Xegro 
or  mulatto  orphans,  bound  out  by  the  overseers  of  the  poor,  were  forbidden  to  be 
taught  reading,  writing,  or  arithmetic.  It  was  the  business  of  the  overseers  to 
forbid  their  masters  to  do  this.  Free  blacks  coming  to  the  state  were  sent  back. 

1805,  NOVEMBER  14.  —  The  Creeks  ceded  to  Georgia  the  tract 
between  the  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee  rivers. 

The  consideration  was  an  annuity  of  twelve  thousand  dollars  for  eight  years, 
and  then  one  for  eleven  thousand  dollars  for  ten  years. 

1806,  JANUARY.  —  Congress  appropriated  two  millions  of  dol- 
lars for  "  extraordinary  expenses  of  foreign  intercourse." 

The  bill  had  been  debated  in  the  House  for  two  weeks  with  closed  doors.  The 
money  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  President,  who  was  authorized  to  borrow 
it,  the  extra  duty  being  continued  to  reimburse  the  loan.  In  sending  the  bill  to 
the  Senate,  it  was  accompanied  by  a  message  that  it  was  passed  for  "  the  en- 
abling the  president  to  commence  with  more  effect  a  negotiation  for  the  purchase 
of  the  Spanish  territories  east  of  the  Mississippi."  The  negotiations  resulted  in 
nothing.  The  American  claim  extended  to  the  Rio  Grande.  On  the  other  side, 
the  Spaniards  limited  Louisiana  to  a  very  narrow  strip  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Mississippi.  The  Sabine  had  been  considered  a  provisional  boundary,  but  the 
Spanish  commander  in  Texas  crossed  the  river  with  an  armed  force,  and  occupied 
a  settlement  at  Bayou  Pierre,  on  the  Red  River.  Orders  were  sent  to  General 
Wilkinson,  at  St.  Louis,  to  reinforce  the  troops  in  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  and 
take  command  there. 

1806,  MARCH  26. —  Congress  prohibited  the  importation  from 
Great.  Britain  or  her  dependencies,  or  from  any  other  country, 
certain  articles  of  British  manufacture. 

These  were  manufactures  of  leather,  silk,  hemp,  flax,  tin  or  brass ;  woollen 
cloths  invoiced  over  a  dollar  and  a  quarter  a  square  yard ;  woollen  hosiery,  glass, 
silver  or  plated  ware,  paper,  nails,  spikes,  hats,  ready-made  clothing,  millinery, 
beer,  ale,  porter,  playing-cards,  or  prints.  The  act  was  to  take  effect  in  the  mid- 
dle of  November. 


1806.]  ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA.  499 

1806. —  CONGRESS  appropriated  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars  for  the  building  of  fifty  more  gunboats. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  were  also  appropriated  for  the  fortifica- 
tion of  forts  and  harbors. 

1806.  —  APPROPRIATIONS  were  made  by  Congress  for  building 
roads. 

For  the  road  from  Cumberland,  Maryland,  to  the  Ohio,  $30,000;  for  a  road 
from  Athens,  Georgia,  to  New  Orleans,  $G600 ;  from  Cincinnati  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, opposite  St.  Louis,  §GOOO;  for  a  road  from  Nashville  to  Natchez,  $6000. 

1806,  APRIL.  —  The  Leander,  Captain  "Whitby,  an  English  war- 
vessel,  fired  upon  the  sloop  Richard,  and  killed  John  Pierce,  the 
owner,  and  brother  of  the  captain. 

The  Leander  had  been  ordered  by  the  admiral  to  cruise  off  New  York  harbor, 
and  obtain  the  latest  news  from  the  vessels  coming  in  and  going  out.  Impatient 
at  the  tardiness  with  which  the  Richard  responded  to  his  signal,  Whitby  fired  a 
ball.  The  common  council  of  New  York  asked  the  administration  for  two  or 
three  ships  to  keep  the  foreign  cruisers  in  order.  The  President  issued  a  proclama- 
tion ordering  the  Leander  out  of  the  waters  of  the  United  States. 

1806,  JUNE.  —  The  American  Botanical  Society  was  formed  in 
Philadelphia. 

1806,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  It  was  agreed  that  the  Sabine  should  be 
for  the  present  the  boundary  between  the  United  States  and  the 
Spanish  territory. 

General  Wilkinson  had  advanced  with  his  troops,  and  the  Spaniards  retreated 
across  the  Sabine. 

1806,  NOVEMBER  21.  —  Napoleon  Bonaparte  issued  his  Berlin 
decrees. 

These  declared  all  England's  ports  blockaded ;  excluded  English  letters  from 
French  mails,  and  ordered  every  Englishman  on  French  territory  arrested  as  a 
prisoner  of  war ;  all  property  belonging  to  the  English,  coming  from  their  factories 
or  colonies,  and  all  neutral  vessels  touching  at  English  ports,  were  lawful  prizes 
for  French  cruisers. 

1806.  —  THE  Louisiana  Courier  appeared  in  New  Orleans. 

1806,  NOVEMBER  27. —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation,  de- 
claring that  he  had  information  of  an  unlawful  scheme  for  the 
invasion  of  the  Spanish  dominions,  and  warning  all  good  citizens 
against  taking  part  in  it,  and  calling  upon  the  authorities  to  arrest 
all  concerned  in  it. 

The  scheme  was  one  of  Aaron  Burr's,  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  New 
Orleans  and  Mexico.  «• 

1806,  DECEMBER  2.  —  The  legislature  of  Ohio  passed  an  act,  with 
closed  doors,  ordering  the  seizure  of  the  boats  building  on  the 
Muskingum,  which  was  done. 

The  boats  were  designed  for  use  in  Aaron  Burr's  expedition. 


500  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1806-7. 

1806,  DECEMBER  19.  — Congress  suspended  the  act  prohibiting 
the  importation  of  British  goods  until  the  following  July. 

The  President  was  authorized  to  still  further  continue  the  suspension,  at  his 
discretion,  until  the  next  Congress.  All  penalties  incurred  were  remitted. 

1806,  DECEMBER  24. —  The  legislature  of  Kentucky  passed  an 
act  similar  to  that  passed  by  Ohio. 

Under  it  further  seizures  were  made. 

1806. — THE  first  barge  load  of  anthracite  coal  was  shipped 
from  Mauch  Chunk  to  Philadelphia. 

It  was  sold,  but  it  was  found  impossible  to  use  it. 

1807.  —  CONGRESS  appropriated  fifty  thousand   dollars   for  a 
coast  survey. 

It  was  "for  the  purpose  of  making  complete  charts  of  our  coast,  with  the  adja- 
cent shoals  and  soundings."  F.  II.  Hassler,  a  Swiss,  was  appointed  superintend- 
ent. But  little  was  done,  except  laying  out  a  base  line,  in  the  rear  of  the 
Palisades  on  the  Hudson,  until  1832.  Hassler  died  in  1843,  and  Professor  A.  D. 
Bache  was  appointed  his  successor,  under  whose  direction  the  survey  was  made 
efficient,  and  is  still  continued. 

1807,  JANUARY  7.  — England  declared  all  neutral  ships  trading 
at  French  ports  or  those  of  her  allies,  or  from  which  English 
ships  were  excluded,  subject  to  capture  and  condemnation  in  her 
prize  courts. 

1807,  JANUARY.  —  Aaron  Burr  surrendered  unconditionally  to 
a  body  of  militia  of  the  Territory  of  Mississippi. 

Burr  had  descended  the  Mississippi  with  a  small  armed  band,  and  had  halted 
about  thirty  miles  above  Natchez,  outside  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Mississippi.  After 
the  surrender  he  went  to  the  capital  of  the  territory,  where  the  grand  jury, 
instead  of  indicting  him,  brought  a  presentment  against  the  governor  for  call- 
ing out  the  militia,  and  against  the  way  he  was  compelled  to  surrender. 

1807,  FEBRUARY  19.  —  Aaron  Burr  was  arrested  in  eastern 
Mississippi,  and  sent  under  a  guard  to  Washington,  the  capital  of 
Mississippi. 

He  was  riding  with  a  single  companion.  The  arrest  was  made  by  the  registrar 
of  the  land  office,  and  Lieutenant  Gaines  with  a  few  men. 

1807,  FEBRUARY.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  prohibiting  the 
slave  trade. 

A  fine  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  was  imposed  on  all  persons  concerned  in 
fitting  out  a  vessel  for  the  slave  trade,  with  the  forfeiture  of  the  vessel ;  a  fine  of 
five  thousand  dollars,  with  the  forfeiture  of  the  vessel,  was  imposed  for  taking  any 
negro  or  colored  person  on  board  in  a  foreign  country  for  the  purpose  of  selling 
him  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States.  For  transporting  any  negro  or 
person  of  color  from  a  foreign  country  and  selling  him  as  a  slave,  imprisonment 
for  not  less  than  five  years,  nor  more  than  ten,  with  a  fine  not  less  than  a  thousand 
or  more  than  ten  thousand  dollars,  was  imposed,  the  purchaser,  knowing  the  facts, 


1807.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  501 

being  liable  to  a  fine  of  eight  hundred  dollars  for  each  person  purchased.  The 
persons  imported  were  to  be  subject  to  such  regulations,  not  contrary  to  this  act, 
as  the  respective  states  and  territories  might  make.  Coasting  vessels  transporting 
slaves  from  one  state  to  another  were  obliged  by  a  fine  of  one  hundred  dollars 
for  each  slave  to  insert  a  description  of  them  in  their  manifesto.  No  vessel  of 
less  than  forty  tons  could  transport  slaves  except  on  the  inland  bays  and  rivers. 
A  vessel  with  slaves  found  on  the  coast  was  confiscate,  the  master  subject  to  a 
fine  of  ten  thousand  dollars,  and  imprisonment.  The  negroes  on  such  vessel  to 
be  delivered  to  such  agents  as  the  states  might  appoint ;  where  no  such  appoint- 
ment was  made,  to  the  overseer  of  the  poor,  and  if  they  should  be  "  sold  or  dis- 
posed of,  the  penalties  of  the  act  to  attach  to  the  seller  and  purchaser."  The  act 
was  passed  after  a  long  and  very  violent  debate.  The  act  was  to  take  effect  on. 
the  1st  of  January,  1808. 

1807,  MARCH. — The  President,  by  proclamation,  suspended 
the  operation  of  the  act  prohibiting  the  importation  of  British 
goods  until  December. 

The  commissioners  to  England  had  concluded  a  treaty  which  the  President 
rejected. 

1807,  MARCH  11. — The  Philadelphia  Society  for  the  Encour- 
agement of  Manufactures  was  incorporated. 

Its  capital  was  ten  thousand  dollars,  with  the  right  to  increase  it  to  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  The  directors  were  empowered  to  advance,  either  cash  or  raw 
materials,  to  half  the  amount  of  the  finished  product,  to  be  deposited  in  their  ware- 
house, the  residue  to  be  paid  when  the  articles  were  sold,  deducting  interest  and 
a  commission  of  five  per  cent. 

1807.  —  A  VESSEL  was  navigated  by  a  screw  propeller,  from 
Eddy's  Point  to  Pautucket,  Rhode  Island. 

She  was  called  "  The  Experiment,"  was  about  one  hundred  feet  long,  and 
twenty  feet  wide.  The  screws  were  driven  by  eight  horses,  and  she  made  an 
average  of  four  miles  an  hour.  The  machinery  was  built  by  Jonathan  Nichols 
and  David  Given,  of  Providence,  and  the  vessel  was  built  by  John  S.  Eddy. 
It  was  the  first  attempted  realization  of  the  propeller. 

1807,  MAY.  —  The  news  was  received  that  Captain  Whitby,  of 
the  Leander,  had  been  honorably  acquitted  by  a  court-martial  at 
Plymouth,  England. 

1807,  JUNE  22. —  The  Chesapeake,  a  national  vessel,  was 
overhauled,  on  sailing  from  Hampton  Roads  for  the  Mediterra- 
nean, by  the  Leopard,  a  British  ship,  and  fired  into,  and  four 
sailors  claimed  as  deserters  carried  off. 

Three  of  the  Chesapeake's  crew  were  killed,  and  eighteen  wounded ;  she  was  un- 
able, for  want  of  preparation,  to  reply.  The  deserters  were  carried  to  Halifax, 
where  one,  an  Englishman,  was  hanged ;  the  three  others,  negroes,  who  had  de- 
serted from  an  American  ship,  and  were  natives,  were  pardoned  on  condition  of 
re-entering  the  British  service. 

1807,  JULY  2.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  ordering 


502  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1807. 

all  the  British  ships-of-war  to  leave  the  waters  of  the  United 
States,  and  forbidding  any  intercourse  with  them. 

The  proclamation  spoke  of  the  habitual  insolence  of  the  British  cruisers,  and 
expressed  the  belief  that  the  outrage  on  the  Chesapeake  was  unauthorized.  Con- 
gress was  called  together,  and  a  court  of  inquiry  was  ordered,  and  instructions 
were  sent  to  the  American  ministers  in  England  to  demand  reparation,  and  sus- 
pend all  other  negotiations  until  it  was  granted. 

1807,  SEPTEMBEB  1.  —  The  jury  in  the  trial  of  Aaron  Burr  for 
high  treason,  which  took  place  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  brought  in 
a  verdict  of  Not  guilty. 

Burr  had  been  sent  under  a  guard  from  Mississippi.  Chief  Justice  Marshall 
presided  at  the  trial.  Indictments  for  treason,  which  had  been  found  against 
Blennerhasset,  Dayton,  Smith,  Tyler,  and  Floyd,  as  accessories,  were  abandoned. 
On  September  9th  a  verdict  of  Not  guilty  was  returned,  also  on  a  charge  of  setting 
on  foot  within  the  United  States  a  hostile  expedition  against  the  Spanish  prov- 
inces. 

Aaron  Burr  died  in  183G,  aged  80. 

1807,  OCTOBER.  —  The  English  government  sent  an  agent  to 
the  United  States  to  settle  the  affair  of  the  Chesapeake. 

As  soon  as  the  news  of  the  outrage  was  received  in  England,  the  ministry  dis- 
owned the  act,  offered  reparation,  and  sent  orders  for  the  recall  of  Admiral 
Birkeley,  in  command  of  the  North  American  station,  by  whose  orders  the  captain 
of  the  Leopard  had  acted.  The  instructions  sent  to  the  American  ministers  having 
made  it  impossible  for  them  to  conclude  the  matter,  this  agent  was  sent  to  do  so. 

1807,  OCTOBER.  —  The  General  Society  of  Mechanics  was  in- 
corporated in  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

It  was  to  promote  the  mechanic  arts,  and  assist  young  mechanics  by  loans. 

1807.  —  THE  "  Clermont "  was  launched  in  the  spring. 

Being  supplied  with  a  steam-engine  made  by  Watt  and  Boulton  in  England, 
she  made  her  first  trip  to  Albany  in  thirty-two  hours,  the  distance  being  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles.  She  was  built  by  the  firm  of  Livingston  and  Fulton. 

1807.  — THE  duty  on  salt  was  repealed. 

The  act  to  take  effect  after  December  31. 

1807,  DECEMBER  22.  —  Congress  laid  an  embargo  on  all  shipping 
in  the  ports  of  the  United  States. 

The  departure  of  any  vessel  from  any  port  of  the  United  States,  bound  to  any 
foreign  port,  was  forbidden,  except  by  the  express  permission  of  the  President. 
Foreign  armed  vessels,  with  public  commissions,  and  foreign  merchant  ships  in 
ballast,  or  with  only  such  cargo  as  they  had  when  notified  of  the  act,  were  also 
excepted.  Coasting  vessels  were  to  give  bonds,  in  double  the  value  of  their 
cargoes,  to  reland  the  same  in  the  United  States. 

1807.  — THE  American  Botanical  Society  took  the  name  of  the 
Philadelphia  Linnajan  Society. 


1808.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  503 

1808.  —  Two  Indian  treaties  were  made  this  year,  by  which 
territory  was  ceded  to  the  United  States. 

The  Choctaws  ceded  the  territory  lying  between  the  settlements  about  Natchez, 
and  those  on  the  Tombigbee,  now  forming  the  southern  part  of  Mississippi.  The 
consideration  was  $50,000  to  pay  their  debts  to  traders,  a  present  of  $500  to  each 
of  the  three  principal  chiefs,  with  an  annuity  during  their  chieftainship  of  $50,  and 
a  yearly  payment  to  the  tribe  of  $3000  in  goods.  The  Ottawas,  Chippeways,  Wy- 
andots,  and  Pottawatomies  ceded  the  territory  north  of  the  Maumee,  from  the 
junction  of  the  Au  Glaze,  extending  to  the  Detroit  River  and  Lake  Huron, 
including  a  large  part  of  Michigan.  The  consideration  was  $10,000  in  goods, 
and  an  annuity  of  $2400. 

1808,  JANUARY  8.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  supplementary  to 
the  embargo. 

All  coasting  and  fishing-vessels  were  required  to  give  bonds  to  reland  their 
cargoes  in  the  United  States,  all  vessels  violating  it  to  be  confiscated  with  their 
cargoes,  the  masters  being  fined,  and  the  owners  liable  for  double  the  value  of  the 
vessel  and  cargo.  The  coasting-vessels  were  found  to  take  advantage  of  the  act 
as  passed  before,  to  engage  in  the  West  India  trade> 

1808,  MARCH  2. —  A  betterment  law  was  passed  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Massachusetts. 

This  was  intended  to  quiet  the  disaffection  of  the  actual  settlers  upon  the  unim- 
proved territory  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts.  The  Plymouth  Company  had  exer- 
cised their  claims  with  great  harshness,  and  the  people  were  consequently  very 
much  discontented.  Writs  of  right  were  limited  to  forty  years,  and  writs  of  entry 
to  thirty.  It  provided  that  the  settler  should  pay  the  value  of  the  land  within  a 
year. 

1808.  —  AN  act  was  passed  by  the  Massachusetts  legislature 
limiting  the  issue  of  bank-bills. 

Banks  should  not  issue  bills  less  than  five  dollars  to  a  greater  amount  than 
fifteen  per  cent,  of  their  capital. 

1808,  MARCH  12.  —  Another  act  supplementary  to  the  embargo 
was  passed  by  Congress. 

Boats  and  vessels  of  all  kinds  were  made  subject  to  the  embargo.  Foreign 
vessels  were  forbidden  to  carry  cargoes  from  one  part  of  the  United  States  to 
another  without  first  giving  bonds  not  to  proceed  to  a  foreign  country.  The 
masters  of  fishing-vessels  were  forced  to  declare,  on  oath,  that  they  had  landed 
no  fish  at  any  foreign  port.  Land-carriages  were  submitted  to  the  same  restric- 
tions, under  penalty  of  forfeiture  with  their  loads  and  horses. 

1808,  MARCH  18.  —  The  envoy  from  England  returned  home. 

He  had  demanded  the  recall  of  the  proclamation  forbidding  British  ships  from 
entering  American  waters,  as  a  preliminary  to  an  offer  on  his  part  of  reparation. 
To  the  promise  that  the  proclamation  would  be  withdrawn  should  his  offer  prove 
satisfactory  he  would  not  accede,  and  returned  to  consult  his  government. 

1808.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  making  an  addition  to  the  reg- 
ular army  of  six  thousand  men. 

They  were  to  be  enlisted  for  five  years,  unless  sooner  discharged.     The  Pres- 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1808. 

ident  was  also  authorized  to  call  out  100,000  militia,  and  $300,000  were  appropri- 
ated for  the  purchase  of  munitions. 

1808,  APRIL  8.  —  Gallatin,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  made 
a  report  on  the  subject  of  internal  improvements. 

It  stated  that  a  great  number  of  roads  had  been  built  in  the  eastern  and  middle 
states,  while  few  had  been  constructed  south  of  the  Potomac.  The  roads  were 
chielly  turnpikes,  varying  in  cost  from  less  than  a  thousand  dollars  a  mile  to  four- 
teen thousand.  The  toll  collected  paid  an  interest  on  the  investment  varying  from 
less  than  three  to  eleven  per  cent.  Connecticut  since  1803  had  incorporated  fifty 
turnpike  companies.  In  New  York,  in  less  than  seven  years,  sixty-seven  compa- 
nies, with  a  nominal  capital  of  about  five  millions,  had  been  incorporated  to  build 
roads ;  and  twenty-one,  with  a  capital  of  four  hundred  thousand  dollars,  had  been 
incorporated  to  build  toll-bridges.  It  was  recommended  that  two  millions  of  the 
revenue  be  spent  yearly  for  ten  years  in  improving  the  communication  between 
different  parts  of  the  Union,  and  several  special  measures  for  this  were  mentioned. 

1808.  —  THE  Theological  Seminary  at  Andover  was  founded. 

1808.  —  THE  legislature  of  Kentucky  enacted  that  free  negroes 
coming  into  the  state  should  give  security  to  leave  within  twenty 
days,  or  should  be  sold  for  a  year. 

If  twenty  days  after  the  expiration  of  the  year  they  were  remaining  in  the 
state,  the  process  was  repeated. 

1808,  APRIL  25. —  Congress  passed  a  third  act  supplementary 
to  the  embargo. 

All  lake,  river,  and  bay  craft  were  required  to  clear  in  due  form,  and  furnish 
proof  within  two  months  that  their  cargoes  had  been  relanded  in  the  United 
States.  Sea-going  vessels  were  forbidden  to  take  in  any  cargo  except  under  the 
inspection  of  a  custom-house  officer.  Collectors  were  authorized  to  seize  all  sus- 
pected vessels.  Except  with  the  permission  of  the  President,  no  clearances  were 
to  be  granted  to  vessels  for  ports  adjacent  to  foreign  territories.  Unusual  collec- 
tions of  goods  in  any  such  ports  were  to  be  seized  and  detained  until  their  owners 
should  give  bonds  not  to  carry  them  out  of  the  United  States.  All  coasting-trade 
was  entirely  forbidden  to  foreign  vessels. 

1808,  APRIL.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  empowering  the  Presi- 
dent to  appoint  agents  to  grant  licenses  for  the  transportation  of 
flour  from  one  American  seaport  to  another. 

The  permits  to  do  this  were  to  be  given  only  to  those  who  could  be  relied  upon 
not  to  make  use  of  them  for  the  exportation  of  merchandise. 

1808.  —  SOUP-KITCHENS  were  opened  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
in  Portland,  Maine,  and  in  other  places. 

The  embargo  had  caused  a  great  deal  of  commercial  distress. 

1808.  —  JOSEPH  CHARLESS,  in  July,  commenced  in  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  the  Missouri  Gazette. 

This  was  the  first  newspaper  in  St.  Louis,  and  the  first  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  now  continued  as  the  Missouri  Republican. 


1808-9.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  505 

1808.  —  THE  laws  of  Louisiana  (Territory),  printed  this  year 
in  St.  Louis,  was  the  first  book  printed  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

1808.  —  THE  first  newspaper  in  Indiana  appeared  in  Vincennes. 

1808,  JUNE  23.  —  Importation  of  merchandise  of  American 
growth  or  manufacture  to  Great  Britain  was  permitted  by  an  act 
of  parliament. 

They  were  permitted  in  either  British  or  American  vessels,  and  were  subject  to 
such  duties  only  as  the  same  commodities  from  other  countries  paid. 

1808,  SEPTEMBER  15.  —  The  viceroy  of  Mexico,  Don  Jos£  Itur- 
rigaray,  was  deposed  by  an  insurrection,  and  sent  as  a  captive  to 
Spain. 

It  was  the  Spaniards  who  made  the  insurrection ;  they  favored  the  French  pol- 
icy of  Napoleon;  the  Creoles  supported  the  Bourbons,  having  publicly  burned  a 
proclamation  of  King  Joseph,  whom  Napoleon  had  made  king  of  Spain.  Iturri- 
garay  was  succeeded  as  viceroy  by  Vanegas. 

1808.  —  THE  South  Carolina  Homespun  Society  was  incorpo- 
rated with  a  capital  of  thirty  thousand  dollars,  to  promote  domes- 
tic manufactures. 

1808,  OCTOBER.  —  The  American  Patriot  appeared  in  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire. 

It  was  established  by  William  Hoit.  In  1809  it  was  purchased  by  Isaac  Hill, 
and  its  name  changed  to  the  New  Hampshire  Patriot.  It  was  a  Democratic  sheet. 

1801-1809.  —  THIRD  administration. 

President,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia. 

Vice-Presidents  (  Aaron  Burr'  of  New  York)  180L 

v  George  Clinton,  of  New  York,  March  4,  1805. 

Secretary  of  State,  James  Madison,  of  Virginia,  March  5,  1801. 

Secretaries  of  Treasury,  (  Samuel  Dexter'  of  Mass"'  continued  in  offlce- 

<•  Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pennsylvania,  January  26,  1802. 

Secretary  of  War,  Henry  Dearborn,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1801. 

C  Benjamin  Stoddert,  of  Maryland,  continued  in  office. 
Secretaries  of  Navy,        j  Robert  Smith,  of  Maryland,  January  26,  1802. 

I  Jacob  Crowninshield,  of  Mass.,  March  2,  1805. 

Postmasters-General,       -f  JosePh  Habersham>  of  Georgia,  continued  in  office. 
*•  Gideon  Granger,  of  Connecticut,  January  26,  1802. 

(Levi  Lincoln,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1801. 
Robert  Smith,  of  Maryland,  March  3,  1805. 
John  Breckenridge,  of  Kentucky,  January  17,  180G. 
Caesar  Rodney,  of  Delaware,  January  20,  1807. 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Nathaniel  Macon,  of  North  Carolina,  Seventh  Congress,  1801. 
Joseph  B.  Varnum,  of  Massachusetts,  Eighth  Congress,  1803. 
Nathaniel  Macon,  of  North  Carolina,  Ninth  Congress,  1805. 
Joseph  B.  Varnum,  of  Massachusetts,  Tenth  Congress,  1807. 


506  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1809. 

1809,  JANUARY  9.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  "more  effectually 
to  enforce  the  embargo." 

It  was  called  "the  enforcing  act."  Every  attempt  to  avoid  the  embargo  worked 
the  forfeiture  of  the  ship,  boat,  or  vehicle,  and  was  subject  to  a  fine  of  foxir  times 
the  value  of  the  merchandise,  one  half  the  fine  to  go  to  the  informer.  Collectors 
were  given  ample  power  to  seize  suspected  goods.  The  President  was  given  power 
to  employ  the  army  and  navy  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  embargo,  and  ad- 
dressed a  circular  to  the  governors  of  the  states,  calling  upon  them  to  use  the 
militia.  The  summer  before,  troops  had  been  used  to  prevent  the  inland  trade 
through  Lake  Champlain  to  Canada,  and  blood  had  been  shed.  The  commercial 
towns  of  New  England  suffered  the  most  severely  from  the  embargo,  and  were 
most  violent  in  their  protests  against  it. 

1809,  FEBRUARY  3.  —  The  embargo  was  repealed  by  Congress. 

The  act  to  take  effect  on  the  15th  of  March. 

1809.  —  CONGRESS  erected  the  territory  of  Illinois. 

It  embraced  the  present  states  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  Kaskaskia  was  made 
the  seat  of  government,  and  Ninian  Edwards  was  appointed  governor. 

1809,  FEBRUARY  27. —  Congress  passed  a  non-intercourse  act. 

It  forbade  all  commercial  intercourse  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain, France,  or  their  dependencies,  after  the  20th  of  May.  In  case  either  of  these 
nations  should  repeal  its  offensive  orders  or  decrees,  the  President  was  authorized 
to  reopen  trade  with  that  country  by  proclamation. 

1809.  —  THE  Athenian  Society  was  formed  at  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land. 

It  was  incorporated  the  next  year  with  a  share  capital  of  $20,000.  Its  object 
was  to  encourage  domestic  manufactures  by  advances  made  on  their  products,  and 
Belling  them  on  commission.  Its  sales  were  over  $17,000  the  first  year. 

1809.  —  ROBERT  FULTON  took  out  his  first  patent  in  the  United 
States  for  improvements  in  steamboats,  they  being  the  adaptation 
of  paddle-wheels  to  the  axle  of  the  crank  of  Watts'  engine. 

He  was  granted  a  second  patent  in  1811,  and  the  same  year  appointed  a  com- 
missioner by  New  York>  to  explore  the  route  of  an  inland  navigation  from  the 
Hudson  River  to  the  Lakes. 

1809,  MARCH  4.  —  James  Madison  was  inaugurated  President. 

He  took  the  oath  of  office  in  the  Hall  of  Representatives,  the  Senate,  the  Cab- 
inet, and  foreign  ministers,  with  citizens,  being  present. 

1809.  —  THE  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act  making 
education  free. 

Children  between  the  ages  of  five  and  twelve,  whose  parents  should  report 
themselves  as  too  poor  to  pay  for  their  schooling,  could  attend  the  most  convenient 
school  at  the  public  expense. 

1809,  MARCH  10.  —  The  committee  of  the  Rhode  Island  legis- 
lature, appointed  to  inquire  into  the  situation  of  the  Farmers' 
Exchange  Bank  of  Gloucester,  reported. 


1809.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  507 

The  bank  went  into  operation  in  1804.  On  February  9,  1809,  it  had  issued 
$648,043  of  its  bills,  of  which  $580,000  were  then  out,  and  the  bank  had  in  specie 

$86. 1C. 

1809.  —  AN  Englishman  built  a  mill  on  the  present  site  of  Roch- 
ester, which  was  still  a  wilderness. 

1809,  APRIL  19.  —  The  President,  in  a  proclamation,  announced 
the  cessation  of  the  non-intercourse  act  with  Great  Britain  and 
her  dependencies  after  June  10. 

Great  Britain,  in  reparation  for  the  Chesapeake,  agreed  to  return  the  men,  and 
make  a  ' '  suitable  provision  for  the  unfortunate  sufferers  on  that  occasion ;  "  also  to 
send  an  envoy  extraordinary  with  full  powers  to  conclude  a  treaty  on  all  points  of 
dispute,  and  withdraw  the  orders  in  council,  if  the  President  would  issue  a  proc- 
lamation for  the  renewal  of  intercourse  with  her. 

1809,  AUGUST  9.  —  A  proclamation  by  the  President  recalled 
that  of  April  19. 

The  British  government  had  refused  to  ratify  the  arrangement  made  by  their 
minister.  This  recall  left  in  force  the  non-importation  act  which  forbade  all  impor- 
tation from  France  or  England  or  their  dependencies.  Erskine,  the  minister  who 
had  made  the  arrangement,  was  replaced  by  Francis  James  Jackson. 

1809,  NOVEMBER  13.  —  The  British  minister,  Jackson,  withdrew 
from  Washington,  and  asked  for  special  passports  to  return  to 
England. 

In  his  official  correspondence  with  the  American  government,  he  had  made 
etatements  which  were  used  as  a  reason  to  refuse  to  receive  further  communica- 
tions from  him,  and  a  ground  for  asking  his  recall. 

1809,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  Columbian  Agricultural  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Rural  and  Domestic  Economy  was  formed  at 
Georgetown,  D.  C. 

It  held  an  exhibition  with  premiums  the  next  year,  which  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  held  in  the  country. 

1809.  —  THE  sixth  volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  contained  a  Geological  Survey  of  the  United 
States  by  William  Maclure. 

It  was  dated  January  10,  and  was  the  first  of  the  kind.  Mr.  Maclure  had  made 
the  survey  at  his  own  expense,  and  had  travelled  extensively  about  the  country 
for  the  purpose  of  his  survey.  He  had  also  made  a  geological  map  of  the  United 
States. 

1809. —  THE  consul  at  Lisbon,  William  Jarvis,  of  Vermont, 
sent  over  to  the  country  some  thousands  of  merino  sheep. 

He  purchased  fourteen  hundred  of  the  crown  flocks  of  the  Escurial,  which 
were  sold  by  order  of  Napoleon,  and  also  shipped  about  two  thousand  more. 
Others  made  further  shipments.  Though  a  few  specimens  of  merino  sheep  had 
been  before  imported,  this  was  the  immediate  cause  of  their  general  introduc- 
tion. 


508  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1810. 

1810,  MARCH  1.  —  A  cortes,  or  council  of  the  whole  nation, 
met  at  Cadiz,  Spain. 

Representatives  were  present  from  Mexico. 

1810,  MARCH.  —  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  a  law 
forbidding  incorporated  companies  from  issuing  notes  or  perform- 
ing the  functions  of  banks. 

1810.  —  THE  first  house  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  city  of 
Rochester,  New  York. 

In  1812  it  was  laid  out  as  a  village  by  Nathaniel  Rochester  and  two  associates. 
In  1817  it  was  incorporated,  and  in  1834  received  a  city  charter. 

1810.  —  THE  Adirondack  Iron  and  Steel  Company  was  incor- 
porated with  a  capital  of  one  million  dollars. 

The  first  furnace  was  built  in  a  secluded  spot  among  the  Adirondack  Hills. 
Subsequently  the  first  cast  steel  was  made  by  them. 

1810.  —  ELKANAH  WATSON  exhibited  three  merino  sheep  at 
Pittsfield,  Massachusetts. 

1810.  —  THE  census  of  this  year  gave  returns  from  eleven 
states  and  territories. 

It  gave  two  thousand,  five  hundred  and  twenty-six  saw-mills  for  common  pur- 
poses, and  twenty-one  mahogany-mills :  of  these,  all  the  mahogany-mills  and 
nineteen  hundred  and  ninety-five  of  the  others  belonged  to  Pennsylvania.  The 
quantity  of  lumber  sawed  was  ninety-four  million  feet,  of  which  seventy-four  were 
sawed  in  Pennsylvania.  From  New  York  and  several  other  of  the  lumber  states 
there  was  no  return.  Maryland  had  three  hundred  and  ninety-nine  wheat -mills. 
The  county  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  had  twenty-two  grist  and  twenty-eight 
saw-mills. 

1810,  MARCH  13.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  organized  a 
commission  to  examine  and  report  upon  the  route  for  inland  nav- 
igation from  the  Hudson  to  the  Lakes. 

1810.  —  CONGRESS  introduced  the  rule,  at  its  session  this  year, 
of  setting  apart  one  day  in  the  week  for  the  consideration  of 
private  bills. 

1810,  MARCH  23.  — France  issued  a  decree,  known  as  the  Ram- 
bouillet  Decree,  ordering  the  sale  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-two 
American  vessels,  with  their  cargoes,  which  had  been  seized  for 
violating  the  French  decrees. 

The  vessels  with  their  cargoes  were  estimated  as  worth  eight  millions  of  dol- 
lars. The  proceeds  of  the  sale  were  to  be  deposited  in  the  Caisse  d'Amortisse- 
ment.  All  American  vessels,  entering  subsequently  any  French  port,  or  port 
occupied  by  French  arms,  were  to  be  treated  similarly.  The  decree  was  not  pro- 
mulgated until  May. 

^  1810,  APRIL.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  excluding  French  and 
English  war-ships  from  American  waters. 


1810.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  509 

The  non-importation  act  was  to  expire  with  the  session,  and  the  President  was 
authorized  to  announce  it  by  proclamation  in  case  either  France  or  England  should 
recall  their  offensive  acts ;  or  if  one  of  them  should  do  so,  and  the  other  should 
not,  the  non-importation  act  should  in  three  months  be  revived  against  it  by  proc- 
lamation. 

1810.  —  CONGRESS  appropriated  sixty  thousand  dollars  more  for 
the  construction  of  the  Cumberland  turnpike. 

The  discussion  of  schemes  for  internal  improvements  began,  and  it  was  pro- 
posed in  Congress  that  the  government  should  take  half  the  stock  in  the  compa- 
nies formed  for  making  a  canal  from  Boston  to  Narragansett  Bay ;  from  New  York 
to  the  Delaware ;  from  the  Delaware  to  the  Chesapeake ;  from  the  Chesapeake 
to  Albemarle  Sound ;  from  New  York  to  Lakes  Champlain,  Ontario,  and  Erie ; 
round  the  Falls  of  Niagara ;  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Ohio ;  round  the  Falls  of  the 
Ohio ;  from  the  Appomattox  to  the  Roanoke ;  from  the  Tennessee  to  the  Tombig- 
bee.  Turnpike  roads,  to  form  a  great  mail  route  from  Maine  to  Georgia,  were 
also  proposed. 

1810,  MAY  22. —  Instructions  were  sent  to  Pinckney,  the  min- 
ister to  England,  that  if  no  successor  was  appointed  to  Jackson, 
who  had  been  recalled,  he  should  leave  his  post  and  return  home. 

1810,  AUGUST  5.  —  France  announced  that  the  Berlin  and  Milan 
decrees  were  revoked,  the  revocation  to  take  effect  after  the  1st 
of  November. 

"It  being  understood,"  so  the  minister  notified  ours  in  Paris,  "that  in  conse- 
quence of  this  declaration,  the  English  shall  revoke  their  orders  in  council,  and 
renounce  the  new  principles  of  blockade  which  they  have  wished  to  establish,  or 
that  the  United  States,  conformably  to  the  act  of  May,  shall  cause  their  rights  to 
be  respected  by  the  English." 

1810,  AUGUST  31.  —  The  English  government  responded  to  a 
demand  from  the  American  minister  for  a  repeal  of  the  orders  in 
council,  that  they  would  be  withdrawn  as  soon  as  the  French 
decrees  should  be  actually  repealed,  and  commerce  restored  to 
its  condition  prior  to  their  promulgation. 

1810,  SEPTEMBER  10.  —  Miguel  Hidalgo  y  Costilla  began  his 
insurrection  against  the  rule  of  the  Spaniards  in  Mexico. 

He  was  a  curate  of  Dolores. 

1810.  —  THE  population  of  Mexico  was  estimated  at  six  mil- 
lions, of  whom  more  than  half  were  pure  Indians. 

1810,  OCTOBER  27.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  tak- 
ing possession  of  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi  under  the  treaty 
ceding  Louisiana. 

The  province  of  "West  Florida  had  revolted  from  the  jurisdiction  of  Spain,  and, 
declaring  themselves  independent,  asked  aid  and  protection  from  the  United  States. 
Mobile  was  still  held  by  a  Spanish  governor  from  whom  they  feared  an  attack. 
Claiborne,  the  governor  of  Orleans  Territory,  was  sent  to  take  possession  of  the 
east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  with  orders  to  use  the  military,  if  necessary,  but 


510  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1810-11. 

make  no  resistance  against  any  place  held  by  the  Spaniards.  A  body  of  the  in- 
surgents from  Baton  Rouge  having  threatened  Mobile,  the  Spanish  governor  wrote 
the  government  offering  to  treat  for  the  transfer  of  the  entire  province. 

1810,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  an- 
nouncing the  repeal  of  the  French  decrees,  and  the  consequent 
cessation  of  the  exclusion  of  French  armed  ships  from  the  ports 
of  the  United  States. 

The  proclamation  was  based  upon  the  promise  of  the  French  government  to 
repeal  the  decrees  at  this  date. 

1811,  JANUARY  3. —  Congress,  in  secret  session,  passed  a  reso- 
lution of  unwillingness  to  allow  a  territory  like  Florida,  in  which 
the  United  States  had  such  an  interest,  to  pass  into  the  posses- 
sion of  any  foreign  power  from  the  hands  of  Spain. 

The  English  charge  d'affaires  had  protested  against  the  occupation  of  Florida, 
and  his  letter,  with  that  of  the  Spanish  governor  of  Mobile,  had  been  laid  before 
Congress.  On  the  5th,  also  in  secret  session,  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  the 
President  to  take  possession  of  East  as  well  as  of  West  Florida,  under  any 
arrangement  with  the  local  authorities;  and  if  any  foreign  power  attempted  to 
take  possession,  to  repel  force  by  force.  The  act  was  not  made  public  for  some 
months. 

1811,  JANUARY  14.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  authorizing  a  con- 
vention in  the  territory  of  Orleans  to  form  a  state  constitution. 

The  constitution  was  to  adopt  the  trial  by  jury  in  criminal  cases,  and  make 
English  the  official  language.  During  the  debate  upon  this  bill,  it  was  objected  to 
by  Quincy,  the  member  of  the  House  from  Massachusetts,  on  the  ground  that  it 
was  unconstitutional,  there  being  no  authority  in  the  Constitution  for  the  erection 
of  states  out  of  territory  acquired  after  the  acceptance  of  that  instrument.  In  the 
course  of  his  remarks  he  spoke  of  it  as  a  virtual  dissolution  of  the  Union,  making 
it  the  duty  of  the  objecting  states  to  separate  from  it,  peacefully  if  they  could,  but 
forcibly  if  they  must.  For  this  he  was  called  to  order,  appealed  from  the  decision 
of  the  chair,  and  was  sustained  by  the  House. 

1811,  FEBRUARY.  —  Augustus  J.  Foster  was  appointed  minister 
plenipotentiary  from  England  to  the  United  States,  to  take  the 
place  of  Jackson. 

1811,  FEBRUARY.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  a  gen- 
eral law  for  the  incorporation  of  manufacturing  companies. 
It  remained  in  force  until  1848. 

1811.  —  THE  non-importation  act  caused  exchange  on  England 
to  fall  below  par. 

It  went  as  low  as  twenty  per  cent,  below.  Specie  payments  being  suspended  in 
England,  gold  flowed  to  this  country. 

1811,  MARCH  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  revising  the  non- 
importation acts  of  1809  and  1810,  as  against  Great  Britain,  and 
authorizing  the  President  to  employ  the  army,  navy,  and  militia 
to  enforce  it. 


1811.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  51 1 

The  time  allowed  in  the  President's  proclamation  for  the  repeal  of  the  orders 
in  council  was  about  expiring. 

1811,  MARCH.  —  Fulton  and  Livingston,  at  Pittsburg,  built  the 
Orleans,  the  first  steamer  ever  run  on  the  western  rivers. 

She  was  built  under  the  superintendence  of  N.  J.  Roosevelt,  was  a  stern- 
wheeler,  and  made  her  first  trip  from  Pittsburg  to  New  Orleans  in  the  winter  of 
1812.  She  was  detained  by  low  water  at  Louisville,  and  was  wrecked  at  Baton 
Rouge  in  1814. 

1811.  —  THERE  was  disturbance  in  Massachusetts  upon  the 
Waldo  Patent. 

This  was  about  the  last  trouble  concerning  the  settlement  of  the  land  question 
in  Massachusetts. 

1811,  MAY  16.  —  An  engagement  took  place  off  the  coast  be- 
tween the  frigate  "  President,"  Captain  Rodgers,  and  the  English 
sloop-of-war  "  Little  Belt,"  Captain  Bingham. 

A  court  of  inquiry  decided  that  the  "Little  Belt"  fired  first.  The  affair  cre- 
ated a  great  excitement. 

1811,  JUNE.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  passed  an  act 
giving  tax-payers  the  right  of  paying  their  parish  taxes  to  the 
minister  of  such  denomination  as  they  chose. 

They  had  been,  under  the  construction  of  the  Supreme  Court,  obliged  to  pay 
them  to  the  Congregational  ministers. 

1811,  JULY  27. —  Miguel  Hidalgo  y  Costilla  was  executed. 

He  had  been  captured  in  March,  after  having  been  successful  enough  to  threaten 
the  city  of  Mexico. 

1811,  JULY.  —  There  were  this  month  five  steamboats  running 
from  New  York  to  Albany,  and  one  to  New  Brunswick.  On  the 
Delaware  there  was  one ;  on  Lake  Champlain  one ;  on  the  Ohio 
one ;  on  the  St.  Lawrence  one. 

Steam  ferry-boats  were  also  used  between  New  York  and  Jersey  city,  or  Paulus 
Hook.  Like  those  still  in  use,  they  had  rudders  at  each  end,  and  were  designed 
by  Fulton. 

1811,  SEPTEMBER  7. —  Nlles's  Register  appeared  in  Baltimore, 
Maryland. 

It  was  published  by  Hezekiah  Niles,  the  editor  of  the  Baltimore  Evening  Post. 
In  1827  his  son,  William  Ogden  Niles,' became  associated  with  it,  and  in  1836  con- 
tinued it  alone,  his  father  retiring.  It  ceased  to  appear  in  1848.  It  is  invaluable 
for  reference  concerning  the  history  of  the  country  during  the  period  of  its  pub- 
lication. 

1811.  —  THE  Federal  Republican  appeared  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land. 

It  was  edited  by  Alexander  Hanson,  and  violently  opposed  the  war  of  1812.  It 
was  twice  mobbed  during  the  war  —  once  on  June  22,  1812,  when  the  office  was 
destroyed,  and  again  July  26,  when  an  armed  resistance  was  made,  and  several  of 


512  AXXALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1811-12. 

the  crowd  shot,  one  being  killed.  The  military  was  called  out,  and  the  defenders 
of  the  paper  were  conducted  to  prison,  charged  with  murder.  That  night  the  mob 
sacked  the  prison,  some  of  the  defenders  escaped,  and  others  were  beaten  by  the 
crowd.  General  Henry  Lee  was  maimed  for  life,  and  General  Lingan  lulled. 

1811.  —  THERE  were  this  year  eighty-eight  banks  in  the  United 
States. 

Their  capital  was  forty-two  million  and  six  hundred  thousand  dollars,  their 
circulation  twenty-two  million  and  seven  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  their 
specie  nine  million  and  six  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1811,  OCTOBER  5.  —  The  "  Merino  Society  "  of  the  middle  states 
held  its  first  meeting  at  the  farm  of  its  president,  Mr.  Caldwell, 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

1811,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  offer  of  reparation  for  the  Chesapeake 
outrage  was  accepted. 

It  was  made  by  Foster,  and  consisted  of  a  renewed  disavowal  of  Berkeley's 
orders,  the  restoration  of  the  seamen  who  had  been  impressed,  and  a  pecuniary 
compensation  to  the  families  of  those  who  were  killed. 

1811,  NOVEMBER  8.  —  An  encounter  with  the  Indians  took  place 
near  Terre  Haute. 

A  force  under  Harrison  had  advanced  towards  Tippecanoe  —  an  Indian  village 
settled  by  Tecumseh  and  his  brother,  the  prophet,  who  were  engaged  in  organiz- 
ing a  confederacy  of  the  tribes.  The  Indians  attacked  the  camp,  but  were  driven 
back,  and  Harrison  with  his  force  returned  to  Vincennes. 

1811,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  President's  speech  at  the  opening  of 
Congress  was  received  in  Philadelphia  in  nine  hours  and  a  half, 
and  in  Boston  in  sixty-four  hours. 

It  was  sent  by  special  express,  and  was  considered  an  instance  of  extraordinary 
dispatch. 

1812,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  total  debt  of  the  United  States  was 
forty-five  million,  thirty-five  thousand,  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
three  dollars  and  seventy  cents. 

This  included  the  fifteen  millions  loaned  to  pay  for  Louisiana. 

1812,  JANUARY.  —  Congress  passed  bills  for  increasing  the 
army,  and  appropriating  $1,900,000  for  the  purchase  of  munitions 
of  war. 

Twenty-five  thousand  regulars  were  to  be  enlisted  for  five  years,  or  until  dis- 
charged. Bounties  were  paid  of  sixteen  dollars,  three  months'  extra  pay  when 
discharged,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  land.  The  President  was  also 
authorized  to  accept  within  two  years  fifty  thousand  volunteers  for  twelve  months, 
to  clothe  themselves,  but  be  armed  by  the  United  States. 

1812,  FEBRUARY.  —  At  this  time  Oliver  Evans,  the  first  steam- 
engine  builder,  had  ten  of  his  engines  in  operation,  and  orders 
for  ten  more. 

They  were  from  ten  to  twenty-five  horse-power,  and  were  used,  one  in  Florida, 


1812.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  513 

two  in  Louisiana,  one  in  Kentucky,  one  in  Mississippi,  one  in  Ohio,  two  in  Penn- 
sylvania, one  in  Connecticut,  and  one  in  his  works  in  Philadelphia. 

1812,  MAKCH  9.  —  The  President  communicated  to  Congress 
such  documentary  evidence  as  he  possessed  of  a  plot  in  the  New 
England  States  to  divide  the  Union. 

A  certain  John  Henry,  an  Irishman  by  birth,  but  a  naturalized  American,  had 
been  engaged  by  the  governor  of  Canada,  Sir  James  Craig,  in  1809,  to  go  to 
Boston  and  report  whether  the  discontent  with  the  embargo  was  such  as  to  make 
it  probable  that  the  state  would  be  desirous  of  severing  its  connection  with  the 
Union,  and  forming  some  relation  with  England.  If  there  was  any  such  prospect, 
he  was  authorized  to  show  his  instructions.  Henry  was  about  three  months  in 
Boston.  As  the  English  government  did  not  reward  him,  he  went  to  Washington, 
and  for  his  documents  was  paid  by  the  President  fifty  thousand  dollars  out  of  the 
secret-service  fund,  and  sailed  for  France  the  day  the  documents  were  presented 
to  Congress  as  a  bearer  of  dispatches.  The  disclosure  made  a  great  sensation  for 
a  short  time,  but  as  there  was  absolutely  nothing  in  it,  and  the  English  govern- 
ment stated  that  Craig  had  acted  only  on  his  own  responsibility,  it  soon  died  away 

1812,  MARCH  29.  —  The  Cortes,  at  Cadiz,  accepted  a  consti- 
tution. 

The  government  was  to  be  an  hereditary  monarchy,  and  the  legislative  branch 
to  consist  of  deputies. 

1812,  APRIL  4. —  Congress  passed  an  act  laying  an  embargo 
for  ninety  days. 

It  forbade  the  sailing  of  any  vessel  for  a  foreign  port,  except  foreign  ones, 
with  such  cargoes  as  they  had  on  board  at  the  passage  of  the  act. 

1812,  APRIL.  —  Congress  passed  acts  supplementary  to  the 
embargo. 

Exportations  by  land  were  forbidden.  The  President  was  authorized  to  call 
upon  the  states  for  their  respective  quotas.  Whipping  in  the  army  was  abolished ; 
a  corps  of  engineers  was  formed,  and  the  ordnance  department  organized.  Pro- 
fessorships were  established  at  West  Point  for  the  education  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  cadets. 

1812,  APRIL  8.  —  Louisiana  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

A  constitution  had  been  adopted  giving  the  suffrage  to  all  white  tax-paying 
male  citizens  residents  for  a  year  of  the  state.  It  recognized  the  freedom  of  the 
press.  The  legislature  was  to  select  as  governor  one  of  two  candidates  having 
the  most  votes  in  a  popular  election.  Claiborne  was  elected  the  first  governor. 

1812,  APRIL  14. —  Congress  passed  an  act  annexing  to  Louis- 
iana that  part  of  Florida  lying  west  of  the  Pearl  River. 

1812,  MAY.  —  The  French  government  produced  a  decree, 
dated  April  28,  1811,  by  which  the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees 
were  ordered  to  be  considered  as  not  having  existed,  so  far  as 
American  vessels  were  concerned,  since  November  1,  1810. 

The  decree  had  never  been  published. 

33 


514  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1812. 

1812,  MAY  14.  —  The  remaining  part  of  Florida  was  annexed 
to  the  Mississippi  territory. 

1812,  JUNE  4.  —  The  territory  north  of  Louisiana  was  given 
the  name  of  Missouri. 

1812. —  CANADA  at  this  time  was  divided  into  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada.  Lower  Canada,  comprising  the  old  settlements 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  contained  about  three  hundred  thousand 
inhabitants.  Upper  Canada,  comprising  the  settlements  above 
Montreal,  contained  about  one  hundred  thousand  inhabitants. 

Each  had  its  own  governor  and  legislature,  the  governor  of  Lower  Canada 
being  governor-general,  •with  a  superintending  power  over  both  divisions.  The 
regular  force  in  the  territory  did  not  exceed  two  thousand  men. 

1812,  JUNE  18.  —  Congress  made  a  declaration  of  war  against 
Great  Britain. 

The  President  had  sent  a  confidential  message  to  Congress  on  the  1st,  recapit- 
ulating the  charges  against  Great  Britain ;  the  impressment  of  seamen ;  her  in- 
fringement upon  the  maritime  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States ;  her  disturbance 
of  the  peace  of  our  waters ;  her  paper  blockades ;  her  violation  of  the  neutral 
rights  of  the  United  States ;  her  determination  to  maintain  her  orders  in  council ; 
and  her  supposed  instigation  of  Indian  hostilities.  The  debate  upon  this  message 
was  carried  on  with  closed  doors.  An  issue  was  authorized  of  five  millions  in 
treasury  notes,  bearing  six  per  cent,  interest,  and  receivable  for  all  dues  to  the 
treasury.  The  import  duties  were  doubled,  and  ten  per  cent,  additional  imposed 
on  foreign  vessels. 

1812,  JUNE  23.  —  The  English  government  revoked  the  orders 
in  council  of  January,  1807,  and  April,  1809. 

They  had  been  notified  by  the  American  minister  of  the  French  decree.  The 
revocation  contained  a  proviso  for  the  renewal  of  the  orders  should  the  American 
government,  after  due  notice,  still  persist  in  their  non-importation  and  other  hos- 
tile acts. 

1812,  JUNE  26.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  Congress  consolidating 
the  new  levies  with  the  regular  army. 

The  army  was  to  consist  of  twenty-five  regiments  of  infantry,  four  of  artillery, 
two  of  dragoons,  and  one  of  riflemen,  making  a  total  of  36,700  men.  At  the 
declaration  it  really  consisted  of  about  10,000  men,  one  half  of  whom  were  new- 
recruits.  An  act  was  also  passed  regulating  privateers,  and  appropriations  made 
for  coast  defence,  the  navy,  and  the  expense  of  keeping  and  exchanging  prisoners. 

1812,  JULY  1.  —  The  duties  on  imports  were  doubled. 

The  prices  of  all  articles  doubled  on  the  average  during  the  war,  and  in  many 
instances  rose  even  higher.  Wages  advanced  fifty  per  cent,  on  the  average. 

1812,  JULY  17.  —  Fort  Michilimackinack  was  captured  by  an 
allied  force  of  British  and  Indians. 

The  fort  was  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Hanks.  The  force  consisted  of  fifty- 
seven  effective  men.  The  British,  commanded  by  Captain  Roberts,  numbered 


1812.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  515 

ten  hundred  and  twenty-one.     The  garrison  were  sent  as  prisoners  on  parole  to 
the  United  States,  not  to  serve  in  the  war  until  regularly  exchanged. 

1812,  JULY.  —  A  cartel  ship  was  sent  to  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, from  Halifax,  to  deliver  on  board  the  United  States  frigate 
Chesapeake  the  three  seamen  taken  from  her  by  the  British 
frigate  Leopard. 

1812,  JULY  20.  —  The  United  States  schooner  Nautilus,  Lieu- 
tenant Crane  commanding,  was  captured  after  an  eight  hours' 
chase  by  the  British  fleet,  Commodore  Brooke  commander. 

1812,  JULY  27.  —  The  American  representative  in  England 
was  authorized  to  modify  the  proposition  for  an  armistice,  which 
had  been  sent  by  the  British  minister,  who  returned  shortly 
after  the  declaration  of  war. 

The  proposition  as  modified  was  that  he  might  agree  to  an  armistice  in  order 
that  full  time  might  be  allowed  for  the  settlement  of  all  difficulties,  on  condition 
that  a  commission  was  appointed  by  each  party  with  power  to  form  a  treaty  to 
secure  the  seamen  of  each  nation  from  being  impressed  by  the  ships  of  the  other, 
and  to  regulate  commerce  and  other  questions  of  interest. 

1812,  AUGUST  4.  —  At  Brownstown,  Michigan,  the  Americans, 
some  two  hundred  in  number,  were  routed  by  a  force  of  British 
and  Indians. 

1812,  AUGUST  9.  —  The  English  commander,  Sir  George  Pre- 
vost,  proposed  a  suspension  of  hostilities  by  land,  which  was 
accepted  provisionally  by  Major-General  Henry  Dearborn,  in 
command  of  the  northern  department,  but  was  refused  accept- 
ance by  the  government. 

The  refusal  was  based  upon  the  ground  chiefly  that  the  suspension,  previous 
to  any  settlement  of  the  question  of  impressment  by  the  English  government, 
would  seem  like  a  waiving  of  the  question  by  the  United  States. 

1812,  AUGUST  15.  —  Fort  Dearborn,  near  the  site  of  Chicago, 
Illinois,  was  attacked  by  Indians. 

Captain  Heald  commanded  the  garrison.     The  Americans  lost  fifty-two  killed. 

1812,  AUGUST  16.  —  General  William  Hull  surrendered  the  fort 
at  Detroit  to  General  Brock,  the  governor  of  Lower  Canada,  with 
a  combined  force  of  regulars  and  Indians. 

By  the  terms  of  this  surrender,  the  whole  of  Michigan  passed  into  the  pos- 
session of  the  English.  Hull  was  governor  of  Michigan,  had  been  made  a  brig- 
adier-general, and  was  leading  an  expedition  for  the  conquest  of  Canada.  By  a 
subsequent  court-martial  he  was  found  guilty  of  cowardice.  At  the  time  of  the 
surrender  he  was  not  aware  of  the  smallness  of  the  British  force. 

1812,  AUGUST  19.  —  The  American  frigate  Constitution,  Isaac 
Hull  commander,  captured  the  British  frigate  Guerriere,  James 
A.  Dacres  commander. 

This  was  the  first  naval  action  of  the  war.     The  Guerriere  was  burned,  and 


516  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1812. 

Captain  Hull  carried  his  prisoners  into  Boston.  The  American  loss  was  fourteen 
killed  and  wounded;  the  British,  seventy-nine  killed  and  wounded.  Hull  was 
born  in  Derby,  Connecticut,  March  9,  1775 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Februarys,  1843. 

1812.  —  THE  first  rolling-mill  was  erected  in  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

It  was  erected  by  Christopher  Cowen. 

1812,  SEPTEMBER.  —  Admiral  "Warren,  who  had  been  given  the 
command  of  the  British  naval  forces  on  the  American  coast, 
arrived  at  Halifax. 

He  was  empowered  to  propose  an  armistice,  and  did  so.  The  President 
replied  by  referring  to  the  proposition  already  made  through  the  American  agent 
in  England.  As  Warren  had  no  authority  to  treat  concerning  impressment,  the 
negotiation  resulted  in  nothing,  and  hostilities  were  resumed.  At  this  time  the 
state  department  had  records  of  over  sLx  thousand  cases  of  sailors,  claiming  to 
be  Americans,  who  were  impressed  in  the  British  navy,  and  it  was  estimated  that 
this  number  was  not  more  than  one  half  of  the  cases.  In  the  House  of  Parlia- 
ment, Castlereagh  admitted  that  early  the  year  before  thirty-five  hundred  sailors 
claiming  to  be  Americans  had  on  an  examination  been  found  in  the  English  navy. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  war,  twenty-five  hundred  of  these  impressed  men 
selected  imprisonment  rather  than  to  be  forced  to  serve  against  their  country. 

1812,  SEPTEMBER  4. —  Fort  Harrison,  on  the  Wabash,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Zachary  Taylor,  was  attacked  by  Indians. 

Taylor  had  only  fifteen  effective  men ;  the  assailants  numbered  three  hundred. 
Yet  he  drove  off  the  Indians,  losing  only  two  men  killed  and  two  wounded. 

1812,  SEPTEMBER  5.  —  Fort  Madison,  on  the  Mississippi  River 
above  St.  Louis,  was  attacked  by  Indians. 

Lieutenant  Hamilton  commanded,  and  though  the  attack  was  renewed  on  the 
6th,  7th,  and  8th,  he  successfully  defended  the  fort,  losing  but  one  killed  and  one 
wounded. 

1812,  OCTOBER  9.  —  Two  English  brigs,  the  Detroit  and  Cal- 
edonia, were  boarded  by  a  company  under  the  command  of 
Captain  Jesse  D.  Elliot,  and  captured,  on  Lake  Erie,  near  Black 
Rock. 

Elliot,  for  this  exploit,  was  voted  a  sword  by  Congress. 

1812,  OCTOBER  12.  —  The  English  government  issued  letters 
of  marque  and  reprisal  against  American  commerce. 

Licenses  were  however  granted  American  ships  to  transport  flour  to  Spain,  for 
the  use  of  the  British  army  there. 

1812,  OCTOBER  13. —  An  American  force  commanded  by  Colonel 
Solomon  Van  Rensselaer  crossed  the  Niagara  River  to  Le \viston 
and  attacked  the  British  troops  on  Queenstown  Heights. 

The  American  leader  was  soon  wounded.  Captain  Wool  then  took  command, 
and  gained  the  heights.  In  the  afternoon,  fresh  British  troops  from  Fort  George 
arrived,  and  the  Americans  were  defeated.  They  lost,  killed  and  wounded,  two 
hundred  and  fifty,  and  seven  hundred  and  sixty -four  were  made  prisoners. 


1812.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  517 

1812,  OCTOBER  15.  —  A  naval  engagement  took  place  between 
the  frigate  United  States,  Captain  Decatur  commanding,  and  the 
British  frigate  Macedonian,  Captain  Garden  commanding,  off  the 
tVestern  Islands. 

The  British  were  defeated,  losing  thirty-six  killed  and  sixty-eight  wounded ; 
the  Americans,  four  killed  and  seven  wounded.  Decatur  carried  the  Macedonian 
into  New  York. 

1812.  —  THE  American  Antiquarian  Society  in  Worcester, 
Massachusetts,  was  founded. 

1812.  —  THE  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania,  was  founded. 

1812.  —  COLONEL  JOHN  STEVENS,  of  Hoboken,  New  Jersey, 
published  a  book  entitled,  "  Documents  to  prove  the  Superior 
Advantages  of  Railways  and  Steam  Carriages  over  Canal  Nav- 
igation." 

Mr.  Stevens  had  before  urged  upon  the  national  and  state  governments  the  ad- 
vantages of  railways. 

1812.  —  A  PATENT  was  issued  to  Thomas  Blanchard,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, for  a  tack-making  machine. 

It  made  five  hundred  tacks  in  a  minute  better  than  had  ever  been  made  by 
hand.  Blanchard  was  born  at  Sutton,  Massachusetts,  June  24,  1788.  He  had 
worked  six  years  at  the  machine. 

1812,  OCTOBER  18.  —  The  naval  engagement  between  the  Wasp, 
Captain  Jacob  Jones,  and  the  Frolic,  an  English  war  brig,  Cap- 
tain Whinyates,  took  place  off  the  coast.  The  Frolic  was  cap- 
tured. 

Both  vessels  were  greatly  injured,  and  were  both  taken  possession  of  by  the 
British  frigate  Poictiers,  which  came  up  at  that  juncture,  and  carried  them  both 
to  Bermuda.  Captain  Jones  was  born  in  Delaware  in  1770,  and  died  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1850. 

1812. —  THE  legislature  of  New  York  made  another  appropri- 
ation for  the  establishment  of  public  schools. 

1812.  —  THIS  year,  or  the  next,  William  Johnston,  by  boring  to 
the  depth  of  two  hundred  feet,  near  the  Kiskiminetas,  or  Con- 
emaugh,  a  branch  of  the  Alleghany,  succeeded  in  reaching  a 
body  of  strong  salt  water. 

Salt-boiling  immediately  began,  so  that  now  Pittsburg  is  the  centre  of  a  salt 
trade.  In  1796,  when  the  supply  of  salt  for  Pittsburg  was  first  brought  from 
Onondaga  by  the  way  of  the  Lakes,  it  was  sold  at  four  dollars  a  bushel,  which  was 
just  half  the  price  for  the  supply  brought  over  the  mountains. 

1812.  —  THE  United  States  salines,  thirty  miles  below  the 
Wabash,  were  in  operation  this  year. 

Saline  springs  were  about  tlu's  time  discovered  to  supply  the  lower  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  and  the  Northwest.  On  the  Illinois  and  the  Wabash  salt  had  been 


518  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1812-13. 

sold  at  a  reasonable  rate  before  the  beginning  of  this  century.  The  W abash  sa- 
lines had  been  used  by  the  French  and  Indians  more  than  fifty  years  before  those 
of  New  York  were  made  use  of  by  us.  The  supply  of  salt  for  the  West  was  such 
during  the  war  of  1812,  that  it  ranged  at  eighty-seven  and  a  half  cents  a  bushel, 
while  on  the  seaboard  it  was  five  or  six  dollars. 

1812.  —  THE  Albany  Republican  appeared  at  Albany,  New 
York. 

It  was  published  by  Brown.  The  name  ' '  black  republican  "  was  first  given  to 
the  supporters  of  this  sheet. 

1812,  NOVEMBER  28.  —  The  Americans  captured  and  destroyed 
the  British  boats  and  batteries  at  Black  Rock,  on  Lake  Erie,  a 
short  distance  below  Buffalo. 

The  sailors  of  the  party,  on  their  return,  by  mistake  brought  away  the  boats 
of  some  of  the  soldiers,  whom  they  supposed  had  returned,  and  the  men  thus  left 
were  captured  by  the  enemy. 

1812,  DECEMBER  26.  —  The  Constitution,  Bainbridge  com- 
manding, engaged  the  English  frigate  Java,  Captain  Lambert, 
commanding. 

The  English  lost  one  hundred  and  seventy-four  killed  and  wounded,  and  the 
vessel  was  a  total  wreck.  The  Americans  lost  nine  killed  and  twenty-four 
wounded. 

William  Bainbridge  was  born  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  May  7,  1774 ;  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  July  28,  1833. 

1812,  DECEMBER.  —  The  Atlantic   coast,  from  the  Chesapeake 
to  Rhode  Island,  was  declared  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and  the 
British  vessels  on  the  seaboard  began  to  harass  the  settlements. 

An  unsuccessful  attack  was  made  on  Lewiston,  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay ; 
but  in  the  Chesapeake,  under  Admiral  Cockburn,  the  enemy  destroyed  French- 
town,  Havre  de  Grace,  Fredericktown,  and  Georgetown.  At  Norfolk  they  were 
repulsed,  but  Hampton,  eighteen  miles  distant,  they  laid  waste,  and  also  the 
shores  of  North  Carolina. 

1813,  JANUARY  2.  —  Congress  authorized  the  building  of  six 
sloops- of- war,  and  as  many  ships  upon  the  lakes  as  the  President 
should  think  necessary. 

Half  the  value  of  British  armed  ships  which  were  destroyed  by  torpedoes  or 
any  other  contrivance,  was  promised  to  the  inventors  of  such. 

1813,  JANUARY  13.  —  The  Albany  Argus  appeared  in  Albany, 
New  York. 

The  paper  was  established  to  support  the  war.  Its  editor  was  Jesse  Buel.  It 
was  afterwards  given  the  state  printing,  and  made  the  official  organ  of  the  state 
and  of  the  Democratic  party.  It  was  issued  as  a  daily  October  8,  1824,  having 
previously  been  a  tri-weekly.  Edwin  Croswell  was  then  its  editor.  It  was  life 
organ  of  what  was  called  the  Albany  Regency. 

1813,  JANUARY  22.  —  An  American -detachment   at  French- 


1813.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  519 

town,  on  the  River  Raisin,  surrendered  to  a  force  of  English  and 
Indians. 

The  detachment  had  just  captured  Frenchtown,  and  were  attacked  by  another 
force.  By  the  terms  of  the  surrender,  the  prisoners  were  promised  safe  trans- 
portation, and  protection  from  the  Indians.  The  wounded,  left  behind,  were 
massacred  by  the  Indians.  This  massacre  excited  great  indignation,  especially 
in  Kentucky,  whence  many  of  the  soldiers  had  come. 

1813,  JANUARY  29.  —  Congress  authorized  the  President  to 
enlist  twenty  regiments  of  regulars  for  twelve  months. 

The  volunteer  system  was  repealed.  A  bounty  of  sixteen  dollars  was  offered 
the  new  recruits. 

1813,  FEBRUARY  24. —  The  American  ship  Hornet,  off  the 
mouth  of  the  Demerara,  South  America,  engaged  and  captured 
the  British  ship  Peacock. 

The  Peacock  sank  before  the  prisoners  could  be  removed,  and  carried  down 
with  her  nine  of  her  own  men  and  three  of  the  Hornet's. 

1813,  FEBRUARY  25.  —  Congress  authorized  the  President  to 
sell  sixteen  millions  of  six  per  cent,  stock  for  what  price  he 
could  get. 

Five  millions  more  of  treasury  notes  were  also  authorized  to  be  issued. 

1813,  FEBRUARY  27.  —  The  forfeitures  incurred  by  violations 
of  the  non-importation  act  were  remitted. 

On  the  repeal  of  the  orders  in  council,  all  the  American  ships  in  British  ports 
had  taken  in  cargoes  of  British  merchandise,  and  such  shipment  was  allowed  by 
the  authorities  six  weeks  after  the  news  of  the  declaration  of  war  had  been  re- 
ceived. The  invoice  value  of  these  goods  thus  imported  was  more  than  eighteen 
millions  of  dollars. 

1813,  FEBRUARY.  —  An  expedition  for  the  protection  of  New 
Orleans  convened  at  Natchez. 

A  call  had  been  made  upon  the  militia  of  Tennessee.  The  infantry  were 
under  the  command  of  Andrew  Jackson. 

1813,  MARCH  3. —  Congress  passed  an  act  prohibiting  the 
employment,  after  the  close  of  the  war,  in  public  or  private  ves- 
sels, of  any  person  not  an  American  citizen,  or  persons  of  color, 
natives  of  the  United  States. 

This  prohibition  was,  however,  to  apply  only  to  the  subjects  or  citizens  of  such 
states  as  should  make  reciprocal  regulations.  Restrictions  were  also  made  upon 
the  naturalization  of  foreign  seamen. 

1813.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  President  to 
retaliate  upon  British  prisoners  of  war  the  treatment  which 
American  prisoners  should  receive  from  England. 

Some  of  the  seamen  captured,  and  other  prisoners,  had  been  sent  to  England 
to  be  tried  for  treason,  on  the  ground  that  they  were  English  subjects.  Retalia- 


520  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1813. 

tion  was  also  authorized  in  the  case  of  outrages  by  the  Indian  allies  of  Great 
Britain. 

1813,  MARCH.  —  Russia  offered  to  mediate  for  peace  between 
England  and  the  United  States. 

Gallatin  and  Bayard  were  appointed  commissioners  to  serve  with  Adams,  the 
minister  to  Russia,  in  its  negotiation.  They  were  instructed  to  insist  upon 
settling  the  question  of  impressment. 

1813,  MARCH  3.  —  The  Boston  Daily  Advertiser  appeared  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  William  W.  Clapp,  and  edited  by  Horatio  Bigelow,  and  was 
the  first  successful  daily  paper  issued  in  Boston.  With  the  second  number,  The 
Repertory  was  united  with  it.  Bigelow  left  the  paper  on  April  C,  1814,  and 
Nathan  Hale  succeeded  as  editor.  The  paper  was  then  called  the  Boston  Daily 
Advertiser.  Under  Mr.  Kale's  administration,  editorial  articles,  as  regular  com- 
ments upon  passing  events,  were  introduced  as  a  new  feature  in  journalism. 
Heretofore  such  articles  had  been  generally  signed  "communications."  The  Ad- 
vertiser is  still  in  existence. 

1813.  —  D.  &  G.  BRUCE,  in  New  York,  commenced  the  first 
stereotype  foundery  in  America. 

1813.  —  DON  FELIX  MARIA  COLLEJA  was  commissioned  viceroy 
of  Mexico. 

1813,  MARCH  16.  —  Orders  were  given  by  the  treasury  depart- 
ment to  extinguish  all  the  lights  on  Chesapeake  Bay. 

The  English  had  stationed  vessels  on  the  coast  to.  enforce  the  blockade. 

1813,  APRIL  10.  —  Lewiston,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Delaware, 
was  bombarded  by  the  British  ships. 

Its  inhabitants  had  refused  to  furnish  fresh  provisions  to  the  ships. 

1813,  APRIL.  —  Frenchtown  and  Havre  de  Grace  were  plun- 
dered and  burned  by  parties  from  the  blockading  British  fleet. 
Georgetown  and  Fredericton  soon  met  the  same  fate. 

1813,  APRIL  15.  —  The  fort  at  Mobile  was  taken  possession 
of  by  the  Americans. 

This  completed  the  possession  of  the  territory  claimed  under  the  Louisiana 
treaty.  In  May,  East  Florida  was  also  evacuated  by  the  Spaniards. 

1813,  APRIL  27. —  York  (now  Toronto),  the  capital  of  Upper 
Canada,  was  captured  by  an  expedition. 

It  was  also  the  headquarters  of  General  Sheafe,  and  a  naval  station. 

1813,  MAY  1.  —  Fort  Meigs,  at  the  Maumee  Rapids,  commanded 
by  General  Harrison,  was  besieged  by  the  British  and  Indians 
under  General  Proctor. 

The  garrison  numbered  about  two  thousand  men ;  the  besiegers  were  two 
thousand  eight  hundred  men.  On  the  5th,  General  Clay  with  eight  hundred  men 


1813.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  521 

attacked  the  British  and  drove  them  off.  The  Americans  pursued,  when  the 
British  turned  and  compelled  them  to  retreat  to  the  fort.  In  this  attack  and  pur- 
suit, the  Americans  lost  eighty  killed  and  four  hundred  and  ninety  prisoners. 

1813,  MAY  10.  — The  steamer  Nassau  was  used  as  a  ferry- 
boat between  New  York  and  Brooklyn. 

Until  182G  this  was  the  only  steamboat  used ;  the  other  ferry-boats  were  pro- 
pelled by  horses  or  by  hand. 

1813.  —  THE  National  Advocate  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  edited  by  Henry  Whcaton,  and  supported  Madison's  administration.  In 
1815  he  retired  to  become  a  justice  of  the  Marine  Court,  and  Mordecai  Manasseh 
Noah  became  the  editor. 

1813.  —  THE  Boston  Manufacturing  Company  erected  their 
works  at  Waltham,  Massachusetts. 

This  was  the  first  time  that  all  the  operations  for  making  cloth  from  cotton  were 
united  under  one  roof.  Up  to  this  time  the  spinning  and  weaving  had  been  distinct 
businesses.  The  chief  promoters  of  this  enterprise  were  Francis  C.  Lowell,  Patrick 
Tracy  Jackson,  and  Nathan  Appleton. 

1813,  MAY  27. —  The  British  evacuated  Fort  George  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Niagara  River. 

The  evacuation  of  Fort  George  led  to  the  evacuation  of  all  the  British  posts  on 
the  Niagara  River. 

1813,  MAY  29. — The  British  appeared  off  Sackett's  Harbor 
and  effected  a  landing,  but  were  driven  back. 

They  partly  accomplished  their  purpose  by  destroying  the  magazine  contain- 
ing the  stores  captured  at  York. 

1813,  JUNE  11.  —  The  House  of  Representatives  voted  to 
expel  all  reporters  from  the  floor. 

They  were  offered  accommodations  in  the  gallery,  where  it  was  almost  impos- 
sible to  hear. 

1813,  JUNE  23.  —  An  American  detachment  was  surrounded 
and  forced  to  surrender  at  Beaver  Dam. 

1813,  JUNE. — The  Chesapeake  was  captured  by  the  Shannon. 

The  engagement  took  place  in  the  offing  of  Boston  harbor.  Captain  Law- 
rence, in  command  of  the  Chesapeake,  was  mortally  wounded,  and  was  buried  at 
Halifax,  where  the  Shannon  carried  her  prize.  The  body  was  afterwards  brought 
back  and  buried  at  Salem. 

1813,  JUNE  23.  —  An  attack  was  made  by  the  British  upon 
Craney  Island,  *vhich  commanded  the  entrance  to  Norfolk,  Vir- 
ginia. 

It  was  repulsed  by  Major  Faulkner,  who  commanded  the  resisting  force. 
There  were  nearly  twenty  British  ships  in  the  Chesapeake,  with  about  four  thou- 
sand troops  on  board. 


522  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1813. 

1813,  JUNE  25.  —  The  British  landed  at  Hampton,  on  the  James 
River,  and  plundered  it. 

Their  brutal  treatment  of  the  women  roused  great  indignation. 

1813,  JULY  15.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  issued  a  re- 
monstrance against  the  continuance  of  the  war. 

They  spoke  of  it*  as  impolitic  and  unjust,  after  the  repeal  of  the  orders  in 
council.  It  ended  with  an  appeal  to  the  "  Searcher  of  all  hearts,"  for  "  the  purity 
of  our  motives  and  the  sincerity  of  our  declarations." 

1813.  —  THE  Essex,  Captain  Porter,  cruising  in  the  Pacific, 
captured  a  number  of  British  whalers  during  the  early  fall. 

He  found  them  provided  with  letters  of  marque,  and  by  their  capture  prevented 
their  depredations  upon  American  vessels. 

1813,  JULY  31.  —  The  British  landed  at  Plattsburg  and  burned 
a  quantity  of  stores.  The  same  day  a  detachment  of  Americans 
landed  at  York  and  captured  a  quantity  of  stores. 

1813,  AUGUST.  —  The  Argus,  a  sloop-of-war  commanded  by 
Captain  Allen,  entered  the  British  Channel  and  captured  in  a 
short  time  vessels  and  cargoes  to  the  value  of  two  million  dollars. 

She  was  finally  captured  by  the  Pelican.  Several  other  American  vessels 
made  captures  in  the  British  Channel. 

1813,  AUGUST  2.  —  The  British  made  an  attack  upon  Fort 
Stevenson,  at  Lower  Sandusky,  and  were  repulsed. 

Lieutenant  Croghan,  who  held  it,  had  been  ordered  to  vacate  the  post  and  burn 
it ;  but  as  it  was  surrounded  by  the  Indians  when  he  received  the  order,  he  de- 
fended it. 

1813,  AUGUST  20.  —  Fort  Mimms,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Alabama,  was  captured  by  the  Indians. 

They  set  it  on  fire,  and  only  about  twenty  persons  escaped. 

1813,  SEPTEMBER  4.  —  The  American  brig-of-war  Enterprise 
captured  the  British  brig-of-war  Boxer. 
The  commanders  of  both  vessels  were  killed. 

1813,  SEPTEMBER  10.  —  The  battle  of  Lake  Erie  took  place. 

The  fleet  had  been  finally  completed  through  Perry's  exertions.  The  combat 
lasted  about  three  hours.  This  victory  caused  the  British  to  evacuate  Michigan, 
and  gave  the  control  of  the  lakes  to  the  Americans.  Congress  voted  medals  to 
Oliver  H.  Perry  and  Captain  Elliot  for  this  victory. 

1813,  OCTOBER  5.  —  The  battle  of  the  Thames,  in  Upper  Canada, 
took  place. 

General  Harrison  commanded  the  Americans,  and  General  Proctor  the  British. 
The  British  and  Indians  were  routed.  Tecumseh  was  killed. 

1813,  NOVEMBER  3.  —  The  battle  of  Tallasehatche,  Alabama, 


1813-14.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  523 

between  the  Creek  Indians  and  the  Americans  under  General 
Coffee,  took  place. 

The  Indians  lost  two  hundred  killed  and  eighty-four  prisoners;  the  Ameri- 
cans, five  killed  and  forty-one  wounded. 

1813,  NOVEMBER  9.  —  General  Jackson's  command  defeated  the 
Creeks  at  Talladega,  in  the  present  state  of  Alabama. 

1813,  NOVEMBER  11.  —  The  battle  of  Chrysler's  Field,  on  the 
Canada  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  took  place  between  the  Amer- 
icans and  British. 

The  Americans,  numbering  sixteen  hundred,  were  commanded  by  General 
Boyd ;  the  British,  fifteen  hundred,  commanded  by  Colonel  Morrison.  The  for- 
mer lost  one  hundred  and  two  killed  and  two  hundred  and  thirty-six  wounded. 
The  purpose  of  the  engagement,  to  cover  the  passage  by  the  Americans  of  the 
rapids,  was  accomplished. 

1813,  NOVEMBER  13.  —  The  congress  assembled  at  Chilpanzingo 
declared  the  independence  of  Mexico. 

Don  Jose  Maria  Morelos  was  in  command  of  the  native  forces.  He  was 
captured  and  executed  in  1815. 

1813,  DECEMBER  12.  —  Congress  prohibited  the  exportation,  by 
land  or  water,  of  any  goods,  produce,  specie,  or  live-stock. 

The  coasting  trade  was  entirely  prohibited,  and  no  transportation  on  the  inland 
waters  allowed,  except  by  the  special  permission  of  the  President. 

1813,  DECEMBER  19.  —  Fort  Niagara  was  surprised  and  cap- 
tured by  the  English  and  Indians. 

The  attack  took  place  before  daylight.     The  garrison  was  massacred. 

1814,  JANUARY  6.  —  An  English  vessel,  under  a  flag  of  fruce, 
arrived  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  bringing  an  offer  for  peace. 

London  was  proposed  as  the  place  in  which  the  negotiations  should  be  carried 
on ;  or  if  this  was  objectionable,  Gottenburg. 

1814,  JANUARY  14.  —  The  President  nominated  commissioners 
to  represent  the  United  States  in  the  negotiations  for  peace. 

They  were  John  Quincy  Adams,  Bayard,  Henry  Clay,  and  Jonathan  Russell. 
In  February,  Gallatin  was  added  to  the  commission.  Clay  and  Russell  sailed  in 
February.  Their  instructions  were  similar  to  those  given  before.  Concerning 
impressment  they  said,  "  This  degrading  practice  must  cease.  Our  flag  must 
protect  the  crew,  or  the  United  States  cannot  consider  themselves  an  independent 
nation." 

1814,  JANUAEY.  —  Congress  passed  acts  making  the  term  for 
enlistment  five  years ;  an  army  of  sixty- six  thousand  regulars  to 
be  raised. 

The  bounty  was  raised  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  dollars,  and  the  Presi- 
dent was  given  authority  to  call  out  the  militia  for  six  months.  In  the  debate 
upon  the  enlistment  bill,  Daniel  Webster  made  his  first  speech  in  Congress,  being 
a  member  of  the  House. 


524  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1814. 

1814,  FEBRUARY  7.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  forbade 
the  employment  of  the  jails  in  the  state  for  the  confinement  of 
prisoners  committed  by  any  other  than  the  judicial  authority. 

The  jailers  were  directed  at  the  end  of  thirty  days  to  discharge  all  British  offi- 
cers, prisoners  of  war,  committed  to  them  for  close  confinement.  Congress  there- 
fore authorized  the  marshals  of  the  United  States  to  find  other  places  for  the 
custody  of  their  prisoners,  when  the  use  of  the  state  jails  was  refused  them ;  on 
application  by  the  President,  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  granted  the  use  of 
the  penitentiaries  of  that  state  for  the  confinement  of  the  British  officers. 

1814,  MARCH  4. —  The  naval  force  of  the  United  States,  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  consisted  of  thirty-three  vessels,  twenty-seven 
of  which  were  in  commission. 

Besides  these  there  were  the  gunboats  which  had  been  built.  The  whole  coast 
had  been  declared  in  a  state  of  blockade  by  a  proclamation  from  Admiral  Warren, 
at  Halifax,  on  the  16th  of  the  November  preceding. 

1814,  MARCH  9.  —  Congress  appropriated  three  hundred  and 
twenty  thousand  dollars  for  building  one  or  more  floating 
batteries  designed  by  Robert  Fulton. 

This  battery  was  to  discharge  hot  water  and  red-hot  shot.  Her  keel  was  laid 
on  the  20th  of  June,  and  she  was  launched  on  the  29th  of  October,  being  the  first 
steam-vessel  of  war  built.  Her  name  was  the  Demologas,  and  she  was  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty-six  feet  in  length  of  keel.  Her  engine  was  put  in  her  the  following 
May,  after  Fulton's  death,  and  she  was  christened  Fulton.  Her  trial  trip  was 
made  in  July,  but  peace  being  ratified,  she  was  made  a  receiving  ship,  and  on 
June  4,  1829,  she  blew  up. 

1814,  MARCH  21.  —  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  a 
bill  incorporating  forty-one  specie-paying  banks. 

The  bill  was  passed  over  the  governor's  veto.  Thirty-seven  of  the  banks  went 
into  operation,  and  on  September  1st  they  had  all  suspended  specie  payments. 
Their  nominal  capital  was  $11,500,000. 

1814,  MARCH  27.  —  General  Jackson  defeated  the  Indians  at 
Great  Horse  Shoe,  on  the  Tallapoosa  River. 

He  had  had  several  successful  engagements  with  them  before  this  year,  but 
this  last  was  decisive  and  ended  the  Creek  war,  and  the  survivors  came  into  Fort 
Jackson,  at  the  junction  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa,  suing  for  peace,  which  Jack- 
son was  in  May  authorized  to  make. 

1814,  MARCH.  —  A  council  was  held  at  Dayton  with  the  North- 
ern Indians. 

They  were  required  to  take  up  arms  against  the  British,  the  government  pay- 
ing each  warrior  twenty-five  cents  a  day.  In  June  and  July,  other  councils  were 
held,  and  other  tribes  brought  into  the  alliance.  The  Pottawatomies  insisted  on 
their  neutrality.  After  one  or  two  excursions  into  Canada,  the  Indians  were  dis- 
missed. 

1814,  MARCH  28.  —  The  Essex,  Captain  Porter,  was  captured 
off  the  coast  of  South  America  by  the  Phoebe. 


1814.]  ANNALS   OE  NORTH  AMERICA.  525 

1814,  MARCH  30.  —  An  unsuccessful  attack  was  made  on  an 
outpost  of  the  British  force,  at  a  stone  mill  on  La  Cole  River. 

General  Wilkinson  was  in  command  of  the  American  forces.  He  asked  a 
court-martial,  and  by  it  was  relieved  of  the  command,  General  Izard  being  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  him. 

1814,  MARCH.  —  A  loan  was  authorized  of  twenty-five  millions 
and  an  issue  of  treasury  notes  for  ten  millions. 

1814,  MARCH  31.  —  Congress  provided  by  an  act  for  the  issue 
to  the  claimants  under  titles  from  the  United  States,  of  the  lands 
in  Georgia  known  as  the  "  Tazoo  claims,"  of  scrip  to  the  amount 
of  eight  millions  of  dollars,  bearing  no  interest,  and  receivable 
for  Mississippi  lands,  and  to  be  redeemed  from  the  sale  of  them, 
after  Georgia's  lien  was  satisfied. 

The  Supreme  Court  had  decided  that  the  act  of  Georgia  repealing  the  act  for 
the  sale  of  these  lands  was  unconstitutional  and  void. 

1814,  APRIL.  —  All  officers  held  as  prisoners  were  ordered  dis- 
charged on  their  paroles. 

Some  of  the  American  prisoners  in  England  having  been  discharged  and  re- 
turned, informed  the  government  that  those  charged  with  treason  by  the  English 
government  were  treated  like  the  rest,  and  had  not  been  brought  to  trial  on  a 
charge  of  treason. 

1814,  APRIL.  —  The  New  Orleans  banks  suspended. 

1814,  APRIL  8.  —  Six  boats  with  about  two  hundred  men  from 
the  British  fleet  entered  the  Connecticut  River,  and  burned  some 
twenty  vessels. 

1814,  APRIL  21.  —  The  Frolic  was  captured  by  the  British 
frigate  Orpheus. 

1814,  APRIL  23.  —  Admiral  Cochrane,  who  had  succeeded  to 
the  command  of  the  British  fleet,  issued  a  proclamation  extending 
the  blockade  to  the  entire  coast  of  the  United  States. 

1814,  APRIL  27. — The  Peacock  captured  the  British  war  brig 
Epervier,  off  the  coast  of  Florida. 

The  British  ship  had  §118,000  in  coin  on  board. 

1814,  MAY.  —  An  expedition  ascended  the  Mississippi  and 
established  the  post  of  Prairie  du  Chien. 

The  post  was  attacked  and  captured  on  July  17,  by  a  party  of  Canadians  and 
Indians. 

1814,  MAY  6.  —  A  British  force  attacked  Oswego,  destroyed  the 
fort,  and  carried  away  a  quantity  of  stores. 
Among  them  were  cannon  for  the  fleet  then  building. 

1814,  MAY  30.  —  A  party  of  British  attacked  the  fort  at  Sandy 
Creek,  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  were  all  captured. 

The  Americans  lost  one  rifleman  and  one  Indian. 


526  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1814. 

1814,  JUNE  14.  —  Expeditions  from  the  blockading  British  fleet 
landed  at  Wareham  and  Scituate,  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts, 
and  destroyed  property. 

1814,  JUNE  24.  —  Instructions  were  sent  to  the  peace  com- 
missioners  to  refer  the  impressment  question,  if  it  should  bo 
found  an  impediment  to  the  treaty,  to  a  separate  commission,  to 
be  formed  after  the  peace  had  been  established. 

Nothing  had  been  heard  from  the  commissioners.  The  news  of  Napo- 
leon's abdication  and  of  peace  in  Europe  had  arrived.  Before  the  letter  was 
sent,  despatches  arrived  from  the  commissioners,  and  a  postscript  was  added  that 
if  best  they  should  treat  in  London,  and  if  necessary  omit  the  subject  of  impress- 
ment altogether,  though  having  it  understood  that  this  omission  was  not  to  bo 
counted  as  an  admission  of  the  claims  of  Great  Britain. 

1814,  JUNE  28.  —  The  Wasp,  in  the  British  Channel,  captured 
and  destroyed  the  Reindeer,  a  British  sloop  of  war. 

1814,  JUNE.  —  The  Rattlesnake  was  captured  by  a  British  ship 
of  war,  and  the  Syren  by  another. 

1814,  JULY  2.  —  Fort  Erie  surrendered  to  a  force  of  Ameri- 
cans under  the  command  of  General  Jacob  Brown. 

1814,  JULY  4.  —  The  President  issued  a  circular  letter  to  the 
states  to  hold  ready  for  immediate  service  their  quotas  of  militia. 

The  entire  force  was  to  consist  of  ninety-three  thousand  five  hundred  men. 
Maryland,  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  Virginia  north  of  the  Rappahannock 
were  made  into  a  tenth  military  district,  and  its  command  was  given  to  General 
Winder. 

1814,  JULY  5.  —  The  battle  of  Chippeway  was  gained  by  the 
Americans. 

In  this  engagement  Winfield  Scott  distinguished  himself. 

1814,  JULY  14. — The  British  took  possession  of  Eastport, 
Maine. 

The  islands  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay  were  still  in  dispute  under  the  treaty  of 
1783,  and  Eastport  was  upon  one  of  these. 

1814,  JULY  25.  — The  battle  of  Bridgewater  or  Lundy's  Lace 
took  place,  resulting  in  a  victory  for  the  Americans. 

The  American  army  withdrew  after  the  battle  to  Fort  Erie. 

1814,  AUGUST  4.  —  An  expedition  from  Detroit  against  Fort 
Michilimackinac  was  repulsed. 

1814,  AUGUST  4.  —  A  body  of  Americans,  under  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Groghan,  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  recapture 
Fort  Mackinaw. 

The  Americans  numbered  500  regulars  and  400  militia  ;  they  lost  13  killed 
and  61  wounded. 


1814]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  527 

1814,  AUGUST  4.  —  A  British  fleet  landed  troops  at  Pensacola. 

1814,  AUGUST  8. —  Commissioners  from  England,  to  treat  of 
peace,  met  those  from  the  United  States  at  Ghent. 

The  commissioners  from  the  United  States  had  been  waiting  for  them  some 
time.  Those  from  England  were  Lord  Gambier,  Henry  Gouldburn,  and  William 
Adams.  They  claimed  as  indispensable  preliminaries  for  peace,  that,  as  a  barrier 
to  Canada,  a  fixed  territory  should  be  assigned  the  Indian  allies  of  Great  Britain, 
suggesting  the  line  of  the  treaty  of  1795  as  the  boundary  of  such  a  territory.  The 
United  States  should  also  renounce  the  right  to  keep  armed  vessels  or  military 
posts  upon  the  lakes,  while  that  portion  of  Maine  lying  between  New  Brunswick 
and  Canada  was  claimed  for  Great  Britain. 

1814,  AUGUST  9.  —  The  Creeks  by  a  treaty  surrendered  a  great 
part  of  their  territory. 

They  retained  only  that  part  of  it  east  of  the  Coosa,  and  north  of  a  line  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Tallapoosa  to  Fort  Gaines  on  the  Chattahoochee. 

1814,  AUGUST  10.  —  The  British  blockading  squadron  bom- 
barded Stonington,  Connecticut. 

1814,  AUGUST  14.  —  A  British  fleet  appeared  in  the  Chesa- 
peake. 

It  had  on  board  General  Ross  with  four  thousand  soldiers,  a  portion  of  Well- 
ington's army.  On  the  19th  and  20th  the  troops  were  landed  at  Benedict,  on  the 
Patuxent,  some  fifty  miles  from  Washington.  Admiral  Cochrane,  in  command  of 
the  fleet,  sent  a  despatch  to  the  President  declaring  it  his  intention  to  destroy  such 
towns  upon  the  sea-coast  as  he  should  find  it  possible  to  reach.  The  despatch  was 
dated  the  day  of  his  arrival  on  the  coast,  but  was  not  received  until  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Washington,  when  its  publicity  added  to  the  excitement. 

1814,  AUGUST  15.  —  The  British  made  a  midnight  assault  upon 
Fort  Erie  which  was  repulsed. 

1814,  AUGUST  24.  —  The  battle  of  Bladensburg  was  fought. 

The  Americans  made  but  small  resistance,  and  their  rout  placed  the  city  of 
Washington  at  the  disposal  of  the  British.  The  public  buildings  were  all  burned, 
except  the  post-office  and  the  patent-office.  The  most  valuable  papers  of  the 
state  department  had  been  removed.  The  library  of  Congress,  in  the  capitol, 
was  burned  with  that  building.  The  post-office  and  patent-office  only  escaped  de- 
struction by  a  violent  tornado  which  passed  over  the  city.  That  night  the  British 
withdrew  to  Benedict,  and  re-embarked  upon  their  ships. 

1814,  AUGUST  27. —  The  banks  in  the  District  of  Columbia 
suspended. 

1814,  AUGUST  29. — The  British  fleet  anchored  before  Alexan- 
dria, which  surrendered  at  discretion. 

They  captured  here  many  merchant  vessels  and  large  stores  of  merchandise, 
which  they  carried  away  with  them. 

1814,  AUGUST  29.  —  Specie  payments  were  suspended  in  Phil- 
adelphia. 


528  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1814. 

Specie  was  at  a  premium  of  from  fourteen  to  twenty  per  cent.  The  banks  of 
Maryland  and  New  York  suspended  September  1. 

Some  of  the  banks  in  Maine  suspended  early  in  the  year.  Those  of  the  middle 
and  southern  states  suspended  in  September.  The  New  England  banks  generally 
did  not  suspend.  Those  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky  continued  paying  specie  until 
January  1,  1815,  and  the  only  one  in  Tennessee  until  the  summer. 

1814,  AUGUST  31.  —  The  island  of  Nantucket  agreed  with  the 
British  to  be  neutral  during  the  war. 

The  settlements  on  Cape  Cod  paid  heavily  to  save  their  salt-works  from  de- 
struction. 

1814,  AUGUST.  —  The  legislatures  of  Rhode  Island,  New  York, 
Virginia,  and  Georgia  were  convened. 

The  sea-coast  towns  all  prepared  for  defence.  Rhode  Island  voted  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars  and  to  raise  five  hundred  men,  and  proposed  an  exchange  of  militia 
•with  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.  New  York  and  Philadelphia  agreed  to 
advance,  the  first  a  million  and  the  second  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  for 
defence.  Works  were  built  in  Boston  and  Portland,  the  population  without  dis- 
tinction of  class  working  at  the  trenches.  As  at  the  time  the  national  treasury 
was  straitened,  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  the  governor  of  New  York,  with  others, 
advanced  money  to  support  West  Point,  and  pay  the  workmen  in  the  Springfield 
armory,  besides  aiding  in  raising  and  supporting  the  troops  enlisted  in  the  state. 

1814,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  Castine  and  Belfast,  on  Penobscot  Bay, 
were  captured  by  the  British  from  Eastport. 

1814,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  The  Wasp  captured  the  British  sloop 
of  war  Avon. 

On  the  23d  the  Wasp  captured  the  British  brig  Atalanta,  which  Captain  Blake- 
ley  sent  to  the  United  States.  This  was  the  last  heard  of  the  Wasp.  She  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  lost. 

1814,  SEPTEMBER  3.  —  John  Armstrong  resigned  his  position  as 
secretary  of  war. 

The  blame  of  the  capture  of  Washington  was  laid  to  him. 

1814,  SEPTEMBER  11.  —  A  land  and  naval  battle  took  place  at 
Plattsburg,  on  Lake  Champlain,  between  the  British  and  Amer- 
icans. 

The  American  land  force  was  commanded  by  General  McCorab;  the  naval 
force  by  Commodore  McDonough.  The  British  land  force  was  commanded  by 
General  Prevost ;  the  naval  force  by  Commodore  Downie.  The  naval  action  was 
soon  won  by  the  Americans,  and  the  British  land  forces  retreated. 

1814,  SEPTEMBER  12.  —  The  British  fleet  appeared  at  North 
Point,  on  the  Patapsco,  and  landed  the  troops. 

The  next  day  the  fleet  bombarded  Fort  McHenry,  which  protected  the  approach 
to  Baltimore.  Ross  was  killed  while  heading  a  reconnoitring  party  at  North 
Point.  The  bombardment  was  kept  up  all  night,  the  British  army  re-embarking 
during  the  darkness. 


1814.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  529 

1814,  SEPTEMBER  14.  —  An  expedition  of  the  British  from 
Pensacola  attacked  Fort  Bowyer,  at  Mobile  Point,  on  the  eastern 
entrance  to  Mobile  Bay,  and  was  repulsed. 

The  attack  was  made  by  land  and  water.  The  garrison  consisted  of  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  men,  under  the  command  of  Major  Lawrence. 

1814,  SEPTEMBER  17. —  A  sortie  was  made  by  the  garrison  of 
Fort  Erie,  which  succeeded  in  destroying  the  works  of  the  be- 
sieging British  army. 

The  British  raised  the  siege  and  retired. 

1814,  OCTOBER  14.  —  The  legislature  of  Connecticut  acceded  to 
the  circular  letter  from  Massachusetts,  and  appointed  seven 
delegates  to  meet  those  of  the  other  New  England  states,  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  on  the  15th  of  December. 

They  were  to  deliberate  "  for  the  purpose  of  devising  and  recommending  such 
measures  for  the  safety  and  welfare  of  these  states  as  may  consist  with  our  obliga- 
tions as  members  of  the  national  Union." 

1814,  OCTOBER  16.  —  The  settlement  at  Barataria  Bay,  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  was  captured  by  an  expedition  from  New  Orleans 
under  the  command  of  Commodore  Patterson. 

The  settlement  was  the  headquarters  of  the  pirates,  who,  calling  themselves 
privateers,  were  not  particular  whose  commerce  they  preyed  on.  The  British 
having  offered  to  receive  them  into  their  service  if  they  would  take  part  in  an 
attack  on  New  Orleans,  Lafitte,  their  leader,  gave  notice  of  it  to  the  governor  of 
Louisiana.  Ten  vessels  were  captured  and  the  pirates  dispersed  without  re- 
sistance. 

1814,  OCTOBER.  —  The  Star-Spangled  Banner  was  first  sung 
at  Holliday-Street  Theatre,  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

1814,  OCTOBER  18. — The  Massachusetts  legislature  adopted  a 
report  of  a  committee,  which  proposed  a  convention  for  amend- 
ing the  Constitution,  and  appointed  twelve  delegates  to  the 
same. 

The  report  of  the  committee  recommended  "  a  conference  between  those 
states  the  affinity  of  whose  interests  is  closest,  and  wrhose  habits  of  intercourse, 
from  local  and  other  causes,  are  most  frequent,  to  the  end  that,  by  a  comparison 
of  their  sentiments  and  views,  some  mode  of  defence  suited  to  the  circumstances 
and  exigencies  of  those  states,  and  measures  for  accelerating  the  return  of  public 
prosperity,  may  be  devised ;  and  also  to  enable  the  delegates  from  those  states, 
should  they  deem  it  expedient,  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  radical  reform  in  the 
national  compact  by  inviting  to  a  future  convention  a  deputation  from  all  the 
states  in  the  Union."  A  circular  letter  was  also  sent  the  other  New  England 
states. 

1814,  OCTOBER  22. —  The  legislature  of  New  York  resolved 
that  the  terms  of  peace  proposed  by  the  British  commissioners 
were  "  extravagant  and  disgraceful." 

The  news  of  the  terms  proposed  at  Ghent  had  arrived.     The  legislature  of 

34 


530  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1814. 

Virginia  passed,  a  few  days  after,  a  resolution  calling  the  terms  "arrogant  and 
insulting."  Both  states  voted  to  raise  a  body  of  permanent  militia  for  defence,  to 
be  paid  and  supported  by  the  general  government. 

1814,  NOVEMBER  5.  — The  legislature  of  Rhode  Island  accepted 
the  circular  from  Massachusetts,  and  appointed  four  delegates  to 
the  proposed  convention. 

1814,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  Americans,  under  General  Tzard,  aban- 
doned Fort  Erie,  and  blew  it  up. 

1814,  NOVEMBER  7.  —  General  Jackson,  at  the  head  of  the 
Tennessee  militia,  took  possession  of  Pensacola. 

It  was  surrendered  without  opposition,  and  was  handed  over  by  Jackson  to  the 
Spanish  authorities.  Orders  had  been  sent  to  Jackson  countermanding  his 
authority  to  take  Pensacola,  but  he  acted  before  they  were  received. 

1814,  DECEMBER  14.  —  An  American  flotilla  of  five  gunboats, 
commanded  by  Lieutenant  Thomas  Catesby  Jones,  was  captured 
by  a  British  expedition  of  forty-two  barges  and  boats  on  Lake 
Borgne,  Louisiana. 

This,  with  the  capture  of  the  Balize  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mississippi,  opened 
to  the  British  the  passage  to  New  Orleans. 

1814,  DECEMBER  15.  —  The  convention  at  Hartford  met. 

Twenty-six  delegates  were  present  from  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and 
Rhode  Island;  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  were  represented  only  by  county 
delegates.  The  convention  sat  with  closed  doors  for  twenty  days,  and  on  their 
adjournment  addressed  a  report  to  their  legislatures.  This  report  was  accepted 
by  the  legislatures  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  and  commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  them  to  present  to  Congress  the  suggestions  of  the  convention.  In 
1833,  a  history  of  the  Hartford  Convention,  by  its  secretary,  Theodore  Dwight, 
was  published. 

1814,  DECEMBER.  —  The  President,  under  the  command  of 
Decatur,  was  captured  on  the  coast  of  Long  Island  by  the  Endy- 
mion,  a  British  frigate,  assisted  by  several  other  vessels. 

The  President  had  disabled  the  Endymion,  but  was  herself  so  injured  that  on 
the  arrival  of  the  other  vessels  she  was  forced  to  surrender. 

1814,  DECEMBER  24.  —  A  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  by  the 
commissioners  at  Ghent. 

It  was  ratified  by  the  President  in  the  following  February. 

1814,  DECEMBER  28. — The  British  made  an  attack  upon  the 
position  held  by  General  Jackson  for  the  defence  of  New  Orleans, 
and  retired  after  a  contest  of  about  seven  hours. 

Jackson  had  taken  the  command  in  New  Orleans,  the  governor  having  put  him- 
self and  the  militia  under  him.  Jackson  had  declared  martial  law,  and  directed 
the  governor  to  arrest  the  legislature,  should  it  make,  as  was  feared,  any  move- 
ment towards  capitulating. 


1814-15.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  531 

1814.  —  THE  Recorder  appeared  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio. 

It  was  published  by  John  Andrews,  and  was  the  first  religious  newspaper, 
being  "devoted  to  Theology,  Literature,  and  all  matters  of  local  and  national 
interest." 

1814-15.  —  THE  Illinois  Intelligencer  appeared  at  Kaskaskia, 
Illinois. 

This  was  the  first  newspaper  in  the  state. 

1814.  —  THE  first  flour  was  exported  from  Rochester,  New 
York,  and  the  third  mill  was  built  there. 

1815,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  British  were  repulsed  in  a  second 
attack  upon  General  Jackson's  line  of  defence  at  New  Orleans. 

1815,  JANUARY  8.  —  The  British  made  a  third  attack  upon 
General  Jackson's  position,  and  were  repulsed. 

Jackson  had  been  reinforced  with  levies  from  Kentucky.  Packenham  in  per- 
son led  the  attack,  and  was  killed.  The  watchword  of  the  British  was  "  Booty 
and  Beauty."  The  troops  were  chiefly  drawn  from  Wellington's  peninsular  army. 
In  this  engagement  the  British  lost  two  thousand  men,  while  Jackson's  loss  in  the 
entire  campaign  was  only  three  hundred  and  thirty-three.  The  British  withdrew 
to  their  original  landing-place  and  re-embarked. 

1815,  FEBRUARY  11.  —  The  British  sloop-of-war  Favorite  ar- 
rived at  New  York,  with  an  English  and  an  American  messenger, 
bearing  a  treaty  of  peace,  which  the  English  government  had 
already  ratified. 

The  news,  despatched  by  express,  reached  Boston  in  thirty-two  hours.  As 
the  news  spread,  a  general  feeling  of  satisfaction  expressed  itself  in  rejoicing, 
without  caring  to  inquire  what  were  the  terms  of  the  treaty. 

1815,  FEBRUARY  12.  —  Fort  Bowyer  was  again  attacked  by  the 
whole  British  force,  and  Captain  Lawrence  was  forced  to  sur- 
render. 

The  British  retiring  from  New  Orleans  captured  it.  Fort  Morgan  now  occu- 
pies the  site  of  the  old  fort. 

1815,  FEBRUARY  17.  —  The  treaty  was  ratified  and  promul- 
gated. 

By  its  provisions  all  conquered  territory  was  to  be  mutually  restored,  and  three 
commissions  were  to  be  appointed :  the  first  to  settle  the  title  to  the  islands  of 
Passamaquoddy  Bay ;  the  second  to  settle  the  northeastern  boundary  as  far  as  the 
St.  Lawrence ;  and  the  third  to  run  the  line  through  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the 
lakes  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods.  In  case  of  disagreement,  the  point  in  dispute 
was  to  be  referred  to  some  friendly  power.  Hostilities  on  land  were  to  terminate 
with  the  ratification  of  the  treaty,  and  on  sea  in  certain  specified  times,  according 
to  the  distance,  the  longest  time  being  four  months.  The  treaty  provided  against 
the  carrying  away  by  the  British  of  "  any  negroes  or  other  property."  Both  par- 
ties agreed  to  use  their  best  endeavors  for  the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade. 

1815,  FEBRUARY  17.  —  Congress  proposed  a  loan  of  eighteen 


532  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1815. 

million  and  four  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  an  issue  of  treas- 
ury notes  to  the  amount  of  twenty-five  million  dollars. 

A  portion  of  these,  issued  in  sums  under  a  hundred  dollars,  payable  to  bearer, 
and  to  serve  as  a  currency.  Those  over  one  hundred  dollars  were  to  bear  inter- 
est at  five  and  two  fifths  per  cent.,  making  a  cent  and  a  half  a  day  on  each  one 
hundred  dollars.  Both  were  receivable  for  all  public  dues,  and  were  transferable 
at  option,  those  bearing  interest  in  six  per  cent,  bonds  and  those  without  in  seven 
per  cent,  bonds. 

1815,  FEBRUARY  20.  —  The  Constitution,  off  Lisbon,  captured 
two  British  sloops-of-war,  the  Cyane  and  the  Levant. 

The  engagement  took  place  by  moonlight.  The  loss  to  the  Constitution  was 
only  three  killed  and  twelve  wounded.  Meeting  subsequently  with  a  fleet  of 
British  vessels,  she  escaped  in  a  fog,  but  lost  the  Levant,  which  was  recaptured. 

1815,  FEBRUARY  21.  —  The  British,  after  issuing  a  proclama- 
tion of  martial  law,  withdrew  from  the  coast  of  Georgia. 

1815,  FEBRUARY  24.  —  Congress  authorized  the  funding  of  the 
non-interest-paying  treasury  notes  in  circulation. 

The  interest  upon  the  loan  was  seven  per  cent.  Three  millions  two  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  thousand  nine  hundred  and  forty-nine  dollars  were  invested  in 
bonds  at  par. 

1815,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  authorized  a  loan  of  twelve  mil- 
lions of  dollars. 

The  rate  of  interest  was  six  per  cent.  The  amount  issued  was  nine  million 
eeven  hundred  and  forty-five  thousand  seven  hundred  and  forty-five  dollars.  The 
loan  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  funding  the  interest-paying  treasury  notes,  and 
the  subscription  price  was  from  ninety  to  par  in  treasury  notes. 

1815. —  THE  colony  of  Harmonists  moved  from  Pennsylvania 
and  settled  in  Posey  County,  Indiana. 

1815.  —  ABOUT  this  time  the  use  of  the  small  plough,  for  the 
cultivation  of  corn,  was  introduced  among  the  French  settlers  in 
Illinois. 

Mr.  Charles  L.  Flint  says  their  ploughs,  "from  the  time  of  their  occupation, 
in  1682,  down  to  the  war  of  1812,  were  made  of  wood,  with  a  small  point  of  iron 
fastened  upon  the  wood  by  strips  of  raw-hide.  The  beams  rested  upon  an  axle 
and  small  wooden  wheels.  They  were  drawn  by  oxen  yoked  by  the  horns,  the 
yokes  being  straight  and  fastened  to  the  horns  by  raw-leather  straps,  a  pole 
extending  back  from  the  yoke  to  the  axle.  These  ploughs  were  large  and 
clumsy.  .  .  .  They  used  carts  that  had  not  a  particle  of  iron  about  them." 

1815,  MARCH  23.  — The  Hornet,  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
captured  the  Penguin,  and  destroyed  her. 

1815,  MARCH  31.  —  General  Jackson  was  sentenced  by  the 
court  to  a  fine  of  one  thousand  dollars  for  contempt  of  court. 

He  had  arrested  a  member  of  the  legislature  named  Louallier,  for  an  article 
he  had  written  while  the  city  was  under  martial  law.  Judge  Hall  having  granted  a 
writ  of  habeas  corpus  in  the  prisoner's  favor,  Jackson  arrested  the  judge  and  sent 


1815.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  533 

him  out  of  the  city.  "When  martial  law  was  repealed,  the  judge,  returning,  sum- 
moned him  for  contempt  of  court,  and  fined  him.  Jackson  gave  his  check  for 
the  fine,  and  the  amount  was  reimbursed  him  by  subscription. 

1815,  MARCH.  —  The  non-intercourse  and  non-importation  acts 
were  repealed,  as  well  as  all  acts  creating  discriminating  duties 
on  foreign  vessels. 

The  acts  to  take  effect  with  only  reciprocating  nations. 

1815,  JUNE  30.  —  The  Peacock,  in  the  Straits  of  Funda,  cap- 
tured an  armed  British  vessel. 

The  next  day  the  vessel  was  given  up.  The  number  of  British  vessels  cap- 
tured on  the  sea  and  the  lakes  by  privateers  and  national  vessels  was  said  to  be 
1750.  The  official  account  of  American  vessels  captured  or  destroyed  by  the 
royal  navy  was  42  national  vessels,  233  privateers,  and  1437  merchant  ships, 
making  a  total  of  1683.  The  British  privateers  did  not  make  many  captures. 

1815,  JUNE.  —  Decatur,  with  a  fleet,  appeared  off  Algiers,  and 
the  Dey  signed  a  treaty  on  his  quarter-deck. 

The  Dey  had  declared  war  against  the  United  States,  captured  an  American 
vessel,  and  made  slaves  of  the  crew.  Decatur  was  sent  with  the  fleet.  Near 
Gibraltar  he  captured  the  largest  frigate  of  the  Algerine  navy.  By  the  treaty,  the 
Dey  surrendered  all  prisoners,  paid  an  indemnity,  and  agreed  to  renounce  all 
claim  to  American  tribute,  and  not  make  slaves  of  his  war  prisoners.  Proceeding 
to  Tunis  and  Tripoli,  Decatur  obtained  indemnity  for  American  vessels  captured 
during  the  war,  under  the  guns  of  their  forts,  by  British  cruisers.  In  part-pay- 
ment, he  took  from  Tripoli  eight  Danes  and  two  Italians  held  as  slaves. 

1815,  JULY.  —  The  commissioners  at  Ghent  made  a  commer- 
cial convention  with  Great  Britain,  to  last  four  years,  and  stipu- 
lating for  absolute  reciprocity  by  abolishing,  in  direct  trade,  all 
discriminations. 

1815,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  A  council  was  held  at  Detroit,  and  the 
hatchet  buried  by  the  tribes  represented. 

These  were  the  Senecas,  Delawares,  Shawanees,  Wyandots,  Pottawatomies  of 
Lake  Michigan,  Ottawas,  and  Chippeways,  with  the  Winnebagoes  and  Sauks. 
Other  treaties  were  made  with  the  Pottawatomies  of  the  Illinois,  the  Piankeshaws, 
Osages,  lowas,  Kansas,  Foxes,  Kickapoos,  and  bands  of  the  Sioux.  The  posts 
of  Prairie  du  Cliien  and  Michilimackinac  were  reoccupied. 

1815.  —  A  BRIDEWELL,  or  house  of  correction,  was  started  at 
Halifax. 

Persons  liable  to  be  committed  for  a  term  not  exceeding  seven  years  were  by  the 
act  described  "  as  disorderly  and  idle  people,  who  notoriously  misspend  their 
time,  to  the  neglect  of  their  own  and  family's  support,  and  those  who  are  convicted 
of  any  clergyable  or  lesser  criminal  offence." 

1815.  —  JOSE  MARIA  MORELOS  was  executed. 

He  was  a  priest,  and  had  for  several  years  successfully  maintained  an  insur- 
rection against  the  Spanish  domination  of  Mexico. 


534  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1815-16. 

1815. — THE  North  American  Review  was  started  iii  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  under  the  editorship  of  William  Tudor. 

In  1817  it  passed  into  the  control  of  a  club  of  Boston  gentlemen,  who  made 
Jared  Sparks  chief  editor;  then  Edward  Channing;  and  in  1819,  Edward  Everett 
assumed  the  post. 

1815.  —  THE  water-works  at  Fairmount,  for  supplying  Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania,  with  water,  were  completed. 

They  were  begun  in  1812.  As  far  back  as  1764,  after  the  yellow  fever  in 
Philadelphia,  Benjamin  Franklin  had  advocated  the  necessity  of  supplying  the 
city  with  water,  and  in  his  will,  June  23,  1789,  recommended  the  city  should  make 
an  appropriation  for  that  purpose.  In  1797  water  was  brought  from  Spring  Mill 
Creek,  and  from  the  Schuylkill  by  steam-power,  and  stored  in  tanks  ready  for 
use ;  but  in  1812  more  efficient  works  were  undertaken. 

1815,  SEPTEMBER  30. — The  total  debt  of  the  United  States 
amounted  to  one   hundred    and    nineteen  million  six  hundred 
thousand  dollars. 

The  estimated  cost  of  the  war  was  at  this  date  eighty  million  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars. 

1816,  JANUARY  3.  —  The  Recorder  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

This  was  the  second  religious  newspaper  published.  From  the  different 
claims  which  have  been  made  for  its  establishment,  it  appears  that  Nathaniel 
Willis  first  conceived  the  idea  of  such  a  paper,  and  printed  the  Recorder,  of 
which  Sidney  Edwards  Morse  was  the  first  editor. 

1816,  FEBRUARY.  —  Congress  passed  a  tariff  bill. 

It  had  been  introduced  by  Mr.  Lowndes,  of  South  Carolina,  with  the  view  of 
encouraging  manufactures. 

1816,  MARCH  1.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  limiting  importation 
by  foreign  vessels  to  the  produce  of  their  respective  countries. 

Its  provisions  were  to  apply  to  only  such  nations  as  had  placed  a  similar 
obstruction  upon  commerce.  The  coasting  trade  was  also  limited  to  American- 
built  vessels  owned  by  Americans.  All  coasting  and  fishing  vessels  were  required, 
under  penalties,  to  have  three  fourths  of  their  crews  Americans. 

1816,  MARCH  1.  —  Congress  repealed  all  such  parts  of  existing 
laws  imposing  duties  as  were  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of 
a  treaty  prepared  by  a  convention  held  in  London,  England,  on 
the  third  of  the  previous  July. 

At  this  convention  it  was  agreed  to  equalize  the  duties  on  tonnage  and  imports. 
The  treaty  was  reciprocal  with  regard  to  the  British  territories  in  Europe  and 
the  East  Indies,  but  did  not  secure  for  the  United  States  equal  privileges  in  Brit- 
ish possessions  in  America.  This  treaty  was  renewed  in  1818,  October  20,  for 
ten  years,  and  in  1827,  on  August  6,  indefinitely. 

1816.  —  THE  first  steam  paper-mill  was  erected  at  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania. 


1816.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  535 

1816.  —  THE  first  steamboat  built  at  Cincinnati  was  launched. 

She  was  named  the  Vesta. 

1816,  MARCH  3. —  Congress  passed  an  act  forbidding  the  fit- 
ting out  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  of  any  vessel 
to  cruise  against  any  power  with  which  the  United  States  were 
at  peace. 

A  fine  often  thousand  dollars  and  imprisonment  not  to  exceed  ten  years  were 
the  penalties  for  heing  engaged  in  fitting  out  any  such  vessel.  Spain  had  pro- 
tested against  the  fitting  out  of  vessels  to  sail  under  the  flags  of  her  revolted  South 
American  provinces,  and  to  assist  Texas  and  Mexico,  which  had  also  rebelled. 

1816,  APRIL  10.  — Congress  chartered  a  national  bank. 

Its  capital  was  thirty-five  millions ;  government  to  subscribe  for  seven  millions 
in  five  per  cent,  bonds,  and  the  rest  to  be  subscribed  by  the  public ;  seven  millions 
in  specie,  and  the  rest  in  government  stock.  The  bank  to  issue  no  notes  under 
five  dollars,  and  forbidden  to  suspend  under  twelve  per  cent,  penalty.  Its  direc- 
tors were  elected  by  the  stockholders.  The  bank  was  organized  on  October  28, 
fifteen  of  the  directors  being  Democrats,  and  ten  Federalists.  Its  charter  was  to 
run  twenty-one  years,  and  it  was  to  pay  for  it  one  million  five  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars in  three  instalments,  at  two,  three,  and  four  years.  It  was  to  be  the  deposi- 
tary of  the  public  money,  which  it  should  transfer  without  charge.  It  was  to  estab- 
lish a  place  of  deposit  and  discount  in  Washington,  and  a  similar  one  in  any  state 
where  two  thousand  shares  were  held  on  application  of  the  legislature.  The 
shares  were  one  hundred  dollars. 

1816,  APRIL  25. —  Congress  appropriated  one  million  dollars 
annually  to  the  increase  of  the  navy. 

1816,  APRIL  30.  —  Congress  voted  that  specie  payments  ought 
to  be  resumed  February  20,  1817,  and  that  the  government 
should  then  accept  only  specie,  or  its  equivalent,  u  treasury 
notes,  notes  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  or  in  notes  of 
banks  payable  and  paid  on  demand  in  specie." 

The  banks  refused  to  resume  specie  payments  before  July,  1817. 

1816,  APRIL.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature  of  New 
Hampshire  changing  the  name  of  Dartmouth  College  to  Dart- 
mouth University,  and  changing  the  board  of  trustees. 

The  old  board  refused  to  submit;  the  governor  brought  the  subject  before  the 
legislature,  who  passed  an  act  fining  any  one  who  should  oppose  the  new  board, 
who  thus  obtained  possession  of  the  buildings  and  records.  The  matter  was  car- 
ried to  the  supreme  court,  which  finally  decided  that  the  original  charter  of  tht 
college  was  a  contract,  and  its  modification  without  the  consent  of  the  trustees 
was  unconstitutional.  The  college  was  therefore  reinstated  in  possession. 

1816,  APRIL.  —  Congress  enacted  that  the  pay  of  its  members 
should  be  fifteen  hundred  dollars  a  year. 

There  was  great  objection  made  to  it.  The  legislatures  of  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island,  Georgia,  and  Kentucky  passed  resolutions  expressive  of  their 
objection  to  it  as  extravagant.  The  next  session  it  was  repealed,  being  allowed 
to  stand  for  the  session,  and  the  future  being  left  to  the  next  Congress. 


536  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [18 1G. 

1816,  MAY.  —  The  steamboat  Enterprise  ascended  the  Missis- 
sippi from  New  Orleans  to  Louisville. 

She  was  commanded  by  Captain  Henry  M.  Shreve,  who  was  chiefly  instru- 
mental in  breaking  down  the  monopoly  claimed  by  Fulton  and  Livingston  of  the 
steam  navigation  of  the  rivers.  He  carried  the  case  up  until  he  got  a  decision 
from  the  Supreme  Court. 

1816,  SEPTEMBER.  —  Indiana  formed  a  constitution,  and  under 
it  Jonathan  Jennings  was  chosen  the  first  governor. 

Authority  to  frame  a  constitution  had  been  given  by  Congress.  The  constitu- 
tion gave  the  right  of  suffrage  to  all  male  citizens  resident  in  the  state  one  year. 
It  recognized  the  freedom  of  the  press. 

1816,  SEPTEMBER  24. —  The  Cherokeea,  by  a  treaty,  limited 
themselves  on  the  south  side  of  the  Tennessee  to  the  parallel  of 
Huntsville. 

In  the  fall,  at  two  treaties,  the  Chickasaws  and  Choctaws  relinquished  all 
claim  to  territory  east  of  the  Tombigbee,  except  the  valley  of  Bear  Creek.  The 
consideration  for  these  cessions  was,  with  the  Cherokees,  $5000  cash,  and  an 
annuity  for  ten  years  of  $6000.  They  also  received  $5000  cash  for  relinquishing 
all  claim  to  any  part  of  South  Carolina.  The  Chickasaws  received  §4500,  an 
annuity  for  ten  years  of  $12,000,  and  gifts  to  some  of  the  chiefs.  The  Choctaws 
§10,000  cash,  and  an  annuity  for  twenty  years  of  $6000. 

1816,  SEPTEMBER  28.  —  An  expedition  from  New  Orleans,  with 
a  force  from  Camp  Crawford,  under  Colonel  Clinch,  destroyed 
the  fort  on  the  Appalachicola. 

The  fort  had  been  built  by  the  British,  and,  with  its  armament,  given  by  them, 
at  the  close  of  the  war,  to  their  Indian  and  negro  allies.  It  was  claimed  that  it 
was  an  asylum  for  runaway  negroes.  The  magazine  was  exploded  by  red-hot 
shot,  and  some  three  hundred  and  fifty  persons  killed. 

1816,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  United  States  Bank  was  organized  in 
Philadelphia,  with  branches  at  Boston,  New  York,  and  Balti- 
more. 

Other  branches  were  soon  opened  at  Portsmouth,  Providence,  Middletown 
Connecticut,  Washington,  Richmond,  Norfolk,  Charleston,  Savannah,  New 
Orleans,  Lexington,  and  Cincinnati,  and  soon  after  at  Louisville,  Chillicothe, 
Pittsburg,  Fayetteville,  and  Augusta. 

1816,  NOVEMBER  25.  —  A  bank  of  savings  was  formed  in  New 
York. 

It  was  formed  at  a  public  meeting  held  by  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 
Pauperism,  and  was  incorporated  in  March,  1819. 

1816,  DECEMBER  2.  —  The  Saving  Fund  Society  was  organized 
in  Philadelphia,  and  opened  the  business  of  a  savings  bank. 

1816,  DECEMBER  13.  —  The  Provident  Institution  for  Savings 
was  incorporated  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 


1816-17.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  537 

1816.  —  THE  Columbian  Institute  for  the  promotion  of  Arts 
and  Sciences  was  instituted  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

At  the  expiration  of  its  charter,  in  1830,  it  was  merged  in  the  National  Institute. 

1816,  DECEMBER.  —  The  American  Colonization  Society,  for 
colonizing  free  colored  people  on  the  African  coast,  was  estab- 
lished at  Washington. 

Rev.  Robert  Finley  was  active  in  the  work.  The  plan  had  been  urged  by 
Jefferson  as  early  as  1777,  and  the  legislature  of  Virginia  had  advocated  it  in  1801. 
Bushrod  Washington  was  the  first  president  of  the  society.  His  immediate  suc- 
cessors were  Charles  Carroll,  James  Madison,  and  Henry  Clay. 

1816.  —  POTTERY-WORKS  were  started  at  Jersey  City,  and 
some  porcelain  ware  was  made. 

The  works  now  manufacture  chiefly  the  cream-colored  ware,  for  which  the 
clay  is  obtained  near  Amboy. 

1816,  DECEMBER.  —  Congress  appropriated  ten  millions  to  the 
sinking  fund. 

1809-17.  —  FOURTH  administration. 

President,  James  Madison,  of  Virginia. 

fGeorge  Clinton,  of  New  York,  1809;  died  1812. 
Vice-Presidents,  j  Elbridge  Gerry,  of  Massachusetts,  March  4,   1813; 

I     died  November  23,  1813. 

/  Robert  Smith,  of  Maryland,  March  6,  1809. 
Secretaries  of  State,        \  Jameg  Monroe>  of  Virginia,  April  2,  1811. 

(  Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pennsylvania,  continued  in  office. 
Secretaries  of  Treasury,  \  George  W.  Campbell,  of  Tennessee,  Feb.  9,  1814. 

I  Alexander  J.  Dallas,  of  Tennessee,  Oct.  6,  1814. 

'William  Eustis,  of  Massachusetts,  March  7,  1809. 
John  Armstrong,  of  New  York,  January  13,  1813. 
Secretaries  of  War,         j  James  Monroe,  of  Virginia,  September  27,  1814. 

.W.  H.  Crawford,  of  Georgia,  March  3,  1815. 

(•  Paul  Hamilton,  of  South  Carolina,  March  7,  1809. 
Secretaries  of  Navy,         •)  William  Jones,  of  Pennsylvania,  Jan.  12,  1813. 

LBenj.  W.  Crowninshicld,  Mass.,  Dec.  17,  1814. 

(  Gideon  Granger,  of  Connecticut,  continued  in  office. 

Postmasters-General,       \  -^  .         T   XT  •         */~vu-      nr      T.  i?   101.1 
I  Return  J.  Meigs,  of  Ohio,  March  17,  1814. 

(  Cajsar  Rodney,  of  Delaware,  continued  in  office. 
Attorneys-General,  \  William  Pinkney,  of  Maryland,  Dec.  11,  1811. 

I  Richard  Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  February  10,  1814. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Joseph  B.  Varnum,  of  Massachusetts,  Eleventh  Congress,  1809. 
Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  Twelfth  Congress,  1811. 

"  "          Thirteenth  Congress,  1813.  , 

Langdon  Cheves,  of  South  Carolina,   Thirteenth  Congress,  1814. 
Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  Fourteenth  Congress,  1815. 

1817,  JANUARY.  —  The  government  resumed  specie  payments. 

It  paid  its  obligations  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in  coin. 


538  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1817. 

1817.  —  THE  President  was  authorized  to  procure  for  the 
capitol  four  large  pictures  of  Revolutionary  scenes  by  John 
Trumbull. 

An  appropriation  had  been  made  for  rebuilding  the  capitol,  enclosing  the 
grounds  about  it  and  making  them  ornamental.  Trumbull  had  served  in  the  army 
of  the  Revolution,  and  made  a  series  of  portraits  of  the  chief  actors  in  it.  The 
four  pictures  he  painted  for  this  order  are  now  in  the  rotunda  of  the  capitol. 

1817,  FEBRUARY  15.  —  The  Delaware  Society  for  Promoting 
American  Manufactures  was  established  at  Wilmington. 

1817,  MARCH  1. —  Congress  passed  an  act  giving  to  the  people 
of  the  western  portion  of  the  territory  of  Mississippi  the  right  to 
organize  a  state  government. 

By  another  act  the  territory  was  divided,  the  eastern  portion  being  erected  into 
the  territory  of  Alabama,  of  which  William  W.  Bibb  was  appointed  governor. 
The  constitution  formed  for  the  state  of  Mississippi  gave  the  right  of  suffrage  to 
all  white  male  adults,  residents  of  the  state.  A  property  qualification  was  requi- 
site to  hold  the  office  of  governor,  or  to  be  a  member  of  the  legislature.  The 
legislature  was  denied  any  power  to  pass  laws  for  the  emancipation  of  slaves 
without  the  consent  of  their  owners,  or  paying  an  equivalent  for  them ;  nor  laws 
to  prevent  immigrants  bringing  with  them  persons  deemed  slaves  by  any  of  the 
states,  as  long  as  similar  persons  were  held  in  slavery  by  the  laws  of  the  state. 
Grand  juries  were  dispensed  with  in  the  trial  of  slaves,  and  petit  juries  in  all  but 
capital  cases. 

1817.  —  THE  Massachusetts  Peace  Society  memorialized  Con- 
gress, suggesting  the  formation  of  a  congress  of  nations  for  the 
purpose  of  settling  national  disputes  by  arbitration. 

1817,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  appointed  John  Quincy  Adams 
commissioner  to  examine  and  report  on  the  subject  of  weights 
and  measures  in  the  United  States,  and  also  as  to  the  desirable- 
ness of  adopting  the  French  system,  or  some  similar  one. 

During  the  years  1819  and  1820,  Adams  had  the  standards  employed  in  the  vari- 
ous custom-houses  examined,  and,  in  a  table  accompanying  his  report,  presented 
in  1821,  showed  the  discrepancies  that  existed  in  the  different  states.  He  reported 
unfavorably  to  the  French  system,  but  recommended  a  more  exact  conformity  with 
the  English  system. 

181.7,  APRIL.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  an  act  for 
the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  state. 

It  was  to  take  effect  July  4,  1827.  It  also  passed  an  act  abolishing  imprison- 
ment for  debts  less  than  twenty-five  dollars. 

1817. —  MONTGOMERY,  on  the  Alabama  River,  was  laid  out. 

It  became  the  capital  of  the  state  in  1846,  when  the  government  was  removed 
there  from  Tuscaloosa. 

1817.  —  EVANSVILLE,  Indiana,  was  laid  out  by  General  Robert 
Evans,  James  W.  Jones,  and  Hugh  McGeary,  and  named  in  honor 
of  the  first. 


1817.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEEICA.  539 

It  is  a  large  manufacturing  city  on  the  Ohio  River,  and  has  a  rapidly  increasing 
commerce.  Coal  and  iron  abound  in  the  neighborhood. 

1817,  APRIL  15.  —  The  New  York  legislature  created  a  fund 
for  the  construction  of  the  Erie,  Champlaiu,  and  Hudson  Canal. 

Ground  was  first  broken  at  Rome  on  the  4th  of  July,  and  it  was  completed  on 
the  26th  of  October,  1825. 

1817,  APRIL  15.  —  The  first  American  asylum  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb  was  opened  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  with  Thomas  H.  Gal- 
laudet  as  principal. 

Mr.  Gallaudet  had  spent  two  years  in  Europe,  the  expense  being  borne  by 
wealthy  men  of  Hartford,  studying  under  the  Abbe  Sicard  at  Paris  his  system  of 
teaching  mutes,  and  brought  back  with  him,  as  assistant,  M.  Laurent  Le  Clerc,  a 
mute,  one  of  the  abbe's  best  teachers.  The  institution  had  a  grant  of  $5000  from 
the  state,  and  in  1819  Congress  gave  it  the  grant  of  a  township  of  land  in  Ala- 
bama, which  produced  a  fund  of  $300,000,  the  income  from  which  is  used  in 
defraying  the  current  expenses  of  the  asylum. 

The  New  York  institution  was  started  in  1818 ;  that  of  Pennsylvania  in  1820. 

1817.  —  THIS  year  a  revival  in  the  cause  of  education  began, 
and  the  grade  of  instruction  in  the  public  schools  has  since  stead- 
ily been  raised. 

Horace  Mann,  of  Massachusetts ;  Henry  Barnard,  of  Connecticut ;  the  publi- 
cation of  the  "American  Journal  of  Education,"  begun  in  1826;  the  improved 
text-books ;  the  founding  of  normal  schools,  —  all  have  worked  for  the  same  end : 
the  increased  efficiency  of  the  common  schools. 

1817.  —  THE  Hartford  Times  appeared  in  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut. 

It  was  established  by  Alfred  E.  Burr,  and  is  now  under  the  direction  of  his 
sons  Alfred  E.  and  Franklin  L.  Burr.  It  is  Democratic. 

1817,  MAY  13.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Public  Economy  was  formed  at  Philadelphia. 

1817.  —  THE  American  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
American  Manufactures  was  formed  in  New  York. 

1817.  —  THE  Maryland  Economical  Association  was  organized 
at  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

1817.  —  THE  legislature  of  New  York  appropriated  twenty 
thousand  dollars,  to  be  divided  among  the  county  agricultural 
societies,  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture  and  family  domestic 
manufactures. 

1817,  JULY.  —  The  Gazette  appeared  in  Mobile,  Alabama. 

1817.  —  A  COMPANY  of  Germans,  known  as  Separatists,  landed 
and  settled  at  Zoar,  in  Tuscarora  county,  Ohio. 

They  had  bought  the  land,  which  was  uncleared,  and  in  1819  formed  them- 
selves into  a  community.  In  1832  they  adopted  a  constitution,  and  were  incor- 
porated by  the  legislature.  They  have  about  three  hundred  members. 


540  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1817-18. 

1817,  AUGUST.  —  An  agent  was  sent  in  the  frigate  Congress  to 
establish  commercial  relations  with  the  northern  part  of  St.  Do- 
mingo. 

Christophe  was  in  command  as  king  of  the  independent  government  which  the 
revolted  colored  population  had  established.  He  expressed  a  desire  to  establish 
friendly  relations.  The  agent  had  only  a  simple  certificate  of  his  appointment. 
The  United  States  had  not  recognized  the  independence  of  Hayti,  and  hesitated 
to  do  so. 

1817.  —  THREE  commissioners  were  sent  to  South  America  to 
ascertain  and  report  the  real  condition  of  affairs  there. 

The  republics  had  revolted  from  Spanish  rule,  and  claimed  to  have  established 
their  independence. 

1817,  NOVEMBER  30.  —  The  Indians  attacked  a  boat  on  the  Ap- 
palachicola  carrying  supplies  to  Fort  Scott  on  the  Flint  River,  and 
killed  all  who  were  on  it  except  six  men  and  one  woman. 

The  boat  contained  about  forty  men,  with  a  number  of  women  and  children. 
The  attack  was  made  in  retaliation  for  one  that  had  been  made  by  General  Gaines 
from  Fort  Scott  upon  the  Indian  village  of  Fowltown,  a  few  miles  below  the  fort, 
in  order  to  enforce  a  demand  he  had  made  upon  the  Indians  for  the  surrender  of 
some  murderers  who  had  taken  refuge  in  their  settlement.  Jackson  was  sent,  on 
reception  of  the  news,  to  take  command  in  person,  and  given  authority  to  call  on 
the  militia  from  Tennessee. 

1817,  DECEMBER  23.  —  The  internal  taxes  were  repealed. 

1817.  —  THE  legislature  of  Kentucky  chartered  thirty-nine  new 
banks. 

There  were  already  in  the  state  a  state  bank  with  fourteen  branches. 

1818,  JANUARY  22.  —  The  Creeks  ceded  to  the  United  States 
two  tracts  —  one  on  the  Upper  Ocmulgee,  and  the  other  south 
of  the  Altamaha. 

The  consideration  was  $20,000  in  cash,  and  an  annuity  for  ten  years  of 
$10,000. 

1818.  —  CONGRESS  fixed  the  compensation  of  its  members  at 
eight  dollars  a  day,  and  the  same  amount  for  each  twenty  miles 
of  travel. 

1818,  MARCH  14.  —  Congress  refused  to  receive  a  petition  from 
Vincente  Pazos,  an  agent  from  the  Spanish-American  republics. 

He  was  residing  in  Washington,  but  had  not  been  officially  recognized.  The 
petition  was  presented  by  the  speaker,  Henry  Clay,  and  was  a  protest  against  the 
suppression,  made  without  violence,  of  settlements  at  Amelia  Island  and  Galves- 
ton,  Texas,  under  the  authority,  as  claimed,  of  the  insurgent  authorities  of  New 
Grenada,  Venezuela,  and  Mexico.  The  President  had  suppressed  these  establish- 
ments, which  were  chiefly  occupied  by  buccaneers,  under  authority  of  a  secret 
act  made  in  1811,  and  which  was  now  first  made  public.  The  Spanish  minister, 
Don  Onis,  also  protested  against  them.  The  same  day  the  President  laid  before 
Congress  the  correspondence  which  had  passed  between  the  Spanish  minister  and 


1818.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  541 

the  secretary  of  state,  in  which  was  a  full  discussion  as  to  the  boundaries  of  Flor- 
ida and  Louisiana,  and  the  claims  for  Spanish  spoliations  of  American  commerce. 
From  this  correspondence  it  appeared  that  the  administration  had  declined  an 
offer  made  by  Spain  to  submit  the  points  in  dispute  to  the  arbitration  of  Great 
Britain. 

1818.  —  THE  first  savings  bank  was  formed  in  Baltimore. 

1818.  —  MR.  CALHOUN,  while  secretary  of  war,  prohibited  the 
use  of  liquors  in  the  army. 

1818. — THE  State  Library  at  Albany,  New  York,  was  founded. 

1818. —  NOAH  WEBSTER,  in  an  agricultural  address,  spoke  of 
"the  art  of  draining  wet  lands,  which  is  now  in  its  infancy  in  this 
country." 

1818.  —  A  "SOCIETY  for  the  Prevention  of  Pauperism  and 
Crime  "  was  formed  in  New  York  city. 

Isaac  Collins,  Joseph  Curtis,  John  Griscom,  and  James  W.  Gerard  were 
chiefly  instrumental  in  its  formation. 

1818.  —  ALL  the  territory  lying  north  of  Illinois  and  Indiana 
was  annexed  to  Michigan,  and  the  lands,  having  been  surveyed, 
were  offered  for  public  sale. 

1818,  MARCH  14.  —  The  House  resolved  that  Congress  was 
empowered  "  to  appropriate  money  for  the  construction  of  post- 
roads,  military  and  other  roads,  and  of  canals,  and  for  the 
improvement  of  water-courses." 

The  resolution  was  passed  after  long  and  earnest  debate. 

1818,  MARCH  18.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  relief  of  the 
soldiers  of  the  Revolution. 

It  gave  a  life  pension  of  twenty  dollars  a  month  to  officers,  and  eight  dollars  a 
month  to  privates,  who  had  served  nine  months  in  the  Continental  army  or  navy. 
The  recipients  were  to  resign  all  claim  to  invalid  pensions,  and  prove  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  war  department  that  they  stood  in  need  of  assistance. 

1818,  APRIL  1.  —  General  Jackson  captured  a  Seminole  village 
near  the  present  site  of  Tallahassee. 

The  village  was  burned. 

1818,  APRIL  2.  —  The  American  farmer  appeared  at  Baltimore. 

It  was  established  by  John  S.  Skinner,  and  was  the  pioneer  of  the  agricultural 
press.  He  also  began  this  year  The  Turf  Magazine. 

1818.  — A  COMMITTEE  of  the  legislature  of  New  York  reported 
concerning  the  banking  system  of  that  state  that  it  was  out- 
rageous. 

The  report  says,  "  Of  all  aristocracies,  none  more  completely  enslave  a  people 
than  that  of  money,  and  in  the  opinion  of  your  committee  no  system  was  ever 
better  devised  so  perfectly  to  enslave  a  community  as  that  of  the  present  mode 
of  conducting  bank  establishments." 


542  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1818. 

1818.  —  SHOE-PEGS  are  said  to  have  been  invented  about  this 
time,  by  Joseph  Walker,  of  Hopkinton,  Massachusetts. 

1818,  APRIL  4.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  prescribing  the  fash- 
ion of  the  national  flag. 

It  was  to  be  made  with  thirteen  stripes,  and  as  many  stars  as  states  —  a  new 
star  to  be  added  for  each  state  admitted  to  the  Union. 

1818,  APRIL  4. — The  House  directed  the  secretaries  of  war 
and  of  the  treasury  to  report  at  the  next  session  a  list  of  the 
internal  improvements  in  progress,  and  a  plan  for  appropriations 
to  aid  them. 

It  was  stated  in  the  debate,  that  the  transportation  of  each  barrel  of  flour  to 
Detroit,  during  the  late  war,  had  cost  not  less  than  sixty  dollars,  and  that  of  every 
pound  of  ammunition  and  war  material  not  less  than  fifty  cents. 

1818,  APRIL  7. —  General  Jackson  captured  the  fort  at  St. 
Marks. 

He  captured  it  by  force,  though  there  was  no  blood  shed.  It  was  the  only  Span- 
ish fort  in  that  part  of  Florida.  He  claimed  that  it  afforded  aid  and  protection  to 
the  Indians.  Jackson  then  captured  and  destroyed  other  Indian  villages. 

1818,  APRIL  18.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  ter- 
ritory of  Illinois  to  form  a  state  constitution. 

1818,  APRIL  18.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  closing  the  ports  of 
the  United  States  to  British  vessels  from  any  British  colonial 
port  into  which  American  vessels  were  not  admitted. 

On  the  27th  of  May.  the  ports  of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  and  St.  John,  New 
Brunswick,  were  opened  to  American  vessels  by  an  order  in  council. 

1818.  —  THE  duties  on  some  articles  were  increased. 
The  practice  of  a  custom-house  appraisement  for  the  collection  of  ad  valorem 
duties  was  begun. 

1818,  APRIL  20.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  intended  to  give 
greater  efficiency  to  the  law  against  fitting  out  vessels,  or  organ- 
izang  military  expeditions  against  nations  with  whom  they  were 
at  peace. 

1818,  APRIL.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  for  the  abolition  of  the 
slave-trade. 

The  burden  of  proof,  in  cases  where  negroes  were  found  on  board  of  a  vessel, 
was  thrown  on  those  in  possession.  The  penalties  for  fitting  out  vessels  for  the 
slave-trade,  or  transporting  slaves  to  any  country,  were  increased. 

1818,  APRIL  20.  —  Congress  repealed  the  discriminating  du- 
ties so  far  as  they  related  to  the  Netherlands. 

On  the  24th  of  July  the  President,  by  proclamation,  extended  the  equality  of 
trade  to  Bremen,  which  had  repealed  its  discriminating  duties. 

1818.  —  THE  steamboat  trade  of  the  West  increased,  about 
thirty  vessels  being  built  this  year,  and  the  first  steamer  on  Lake 


1818.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  543 

Erie,  called  "  Walk  in  the  Water,"  was  launched  at  Black  Rock, 
near  Buffalo,  May  28. 

1818,  APRIL  29.  —  General  Jackson  ordered  the  execution  of 
two  traders  who  had  been  captured  in  his  campaign. 

One  of  them,  a  Scotsman  named  Arbutlmot,  was  taken  in  the  fort  at  St.  Marks ; 
the  other,  a  native  of  New  Providence,  was  named  Ambrister,  and  was  taken  at 
Sawanee.  They  were  tried  by  a  court-martial  for  aiding  the  Indians,  and  Arbuth- 
not  had  been  sentenced  to  death,  Ambrister  to  receive  fifty  stripes,  and  be  con- 
fined at  hard  labor  for  a  year.  Jackson  sentenced  them  both  to  death  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  "an  established  principle  of  the  law  of  nations,  that  an  indi- 
vidual making  war  against  the  citizens  of  any  other  nation,  the  two  nations  being 
at  peace,  forfeits  his  allegiance  and  becomes  an  outlaw  and  a  pirate." 

1818,  MAY  24. —  General  Jackson  captured  Pensacola. 

There  was  no  resistancs.  The  Spanish  governor  had  protested  against  the 
invasion  of  Florida,  and  took  refuge  in  the  fort  at  Barancas,  which  capitulated  a 
day  or  two  after. 

1818,  JULY.  —  The  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  was 
established. 

'     1818,  JULY  4.  —  The   association   of  mechanics   of  the   Com- 
monwealth of  Massachusetts  held  their  first  public  exhibition. 

In  giving  premiums,  apprentices  and  journeymen  were  first  considered. 

1818.  —  THE  New  England  Glass  Company  was  established  at 
East  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

1818. — THE  New  Hampshire  legislature  made  an  appropria- 
tion for  the  promotion  of  agriculture  and  domestic  manufactures. 

1818,  JULY  23.  —  It  was  offered  to  restore  Pensacola  at  once  to 
Spain,  and  St.  Marks  whenever  Spain  stationed  a  sufficient  force 
there  to  control  the  Indians. 

The  Spanish  minister  had  protested  against  the  invasion  of  Florida.  General 
Jackson  had  written  that  the  Seminole  war  was  ended. 

1818,  AUGUST  26.  —  Illinois  adopted  a  state  constitution. 

It  was  the  same,  in  all  essential  points,  with  that  of  Indiana./ 

1818,  SEPTEMBER  27.  —  The  Indians  of  Ohio  ceded  all  their 
remaining  lands  in  that  state  (about  four  million  acres,  embracing 
the  valley  of  the  Maumee). 

They  were  the  Wyandots,  Delawares,  Senecas,  Shawanese,  and  some  Pottawafr- 
omies,  Ottawas,  and  Chippewas.  The  consideration  was  $14,000  paid  the  various 
tribes  as  compensation  for  the  damage  they  had  suffered  from  the  British  during 
the  war ;  $500  to  the  Delawares ;  a  perpetual  annuity  of  $10,000  to  the  Wyan- 
dots, Senecas,  Shawanese,  and  Ottawas,  and  §3300  a  year  for  fifteen  years  to  the 
Pottawatomies  and  united  Chippewas  and  Ottawas.  Various  tracts  were  also 
reserved  for  various  families,  bands,  and  individuals,  with  the  idea  that  they 
might  adopt  the  habits  of  civilized  life. 


544  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1818-19. 

1818.  —  THE  Chickasaws  ceded  all  the  tract  of  land  lying  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  the  northern  course  of  the  Tennessee. 

This  tract  had  been  used  as  their  hunting-ground.  Certain  reservations  were 
made  to  certain  of  the  chiefs,  and  the  consideration,  besides  presents  to  the  chiefs, 
was  870,000  yearly  for  fifteen  years.  The  tract  ceded  was  in  the  jurisdiction  of 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  but  had  been  taken  up  by  the  grants  from  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina. 

1818,  OCTOBER  12.  —  A  constitution  for  Connecticut  was  ratified 
by  the  people. 

It  had  been  framed  by  a  convention  which  met  at  Hartford  in  August.  It  was 
modelled  upon  the  original  charter.  The  board  of  assistants  was  made  a  senate. 
The  representatives  were  elected  yearly.  The  governor  could  state  his  objections 
to  any  bills,  but  they  availed  nothing  if  a  majority  still  were  in  favor  of  them. 
The  legislature  appointed  all  officers.  All  tax-payers  were  given  the  right  of 
suffrage,  and  the  old  religious  establishment  was  abolished.  By  the  Bill  of  Rights 
no  person  should  be  compelled  to  join,  or  be  classed  with,  or  be  taxed  by  any 
church  or  religious  association  against  his  consent.  "All  societies  of  Christians" 
in  the  state  were  entitled  to  the  privilege  of  taxing  their  members ;  and  these 
could,  at  pleasure,  withdraw  by  giving  a  written  notice  of  their  intention.  The 
judges  of  the  highest  court  held  office  during  good  behavior. 

1818,  OCTOBER  19.  —  Further  cessions  of  land  in  Illinois  and 
Indiana  were  made  by  the  Indians. 

The  Pottawatomies,  the  Ucas,  the  Miamis,  and  the  Delawares  were  the  tribes 
making  them.  The  consideration,  perpetual  annuities  amounting  to  $9850.  The 
Delawares,  having  ceded  all  their  land,  agreed  to  remove  to  the  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

1818,  DECEMBER  22. —  A  treaty  made  with  Spain,  August  11, 
1802,  was  published  by  the  President. 

It  provided  for  the  organization  of  commissions  for  the  settlement  of  all  claims 
by  individuals  of  both  nations  for  losses  prior  to  1802.  The  claims  by  Americans 
for  losses  by  French  privateers  who  carried  their  prizes  to  Spanish  ports,  were 
reserved  for  future  settlement. 

1819.,  JANUARY  16.  —  A  committee  appointed  by  the  House, 
with  authority  to  send  for  persons  and  papers,  in  order  to  a 
thorough  examination  of  the  affairs  of  the  bank,  reported. 

Congress  passed  an  act  restricting  stockholders,  in  however  many  names  their 
stock  might  be  held,  to  the  thirty  votes  allowed  by  the  charter.  In  the  previous 
March,  the  Boston  branch  of  the  bank  had  refused  to  receive  the  notes  of  the 
other  branches ;  and  in  August  all  the  branches  were  authorized  to  refuse,  except 
in  payments  on  government  account,  all  notes  but  their  own.  Some  of  the 
branches  had  been  managed  more  in  the  interest  of  the  directors  than  the  public. 
The  bank  had  imported  specie  at  high  cost  only  to  have  it  flow  immediately  back 
again  to  Europe.  The  president  resigned,  and  Langdon  Cheeves  was  appointed  in 
his  place.  Under  his  administration,  a  violent  contraction  of  the  currency  was 
made,  and  the  wide-spread  commercial  disaster  necessarily  incident  to  such  a 
financial  course  was  produced. 

Prices  fell  seriously.     The  specie  in  the  country  was  drawn  abroad  by  the 


1819.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  545 

premium  for  its  exportation,  while  the  paper  currency,  which  in  1815  and  1816 
had  amounted  to  an  estimated  aggregate  of  one  hundred  and  ten  millions,  was 
reduced  to  about  forty-five  millions  by  the  contraction  of  bank  discounts.  Flour, 
which  was  ten  to  fifteen  dollars  a  barrel  in  1817,  was  now  five  to  six.  The  prices 
of  other  staples  were  equally  reduced;  all  manufacturing  enterprises  suffered 
severely ;  factories  and  workshops  were  closed ;  the  industrious  producers  of 
wealth  were  everywhere  thrown  out  of  employment.  Farms  sold  at  one-half  or 
one-third  of  their  value.  The  court  actions  for  debt  in  Pennsylvania  alone  were 
this  year  14,537,  and  the  number  of  confessed  judgments,  10,326,  besides  an  equal 
number  before  the  justices. 

1819,  JANUARY  30.  —  The  President  gave  public  notice  by 
proclamation  that  a  treaty  with  England  had  been  made  and 
ratified. 

It  had  been  made  October  20,  1818,  at  London,  by  Richard  Rush  and  Albert 
Gallatin  for  the  United  States,  and  Frederick  John  Robinson  and  Henry  Gould- 
burn  for  Great  Britain,  forming  one  of  the  commissions  under  the  treaty  of 
Ghent.  The  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  British  America,  from 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  was  settled.  The  territory  west 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  to  remain  for  ten  years  in  the  joint  occupancy  of 
both  parties.  The  commercial  convention  of  1815  was  to  continue  in  force  also 
ten  years.  The  rights  for  American  fishermen  were  restored  to  the  north  and 
east  coasts  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  the  coast  of  Labrador,  and  the  Mag- 
dalen Islands ;  but  they  were  not  to  fish  within  three  mile*  of  the  coasts  of  New 
Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia,  or  the  southern  and  western  coasts  of  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence.  Russia  was  selected  to  arbitrate  concerning  the  true  interpreta- 
tion of  the  article  in  the  late  treaty  concerning  the  slaves  carried  away. 

1819.  —  CONGEESS  appropriated  half  a  million  of  dollars  for 
the  completion  of  the  turnpike  from  Cumberland  to  Wheeling. 

It  was  now  called  the  national  road.  The  list  of  public  improvements  called 
for  at  the  last  session  was  laid  on  the  table  of  the  House,  but  no  further  action 
was  taken  on  it.  The  low  state  of  the  treasury  was  the  cause. 

1819.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  for  the  suppression  of  the 
slave  trade. 

New  York  and  New  Jersey  had  both  forbidden  the  export  of  slaves  from  their 
territory,  and  applied  to  Congress  to  aid  in  their  enforcement.  The  act  gave  fifty 
dollars  to  the  informer  for  every  illegally  imported  African  seized  in  the  United 
States,  and  twenty-five  dollars  for  those  seized  at  sea.  The  President  was  also 
authorized  to  transport  them  to  Africa  and  appoint  agents  for  their  reception 
there. 

1819,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  Congress  voted  a  disapproval  of  the  ex- 
ecution of  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrister,  and  also  of  the  seizure  of 
Pensacola. 

1819,  FEBRUARY  22. —  By  a  treaty  made  with  the  Spanish 
minister  in  Washington,  under  instructions,  Florida  was  ceded 
to  the  United  States  in  payment  of  American  claims,  the  United 
States  agreeing  to  pay  the  claimants  five  millions  of  dollars. 

The  boundaries  of  the  territory  were  fixed  as  the  Sabine  to  the  tliirty-second 

35 


54G  AXXALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1819. 

degree  of  north  latitude ;  thence  a  north  meridian  line  to  the  Red  River ;  along 
the  course  of  that  river  to  the  one  hundredth  degree  of  longitude  east  from 
Greenwich ;  then  north  by  that  meridian  to  the  Arkansas ;  up  that  river  to  its 
head,  and  to  the  forty-second  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  along  that  degree  to 
the  Pacific.  The  inhabitants  of  the  ceded  territory  were  to  be  free  in  the  exercise 
of  their  religion,  and  to  be  admitted,  as  soon  as  consistent  with  the  constitution, 
to  the  rights,  privileges,  and  immunities  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
The  five  millions  were  to  be  paid  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  lands,  the 
claims  to  be  allowed  by  a  commission  appointed  by  the  President  and  Senate. 
The  Senate  ratified  the  treaty,  and  an  act  passed  authorizing  the  President  to  take 
possession  of  the  ceded  territory. 

1819,  FEBRUARY  27. —  The  Cherokees  ceded  their  territory 
north  of  the  Tennessee,  and  of  the  lower  course  of  the  Hiwassee, 
and  also  that  east  of  the  Chestatee. 

They  retained  a  tract  between  the  Chestatee  and  Chattahoocb.ee  on  the  east, 
the  Hiwassee  on  the  north{  the  Tennessee  on  the  northwest,  and  the  territory  of 
the  Creeks  on  the  southwest.  A  portion  of  them  had  moved  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  the  cession  was  made  for  the  lands  given  them,  they  being  also  to 
receive  one-third  of  the  annuities  from  the  United  States. 

1819,  APRIL  26.  —  Thomas  Wildey,  of  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
together  with  four  other  members,  instituted  the  Washington 
Lodge  No.  1  of  Odd  Fellows. 

Wildey  was  an  Englishman  by  birth,  and  a  blacksmith  by  trade.  He  soon 
after  procured  from  the  "Manchester  Unity,"  England,  which  still  is  considered 
the  main  body  of  Odd  Fellows,  a  charter  for  the  Washington  Lodge,  as  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Maryland  and  the  United  States. 

1819.  —  HOSEA  BALLOU  started  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  the 
Universalist  Magazine. 
It  is  still  in  existence. 

1819.  —  THE  General  Pike  was  launched  this  winter  at  Cin- 
cinnati. 

She  was  one  hundred  feet  long  in  the  keel,  and  twenty-six  feet  broad.  Her 
cabin  had  fourteen  state-rooms  and  twenty-one  side-berths,  and  she  could  accom- 
modate eighty-six  passengers. 

1819.  —  THE  Watchman  and  Reflector  appeared  in  Boston. 

It  is  a  Baptist  organ. 

1819.  — A  GOVERNMENT  expedition  under  Colonel  Leaven  worth 
explored  the  West,  and  built  a  fort,  called  the  Cantonment  Leav- 
enworth,  on  the  low  land  west  of  the  Mississippi  and  south  of 
the  Minnesota  River. 

Being  overflowed,  its  position  was  changed  to  the  site  of  Fort  Snelling,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Minnesota,  and  a  fort  commenced.  It  was  finished  in  1824 
by  Colonel  Snelling,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  command  in  1820,  and  was  subse- 
quently named  after  him  by  General  Scott  while  on  a  visit  to  it. 

1819,  MAY  24. —  The  side-wheel  steamship  Savannah  left  Sa- 
vannah, Georgia,  for  Liverpool. 


1819.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  547 

She  arrived  there  on  the  20th  of  June.  After  ten  or  twelve  days'  steaming, 
having  exhausted  her  coal,  she  finished  the  voyage  under  canvas.  She  was  in 
command  of  Captain  Moses  Rogers,  who  had  commanded  the  Clermont. 

1819.  —  INDIANAPOLIS,  Indiana,  was  settled  by  John  Pogue,  and 
numbered  at  the  end  of  a  year  fifteen  families. 

In  January,  1821,  it  was  chosen  as  the  seat  of  the  state  government,  its  pres- 
ent name  given,  and  the  legislature  appointed  commissioners  to  lay  out  the  town. 
In  183G  it  was  incorporated,  and  in  1847  received  a  city  charter. 

1819,  AUGUST  27. —  A  CONVENTION  of  the  Friends  of  National 
Industry  assembled  in  New  York. 

It  was  composed  of  delegates  from  nine  states,  and  was  called  to  consider  the 
depressed  condition  of  manufactures.  It  resolved  to  petition  Congress  to  abolish 
the  credit  given  for  the  payment  of  duties,  impose  a  restrictive  duty  on  auction 
sales,  and  increase  the  duties  on  imports. 

1819.  —  THE  Philadelphia  Apprentices'  Library  was  estab- 
lished. 

1819,  OCTOBEE  26.  —  A  meeting  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  pro- 
posed the  extension  to  the  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi  of 
the  ordinance  of  1787  against  slavery. 

A  long  debate  in  Congress  concerning  the  admittance  of  Missouri  had  created 
a  great  excitement.  Meetings  in  November  and  December  were  held  in  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  Salem,  and  other  cities,  for  the  purpose  of  advo- 
cating the  same  plan. 

1819,  DECEMBER  14.  —  The  territory  of  Alabama,  having 
framed  a  state  constitution,  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

Permission  to  form  a  constitution  was  given  earlier  in  the  year.  The  constitu- 
tion was  almost  an  exact  copy  of  that  of  Mississippi. 

1819.  —  THE  territory  of  Arkansas  was  organized  by  act  of 
Congress,  and  Colonel  Miller  appointed  governor. 

The  territory  embraced  the  tract  north  of  the  state  of  Louisiana,  and  south  of 
thirty-six  degrees  and  thirty  minutes  north  latitude. 

1819.  —  THE  Kickapoos  ceded  their  lands  in  Illinois,  and 
agreed  to  remove  to  a  tract  on  the  River  Osage. 

The  consideration  was  six  thousand  dollars  cash,  and  an  annuity  of  two  thou- 
sand dollars  for  ten  years,  in  place  of  the  perpetual  one  for  one  thousand  dollars. 

1819,  DECEMBER.  —  Mobile,  Alabama,  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 
It  is  the  only  seaport  of  the  state. 

1819.  —  A  PATENT  was  granted  Daniel  Gillett,  of  Springfield, 
Massachusetts,  for  a  method  of  preparing  food  from  cotton  seed. 

1819.  —  THE  New  Hampshire  legislature  passed  an  act  abol- 
ishing all  compulsory  contribution  to  the  support  of  the  min- 
isters. 


548  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1820. 

1820,  JANUARY.  —  The  Pennsylvania  legislature  voted  that  it 
was  the  duty  as  well  as  the  right  of  Congress  to  prohibit  slavery 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  discussion  in  Congress  was  continuing  concerning  the  admission  of  Mis- 
souri. The  legislatures  of  New  Jersey  and  Delaware,  New  York,  Ohio,  and 
Indiana,  made  similar  protests.  Those  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky  expressed  as 
strongly  a  contrary  opinion.  The  legislature  of  Maryland  agreed  with  Virginia, 
but  in  Baltimore  a  protest  was  made  at  a  public  meeting  against  the  further  ex- 
tension of  slavery.  From  various  cities  and  towns  similar  memorials  were  sent 
to  Congress. 

1820,  JANUARY  3.  —  The  Manufacturers  and  Farmers  Jour- 
nal and  Providence  and  Pawtucket  Advertiser  appeared  in  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island. 

It  was  edited  by  William  E.  Richmond.  It  was  founded  by  the  manufacturers 
of  Rhode  Island  to  advocate  a  tariff.  It  was  a  semi-weekly,  and  had  no  concern 
in  politics.  In  1824  its  name  was  changed  to  Rhode  Island  Country  Journal,  and 
July  1,  1829,  the  Daily  Journal  was  published.  It  was  enterprising  in  obtaining 
news.  In  1841  this  was  sent  from  New  York,  set  up  in  type,  and  was  thus  re- 
ceived in  time  to  be  printed  in  the  morning  edition. 

1820.  —  A  CONSTITUTION  was  adopted  by  Massachusetts. 

The  elective  franchise  was  made  free,  the  property  qualification  being  omitted. 

1820.  —  THE  New  York  Observer  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  established  by  Sidney  E.  and  Richard  C.  Morse. 

1820,  SEPTEMBER  20.  —  The  debt  of  the  United  States  amounted 
to  ninety-one  million  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  five 
hundred  and  sixty  dollars. 

1820.  — CONGRESS  authorized  a  loan  of  three  millions. 

1820. — LITTLE  ROCK,  Arkansas,  was  settled,  and  in  October 
was  chosen  as  the  seat  of  government  for  the  territory. 

1820,  JANUARY  29.  —  A  committee  appointed  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  Pennsylvania  to  inquire  into  the  causes  and  extent  of  the 
public  distress,  reported. 

The  distress  was  shown  in  the  fact  of  the  number  of  sheriff's  sales  ;  in  the  num- 
bers of  persons  forced  to  leave  their  homes ;  and  in  the  great  scarcity  of  money 
even  on  landed  security.  The  committee  say  the  distress  is  "unexampled  in  our 
country  since  the  period  of  its  independence."  One  of  the  causes  they  give  as 
"  usurious  extortions  whereby  corporations  instituted  for  banking,  insurance,  and 
other  purposes,  in  violation  of  law,  possess  themselves  of  the  products  of  industry, 
without  granting  an  equivalent."  Imprisonment  for  debt  still  existed,  and  to  the 
enforcement  of  this  the  committee  ascribe  much  of  the  suffering.  The  numerous 
lawsuits,  the  losses  arising  from  the  "depreciation  and  fluctuation  in  the  value 
of  bank  notes,  the  imposition  of  brokers,  and  the  frauds  of  counterfeiters,"  were 
also  given  as  at  once  the  evidence  and  the  cause  of  the  distress. 

1820. —  A  FURNACE  was  built  at  Mauch  Chunk,  Pennsylvania, 


1820-1.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  549 

by  some  of  the  members  of  the  Lehigh  Coal  Company,  for  the 
manufacture  of  iron  by  the  use  of  anthracite  coal. 

This  was  the  first  experiment  of  the  kind.  In  1827,  another  one  was  made  at 
Kingston,  Massachusetts. 

1820,  FEBRUARY  22.  —  The  Boston  Apprentices'  Library  was 
established. 

1820,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  admitted  Maine  into  the  Union. 

Massachusetts  had  given  the  people  authority  to  form  a  state  constitution. 

1820,  MARCH  6.  —  Authority  was  given  by  Congress  to  the 
people  of  Missouri  to  form  a  state  constitution. 

There  had  been  a  long  and  violent  debate,  and  finally  by  a  compromise,  — 
known  as  the  Missouri  Compromise,  by  which  the  introduction  of  slavery  was 
forbidden  in  any  of  the  states  formed  from  the  Louisiana  cession  north  of  latitude 
36°  30',  this  being  the  boundary  of  Arkansas,  by  which  it  was  not  prohibited  in 
Missouri,  —  the  permission  was  given. 

1820.  —  THE  Mercantile  Library,  New  York  city,  was  founded. 
1820.  —  MEMPHIS,  Tennessee,  was  laid  out. 

The  city  is  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and  does  a  very  large  cotton  business, 
being  the  most  important  city  on  the  river  between  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans. 
It  is  built  on  a  bluff  which  stands  some  thirty  feet  above  the  highest  floods,  and 
is  beginning  to  increase  its  manufacturing  interest. 

1820,  MARCH  11.  —  The  Mercantile  Library  of  Boston  was 
established. 

1820,  APRIL  18.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  closing  the  ports  of 
the  United  States,  after  the  3d  of  September,  to  all  British  ves- 
sels arriving  from  ports  in  the  colonies  or  the  West  Indies  not 
included  in  the  former  act. 

This  led  to  the  opening  of  the  West  India  ports  to  American  vessels. 

1820,  MAY  3.  —  Congress  originated  the  first  committee  on 
agriculture. 

1820,  OCTOBER  9.  —  Cape  Breton  was  reannexed  to  Nova 
Scotia,  and  its  laws  made  similar. 

1820.  —  DALHOUSIE  COLLEGE,  at  Halifax,  was  founded. 

The  assembly  voted  two  thousand  pounds  towards  its  erection. 

1821,  FEBRUARY.  —  Congress  voted,   provisionally,  to  admit 
Missouri  into  the  Union. 

The  constitution  made  for  the  state  directed  the  legislature  "to  prevent  free 
negroes  and  mulattoes  from  coming  to  or  settling  in  the  state."  On  the  20th  of 
February  a  resolution  proposed  by  a  committee  of  the  House,  of  which  Henry 
Clay  was  chairman,  appointed  to  meet  a  committee  of  the  Senate,  providing 
"  that  Missouri  shall  be  admitted  into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the 
original  states,  upon  the  fundamental  condition,  that  the  fourth  clause  of  the 
twenty-sixth  section  of  the  third  article  of  the  constitution  submitted  on  the  part 


550  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1821. 

of  said  state  to  Congress,  shall  never  be  construed  to  authorize  the  passage  of  any 
law  by  which  any  citizen  of  either  of  the  states  of  this  Union  shall  be  excluded 
from  the  enjoyment  of  any  of  the  privileges  and  immunities  to  which  such  citizen 
is  entitled  under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,"  was  passed.  The  legis- 
lature was  also  required  by  a  public  act  to  declare  the  assent  of  the  state  to  this 
condition,  and  to  transmit  to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  on  or  before  the 
fourth  Monday  of  November  next,  an  authentic  copy  of  the  act,  and  upon  the 
public  announcement  of  this  fact  by  the  President,  the  admission  of  the  state  was 
to  be  considered  complete.  The  objection  having  been  raised  that  free  citizens 
of  color  were  debarred  by  the  provision  of  the  constitution  of  Missouri  from  their 
rights  in  that  state,  led  finally  to  this  legislation.  The  Senate  passed  the  act  on 
the  28th. 

1821,  FEBRUARY  24.  —  Iturbide  presented  to  the  officers  of  his 
army  a  plan  for  a  national  government. 

It  is  called  the  plan  of  Iguala,  or  the  three  guaranties.  Mexico  should  be  an 
independent  nation,  the  crown  to  be  offered  the  king  of  Spain,  and  if  he  refused, 
to  the  princes  in  succession.  The  acceptor  to  live  in  Mexico,  and  take  an  oath 
to  observe  a  constitution  fixed  by  a  congress.  The  Roman  Catholic  religion  to 
be  preserved.  All  inhabitants  to  enjoy  the  same  civil  rights. 

Iturbide  was  a  native  of  Valladolid,  and  at  this  time  was  intrusted  by  the 
viceroy  with  the  command  of  a  native  army,  ostensibly  to  serve  against  the  insur- 
gents. The  officers  agreed  to  the  terms,  and  the  army  accepted  them. 

1821,  APRIL  20.  —  The  Christian  Register  appeared  in  Boston. 

It  was  established  as  the  exponent  of  Unitarianism. 

1821,  MAY  19.  —  The  following  prices  were  given  by  the  Pitts- 
burg  Mercury :  — 

"Flour,  a  barrel,  $1;  whiskey,  15  cents  a  gallon;  good  merchantable  pine 
boards,  20  cents  a  hundred  feet;  sheep  and  calves,  $1  a  head;  foreign  goods  at 
the  old  prices ;  one  and  a  half  bushels  of  wheat  will  buy  a  pound  of  coffee ;  a  bar- 
rel of  flour  will  buy  a  pound  of  tea ;  twelve  and  a  half  barrels  will  buy  one  yard 
of  superfine  broadcloth." 

1821,  JULY  2.  — A  committee  of  the  stockholders  of  the  bank 
reported  its  losses  at  three  million  five  hundred  and  forty-seven 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty- eight  dollars. 

1821.  —  CONGRESS  authorized  a  loan  of  five  millions. 

1821,  JULY  6.  —  The  viceroy  was  deposed  by  the  Spanish 
troops  at  Mexico,  and  General  Novella  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
government. 

1821,  AUGUST  24.  —  General  O'Donoga,  sent  from  Spain  with  a 
commission  as  captain-general  of  Mexico,  signed  a  treaty  with 
Iturbide  at  Cordova,  Mexico. 

Commissioners  were  sent  to  Spain,  a  junta  was  formed,  and  a  cortes  sum- 
moned, a  regency  being  appointed  in  the  mean  time,  of  which  Iturbide  was  made 
president. 

1821.  —  THE  Great  Falls  Manufacturing  Company  was  incor- 


1821-2.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  551 

porated  by  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  and  erected  mills  on  the 
Piscataqua. 

1821.  —  THE  Plough  Boy  appeared  in  Albany,  New  York. 

It  was  published  by  Solomon  Southwick. 

1821,  SEPTEMBER  27. — Iturbide,  at  the  head  of  his  army,  en- 
tered the  city  of  Mexico,  and  instituted  a  government  of  which 
he  was  made  the  regent. 

1821.  —  THE  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  was  opened  with 
one  patient. 

Dr.  James  Jackson  was  physician,  and  Dr.  "Walter  Channing  assistant. 

1821.  —  A  TRACT  of  about  four  hundred  acres  of  land  was  pur- 
chased on  the  Merrimac  River,  Massachusetts,  by  a  company  who 
were  subsequently  incorporated  as  the  Merrimac  Manufacturing 
Company,  and  the  present  city  of  Lowell  started. 

Lowell  is  now  the  principal  cotton  manufacturing  city  of  New  England,  and 
the  third  shire  town  of  Middlesex  County. 

1821.  —  AMHERST  COLLEGE,  Massachusetts,  was  founded. 

For  twenty-five  years  it  had  a  hard  struggle ;  then  the  state  donated  it  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars,  one  half  for  paying  the  debts,  the  other  for  founding  the 
professorship  of  Natural  History.  About  the  same  time  Samuel  Williston,  of 
Easthampton,  Massachusetts,  gave  the  college  sixty  thousand  dollars. 

1821.  —  CONGRESS  abolished  the  system  of  selling  the  public 
lands  on  credit. 

The  price  was  reduced  to  a  dollar  and  a  half  an  acre.  Twenty-five  millions 
of  dollars  were  due  for  lands  purchased,  the  payment  for  which  had  in  many 
cases  been  repeatedly  extended.  At  the  next  session  of  Congress  it  was  enacted 
that  lands  unpaid  for  might  be  relinquished,  or  by  paying  cash  the  price  to  be  a 
dollar  and  a  quarter. 

1821,  DECEMBER.  —  The  Register  appeared  in  Mobile,  Alabama. 

It  was  published  by  W.  D.  Mann,  and  edited  by  John  Forsyth. 

1822,  JANUARY. —  Congress  recognized  the  independence  of 
Mexico  and  the  South  American  republics. 

The  President  had  recommended  this  action ;  an  appropriation  was  also  made 
to  pay  the  expenses  of  envoys  to  these  republics. 

1822.  —  A  TREATY  of  navigation  and  commerce  was  made  be- 
tween France  and  the  United  States. 

1822,  FEBRUARY  5.  —  The  Merrimac  Manufacturing  Company 
was  incorporated  in  Massachusetts. 

This  was  the  commencement  of  Lowell.  The  first  mill  was  started  in  Septem- 
ber, 1823,  and  the  capital  increased  to  one  million  two  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1822.  —  GAS,  as  a  means  of  illumination,  was  first  successfully 
used  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 


552  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1822-3. 

1822.  —  THE  National  Journal  appeared  in  "Washington. 

It  was  published  by  Thomas  L.  McKinney.  In  1825  it  passed  under  the  con- 
trol of  Peter  Force.  For  a  time,  under  President  Monroe's  administration,  the 
patronage  of  the  government  was  transferred  to  the  Journal  from  the  Intelli- 
gencer. 

1822,  FEBRUARY  24.  —  The  cortes  met  in  Mexico. 

1822,  MAY  18.  —  The  army  and  the  people  of  Mexico  pro- 
claimed Iturbide  emperor  of  Mexico. 

The  regency  resigned,  the  cortes  published  a  decree  confirming  the  choice  of 
the  army,  and  taking  the  oath  to  support  the  independence  of  Mexico,  the  religion, 
and  the  constitution.  Iturbide  was  installed  as  Augustin  I. 

1822,  JULY  27.  —  The  New  Orleans  Prices  Current  appeared 
in  New  Orleans. 

It  is  continued  until  the  present. 

1822,  AUGUST.  —  THE  New  England  Farmer  appeared. 

It  was  established  by  Thomas  Green  Fessenden  and  T.  W.  Shepard. 

1822,  OCTOBER.  —  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  at  Halifax  was 
established. 

1823,  FEBRUARY  2.  —  An  act  of  casas  matas,  guaranteeing  a 
republican  form  of  government  for  Mexico,  was  issued  by  an 
army  of  insurgents. 

Santa  Anna  and  Guadalupe  Victoria  were  their  chief  leaders. 

1823,  FEBRUARY.  —  A  grant  was  made  by  Mexico  to  Stephen 
H.  Foster  Austin  to  colonize  in  Texas. 

His  father  had  petitioned  for  permission,  but  was  now  dead.  He  had  the 
absolute  control  of  the  colony.  The  settlement  was  called  Austin,  and  was  the 
first  American  one  in  Texas.  In  1844  it  was  made  the  capital. 

1823,  MARCH  1.  —  By  an  act  of  Congress  the  ports  of  the 
United  States  were  opened  to  British  vessels  from  colonial  ports 
in  America. 

1823,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  repealed  the  tonnage  duty  on 
French  ships,  and  a  duty  was  laid  of  two  dollars  and  seventy- 
five  cents  a  ton  on  French  goods  in  French  bottoms,  to  be  les- 
sened after  two  years  one  fourth  annually. 

1823,  MARCH  31. — The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an 
act  incorporating  a  railroad  company  to  construct  a  road,  eighty 
odd  miles  long,  from  Philadelphia  to  Columbia,  in  Lancaster 
County. 

The  road  was  to  be  built  by  John  Stevens  and  his  associates,  but  as  they 
failed  to  do  it,  an  act  was  passed,  April  7,  1826,  to  incorporate  the  Columbia, 
Lancaster,  and  Philadelphia  Railroad  Company ;  and  March  28,  1828,  the  legisla- 
ture authorized  its  construction  by  the  state.  It  was  completed  in  October, 
1834. 


1823-4.]        ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  553 

1823.  —  TEINITY  COLLEGE,  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  obtained 
its  charter. 

The  college  is  under  the  control  of  the  Episcopalians,  and  was  formally  opened 
in  the  fall  of  1824. 

1823.  —  THE  New  York  Gas  Light  Company  was  incorporated 
with  a  capital  of  one  million  dollars,  but  did  not  begin  successful 
works  until  1827. 

1823.  —  THE  Charleston  Mercury  appeared  in  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

It  was  the  organ  of  the  nullifiers  in  1832,  and  of  the  secessionists  in  1860.  In 
November,  1868,  it  ceased  to  appear. 

1823,  MAY  11.  —  Iturbide  abdicated  the  throne. 

He  went  with  his  family  to  Europe,  where  he  had  agreed  to  remain,  and  re- 
turning in  1824,  he  was  taken  and  executed. 

1823,  OCTOBER  4. —  A  constitution  for  Mexico  was  framed  by 
the  congress. 

It  was  based  upon  that  of  the  United  States.  The  Catholic  Church  was  the 
only  one  supported,  and  there  was  no  trial  by  jury.  General  Victoria  was 
elected  president,  and  General  Bravo  vice-president.  By  the  constitution,  Mexico 
was  divided  into  sixteen  states,  with  the  title  of  the  Mexican  United  States. 

1823. — ROBERT  OWEN,  of  Scotland,  purchased  New  Harmony, 
Indiana,  of  the  Harmonists,  and  there  started  his  community. 

1824,  JANUARY  27. — The  legislature  of  Virginia  chartered  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  Company. 

1824,  FEBRUARY  14.  —  A  caucus  "of  Republican  members  of 
Congress  "  was  held  to  nominate  a  candidate. 

The  large  majority  voted  for  William  H.  Crawford.  The  custom  of  holding  a 
caucus  of  members  of  Congress  to  nominate  candidates  had  grown  up  since  1800, 
but  was  never  popular,  and  was  abandoned. 

1824,  MARCH  2.  —  The  Boston  Courier  appeared  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  edited  by  Joseph  Tinker  Buckingham  until  1848.  It  is  now  a  weekly 
paper. 

1824,  MARCH  20.  —  The  "  Franklin  Institute  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania  "  was  incorporated  in  Philadelphia. 

1824.  —  CONGRESS  reduced  the  time  of  residence  necessary  to 
naturalization  to  two  years  after  the  declaration  of  intention. 

1824,  APRIL  5.  —  A  treaty  was  made  between  Russia  and  ttie 
United  States. 

The  boundary  between  the  two  countries  was  fixed  at  54°  40'  north  latitude. 
The  citizens  of  neither  country  were  to  intrude  upon  the  territory  of  the  other. 


554  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1824-5. 

1824,  MAY  19.  —  Congress  revised  the  tariff,  and  raised  the 
rate  of  duty. 

The  new  tariff  raised  the  average  rate  of  duty  to  forty  and  a  half  per  cent. 

1824,  JULY  13.  —  Slavery  and  the  slave-trade  were  abolished 
in  Mexico  by  the  congress. 

1824,  DECEMBER  31.  —  The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  char- 
tered companies  to  construct  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal, 
and  the  Morris  and  Essex  Canal. 

1824.  —  NATIVE  gold  was  first  coined  at  the  Philadelphia  mint. 

Until  1827  gold  was  principally  brought  from  North  Carolina,  where  mines 
had  been  worked  since  1804.  South  Carolina's  first  deposit  was  in  1829,  and  the 
same  year  Virginia  began  working  a  mine,  and  Georgia  in  1830.  Since  the  dis- 
covery of  gold  in  California,  the  method  of  working  the  mines  by  sluice-washing 
has  also  been  practised  in  the  southern  gold  regions. 

1824.  —  A  CIVIL  code  for  the  government  of  Louisiana  was 
adopted. 

It  superseded  all  previously  existing  French,  Spanish,  and  territorial  laws. 
This  is  the  only  code  ever  made  in  this  country.  Louisiana  was  originally  gov- 
erned by  French  law  ;  when  ceded  to  Spain,  Spanish  laws  were  in  force  ;  and 
•when  ceded  to  the  United  States,  a  third  system  was  introduced.  The  complica- 
tions arising  required  a  revision,  and  a  code  was  prepared  in  1806  which  did  not, 
however,  entirely  supersede  the  old  laws,  but  only  so  far  as  they  conflicted  with 
the  code.  This  did  not  answer,  and  in  1822  Congress  appointed  a  commission, 
who  gave  in  their  report  in  1824.  The  principal  part  of  the  codification  was  done 
by  Edward  Livingston. 

1824.  —  "A  SOCIETY  for  the  reformation  of  juvenile  delin- 
quents" was  chartered  in  New  York  city. 

The  society  was  formed  the  year  previous,  and  in  1825  a  house  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  offenders  was  opened.  A  similar  institution  was  started  in  Boston  in 
1826,  and  one  in  Philadelphia  in  1826.  There  are  now  some  fourteen  or  fifteen 
of  these  refuges  in  the  country. 

1824.  —  THE  Suffolk  Bank  system  was  inaugurated  in  New 
England. 

By  this  system  the  Suffolk  Bank  in  Boston  was  selected  as  the  agency  at 
which  the  country  banks  should  keep  their  accounts  for  the  redemption  of  their 
bills.  The  design  of  the  system  was  to  serve  as  a  check  to  the  indefinite  exten- 
sion of  their  circulation*  by  banks  which  were  not  able  to  redeem  them. 

1817-1825.  —  FIFTH  administration. 

President,  James  Monroe,  of  Virginia. 

Vice-President,  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  New  York,  March  4,  1817. 

Secretary  of  State,  John  Q.  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1817. 

Secretary  of  Treasury,  William  H.  Crawford,  of  Georgia,  March  5,  1817. 


Secretaries  of  War         (  IsaaC  Shelby'  °f  Kentucky'  March  5'  1817' 

"'         I  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  Dec.  17,  1815. 


1825.]  ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  555 

fBenj.  W.  Crowninshield,  of  Mass.,  continued  in  office. 

Secretaries  of  Navy,       |  Smith  ThomPson»  of  New  York>  November  30,  1818. 
]  John  Rogers,  of  Massachusetts,  September  1,  1823. 
I  Sam'l  L.  Southard,  of  New  Jersey,  Sept.  16,  1823. 

(  Return  J.  Meigs,  of  Ohio,  continued  in  office. 
Postmasters-General,       (  Jo]m  McLean>  of  Ohio?  June  ^  Ig23 

n          i  (  Richard  Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  continued  in  office. 

Attorneys-General,          \  William  Wirt,  of  Virginia,  November  13,  1817. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives, — 

Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  Fifteenth  Congress,  1817. 
"  "  Sixteenth  Congress,  1819. 

John  W.  Taylor,  of  New  York,  Sixteenth  Congress,  1820. 
Philip  P.  Barbour,  of  Virginia,  Seventeenth  Congress,  1821. 
Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  Eighteenth  Congress,  1823. 

1825,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  American  Traveller  appeared  in  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 

It  was  edited  by  Royal  L.  Porter.  It  soon  was  united  with  the  Stage  Register, 
which  had  been  devoted  to  publishing  the  advertisements  of  the  various  stage 
lines.  Royal  L.  Porter  died  in  1834.  In  1845,  the  Traveller  was  absorbed  in  the 
Boston  Evening  Traveller,  of  which  Ferdinand  Andrews  and  George  Punchard 
were  the  originators.  The  Traveller  was  a  two-cent  paper,  and  was  the  first 
to  be  sold  in  the  streets  by  newsboys. 

1825.  —  THE  Sunday  Courier  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Joseph  C.  Melcher,  and  edited  by  William  Hill,  a  theo- 
logical student. 

1825.  —  THE  State  Library  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  was 
founded. 

1825.  —  THE  common-school  system  was  organized  in  Illinois. 

1825,  FEBRUARY  12.  —  At  a  treaty,  the  Creeks  ceded  their  lands 
in  Georgia  to  the  United  States. 

They  were  given  in  exchange  for  them  a  like  quantity  of  land  on  the  Arkansas 
River,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  sum  of  four  hundred  thousand  dollars  for 
their  improvements  and  to  pay  the  expense  of  moving.  They  were  to  remove 
before  the  1st  of  September,  1826.  This  year,  by  a  report  of  the  secretary  of 
war,  the  Creeks  claimed  in  Georgia  4,245,760  acres,  and  the  Cherokees  5,202,160 
acres.  These  £wo  tribes  claimed  also  in  Alabama  5,995,200  acres.  In  Tennes- 
see, the  Cherokees  claimed  1,055,680  acres.  In  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  the 
Choctaws  and  Chickasaws  claimed  15,705,000,  and  1,276,976  acres  respectively. 
The  treaty  was  made  with  the  chiefs  of  the  Creeks,  who  acted  without  the  author- 
ity of  the  tribe,  and  were  tried  by  them  and  executed.  The  Indians  objecting  to 
the  treaty,  the  government  supported  them,  though  the  governor  of  Georgia  in- 
sisted upon  the  treaty  being  carried  out.  The  dispute  at  one  time  seemed  to 
threaten  civil  war. 

1825.  —  IT  is  stated  that  at  this  date  there  did  not  exist  in 
New  England  a  nursery  for  the  sale  of  apple  and  pear  trees. 

The  supplies  had  to  be  imported  from  abroad,  or  else  from  New  York  and 
New  Jersey. 


556  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1825-6. 

1825.  —  THE  Homoeopathic  Examiner  appeared  in  New  York 
city. 

It  was  edited  by  Dr.  Hull.  The  method  of  practice  had  been  introduced  by 
Dr.  H.  B.  Gram,  a  native  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  who  had  been  educated  in 
Europe,  and  settled  in  New  York. 

1825,  MARCH  25.  —  The  University  of  Virginia  was  opened  for 
students. 

It  had  been  chartered  in  1819. 

1825.  —  THE  first  opera  troupe  appeared  in  New  York  city. 
They  were  brought  here  by  the  Signer  Da  Ponte,  the  friend  of  Mozart,  and 
author  of  the  libretto  of  Don  Giovanni. 

1825.  —  LAFAYETTE  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  Bunker  Hill 
monument  on  the  site  of  the  battle. 

By  voluntary  subscriptions  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  were  raised,  and  the 
monument  completed  July  23, 1842.  Its  erection  was  celebrated  by  a  procession 
and  an  oration  by  Daniel  Webster. 

1825.  —  THE  Erie  Canal  was  finished. 

Its  length  is  three  hundred  and  sixty-three  miles.  The  act  authorizing  its 
commencement  was  passed  in  the  New  York  legislature  in  1817,  chiefly  through 
the  influence  of  De  Witt  Clinton.  Christopher  Colics  had,  in  1784,  and  again  in 
1786,  memorialized  the  assembly  on  the  subject  of  the  inland  navigation  of  New 
York,  and  had  published  pamphlets  upon  it.  He  died  four  years  before  the  pro- 
ject was  realized. 

1826,  JANUARY  24.  —  By  a  new  treaty,  the  Creeks  ceded  to  the 
United  States  all  their  lands,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  quan- 
tity in  the  state  of  Georgia. 

The  treaty  was  made  at  Washington  by  the  secretary  of  war  and  a  delegation 
from  the  Creek  nation.  On  the  22d  of  April,  the  treaty  having  been  ratified,  was 
proclaimed  by  the  President.  Georgia  still  was  discontented,  and  Governor  Troup, 
in  1827,  in  answer  to  the  declaration  in  the  President's  message  to  Congress  that 
if  necessary  he  would  employ  force  in  executing  the  laws,  wrote  to  the  depart- 
ment that  it  was  his  purpose  "  to  resist  to  the  utmost  any  military  attack  from  the 
government  of  the  United  States."  It  continued :  "  From  the  first  decisive  act 
of  hostility,  you  will  be  considered  and  treated  as  a  public  enemy,  and  with  the 
less  repugnance  because  you,  to  whom  we  might  constitutionally  have  appealed 
for  our  defence  against  invasion,  are  yourselves  the  invaders  ;  and,  what  is  more, 
the  unblushing  allies  of  the  savages,  whose  cause  you  have  adopted."  The  con- 
troversy was  finally  ended  at  the  beginning  of  1828  by  a  treaty  for  the  purchase 
of  the  last  of  the  land  from  the  Indians. 

1826,  MARCH  3.  —  The  New  England  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Manufactures  and  the  Mechanic  Arts  was  incorporated  by  the 
Massachusetts  legislature. 

It  held  fairs,  and  semiannual  sales,  and  awarded  premiums  for  inventions  and 
skill. 


1826.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  557 

1826,  MARCH.  —  The  Cohoes  Company  was  incorporated  by  the 
legislature  of  New  York. 

By  building  a  dam  and  canals,  they  made  use  of  the  whole  fall  of  one  hundred 
and  three  feet  in  the  Mohawk  River,  about  five  miles  north  of  Albany.  They 
made  five  separate  levels. 

1826.  —  THE  Hudson  and  Mohawk  Eailroad,  between  Albany 
and  Schenectady,  New  York,  was  chartered. 

1826.  —  THE  Commercial  Register  appeared  in  Cincinnati. 

Morgan  Neville  was  its  editor.  It  was  a  daily.  In  six  months  it  failed.  In 
1828  it  was  resuscitated  for  three  months. 

1826,  JUNE  22.  —  A  congress  composed  of  representatives  of 
the  republics  of  South  America  and  Mexico  met  at  Panama. 

The  United  States  had  been  invited,  and  sent  delegates,  who  were  prevented 
from  attending.  One  of  them  died  on  the  way,  and  the  protracted  debate  in  both 
houses  of  Congress,  before  the  necessary  legislation  was  completed,  delayed  the 
other  until  the  time  had  passed  when  it  was  safe  for  him  to  cross  the  Isthmus. 
Colombia,  Peru,  Central  America,  and  Mexico  were  represented.  Another  was 
appointed  to  meet  in  1827  at  Tecubaya,  near  the  City  of  Mexico.  Commissioners 
to  represent  the  United  States  were  appointed,  and  were  present ;  but  the  congress 
was  prevented  by  the  internal  troubles  of  the  other  states. 

1826.  —  THE  Maryland  Institute  was  incorporated  at  Balti- 
more. 

1826,  OCTOBER  25.  —  The  Daily  Advertiser  appeared  in  Roch- 
ester, New  York. 

1826.  —  THE  Whig  appeared  in  Richmond,  Virginia. 

It  was  founded  by  John  H.  Pleasants,  and  was  the  opposition  paper  to  the 
democracy. 

1826.  —  THE  New  Orleans  Bee  appeared  in  New  Orleans. 

It  was  printed  in  French  and  English  until  1872,  and  since  then  entirely  in 
French.  There  are  at  least  four  hundred  newspapers  printed  within  the  United 
States  in  foreign  languages.  These  are  in  German,  French,  Spanish,  Welsh, 
Italian,  Cherokee,  Danish,  Croatian,  Chinese,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Hebrew. 

1826.  —  THE  first  steamboat  was  placed  on  Lake  Michigan. 

1826.  —  THE  first  slate  quarry  was  opened  on  Kittatinny  Moun- 
tain, about  a  mile  from  the  Delaware  Water-Gap,  by  James  M. 
Porter,  aided  by  Samuel  Taylor. 

At  first,  school-slates  were  manufactured,  and  a  village  grew  up  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountain ;  and  then  roofing-slates  were  undertaken. 

Since,  quarries  have  been  opened  in  1839  in  Maine  and  in  Vermont ;  in  1852  in 
Maryland  and  Georgia. 

1826.  —  THERE  was  a  general  failure  of  banks  throughout  the 
country. 

The  projectors  and  managers  of  many  of  these  institutions  were  sent  to  the 


558  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1826-7. 

penitentiary.  They  were  the  merest  policy-shops.  Taking  advantage  of  the 
necessity  of  the  people  for  some  currency  to  carry  on  their  exchanges  with, 
banks  were  projected  in  places  where  it  was  almost  impossible  for  the  bill-holders 
to  get  access.  As  long  as  the  bills  could  be  kept  in  circulation  in  a  region  of 
country  away  from  the  bank,  the  bank  was  solvent ;  but  as  soon  as  any  demand 
was  made1  upon  it,  it  failed. 

1826.  —  THE  State  Library  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  was 
founded. 

1826.  —  THE  disputed  boundary  line  between  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut  was  settled. 

1826,  DECEMBER.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Society  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Manufactures  and  the  Mechanic  Arts  was  formed  in  Phil- 
adelphia. 

1826.  —  THE  first  specimen  of  the  Morus  multicaulis,  or  mul- 
berry-tree, from  the  Philippine  Islands,  was  imported  from  Ta- 
rascon,  near  Marseilles,  France. 

It  cost  five  francs,  and  was  planted  in  a  nursery  at  Flushing,  Long  Island. 

1827,  JUNE  15.  —  The  Mechanics  Institute  was  incorporated  at 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1827.  —  THE  railroad  from  the  granite  quarries  at  Quincy, 
Massachusetts,  to  the  tide-water  of  the  Neponset  River,  was 
finished  and  used. 

It  was  about  three  miles  long,  and  was  used  only  for  the  transportation  of 
granite. 

1827.  —  A  RAILROAD,  about  nine  miles  long,  was  built  to  carry 
the  coal  from  the  Summit  Mines  to  the  landing  on  the  Lehigh. 

It  was  built  in  about  three  months,  and  was  known  as  the  Mauch  Chunk  Road. 

1827.  —  THE  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  was  chartered. 
1827,  JUNE  25.  —  The  Gazette  appeared  in  Cincinnati. 

It  was  a  daily  paper,  and  still  exists. 

1827,  JULY  4.  —  The  act  passed  by  the  New  York  state  legis- 
lature, to  abolish  slavery  in  the  state,  went  into  effect. 

1827.  —  THE  Morning  Courier  and  the  Journal  of  Commerce 
appeared  in  New  York  city. 

The  Courier  was  established  in  May,  and  soon  passed  into  the  possession  of 
James  Watson  Webb.  In  1829  it  was  united  with  the  Enquirer,  and  appeared  as 
the  Morning  Courier  and  New  York  Enquirer.  These  two  papers  were  rivals  for 
the  mercantile  advertisements  of  the  city,  and  tried  to  surpass  each  other  in  size, 
whence  the  term  "  blanket  sheets  "  was  given  them.  To  get  the  commercial  news, 
they  started  swift  schooners  and  pony  expresses.  In  1861  the  Courier  and  En- 
quirer was  united  with  the  World.  The  Journal  of  Commerce  was  issued  Sep- 
tember 1.  It  was  aided  by  Arthur  Tappan,  and  was  edited  by  William  Maxwell, 
in  the  interest  of  the  abolition  of  slavery.  Eventually  it  came  into  the  possession 


1827-8.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  559 

of  David  Hale  and  Gerard  Hallock,  and  was  the  organ  of  conservatism.  The 
swift  news-boats  and  pony  expresses  were  begun  by  Hale  and  Hallock.  With  the 
establishment  of  the  Associated  Press  they  took  part,  and  Gerard  Hallock  was  its 
first  president. 

1827.  —  THE  Ladies'  Magazine  appeared  in  Boston. 

It  was  edited  by  Mrs.  Sarah  Josepha  Hale.  It  was  afterwards  united  with 
Godey's  Ladies'  Book,  of  Philadelphia. 

1827,  AUGUST  6. — A  treaty  was  made  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States. 

It  was  ratified  in  April,  1828,  and  proclaimed  by  the  President  in  May.  It 
provided  that  the  treaties  of  1815  and  1818,  which  expired  in  1828,  should  be 
continued  another  ten  years.  It  was  agreed  also  to  leave  the  question  of  bounda- 
ries to  the  king  of  the  Netherlands. 

1828,  JANUARY  30. —  The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  char- 
tered the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  to  run  from  Charleston  to 
Hamburg. 

It  is  claimed  that  this  was  the  first  road  which  was  begun  with  the  intention  of 
using  steam-power.  It  was  begun  in  1830,  and  finished  October  2,  1833 ;  and  the 
first  locomotive  built  in  the  country  was  built  for  it. 

1828.  —  WEBSTER'S  Dictionary  was  published. 

Its  author,  Noah  Webster,  began  writing  it  in  1807,  and  at  the  time  of  its  pub- 
lication was  in  his  seventieth  year. 

1828.  —  WINE  from  native  grapes  was  made  in  Cincinnati  by 
Nicholas  Longworth. 

1828.  —  THE  Southern  Agriculturist  appeared  in  Charlestonr 
South  Carolina. 

It  was  published  by  John  D.  Legare. 

1828,  FEBRUARY.  —  Congress  ordered  six  thousand  copies  of  a 
report  upon  the  growth  and  manufacture -of  silk,  by  the  secretary 
of  the  treasury,  to  be  printed  and  distributed,  together  with  a 
manual  upon  the  subject. 

The  manual  was  prepared  by  Dr.  James  Mease,  of  Philadelphia. 

1828,  MARCH  8.  —  A  decree  was  made  in  Mexico  expelling  all 
Spaniards. 

1828,  MARCH. — A  county  convention  was  held  in  Le  Roy, 
New  York,  which  inaugurated  the  anti-Masonic  movement  in 
politics. 

In  September,  1826,  William  Morgan,  who  was  about  to  publish  a  work  pre- 
tending to  reveal  the  secrets  of  the  Masonic  order,  was  forcibly  carried  off,  and 
was  never  afterwards  heard  of.  From  this  and  other  incidents,  the  opposition  to 
the  Masonic  order  arose,  and  for  years  formed  a  strong  element  in  politics,  acquir- 
ing its  chief  force  in  New  York,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Ohio. 


560  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1828. 

1828.  —  A  PETITION  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  was  presented  to  Congress,  praying  for  the  abolition 
of  slavery  in  the  district,  and  the  repeal  of  the  laws  authorizing 
the  selling  of  reputed  runaways  for  their  prison-fees. 

It  led  to  no  action  on  the  part  of  Congress. 

1828,  APRIL  2.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  the  Culture  of  the  Mulberry  and  the  Raising  of  Silk- Worms 
published  a  list  of  premiums. 

1828,  MAY  15.  —  Congress  passed  a  tariff  act  raising  the  rate 
of  duties. 

The  debate  upon  it  had  been  very  long.  The  title  of  the  bill  was  "  An  act  in 
alteration  of  the  several  acts  imposing  duties  on  imports."  To  this  title  the  fol- 
lowing amendments  were  proposed :  "  To  increase  the  duties  upon  certain  im- 
ports, for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  profits  of  certain  manufacturers ;  "  and 
"to  transfer  the  capital  of  the  New  England  states  to  other  states  in  the  Union." 
These  amendments  were  rejected. 

182?,  JUNE.  —  A  stage-coach  began  to  run  three  times  a  week 
between  Halifax  and  Annapolis. 

Three  hundred  pounds  per  annum  were  granted  for  five  years  to  encourage  this 
enterprise. 

1828.  —  FRANCES  WRIGHT,  an  Englishwoman,  at  Memphis,  Ten- 
nessee, having  purchased  land  and  slaves,  gave  these  last  their 
freedom,  and  attempted  to  organize  their  labor. 

The  attempt  was  not  a  success,  her  ill  health  forbidding  her  personal  super- 
vision. The  negroes  were  sent  to  Hayti.  Mrs.  Wright,  who  had  been  educated 
in  the  family  of  General  Lafayette,  then  lectured  through  the  country. 

1828,  DECEMBER  10.  —  The  legislature  of  Georgia  protested 
against  the  last  tariff  act  passed  by  Congress. 

They  demanded  its  repeal,  as  "fraudulent,  oppressive,  partial,  unjust,  and  a 
perversion  of  the  powers  of  Congress."  In  South  Carolina,  various  meetings 
were  held  to  protest  against  the  tariff,  but  no  official  statement  of  grievances  was 
made. 

1828.  —  PICTOU  and  Sidney  were  made  free  ports. 
1825-29.  —  SIXTH  administration. 

President,  John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massachusetts. 

Vice-President,  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina. 

Secretary  of  State,  Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  March  7,  1825. 

Secretary  of  Treasury,       Richard  Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  7,  1825. 

.  f  James  Barbour,  of  Virginia,  March  7,  1825. 

ar>  I  Peter  B.  Porter,  of  New  York,  May  26,  1827. 
Secretary  of  Navy,  Samuel  L.  Southard,  of  New  Jersey,  continued  in 

office. 

Postmaster-General,  John  McLean,  of  Ohio,  continued  in  office. 

Attorney-General,  William  Wirt,  of  Virginia,  continued  in  office. 


1829.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  5(31 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

John  W.  Taylor,  of  New  York,  Nineteenth  Congress,  1825. 
Andrew  Stevenson,  of  Virginia,  Twentieth  Congress,  1827. 

1829,  JANUARY  13.  —  A  meeting  of  merchants  in  Boston  re- 
solved that  the  tariff  acts  were  partial,  oppressive,  and  contrary 
to  the  Constitution,  and  to  memorialize  Congress. 

1829,  FEBRUARY  12.  —  The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  pro- 
tested against  the  tariff,  as  unconstitutional,  oppressive,  and 
unjust.  , 

1829,  FEBRUARY  21.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  passed  a 
series  of  resolutions  condemning  the  tariif  as  unconstitutional. 

1829,  FEBRUARY  28.  —  The  Alabama  legislature  protested 
against  the  tariff. 

North  Carolina  also  protested. 

1829,  APRIL  1.  —  Pedraga  having  resigned  his  claim,  Guer- 
rero was  proclaimed  president  of  Mexico. 

1829,  MAY  2.  —  The  American  Institute,  of  New  York  city, 
was  incorporated  by  the  legislature. 

Its  purpose  was  to  encourage  and  promote  domestic  industry  in  this  state  and 
the  United  States,  in  agriculture,  commerce,  manufactures,  and  the  arts. 

1829.  —  THE  manufacture  of  bricks  by  machinery  was  begun 
successfully  in  New  York. 

1829.  —  THE  breakwater  in  Delaware  Bay,  just  within  Cape 
Henlopen,  was  begun  under  the  direction  of  William  Strickland, 
engineer. 

1829,  JULY  4.  —  The  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal  was 
opened. 

1829,  JULY  27. —  A  Spanish  army  under  General  Barradas 
invaded  Mexico,  landing  at  Tarnpico. 

1829,  SEPTEMBER  10.  —  General  Santa  Anna  captured  the 
Spanish  army,  and  the  Spaniards  were  allowed  to  re-embark  for 
Havana. 

1829. — ILLINOIS  COLLEGE,  at  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  was  founded. 

1829,  OCTOBER  13.  —  The  Daily  Courier  appeared  in  Portland, 
Maine. 

It  was  edited  by  Seba  Smith,  Jr. 

1829,  DECEMBER. —  The  legislature  of  Georgia  passed  an  act 
annexing  the  Indian  territory  in  the  state  to  the  counties  ad- 
joining it,  and  extending  the  jurisdiction  of  the  state  laws 
over  it. 

The  act  was  to  take  effect  June  1,  1830.  In  the  August  preceding,  the  gen- 
eral government  had  made  a  proposition  to  the  Cherokees  to  meet  a  commission, 

36 


562  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1830. 

•which  John  Ross,  the  principal  chief,  declined.  The  government  had  previously 
informed  a  delegation  from  the  Cherokees  that  it  would  sustain  the  states  in  exer- 
cising jurisdiction  over  the  Indians  in  their  borders.  The  object  of  the  govern- 
ment was  to  get  the  Indians  to  emigrate.  Against  this  legislation  the  Indians 
appealed  to  Congress. 

1830,  MARCH  30.  —  The  committee  of  finance  of  the  Senate 
reported  that  it  was  not  advantageous  to  make  any  change  in 
the  financial  system  of  the  country. 

They  said  they  thought  "  it  prudent  to  abstain  from  all  legislation,  to  abide  by 
the  practical  good  which  the  country  enjoys,  and  to  put  nothing  to  hazard  by 
doubtful  experiments." 

1830. —  THE  Genesee  Farmer  appeared  in  Rochester,  New 
York. 

It  was  published  by  Luther  Tucker. 

1830.  —  THE  Christian  Intelligencer  appeared  in  New  York. 

It  is  the  organ  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church. 

1830,  JULY.  —  The  Boston  Transcript  appeared  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  established  by  Button  and  Wentworth.  Its  editor  was  Lynde  M.  Wal- 
ter. He  died  July  24,  1842,  when  his  sister,  Miss  Cornelia  M.  Walter,  conducted 
it  for  some  time.  Epes  Sargent  then  succeeded  her.  Mr.  D.  N.  Haskell  fol- 
lowed, ond  died  October,  1874.  At  present  it  is  edited  by  William  A.  Hovey. 

1830,  APRIL  13.  —  The  committee  of  ways  and  means  reported 
to  Congress  in  favor  of  rechartering  the  Bank  when  the  time  for 
doing  so  should  arrive. 

The  Bank's  charter  expired  March  3,  1836.  The  report  of  the  committee  was  a 
most  elaborate  one.  The  President  in  his  message  had  referred  to  the  Bank,  ques- 
tioning its  constitutionality,  and  suggesting  another  based  upon  the  credit  and 
resources  of  the  government.  From  the  report  of  the  committee  it  appears  that 
the  currency  furnished  by  the  branches  of  the  Bank  was  at  a  discount  varying  in 
various  localities.  In  Washington  and  Baltimore,  from  twenty  to  twenty-two  per 
cent. ;  in  Philadelphia,  seventeen  to  eighteen ;  at  New  York  and  Charleston,  seven 
to  ten ;  in  western  Pennsylvania,  twenty-five. 

1830,  MAY.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  "  to  provide  for  an  ex- 
change of  lands  within  any  of  the  states  or  territories,  and  for 
the  removal  of  the  Indians  west  of  the  Mississippi." 

The  bill  was  the  completion  of  a  change  of  policy  in  the  treatment  of  the  In- 
dians, by  which  the  right  to  the  soil  being  conceded  to  the  states,  the  government 
of  the  Indians  occupying  it  reverted  to  the  states.  While  the  bill  in  no  way 
sought  to  compel  the  Indians  to  remove  west,  it  was  intended  to  provide  for  the 
contingency  of  their  so  doing.  By  the  bill,  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  were 
appropriated  for  carrying  the  provisions  of  the  bill  into  effect. 

1830,  SEPTEMBER  27. —  A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Choctaw 
Indians. 

They  ceded  their  lands  in  Georgia,  and  agreed  to  remove  west  of  the  Missis- 


1830.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  563 

sippi  within  three  years.  Those  who  chose  to  remain  as  citizens  of  Georgia  were 
to  have  land  reserved  for  them,  which  by  a  five  years'  residence  should  become 
their  own  in  fee.  In  their  western  residence  they  were  to  be  governed  by  laws 
of  their  own,  which  should,  however,  not  be  inconsistent  with  those  of  the  United 
States.  The  government  to  use  its  influence  with  the  states  of  Mississippi  and 
Alabama  to  suspend  the  operation  of  their  laws,  and  to  not  extend  their  operation 
to  the  Indians. 

1830,  OCTOBER  5.  —  The  President  announced  by  proclamation 
that  the  ports  of  the  United  States  were  open  to  British  vessels 
from  the  colonies  on  the  same  terms  as  for  our  own  vessels. 

The  English  government  had  opened  the  ports  of  the  colonies  to  American 
vessels. 

1830,  DECEMBER  9. — The  first  locomotive  engine  built  in  the 
United  States  was  finished  this  year  at  the  West  Point  Foundery 
in  New  York,  and  tested. 

It  was  built  for  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  from  Charleston  to  Hamburg,  and 
was  called  the  Best  Friend,  and  afterwards  the  Phcenix.  It  was  built  under  the 
direction  and  at  the  personal  responsibility  of  Mr.  E.  L.  Miller,  who  was  a  strenu- 
ous advocate  of  steam  locomotion.  When  tried,  its  performance  was  much  better 
than  the  contract  called  for. 

1830.  —  THE  first  omnibus  was  built  and  used  in  New  York 
city. 

1830.  —  THE  charter  of  the  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad  was 
granted  by  the  Massachusetts  legislature. 

1830.  —  A  RAILROAD  from  New  Orleans  to  Lake  Poutchartrain 
was  commenced. 

It  was  considered  a  great  feat  of  engineering  to  carry  it  through  the  swamp. 
The  engineer  was  General  Joseph  Swift. 

1830.  —  "BOOK  OF  MORMON;"  or,  the  doctrines  of  the  Mor- 
mons as  expounded  by  Joseph  Smith,  the  founder  of  the  sect, 
was  published. 

On  April  6,  the  Mormon  church  was  first  formally  organized  at  Manchester, 
New  York ;  and  at  the  first  conference,  held  at  Fayette  in  June,  the  number  of 
believers  was  thirty. 

1830,  DECEMBER.  —  The  Globe  appeared  in  Washington. 

It  was  established  by  Francis  Preston  Blair.  Soon  after  its  issue,  John  C. 
Rives  became  a  partner  with  Blair,  and  Amos  Kendall  a  regular  writer  for  it. 
The  patronage  of  the  government  was  given  to  the  Globe  until  March  3,  1841.  In 
1846  Blair  and  Rives  obtained  the  contract  for  the  publication  of  the  congressional 
debates ;  and  in  1849  Blair  sold  his  interest  to  Rives.  The  establishment  of  the 
Globe  was  due  to  General  Jackson's  wish,  and  it  was  the  organ  of  his  administra- 
tion. Politically  it  was  known  as  the  organ  of  the  Kitchen  Cabinet. 

1830.  —  THE  Albany  Evening  Journal  appeared  in  Albany, 
New  York. 

It  was  edited  by  Thurlow  Weed  in  the  interest  of  the  anti-Masonic  party.    The 


564  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1830-31. 

National  Monitor  had  taken  this  ground  two  years  before,  under  the  management 
of  Solomon  Southwick,  and  was  absorbed  by  the  Journal.  Thurlow  Weed  had 
edited  the  Republican  Agriculturist  in  the  interest  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  and,  &s  a 
member  of  the  legislature,  became  a  supporter  of  William  H.  Seward  and  the 
editor  of  this  anti-Masonic  organ.  He  retired  from  the  editorship  of  the  Journal 
in  18C2. 

1830. —  THE  first  telescope  for  astronomical  purposes  was  put 
up  by  Yale  College. 

1831.  —  THE  Supreme  Court  refused  an  application  made  by 
the  Cherokees  for  an  injunction  against  the  state  of  Georgia,  to 
restrain  her  from  executing  her  laws  within  the  Cherokee  ter- 
ritory. 

On  June  1,  1830,  the  laws  of  Georgia  had,  according  to  the  act  of  the  legisla- 
ture, gone  into  force  within  the  Cherokee  territory,  and  an  Indian  had  been  tried, 
convicted,  and  executed  for  murder.  The  Cherokee  nation  had  therefore  brought 
their  cause  before  the  Supreme  Court.  The  ground  for  the  decision  of  this  tri- 
bunal was  that  the  Cherokee  nation  was  not  a  foreign  nation,  but  a  dependent 
nation,  in  a  state  of  pupilage,  and  holding  their  territory  by  the  right  of  occu- 
pancy. 

1831,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  Liberator  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  edited  by  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  and  was  the  advocate  of  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery.  In  1865  Mr.  Garrison,  feeling  that  its  mission  had  been  accom- 
plished, discontinued  it. 

1831,  JANUARY  5.  —  The  Daily  Evening  Advertiser  appeared  in 
Portland,  Maine. 

It  was  published  by  John  and  William  E.  Edwards. 

1831.  —  THE  Louisville  Journal  appeared  in  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky. 

It  was  edited  by  George  D.  Prentice. 

1831.  —  THE  Spirit  of  the  Times  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  William  T.  Porter,  and  was  the  first  sporting  paper  pub- 
lished in  the  United  States. 

1831. — THE  "American  Institute  of  Instruction"  was  incor- 
porated in  Massachusetts. 

President  Wayland,  of  Brown  University,  Rhode  Island,  was  made  its  president. 

1831,  APRIL  5.  —  A  treaty  of  amity,  commerce,  and  navigation 
was  made  between  the  United  States  and  the  republic  of  Mexico. 

1831.  —  CHLOROFORM  was  first  obtained  by  Samuel  Guthrie,  of 
Sackett's  Harbor,  New  York,  by  distilling  a"  mixture  of  chloride 
of  lime  and  alcohol,  and  then  rectifying  the  result. 

About  this  time,  Liebig  in  Germany,  and  Souberain  in  France,  also  obtained 
it ;  but  it  was  not  until  1834  that  its  true  character  was  discovered. 


1831-2.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  565 

1831.  —  IMPRISONMENT  for  debt  upon  contract,  except  in  cases 
where  fraud  had  been  committed,  or  was  intended,  was  abolished 
in  New  York  state. 

The  other  states  followed  in  a  measure  the  example  of  New  York ;  and  this 
abolishment  holds  substantially  through  the  United  States. 

1831,  JULY  4. —  A  treaty  was  made  between  France  and  the 

United  States. 

By  it  France  agreed  to  pay  the  United  States  twenty-five  millions  of  francs  as 
an  indemnity  for  the  injuries  done  American  commerce  after  1806. 

1831,  SEPTEMBER.  —  A  number  of  persons,  among  them  several 
missionaries,  were  arrested  in  the  Cherokee  territory  under  the 
authority  of  a  law  of  Georgia. 

The  Georgia  legislature,  in  December,  1830,  had  passed  a  law  placing  the  laws 
of  the  state  in  force  in  the  Cherokee  territory,  and  forbidding  the  residence  of 
white  men  there  after  March  1,  1831,  without  permission.  One  of  the  mission- 
aries, the  Rev.  Mr.  Worcester,  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

1831,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  Wesleyan  University,  at  Middletown, 
Connecticut,  under  the  control  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  was  opened  for  students. 

The  Rev.  W.  Fisk  was  the  first  president. 

1831,  SEPTEMBER  30.  —  A  free-trade  convention  met  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  composed  of  about  two  hundred  delegates  from  fifteen  states,  and  re- 
mained in  session  a  week.  Its  memorial  was  presented  to  Congress  the  next 
year. 

1831,  OCTOBER  26.  —  A  tariff  convention  met  in  New  York. 

It  contained  about  five  hundred  delegates.  It  prepared  a  memorial  to  Con- 
gress. 

1831.  —  THE  legislature  of  Massachusetts  made  an  appropria- 
tion for  the  preparation  and  distribution  of  a  manual  on  the  cul- 
ture of  silk. 

1831.  —  DR.  EDWARD  HITCHCOCK  published  this  year  his  Report 
on  the  Geology,  Zoology,  and  Botany  of  Massachusetts. 

He  had  been  appointed  by  the  legislature  the  year  before  to  make  a  survey  of 
the  state. 

1831,  NOVEMBER  9.  —  The  Daily  Morning  Post  appeared  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Beals  and  Greene ;  and  Charles  Gordon  Greene,  a  member 
of  the  firm,  was  the  editor.  It  is  a  Democratic  paper. 

1832,  JANUARY  1.  —  Nineteen  railroads  were  completed  or  in 
process   of  construction,  their   aggregate  length  being  nearly 
fourteen  hundred  miles. 


566  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEEICA.  [1832. 

1832. —  THE  Perkins  Institute  for  the  Blind  was  established  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Dr.  S.  G.  Howe  was  its  projector,  and  Colonel  T.  H.  Perkins  the  chief  con- 
tributor. This  was  the  first  institution  for  the  practical  education  of  the  blind, 
to  enable  them  to  support  themselves  by  industry. 

1832.  —  THE  Sunday  Morning  News  appeared  in  New  York 
city. 

It  was  published  and  edited  by  Samuel  Jenks  Smith,  aided  by  John  Howard 
Payne. 

1832,  JANUARY  9.  —  The  Bank  petitioned  Congress  for  a  con- 
tinuance of  its  charter. 

A  special  committee  appointed  by  the  House  made  two  reports.  The  majority 
report  was  against  the  re-charter.  The  charges  against  the  Bank  were  :  that  its 
assets  consisted  largely  of  accommodation  bills,  which  were  worthless ;  that  it 
had  extended  favors  to  congressmen ;  that  it  used  political  influence.  The  re- 
charter  was  passed,  but  was  vetoed  by  the  President  July  10,  1832. 

1832.  —  A  COMMERCIAL  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Eussia  was  made. 

It  was  negotiated  by  James  Buchanan,  the  American  minister  to  Russia. 

1832,  MARCH  1.  —  The  Supreme  Court  gave  a  decision  in  favor 
of  Mr.  Worcester,  and  against  the  state  of  Georgia. 

The  court  held  that  Georgia  had  no  right  to  extend  her  laws  over  the  Cherokee 
country,  or  to  punish  the  defendant  for  disobeying  those  laws  there.  Georgia  dis- 
regarded the  decision,  and  still  kept  the  missionaries  in  prison.  The  lands  were 
surveyed  and  offered  for  sale,  and  the  missionaries  discontinuing  the  suit,  were 
released  by  the  order  of  the  governor  of  Georgia  on  January  14,  1833. 

1832,  MARCH  1.  —  The  Newark  Advertiser  appeared  at  New- 
ark, New  Jersey. 

William  B.  Kenney  was  the  proprietor. 

1832,  MAY  4. —  The  general  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed 
an  "  act  to  promote  the  culture  of  silk." 

It  authorized  the  governor  to  incorporate  a  society  for  this  purpose  in  each 
county,  and  also  to  establish  a  school  where  the  whole  art  of  raising  and  man- 
ufacturing silk  should  be  taught. 

1832,  JULY  2.  —  The  Boston  Atlas  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  established  by  John  H.  Eastburn.  In  1857,  it  was  absorbed  by  the 
Traveller. 

1832.  — THE  first  steamboat  appeared  at  Chicago. 

1832,  JULY  14.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  exempting  from 
duty,  iron  imported  for  and  actually  laid  on  railroads,  or  in- 
clined plains. 


1832-3.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  567 

1832,  JULY  14.  —  Congress  passed  another  tariff  act. 

It  was  to  take  effect  on  the  3d  of  March  next.  It  reduced  the  duties  on  a  large 
number  of  articles,  and  increased  them  on  a  few,  but  was  still  a  protective  tariff. 

1832,  AUGUST  2.  —  The  Illinois  Indians,  under  Black  Hawk, 
were  defeated. 

Black  Hawk  was  captured,  and  the  Indians  driven  beyond  the  Mississippi. 
They  had  commenced  hostilities  in  May.  The  reports  of  the  army  of  the  fertility 
of  the  soil  stimulated  emigration  to  the  Illinois  country. 

1832,  OCTOBER  29.  —  The  New  York  Globe  appeared  in  New 
York  city. 

It  was  published  by  James  Gordon  Bennett.     It  failed  in  a  very  short  time. 

1832,  NOVEMBER  24.  —  A  convention  held  at  Columbia,  South 
Carolina,  passed  resolutions  to  nullify  the  tariff  acts  of  Congress. 

The  convention  declared  that  the  tariff  laws  of  1828,  and  July  14,  1832,  were 
"unauthorized  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  violate  the  true  mean- 
ing and  intent  thereof,  and  are  null  and  void,  and  no  law,  nor  binding  upon  this 
state,  its  officers,  or  its  citizens."  The  legislature  also  passed  an  act  empowering 
the  governor  to  employ  the  military  and  naval  force  of  the  state,  and  subject  all 
officers  of  the  state  to  a  test  oath. 

1832,  DECEMBER  10.  —  President  Jackson  issued  a  proclamation 
warning  the  authorities  of  South  Carolina  of  the  consequences 
of  their  course,  and  of  the  action  he  would  be  forced  to  take. 

1832,  DECEMBER  20.  —  Governor   Hayne,  of  South  Carolina, 
issued  a  proclamation  in  answer  to  that  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States. 

In  the  legislature  it  was  said,  referring  to  the  President's  proclamation,  "  We 
should  hurl  back  instant  scorn  and  defiance  for  this  impotent  missile  of  despicable 
malignity.  Of  answer  to  its  paltry  sophisms  and  disgraceful  invectives,  it  is  ut- 
terly unworthy.  But  the  country  and  the  world  should  know  how  perfectly  we 
despise  and  defy  him ;  and  they  should  be  told  that  before  they  plant  such  princi- 
ples as  his  upon  our  free  soil,  the  bones  of  many  an  enemy  shall  whiten  our 
shores  —  the  carcasses  of  many  a  caitiff  and  traitor  blacken  our  air."  The  legis- 
lature passed  acts  for  increasing  the  military  force  of  the  state,  and  requested  the 
governor,  Mr.  Hayne,  to  issue  a  proclamation.  In  this  document  he  claimed 
"nullification  as  the  rightful  remedy,"  and  exhorted  the  people  to  protect  their 
liberties,  "  if  need  be  with  their  lives  and  fortunes." 

1833,  JANUARY  16. — The   President  officially  informed  Con- 
gress in  a  message  of  the  action  of  South  Carolina,  and    sug- 
gested the  measures  to  be  taken. 

A  bill  was  prepared  by  the  judiciary,  authorizing  the  President  to  employ  the 
army  and  navy,  if  necessary,  to  collect  the  revenue.  The  legislature  of  Virginia 
passed  resolutions  requesting  South  Carolina  to  repeal  the  nullifying  ordinance, 
or  suspend  it  till  the  close  of  the  next  Congress ;  asking  Congress  to  reduce  the 
duties,  and  reasserting  the  resolutions  of  the  Virginia  legislature  of  1798.  Ben- 
jamin \V.  Leigh  was  also  appointed  a  commissioner  to  proceed  to  South  Carolina 


568  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1833. 

with  the  resolutions,  and  expostulate  with  the  authorities  for  the  preservation  of  the 
peace.  The  legislatures  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Delaware, 
Tennessee,  Indiana,  and  Missouri  disclaimed  the  doctrine  of  nullification  as  de- 
structive to  the  Constitution.  Those  of  North  Carolina  and  Alabama  joined,  with 
the  expression  of  similar  views,  an  opinion  that  the  tariff  was  inexpedient  and 
unconstitutional.  Georgia  did  the  same,  and  proposed  a  convention  from  the 
southern  states  to  obtain  relief  from  the  tariff.  The  legislature  of  New  Hamp- 
shire passed  resolutions  in  favor  of  reducing  the  tariff;  while  those  of  Massachu- 
setts, Vermont,  Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania  were  in  favor  of 
making  no  modifications  in  it. 

1833,  FEBRUARY  2. —  The  secretary  of  the  treasury  drew  upon 
the  French  minister  of  France  for  the  first  instalment  of  the  in- 
demnity due  under  the  treaty  of  1831. 

The  French  chamber  of  deputies  having  made  no  arrangement  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  indemnity,  the  bill  was  protested,  but  paid  by  Hottinguer.  The 
secretary  of  the  treasury  had  sold  the  bill  to  the  Bank,  and  Hottinguer,  their 
correspondent,  paid  it  for  their  credit.  The  Bank  claimed  fifteen  per  cent, 
damages  from  the  government,  and  reserved  one  hundred  and  seventy  thou- 
sand and  forty-one  dollars  from  the  dividends  due  the  United  States  on  July  17, 
1834.  A  suit  was  instituted  by  the  government  to  recover  this,  and  a  verdict  for 
the  government  was  obtained  in  1847. 

1833.  —  AN  anti-lottery  society  was  organized  in  Philadelphia. 
1833,  FEBRUARY  28.  —  The  enforcing  bill  was  passed. 

It  gave  the  President  authority  to  employ  the  army  and  navy  to  collect  the 
duties. 

1833,  MARCH  2.  —  A  tariff  bill,  which  originated  in  the 
Senate,  and  passed  both  house's,  received  the  signature  of  the 
President. 

It  was  introduced  in  the  Senate  by  Henry  Clay.  It  provided  that  where  the 
duties  exceeded  twenty  per  cent.,  they  should  be  diminished  after  December  30, 
1833,  one  tenth,  and  a  tenth  each  alternate  year  until  December  31,  1841,  when 
fifty  per  cent,  of  the  duty  remaining  should  be  deducted ;  and  after  the  30th  of 
June,  1842,  the  duties  were  to  be  reduced  twenty  per  cent,  on  a  home  valuation, 
and  be  paid  in  cash. 

1833,  MARCH  11.  —  The  convention  in  South  Carolina  met  at 
the  call  of  the  governor,  and  repealed  the  ordinance  of  nullifi- 
cation. 

The  milliners  claimed  this  as  a  victory. 

1833,  APRIL  24. —  The  New  York  Mechanics'  Institute  was 
incorporated. 

1833,  AUGUST  19.  —  The  government  directors  of  the  Bank,  in 
their  report,  declared  that  the  Bank  had  spent  large  sums  in 
printing  and  circulating  documents  in  its  favor  during  the  presi- 
dential campaign  of  the  previous  year. 

1833,  SEPTEMBER  3.  —  The  Sun  appeared  in  New  York  city. 


1833.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  569 

It  was  published  by  Benjamin  H.  Day.  Eventually,  it  became  the  property 
of  Moses  Yale  Beach.  It  was  the  first  successfully  established  paper  which  sold  for 
a  cent.  It  is  now  sold  for  two  cents. 

1833.  —  THE  Boston  Daily  Journal  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Ford  and  Damrell,  and  edited  by  John  S.  Sleeper.  It  ia 
now  managed  by  a  stock  association. 

1833,  OCTOBER  1.  —  An  order  was  given  for  the  removal  of  the 
public  deposits  from  the  Bank,  and  for  their  deposit  in  the  local 
banks. 

The  President  in  his  message  had  suggested  that  the  deposits  were  unsafe  in 
the  Bank,  and  Congress  had  referred  the  subject  to  a  committee  who  reported  that 
the  deposits  were  safe.  As  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  refused  to  give  an  order 
for  the  removal  of  the  deposits,  he  was  removed  from  office,  and  Roger  B.  Taney, 
then  attorney-general,  appointed  to  the  place. 

1833.  —  A  PATENT  was  issued  to  Obed  Hussey,  of  Cincinnati, 
for  a  machine  reaper. 

The  next  year  one  was  issued  to  McCormick  of  Virginia. 

1833.  —  GRAND  RAPIDS,  Michigan,  was  settled. 

The  city  was  incorporated  in  1850.  The  river  supplies  it  with  water-power, 
and  steamboats  connect  it  with  Lake  Michigan,  so  that  it  is  one  of  the  largest 
trading  and  manufacturing  cities  in  the  state.  Salt,  limestone,  gypsum,  and  pine 
lumber  are  among  its  principal  exports.  The  year  of  its  incorporation  as  a  city, 
St.  Mark's  College  was  founded  under  the  auspices  of  the  Episcopalians. 

1833.  —  DR.  WILLIAM  BEAUMONT  published  the  result  of  his 
experiments  on  the  stomach  of  St.  Martin. 

Dr.  Beaumont  was  stationed  as  surgeon  at  Michilimackinac,  Michigan.  In 
June,  1822,  young  St.  Martin  received  a  wound  in  his  left  side,  the  shot  entering 
his  stomach.  By  careful  treatment  he  recovered,  though  he  always  had  an  aper- 
ture two  and  a  half  inches  in  circumference  opening  into  his  stomadh.  Dr. 
Beaumont  was  born  in  1796 ;  died  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  April  25,  1853. 

1833. — THE  normal-school  system  was  established  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Edmund  Dwight,  of  Boston,  gave  ten  thousand  dollars  for  the  purpose,  on  con- 
dition that  the  state  should  raise  an  equal  amount,  which  was  done. 

1833,  OCTOBER  2.  —  The  anti-slavery  society  of  New  York  was 
organized. 

On  the  1st  of  October,  the  following  notice  was  placarded  in  the  city : 
"  The  friends  of  immediate  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  United  States  are  re- 
quested to  meet  at  Clinton  Hall  on  Wednesday  evening,  2d  October,  at  half  past 
seven  o'clock,  to  form  a  New  York  City  Anti-Slavery  Society.  Committee : 
Joshua  Leavitt,  John  Rankin,  William  Goodell,  William  Green,  Jr.,  Lewis 
Tappan." 


570  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1833. 

The  next  day  the  following  placard  was  posted  : 

"  Notice  to  all  Persons  from  the  South.  —  All  persons  interested  in  the  object 
of  a  meeting  called  by  J.  Leavitt,  W.  Goodell,  W.  Green,  Jr.,  J.  Rankin,  and 
L.  Tappan,  at  Clinton  Hall,  this  evening  at  seven  o'clock,  are  requested  to  attend 
at  the  same  hour  and  place.  MANY  SOUTHERNERS. 

"  N.  B.  All  citizens  who  may  feel  disposed  to  manifest  the  true  feeling  of  the 
State  on  this  subject  are  requested  to  attend." 

The  trustees  of  Clinton  Hall  becoming  alarmed,  refused  to  open  the  hall.  The 
movers  of  the  society  therefore  met  —  fifty-three  of  them  —  in  the  Chatham  Street 
Chapel,  and  in  half  an  hour  organized  their  society,  and  adjourned.  The  crowd 
that  had  gathered  at  Clinton  Hall,  hearing  of  this,  rushed  to  the  chapel,  but  were 
just  too  late. 

1833.  —  AFTER  the  defeat  of  the  Spaniards  by  Santa  Anna 
in  1829,  revolutions  followed  each  other  headed  by  Santa  Anna, 
Bustamente,  and  Guerrero.  In  1831,  the  latter  was  captured 
and  executed,  and  in  April,  1835,  Santa  Anna  was  elected  presi- 
dent, and  Bustamente  was  exiled. 

1833.  —  ANTHRACITE  coal  was  successfully  used  in  a  hot  blast 
by  Frederick  W.  Geisenhaimer,  of  Pennsylvania. 

He  had  been  experimenting  with  it  for  some  time,  and  took  out  a  patent  for 
the  process. 

1833,  NOVEMBER.  —  The  Democrat  appeared  in  Chicago,  Illinois. 

This  was  the  first  newspaper  in  Chicago. 

1833.  —  THE  Advertiser  appeared  in  Mobile,  Alabama. 

1833,  DECEMBER  3.  —  The  secretary  of  the  treasury  gave  his 
reasons  for  removing  the  deposits  from  the  Bank. 

These  were  :  that  the  exchange  committee  of  the  directors  managed  the  Bank; 
that  the  Bank  had  meddled  with  politics ;  that  it  had  deferred  the  payment  of  the 
three  per  cents,  and  demanded  damages  for  the  draft  on  France.  The  acting  sec- 
retary was  Roger  B.  Taney,  who  had  been  recently  appointed  in  place  of  Duane, 
who  refused  to  remove  the  deposits.  Taney  was  not  confirmed  as  secretary. 

1833,  DECEMBER  9.  —  The  government  directors  of  the  Bank 
reported  that  they  were  excluded  from  knowing  the  Bank's  con- 
dition. 

1833. — THE  constitution  of  Massachusetts  was  amended,  mak- 
ing the  individual  contributions  to  the  support  of  the  ministry 
voluntary,  instead  of  obligatory,  as  it  had  been. 

A  bill,  called  the  "religious  liberty  bill,"  which  proposed  substantially  the 
same  thing,  had  been  proposed  in  the  legislature  in  1807,  but  was  lost. 

1833,  DECEMBER  11.  —  The  Green  Bay  Intelligencer  appeared  at 
Green  Bay,  Wisconsin. 

It  was  published  by  Suydam  and  Ellis.  After  three  numbers,  it  was  entirely 
controlled  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Ellis. 


1834.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  571 

1834.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  amending  the  copy-right  law. 

The  original  term  of  fourteen  years  was  doubled,  and  the  wife  and  children  of 
an  author  in  case  of  his  death  were  entitled  to  a  renewal. 

1834.  —  THE  Philanthropist  appeared  at  Cincinnati. 

It  advocated  the  cause  of  emancipation.  It  was  published  by  James  G.  Bir- 
ney,  a  professor  in  Danville,  Kentucky.  Having  become  convinced  of  the  error 
of  slavery,  he  freed  his  own  slaves,  and  moved  to  Cincinnati  for  the  purpose  of 
starting  his  paper.  His  office  at  one  time  was  sacked  by  a  mob. 

1834.  —  THE  Ohio  Company  imported  fine  specimens  of  im- 
proved English  cattle. 

In  1841,  Mr.  Coleman,  a  well-known  agricultural  writer,  said  that  the  general 
treatment  of  cows  in  New  England  was  a  proper  subject  for  presentment  by  a 
grand  jury. 

1834.  —  BURLINGTON,  Iowa,  named  after  the  city  of  same  name 
in  Vermont,  was  laid  out. 

In  1837  it  was  made  the  territorial  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  the  terminus  of 
several  of  the  western  railroads,  and  has  rapidly  increased.  In  1854  the  Bur- 
lington University  was  founded.  Large  manufactures  are  carried  on  at  Burling- 
ton, the  extensive  coal-fields  near  by  offering  unusual  facilities. 

1834,  JANUARY.  —  John  Russell,  of  Greenfield,  Massachusetts, 
started  the  first  manufactury  for  table  cutlery  in  the  United 

States. 

1834.  —  THE  Albany  Cultivator  appeared  in  Albany,  New 
York. 

It  was  edited  by  Jesse  Buel. 

1834.  —  THE  Arkansas  Gazette  appeared  in  Little  Rock,  Ar- 
kansas. 

1834.  —  THE  Helena  Herold  appeared  in  Helena,  Arkansas. 

1834,  FEBRUARY  4.  —  The  Senate  appointed  a  committee  to 
investigate  the  concerns  of  the  Bank. 

It  reported  favorably  to  the  Bank  December  18th. 

1834,  MARCH  28.  —  The  Senate  resolved  that  in  the  removal 
of  the  deposits  the  President  "  had  assumed  upon  himself  author- 
ity and  power  not  conferred  by  the  Constitution  and  the  laws." 

On  the  15th  of  April  the  President  sent  to  the  Senate  a  protest  against  this  res- 
olution, which  that  body  refused  to  enter  upon  the  record.  The  resolution  was 
"expunged"  from  the  record  of  the  Senate  on  January  16,  1837. 

1834,  APRIL  4.  —  The  House  resolved  that  the  Bank  should 
not  be  re-chartered,  nor  the  deposits  restored  to  it,  and  appointed 
another  committee  of  investigation. 


572  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1834-5. 

1834,  MAY  2. —  The  assembly  of  New  York  authorized  a  joint 
stock  company  for  supplying  New  York  city  with  water. 

This  was  the  project  "of  the  Croton-water  supply.  In  April,  1835,  the  citizens  at 
an  election  approved  of  the  plan.  The  work  was  begun  in  the  spring  of  1837, 
and  completed  October  14,  1842. 

1834.  —  THREE  branch  mints  were  established  by  Congress. 

One  was  at  New  Orleans,  for  coining  gold  and  silver ;  one  at  Charlotte,  North 
Carolina,  and  one  at  Dahlonega,  Georgia. 

1834,  MAY  22.  —  The  committee  of  investigation  of  the  Bank 
presented  a  majority  and  minority  report  to  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. 

The  majority  report  stated  that  the  Bank  had  refused  to  submit  to  investiga- 
tions ;  the  minority  report  stated  that  the  committee  had  made  unreasonable  de- 
mands upon  the  Bank. 

1834,  JUNE  28. — The  coinage  of  the  United  States  was 
altered. 

The  silver  dollar  was  made  to  weigh  four  hundred  twelve  and  a  half  grains  of 
pure  metal,  and  the  gold  dollar  twenty-five  and  eight  tenth  grains,  twenty-three 
and  two  tenths  pure  metal ;  the  two  commodities  ranking  as  fifteen  and  ninety- 
nine  one  hundredths  to  one.  The  standard  for  silver  was  nine  hundred  thou- 
sandths fine ;  and  for  gold,  eighty-nine  thousand  nine  hundred  and  twenty -two 
hundred  thousandths.  Foreign  coins  were  rated  so  low  that  they  were  not  sent  to 
the  mint ;  and  silver,  by  the  above,  was  rated  so  low  that  it  was  exported. 

1834.  —  A  STATE  geological  survey  of  Maryland  was  begun. 

It  was  made  by  Dr.  J.  T.  Ducatel,  and  was  completed  in  seven  annual  reports. 

1834. — THE  first  linen-mill  was  built  at  Fall  River,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1834,  JULY.  —  A  riot  took  place  in  New  York  city  against  the 
abolitionists. 

The  Chatham  Street  Chapel,  the  Bowery  Theatre,  Dr.  S.  H.  Cox's  church  and 
house,  Zion's  Church  (colored),  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ludlow's  church,  St.  Philip's 
Church  (colored),  the  African  Baptist  church,  Arthur  and  Lewis  Tappan's 
houses,  were  sacked. 

1835,  JANUARY  31.  —  A  new  congress,  announced  by  Santa 
Anna,  assembled  at  Mexico. 

The  constitution  was  abolished,  the  militia  of  the  several  states  was  disarmed, 
and  a  central  government  organized. 

1835,  MARCH  6.  —  The  directors  of  the  Bank  ordered  the  ex- 
change committee  to  make  loans  upon  the  stock  of  the  Bank,  in 
order  to  wind  up  the  concern.  The  twenty-five  branches  were 
sold,  for  bonds  running  from  one  to  five  years. 

1835.  —  A  Prices  Current  appeared  in  Cincinnati. 


1835.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  573 

1835.  —  THE  first  house  at  Yerba  Buena,  California  (now  San 
Francisco),  was  built. 

In  1839  a  survey  was  made,  streets  laid  out,  and  town  lots  marked  off.  In 
1776  the  site  had  been  occupied  as  the  Mission  Dolores.  In  1835  all  the  missions 
in  California  were  secularized,  and  the  settlement  was  called  Yerba  Buena.  In 
1846  it  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  United  States,  and  in  1847  the  town 
council  changed  its  name  to  San  Francisco.  The  population  then  numbered  four 
hundred  and  fifty-nine. 

1835,  MARCH  30.  —  The  Nashville  Union  appeared  in  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee. 

It  was  edited  by  Samuel  McLaughlin. 

1835,  MAY  6.  —  The  New  York  Herald  appeared  in  New  York 
city. 

It  was  published  by  James  Gordon  Bennett.  The  first  number  said :  "We 
have  had  an  experience  of  nearly  fifteen  years  in  conducting  newspapers.  On 
that  score  we  cannot  surely  fail  in  knowing  at  least  how  to  build  up  a  reputation 
and  establishment  of  our  own.  In  debuts  of  this  kind  many  talk  of  principle  — 
political  principle  —  as  a  sort  of  steel-trap  to  catch  the  public.  We  mean  to  be 
perfectly  understood  on  this  point,  and  therefore  openly  disclaim  all  steel-traps, 
all  principle,  as  it  is  called,  all  party,  all  politics.  Our  only  guide  shall  be  a 
good,  sound,  practical  common  sense,  applicable  to  the  business  and  bosoms  of 
men  engaged  in  every-day  life.  We  shall  support  no  party,  be  the  organ  of  no 
faction  or  coterie,  and  care  nothing  for  any  election  or  any  candidate,  from  pres- 
ident down  to  a  constable.  We  shall  endeavor  to  record  facts  on  every  suitable  and 
proper  subject,  stripped  of  verbiage  and  coloring,  with  comments,  when  suitable, 
just,  independent,  fearless,  and  good-tempered."  On  the  llth  of  May  the  second 
number  appeared.  With  the  establishment  of  the  Herald  the  modern  era  of  the 
newspaper  opened,  and  it  has  been  the  first  to  introduce  most  of  the  distinctive 
characteristics  of  the  modern  press.  First,  the  money  articles,  commenced  in 
May,  1835;  the  cash  system,  introduced  from  its  origin;  the  organization  of  a 
system  for  gathering  news ;  the  publication  of  maps  and  illustrations,  in  1838 ; 
the  arrangements  made  the  same  year  for  foreign  correspondence ;  the  general 
spirit  of  enterprise  which  in  1845  led  to  the  establishment  of  expresses  from 
Texas  and  Mexico.  Mr.  Bennett  died  June  1st,  1872,  aged  seventy-six.  The 
Herald  is  published  by  his  son. 

1835.  —  THE  formation  of  banks,  which  began  the  year  before, 
continued  through  this  year. 

Notes  under  five  dollars  were  forbidden  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
Georgia,  Tennessee,  Louisiana,  North  Carolina,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Maine,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  and  Alabama.  Notes  for  one  or  for  two  dollars  were  forbid- 
den in  Connecticut.  There  were  no  notes  under  five  dollars  in  Mississippi  and 
Illinois,  while  Missouri  had  no  bank  of  issue. 

1835,  AUGUST.  —  Anti-slavery  documents  sent  by  mail  to 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  were  destroyed. 

The  grand  jury  in  Alabama  indicted  R.  J.  Williams,  the  editor  of  the  Emanci- 
pator ;  and  Governor  Gayle,  of  Alabama,  made  a  requisition  upon  Governor 
Marcy,  of  New  York,  for  his  delivery,  which  was  refused.  A  committee  of  vigi- 


574  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1835. 

lance  in  Louisiana  offered  a  reward  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  for  the  delivery  of 
Arthur  Tappan.  The  state  of  Mississippi  offered  five  thousand  dollars  for  the 
arrest  of  persons  convicted  of  circulating  the  Liberator  or  other  seditious  publi- 
cations in  the  state.  On  application  from  Virginia,  concerning  the  suppression 
of  anti-slavery  documents  in  the  mail,  Postmaster-General  Kendall  said  he  had  no 
authority  to  do  so,  and  the  only  means  for  redress  was  "  in  responsibilities  volun- 
tarily assumed  by  the  postmasters."  To  the  postmaster  of  New  York,  who  had 
detained  such  documents  and  written  to  him  for  advice,  he  said,  "  If  I  were  sit- 
uated as  you  are,  I  would  do  as  you  have  done."  In  his  annual  message  the 
President  referred  to  the  subject,  suggesting  the  passage  of  a  law  that  should 
"prohibit,  under  severe  penalties,  the  circulation  through  the  mail  of  incendiary 
publications,  intended  to  instigate  the  slaves  to  insurrection."  This  part  of  the 
message  being  referred  to  a  special  committee,  a  bill  was  introduced  prohibiting 
postmasters  from  knowingly  mailing  or  delivering  such  publications,  but  to  burn 
them.  The  bill  was  rejected  in  the  Senate,  where  it  had  originated,  by  a  vote  of 
five  to  nineteen. 

Covernor  McDuffie,  of  South  Carolina,  in  his  message  to  the  legislature,  said  : 
"No  human  institution,  in  my  opinion,  is  more  manifestly  consistent  with  the  will 
of  God  than  domestic  slavery ;  and  no  one  of  his  ordinances  is  written  in  more 
legible  characters  than  that  which  consigns  the  African  race  to  this  condition,  as 
more  conducive  to  their  own  happiness  than  any  other  of  which  they  are  suscep- 
tible. Domestic  slavery,  therefore,  instead  of  being  a  political  evil,  is  the  corner- 
stone of  our  republican  edifice.  No  patriot  who  justly  estimates  our  privileges 
will  tolerate  the  idea  of  emancipation  at  any  period,  however  remote,  or  on  any 
condition  of  pecuniary  advantage,  however  favorable.  I  would  as  soon  think  of 
opening  a  negotiation  for  selling  the  liberty  of  the  state  at  once,  as  of  making 
any  stipulation  for  the  ultimate  emancipation  of  our  slaves.  So  deep  is  my  con- 
viction on  this  subject,  that  if  I  were  doomed  to  die  immediately  after  recording 
these  sentiments,  I  would  say  in  all  sincerity,  and  under  all  the  sanctions  of 
Christianity  and  patriotism,  '  God  forbid  that  my  descendants,  in  the  remotest 
generation,  should  live  in  any  other  than  a  community  having  the  institution  of 
domestic  slavery  as  it  existed  among  the  patriarchs  of  the  primitive  church  and 
in  all  the  states  of  antiquity.' " 

1835,  DECEMBER  29.  —  A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Cherokees 
in  Georgia,  by  which  they  agreed  to  remove  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

They  were  to  be  paid  five  million  dollars  for  their  lands,  six  hundred  thousand 
dollars  for  their  expenses  in  moving,  and  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  more. 
The  treaty  was  ratified  by  the  Senate  in  May,  1836. 

1835.  —  THE  President,  in  his  message,  announced  the  extin- 
guishment of  the  national  debt. 

The  duties  on  imports,  and  the  sale  of  the  public  lands,  had  produced  the 
money  for  this  purpose. 

1835.  —  THE  first  tiles  for  draining  are  said  to  have  been  used 
about  this  date  by  John  Johnston,  near  Geneva,  New  York,  he 
having  made  the  tiles  by  hand. 

1835.  —  A  PATENT  for  a  revolving  pistol  was  granted  to  Samuel 
Colt. 


1835-6.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  575 

1835. —  MC-KENDREE  COLLEGE,  at  Lebanon,  Illinois,  was  started 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

1835,  DECEMBER.  —  The  second  Seminole  war  began. 

1835.  —  SHURTLEFF  COLLEGE,  at  Upper  Alton,  Illinois,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Baptists,  was  founded. 

It  was  named  after  Dr.  Shurtleif,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  who  liberally 
endowed  it. 

1836.  —  THE  constitution  of  Pennsylvania  was  amended. 

1836.  —  MRS.  ERNESTINE  L.  ROSE,  a  Polish  lady,  began  lec- 
turing through  the  country. 

The  "Equal  Rights  of  Women"  was  one  of  her  subjects.  She  sent  to  the 
New  York  legislature  a  petition,  with  five  names,  concerning  the  property  rights 
of  women.  Another,  with  thirty  names,  was  sent  the  same  year.  Neither  of 
them  met  any  notice  from  the  legislature. 

1836.  —  THE  constitution  of  Vermont  was  amended. 

A  senate  of  thirty  members  was  made  a  part  of  the  legislature. 

1836.  —  JANESVILLE,  Wisconsin,  was  founded. 

In  1853  it  received  a  city  charter.  Numbers  of  the  northwestern  railroads 
intersect  at  this  point,  and  the  city  had  a  rapidly  increasing  trade. 

1836.  — DAVENPORT,  Iowa,  was  settled. 

It  was  organized  as  a  town  in  1839,  and  in  1851  as  a  city.  In  1848  Iowa  Col- 
lege was  founded  here,  —  an  institution  for  both  men  and  women.  The  city  has 
a  large  commercial  and  manufacturing  business. 

1836.  —  A  GEOLOGICAL  survey  of  New  York  was  ordered. 

It  was  intrusted  to  Professors  Emmons,  M.  L.  Vanuxen,  L.  C.  Beck,  T.  A. 
Conrad,  and  James  Hall.  Five  annual  reports  were  made,  and  the  report  pub- 
lished in  several  volumes. 

1836.  —  A  STATE  survey  of  Georgia  was  ordered. 

It  was  intrusted  to  J.  R.  Cotting,  who  reported  in  1841. 

1836.  —  A  REPORT  upon  the  geology  of  Kentucky,  by  D. 
Trimble,  was  published. 

1836,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  Congress  passed  resolutions  concerning 
the  anti-slavery  petitions  presented  to  it,  that  it  had  "  no  consti- 
tutional authority  to  interfere  in  any  way  with  the  institution  of 
slavery  in  any  of  the  states  of  this  confederacy." 

Numerous  petitions  had  been  handed  in  to  Congress,  especially  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  concerning  which  it  was  at  the  same 
time  resolved  that  "  Congress  ought  not  to  interfere  in  any  way  with  slavery  in 
the  District  of  Columbia,  because  it  would  be  a  violation  of  the  public  faith,  un- 
wise, impolitic,  and  dangerous  to  the  Union." 


576  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1836. 

1836,  FEBRUARY  13.  —  Abroad  riot  took  place  in  New  York 
city. 

A  meeting  had  been  called  in  City  Hall  Park  to  protest  against  the  high  price 
of  rents,  fuel,  and  food,  and  the  mob  sacked  a  large  grain  and  provision  store. 

1836,  FEBRUARY  15.  —  Pennsylvania  granted  a  charter  to  the 
Bank. 

The  new  charter  required  the  Bank  to  •  aid  certain  schemes  of  internal  im- 
provement. 

1836,  MARCH  2.  —  The  representatives  of  Texas  met  at  Wash- 
ington on  the  Brazos,  and  made  a  declaration  of  independence 
from  Mexico. 

A  constitution  was  formed  and  a  provisional  government  organized,  —  Samuel 
Houston  being  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  and  in  September  pres- 
ident of  the  republic. 

1836,  MARCH  3.  —  The  charter  of  the  Bank  given  by  Congress 
expired,  but  the  Bank  continued  under  the  title  of  the  United 
States  Bank  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Bank  had  loaned  twenty  millions  upon  its  stock,  under  the  resolution  of 
the  year  before. 

1836,  MARCH  5.  —  The  Mexicans,  under  Santa  Anna,  captured 
the  Alamo,  and  slaughtered  the  garrison. 
Texas  had  risen  against  the  central  government. 

1836,  MARCH  23.  —  Steam-power  was  introduced  into  the  mint 
at  Philadelphia. 

It  was  used  for  driving  a  new  coining-press,  designed  by  Franklin  Peale, 
together  with  a  new  milling-machine.  A  medal  was  struck  in  commemoration. 

1836,  MARCH  25.  —  The  Public  Ledger  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  established  by  W.  M.  Swain,  A.  S.  Abell,  and  Azariah  II.  Simmons. 
Shortly  after  its  appearance  it  united  with  the  Transcript,  and  took  the  title 
Public  Ledger  and  Daily  Transcript.  Its  price  was  one  cent.  In  18G4  it  was 
bought  by  George  W.  Childs,  and  the  price  raised  to  two  cents. 

1836.  —  MADISON  was  chosen  as  the  capital  of  Wisconsin. 

It  was  then  in  the  midst  of  a  wilderness.  The  city  is  built  between  the  two 
lakes  Mendota  and  Monona. 

1836.  —  FELT  cloth  was  first  successfully  made  at  Norwalk, 
Connecticut. 

The  method  for  making  it  was  patented  by  John  Arnold  in  1829,  and  improved 
afterwards. 

1836.  —  UNION  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY,  in  New  York  city,  was 
founded. 

1836.  —  THE  first  observatory  in  the  country  was  built  at  Wil- 
liams College,  Massachusetts,  by  Professor  Hopkins. 


1836.]  ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA.  577 

1836,  APRIL  11.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  offered  a 
bounty  of  ten  cents  a  pound  for  cocoons,  and  a  dollar  a  pound 
for  raw  silk. 

Only  eighty-five  dollars  and  twenty  cents  were  claimed  under  it  this  year. 
Maine  and  New  Jersey  also  offered  bounties  upon  silk-raising.  New  Jersey 
repealed  the  act  the  next  year. 

1836.  —  A  GEOLOGICAL  survey  of  Maine  was  ordered. 

It  was  intrusted  to  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  of  Boston,  to  whom  Massachusetts 
intrusted  also  the  survey  of  her  lands  in  Maine.  Dr.  Jackson  made  three  annual 
reports  concerning  Maine,  and  two  to  Massachusetts. 

1836.  —  THE  Beaver  Meadow  Railroad,  in  Pennsylvania,  began 
the  use  of  anthracite  coal  as  fuel,  instead  of  wood. 

1836,  MAY  14.  —  A  treaty  was  made  by  Mexico  with  Texas, 
acknowledging  its  independence. 

Santa  Anna,  having  been  made  captive  at  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  with  others 
signed  the  treaty,  pledging  themselves  to  have  it  confirmed  as  soon  as  possible. 

1836,  JUNE  9.  —  The  Seminoles,  under  Osceola,  were  repulsed 
in  an  attack  on  the  United  States  fortified  post  at  Micanopy, 
Florida. 

On  the  12th  of  August  the  Seminoles  were  victorious  at  Fort  Doane. 

1836,  JUNE  15. —  Arkansas  was  recognized  as  an  independent 
state. 

Until  1812  it  had  formed  a  part  of  Louisiana,  and  then,  until  1819,  a  part  of 
Missouri,  when  it  was  made  a  separate  territory.  The  legislature  had  called  a 
convention,  without  the  action  of  Congress,  January  1,  to  form  a  constitution, 
and  after  making  it  applied  for  admission  to  the  Union.  It  was  objected  that 
such  action  was  unlawful,  and  also  that  the  constitution  forbade  the  legislature  to 
emancipate  the  slaves. 

1836,  JUNE  18.  —  The  Pennsylvania  legislature  passed  an  act 
making  arbitration  compulsory  if  either  party  to  a  civil  action 
wishes  to  refer  it  to  arbitrators. 

If  the  parties  cannot  agree  on  the  arbitrators,  the  prothonotary  draws  up  a 
list  of  names,  allows  each  side  alternately  to  strike  off  one,  until  the  requisite 
number  only  is  left,  who  constitute  the  arbitrators.  From  their  award,  however, 
there  can  be  an  appeal. 

1836,  JUNE  20.  —  The  New  York  Express  appeared  in  New 
York  city. 

It  was  published  by  James  and  Erastus  Brooks.  In  1836  the  Daily  Advertiser 
was  united  with  it.  It  was  finally  issued  as  the  Evening  Express. 

1836,  JUNE  23. —  Congress  passed  a  bill  ordering  the  surplus 
revenue  in  the  treasury  on  the  1st  of  January,  1837,  —  over  five 
millions  of  dollars,  —  to  be  deposited  with  the  states. 

A  surplus  of  over  forty  millions  of  dollars  accumulated  this  year  in  the 
treasury. 

37 


578  'ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1836-7. 

1836,  JULY  4.  —  The  act  reorganizing  the  patent  office  was 
approved. 

By  it  the  patent  office  was  made  a  separate  department,  with  a  chief,  to  be  called 
Commissioner  of  Patents,  appointed  by  the  President.  The  first  commissioner 
was  Henry  L.  Ellsworth.  Other  subsequent  acts  were  approved,  March  3,  1837; 
March  3,  1839;  August  29,  1842;  May  27,  1848;  March  4,  1861. 

1836,  JULY  11.  —  The  secretary  of  the  treasury  issued  a  cir- 
cular ordering  nothing  but  specie  to  be  received  in  payment  of 
the  public  lands. 

It  was  filed  in  the  state  department,  March  3,  1837. 

After  the  loth  of  August,  sales  to  others  than  actual  settlers  or  residents  in  the 
state,  and  not  exceeding  three  hundred  and  twenty  acres,  were  to  be  paid  for  in 
specie,  and  after  December  15,  all  sales,  without  exception. 

1836,  OCTOBER  24.  —  A  patent  for  friction-matches  was  granted. 

It  was  granted  to  Alonzo  D.  Phillips,  of  Springfield,  Massachusetts. 

1836,  DECEMBER  15.  —  The  patent  office,  with  its  contents,  was 
burned. 

1836.  —  A  LAW  was  passed  in  Massachusetts  forbidding  the 
employment  in  factories  of  children  under  fifteen,  unless  in  every 
year  they  had  eleven  weeks'  schooling. 

1836.  —  A  GEOLOGICAL  survey  of  Virginia  was  begun  by  Pro- 
fessor W.  B.  Rogers. 

It  was  completed  in  six  annual  reports.  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  ordered 
surveys  to  be  made  by  Professor  Henry  D.  Rogers.  The  first  report  for  New 
Jersey  was  made  this  year,  and  the  last  in  1840.  In  1859  Professor  Rogers  pub- 
lished the  report  for  Pennsylvania. 

1836.  —  THE  Washington  mine,  in  Davidson  County,  North 
Carolina,  was  opened. 

It  is  the  only  lead  mine  in  the  country  that  has  produced  much  silver. 

1829-1837.  —  SEVENTH  administration. 

President,  Andrew  Jackson,  of  Tennessee. 

Vice-Presidents  /  ^onn  ^'  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina. 

I  Martin  Van  Buren,  New  York,  March  4,  1833. 

Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York,  March  6,  1829. 
,  „  Edward  Livingston,  of  Louisiana,  May  24,  1831. 

'  Louis  McLane,  of  Delaware,  March  29,  1833. 
.  John  Forsyth,  of  Georgia,  June  27,  1834. 
Sam.  D.  Ingham,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  6,  1829. 
Louis  McLane,  of  Delaware,  August  8,  1831. 

Secretaries  of  Treasury  i  Wm<  J>  Duane'  °f  Pennsylvania>  Mav  29>  1833' 

iury'l  Roger  B.  Taney,  of  Maryland,  September  3,  1833; 

not  confirmed  by  Senate. 

Levi  Woodbury,  of  New  Hampshire,  June  27,  1834. 
f  John  H.  Eaton,  of  Tennessee,  March  9,  1829. 

Secretaries  of  War,         i  Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan,  August  1,  1831;  resigned, 
v.     November  1,  1836. 


1837.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  579 

C  John  Branch,  of  North  Carolina,  March  9,  1829. 

Secretaries  of  Navy,        j  Levi  Woodbury,  of  New  Hampshire,  May  25,  1831. 
I  Mahlon  Dickerson,  of  New  Jersey,  June  30,  1834. 

r  William  T.  Barry,  of  Kentucky,  March  9,  1829. 
Postmasters-General,       (  Amog  Kendall)  rf  KentuckV)  May  j  ?  1836_ 

(•John  Berrien,  of  Georgia,  March  9,  1829. 

Attorneys-General,  \  Roger  B.  Taney,  of  Maryland,  December  27,  1831. 

I  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  of  New  York,  June  24,  1834. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Andrew  Stevenson,  of  Virginia,  Twenty-first  Congress,  1829. 

"  "  Twenty-second  Congress,  1833. 

"  "  N  Twenty-third  Congress,  1835. 

John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  Twenty-fourth  Congress,  1834. 
James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee,  Twenty-fifth  Congress,  1835. 

1837,  JANUARY  18.  —  The  coinage  of  the  United  States  was 
again  altered. 

The  gold  coins  were  made  twenty-three  and  twenty-two  hundredths  fine,  and 
both  gold  and  silver  were  brought  to  the  standard  of  nine  hundred  thousandths. 
This  made  the  exchange  with  the  coinage  of  England  one  hundred  and  nine  and  a 
half,  one  pound  sterling  being  equal  to  four  dollars  and  eight  thousand  six  hundred 
and  sixty-five  ten  thousandths  of  a  dollar. 

1837.  —  THE  first  successful  introduction  of  the  screw  in 
steam  navigation  was  made  by  Captains  Ericsson  and  F.  P. 
Smith  on  the  steamer  Thames. 

1837,  JANUARY  25.  —  The  New  Orleans  Picayune  appeared  in 
New  Orleans. 

It  was  published  by  Lumsden  and  Kendall.  In  1839  A.  M.  Holbrook  took 
charge  of  it.  George  Wilkins  Kendall's  letters  in  it  during  the  Mexican  war  gave 
it  much  notoriety. 

1837.  —  ABOUT  this  time  anthracite  coal  was  first  used  success- 
fully in  the  manufacture  of  iron  in  the  Pioneer  Hot-blast  Steam- 
furnace  at  Pottsville,  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania. 

The  furnace  was  managed  by  Mr.  William  Lyman,  of  Boston,  and  Benjamin 
Perry,  from  South  Wales.  Various  unsuccessful  attempts  to  use  anthracite  had 
been  made  previously,  and  it  had  long  been  used  by  smiths  as  fuel,  even  as  early 
as  1769.  The  first  grate  for  burning  it  as  fuel  in  the  house  is  said  to  have  been 
made  by  Mr.  Fell  in  1808. 

1837,  JANUARY  26.  —  Michigan  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

A  conditional  act  had  been  passed  June  15,  183G,  admitting  her  as  soon  as 
the  boundaries  prescribed  by  Congress  were  accepted  by  a  state  convention  of 
delegates  elected  by  the  people.  The  boundaries  as  fixed  by  Congress  were,  for 
the  northern  boundary  of  Ohio,  a  direct  line  from  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake 
Michigan  to  the  most  northerly  cape  of  Maumee  Bay,  after  the  line  so  drawn 
should  intersect  the  eastern  boundary  line  of  Indiana ;  then  from  this  cape  north- 
east to  the  boundary  between  the  United  States  and  Upper  Canada  in  Lake  Erie ; 
thence  along  the  Canada  line  to  the  west  line  of  Pennsylvania.  The  boundaries 
being  accepted,  she  was  admitted.  A  section  of  each  township  had  been  granted 


580  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1837. 

for  school  purposes  by  an  act  of  June  23,  1836,  and  seventy-two  sections  for  a 
university,  a  similar  provision  at  the  same  time  being  made  for  Arkansas." 

1837,  JANUARY.  —  A  code  of  mint  laws  was  enacted  by  Con- 
gress. 

1837,  FEBRUARY  7.  —  In  a  special  message  to  Congress,  the 
President  called  attention  to  the  treatment  the  government  had 
received  from  Mexico,  which  "  would  justify,  in  the  eyes  of  all 
nations,  immediate  war." 

He  advised,  however,  moderation,  and  recommended  an  act  authorizing  repri- 
sals. Both  Houses  of  Congress  passed  resolutions  in  favor  of  another  demand  for 
redress  before  proceeding  further. 

1837.  —  THE  legislature  of  New  York  appropriated  two  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  a  year  for  three  years  to  form  township 
and  district  libraries. 

After  three  years  the  amount  was  fifty  thousand  dollars  a  year.  In  1839 
Massachusetts  made  a  grant  for  the  same  purpose;  in  1854,  Indiana;  in  1857, 
Ohio  ;  and  subsequently  other  western  states  followed  this  example. 

1837.  —  MARY  S.  GROVE  began  lecturing  on  Woman's  Rights. 

She  specially  urged  her  right  to  receive  a  thorough  medical  education. 

1837.  —  THE  "American  and  Foreign  Bible  Society"  was 
established  in  New  York  city. 

In  April,  1848,  it  was  incorporated  by  the  legislature  of  the  state.  In  1850  a 
number  of  members  seceded  and  started  the  "  American  Bible  Union,"  the  society 
having  decided  that  it  was  not  their  province  or  duty  to  revise  the  Bible,  but 
merely  to  reprint  the  commonly  accepted  version. 

1837,  FEBRUARY  25.  —  The  United  States  Bank  offered  to  pay 
off  the  shares  owned  by  the  government. 

The  proposition  was  to  pay  them  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  dollars 
and  fifty-eight  cents  a  share,  in  four  instalments,  September,  1837,  '38,  '39,  and 
'40.  The  proposition  was  accepted  by  Congress  March  3,  and  was  carried  out. 

1837,  MARCH  1.  —  The  Senate  resolved  that  the  recognition 
of  Texas  as  an  independent  nation  was  proper  and  expedient. 

A  similar  resolution  was  tabled  in  the  House,  but  an  appropriation  was  made 
for  a  diplomatic  agent  to  Texas  as  soon  as  the  President  had  satisfactory  evidence 
of  her  independence,  and  that  it  was  expedient  to  send  such  an  agent. 

1837,  MARCH.  —  A  commercial  panic  began  by  the  failure  of 
Herman  Briggs  &  Co.,  in  New  Orleans. 

They  had  advanced  upon  cotton  shipped  to  Liverpool  upon  speculation,  and 
the  cotton  declining  in  price,  were  unable  to  make  up  the  loss.  It  spread  until 
in  city  after  city  the  banks  suspended  payment,  reaching  its  height  in  May.  On 
the  28th  of  March,  Mr.  Biddle,  the  president  of  the  Bank,  came  to  New  York,  and 
sold  exchange  on  England  for  the  notes  of  merchants.  The  news  that  the  English 
merchants  who  had  been  receiving  American  products  were  in  difficulty  increased 


1837.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  581 

the  panic.     Gold,  on  the  suspension  of  the  banks,  rose  to  one  hundred  and  seven, 
and  in  the  South  and  West  rose  as  high  as  one  hundred  and  twenty-five. 

1837,  MARCH. — There  being  no  election  of  Vice-President  in 
the  electoral  college,  the  Senate  elected  Richard  M.  Johnson, 
of  Kentucky,  to  that  position. 

1837.  —  A  REBELLION  in  Lower  Canada,  known  as  Papineau's 
rebellion,  was  forcibly  suppressed. 

The  chief  mover  of  the  insurrection,  Louis  Joseph  Papineau,  was  a  native 
Canadian.  The  French  inhabitants  were  discontented,  and  finally  rebelled 
openly.  A  republic  of  Lower  Canada  was  one  of  their  objects.  Martial  law 
was  proclaimed  by  the  authorities,  and  all  resistance  was  soon  trampled  out.  Of 
the  leaders,  some  were  executed  and  others  exiled. 

1837,  APRIL  19.  —  Bustamente  was  declared  president  of 
Mexico. 

He  held  the  office  for  two  years. 

1837.  —  KNOX  COLLEGE,  at  Galesburg,  Illinois,  was  opened. 

1837,  MAY  3.  — A  committee  of  New  York  merchants  went  to 
"Washington  to  consult  with  the  authorities  upon  the  situation, 
but  obtained  no  relief. 

They  proposed  that  gold  should  not  be  required  for  the  payment  of  the  public 
lands ;  that  credit  should  be  extended  in  the  collection  of  custom-house  duties : 
that  treasury  notes  should  be  issued ;  that  an  extra  session  of  Congress  should  be 
called. 

1837,  JULY  14.  —  A  man  was  publicly  whipped  on  the  court- 
house parade,  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  for  horse-stealing. 

This  method  of  punishment  had  never  been  legally  abolished,  though  it  had 
been  discontinued  for  a  long  time.  The  law  was  soon  after  repealed. 

1837,  SEPTEMBER  4.  —  An  extra  session  of  Congress  met. 

It  passed  bills  to  collect  the  portion  of  the  deposits  yet  in  the  suspended  banks, 
to  delay  the  collection  of  custom  bonds,  and  to  issue  treasury  notes.  The  fourth 
instalment,  consisting  of  nine  millions  of  the  deposits,  were  still  in  the  banks,  and 
its  payment  was  deferred  to  January  1,  1839. 

1837,  SEPTEMBER  15.  —  Congress  instituted  a  standing  commit- 
tee on  patents. 

1837,  OCTOBER.  —  A  caveat  for  the  "  American  Electro-Mag- 
netic Telegraph  "  was  entered  by  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  of  New 
Haven,  Connecticut. 

1837. —  PARTIAL  or  complete  reports  of  geological  surveys 
were  made  this  year  of  Maine,  by  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  ;  of  Connec- 
ticut, by  Professor  C.  V.  Shepard;  of  Delaware,  by  Professor  J. 
C.  Booth  ;  of  Ohio,  by  Dr.  Hildreth,  Professors  Locke  and  Briggs, 
and  J.  W.  Foster;  of  Indiana,  by  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen. 


582  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1837-8. 

1837,  SEPTEMBER  22.  —  Mr.  Jaudon  was  sent  to  England  as  the 
agent  of  the  Bank. 

The  Bank  was  advancing  largely  upon  shipments  by  private  parties  of  cotton  to 
England. 

1837,  OCTOBER  23.  —  Osceola,  the  Seminole  chief,  was  captured 
near  St.  Augustine. 

He  had  come,  under  a  flag  of  truce,  to  hold  a  conference  with  General  Jessup, 
and  by  the  general's  orders  was  detained.  He  was  sent  as  a  prisoner  to  Fort 
Moultrie,  in  Charleston  harbor,  where  he  was  kept  until  he  died,  January  31, 
1838.  His  capture  ended  the  Seminole  war. 

1838,  JANUARY  5.  —  A  proclamation  was  issued  by  the  Presi- 
dent, enjoining  obedience  to  the  laws,  and  threatening  punish- 
ment to  all  violation  of  the  neutrality  with  neighboring  nations. 

Aid  had  been  given  the  insurgents  in  Lower  Canada  by  Americans,  and  a 
steam-vessel,  which  it  was  supposed  had  carried  them  supplies,  was  seized  on  the 
American  shore  at  Schlosser,  by  an  armed  party  from  Canada,  set  on  fire,  and 
allowed  to  drift  over  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

1838. — THE  first  zinc  made  in  the  United  States  was  from  the 
red  oxide  of  New  Jersey  at  the  arsenal  at  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Hassler,  by  Mr.  John  Hitz. 

It  was  to  be  used  for  the  standard  weights  and  measures  ordered  by  Congress. 
The  expense  was  so  great  that  for  a  long  time  any  further  attempts  to  use  this  ore 
were  abandoned. 

1838,  APRIL  20.  —  The  Congressional  committee  on  agricul- 
ture reported  upon  the  culture  of  silk. 

Pennsylvania  had  also  given  a  bounty  on  silk  raised  in  that  state. 

1838,  APRIL  23.  —  The  first  regular  passages  by  steam  across 
the  Atlantic  were  completed  by  the  Great  Western  and  Sirius. 

The  Sirius  in  seventeen  days  from  London  to  New  York ;  the  Great  Western 
in  fifteen  days  from  Bristol  to  New  York.  They  arrived  within  a  few  hours  of 
each  other. 

1838. — M.  B.  Lamar  was  elected  president  of  the  republic  of 
Texas,  and  held  the  office  until  1841. 

1838,  MAY  10.  — The  banks  in  New  England  and  New  York 
resumed. 

1838,  MAY  31.  —  A  resolution  was  passed  by  Congress  repeal- 
ing virtually  the  "  specie  circular"  of  July,  1836. 

It  read :  "  That  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  to  make, 
or  to  continue  in  force,  any  general  order  which  shall  create  any  difference  be- 
tween the  different  branches  of  revenue,  as  to  the  money  or  medium  of  payment 
in  which  the  debts  or  dues,  accruing  to  the  United  States,  may  be  paid."  When 
the  circular  of  1836  was  issued,  there  were  no  treasury  notes  in  existence.  Under 
this  act  they  were  to  be  received.  Payments  to  the  government  could  be  made 
under  it,  in  specie,  treasury  notes,  or  bills  of  specie-paying  banks.  A  further  cir- 


1838.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  583 

cular  was  issued  by  the  treasury  department,  the  day  after  the  passage  of  the 
above  resolution,  to  the  receivers  of  public  moneys,  forbidding,  under  acts  of 
1836,  the  reception  of  any  bank-notes  less  than  twenty  dollars,  or  those  of  any 
bank  issuing  notes  of  a  smaller  denomination  than  five  dollars. 

1838,  AUGUST  13.  —  The  Philadelphia  banks  resumed. 

1838.  —  THE  common- school  system  was  adopted  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

The  state  contributes  aid  to  those  counties  which  raise  a  school-tax. 

1838.  —  THE  Sunday  Morning  Atlas  appeared  in  New  York 
city. 

It  was  published  by  Anson  Herrick  and  Jesse  A.  Fell. 

1838.  —  The  Mormons  settled  at  Nauvoo,  Illinois. 

Joseph  Smith  was  driven  from  New  York,  and  went  to  Far  West,  Missouri ; 
and  being  driven  from  there,  the  settlement  removed  to  Illinois. 

1838,  AUGUST.  —  The  United  States  exploring  expedition  to 
the  Southern  and  Pacific  oceans  sailed. 

It  returned  in  1842.  It  was  under  the  command  of  Commodore  Wilkes,  with 
a  corps  of  scientific  specialists. 

1838,  AUGUST.  —  The  legacy  left  the  United  States  by  James 
Smithson,  of  England,  was  brought  over  from  London,  by  Kich- 
ard  Rush. 

He  had  been  sent  in  1836  to  England  as  an  agent  for  this  purpose.  The  legacy 
left  by  Smithson  was  in  the  court  of  chancery.  It  amounted  to  over  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  The  money  was  left  by  Smithson  for  the  advancement  of 
knowledge,  and  was  used  for  the  establishment  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
at  Washington. 

1838.  —  THE  Hudson  Observatory  was  organized. 

1838,  SEPTEMBER.  —  A  convention  was  made  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico. 

By  it  an  arrangement  was  made  to  submit  the  questions  in  dispute  to  a  board 
of  commissioners,  two  to  be  appointed  by  each  party;  and  in  case  of  a  non- 
agreement,  the  matter  to  be  referred  to  the  King  of  Prussia,  or  an  arbiter 
appointed  by  him.  Ratifications  of  the  convention  were  to  be  exchanged  before 
February  10,  1839. 

1838,  NOVEMBER  27. —  A  French  fleet  and  army  captured  the 
fort  of  St.  Jean  D'Ulloa. 

France  had  declared  war  against  Mexico,  after  demanding,  in  vain,  redress  for 
alleged  injuries. 

1838,  DECEMBER  11.  —  A  convention  of  silk-growers,  held  at 
Baltimore,  organized  a  national  silk  society,  and  issued  a  journal 
devoted  to  the  industry. 

1838,  DECEMBER  16.  —  Congress  passed  resolutions  that  peti- 
tions for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  or 


584  ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  [1839. 

against  the  slave-trade  between  the  states,  should  on  presenta- 
tion be  laid  upon  the  table  without  being  debated,  printed,  or 
referred. 

The  resolutions  were  presented  by  Mr.  Atherton,  of  New  Hampshire. 

1839.  —  A  NATIONAL  woman's  anti-slavery  convention  met  at« 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

Sarah  and  Angelina  Grimke,  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  who  had  emanci- 
pated their  slaves,  spoke  at  it. 

1839,  FEBRUARY.  —  A  patent  for  vulcanized  india  rubber  was 
granted  to  Charles  Goodyear,  of  New  York. 

1839. — THE  "  American  Art  Union  "  in  New  York  was  founded. 

This  was  an  association  for  the  purchase  of  pictures,  engravings,  &c.,  to  be 
distributed  by  lot  once  a  year  to  subscribers  paying  an  annual  sum.  It  continued 
until  1851,  when  the  laws  preventing  lottery  were  enforced,  and  it  was  closed. 

1839.  —  A  GEOLOGICAL  survey  of  Rhode  Island  was  ordered. 

It  was  intrusted  to  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  of  Massachusetts. 

1839,  MARCH  4.  —  The  express  business  was  inaugurated  be- 
tween Boston  and  New  York. 

W.  F.  Harnden  made  the  first  trip  between  the  cities.  He  had  advertised  that 
he  would  do  so,  and  deliver  parcels.  He  carried  some  books  for  the  booksellers, 
and  packages  of  southern  and  western  bank-notes  for  the  brokers. 

1839,  MARCH  29.  —  Mr.  Biddle  resigned  his  position  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Bank. 

1839,  APRIL  10.  —  Peace  between  France  and  Mexico  was 
declared,  and  the  ratifications  exchanged  at  Paris. 

1839.  —  No  less  than  sixty  gold  mines,  or  diggings,  were 
worked  in  Virginia. 

Twenty-six  of  them  were  in  Spottsylvania,  and  fifteen  in  Orange  County. 

1839.  —  THE  New  York  legislature  passed  a  free  banking  law. 

Any  persons  desirous  of  so  doing  could  establish  a  bank  and  issue  notes  for 
circulation,  but  were  compelled  to  deposit  with  the  comptroller  of  the  state  a 
sufficient  amount  of  securities  to  secure  the  redemption  of  their  bills  in  circu- 
lation. 

1839,  JULY  3.  —  A  normal  school  was  opened  at  Framingham, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  the  first  in  the  country.  The  idea  of  such  a  school  had  been  presented 
as  early  as  1816  by  Professor  Denison  Olmstead  in  an  address  delivered  at  New 
Haven  "  on  the  state  of  education  in  Connecticut,"  and  frequently  since. 

1839.  —  THE  first  white  settlement  on  the  site  of  Sacramento 
was  made. 

J.  A.  Suiter  had  obtained  a  grant  of  it.  In  1841  he  built  a  fort  there ;  in  1848 
named  it  Sacramento,  and  offered -lots  for  sale.  In  1849  the  first  frame  house  was 
built ;  and  in  1854  it  was  chosen  as  the  capital  of  the  state. 


1839-40.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  585 

1839.  —  ACCORDING  to  a  treasury  report  made  January  8,  1840, 
during  1839  there  were  eight  hundred  and  fifty  banks,  and  one 
hundred  and  nine  branches.  Of  these,  during  the  year,  three 
hundred  and  forty-three  had  entirely  suspended,  sixty-two  par- 
tially;  fifty-six  had  failed  utterly,  and  forty-eight  had  resumed. 

1839.  — THE  Whig  appeared  at  Elizabethton,  Tennessee. 

It  was  edited  by  William  G.  Brownlow.  It  was  moved  first  to  Jonesboro',  and 
then  to  Knoxville.  Parson  Brownlow  retired  from  its  management  in  1869,  and 
in  1871  it  was  absorbed  by  the  Knoxville  Press  and  Herald. 

1839,  JULY  6.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  Congress  to  prevent  the 
new  Bank  from  reissuing  the  notes  of  the  old  Bank. 

1839,  OCTOBER  9.  —  The  Philadelphia  banks  suspended  specie 
payment. 

1839,  OCTOBER  10.  —  The  news  was  received  in  New  York  of 
the  protest  of  the  bills  drawn  by  the  Bank  upon  its  correspond- 
ent in  France. 

The  bills  were  for  two  millions  of  francs.  The  Bank  was  to  ship  specie  to 
meet  them,  but  it  had  not  arrived.  The  bills  were  protected  by  the  Rothschilds. 

1840,  JUNE    30 .  —  Congress    established    the    independent 
treasury. 

The  arrangement  is  known  as  the  sub-treasury.  The  suggestion  of  this 
arrangement  had  been  made  by  President  Jackson  in  1837,  and  a  bill  introduced, 
but  not  passed.  The  subject  had  been  brought  up  again  in  Congress,  but  again 
without  success.  The  method  proposed  was  to  separate  the  government  entirely 
from  any  dependence  upon  the  banks  in  its  fiscal  operations,  the  collection,  safe- 
keeping, transfer,  and  disbursements  of  the  public  money  being  performed  by 
agents  of  the  government  alone,  and  only  specie  being  used  in  all  the  money 
transactions  of  the  government.  The  title  of  the  act  was,  "  An  act  to  provide 
for  the  collection,  safe-keeping,  tranfer,  and  disbursement  of  the  public  revenue." 
It  provided  that  all  government  dues,  after  the  30th  of  June,  1840,  should  be 
paid  one  fourth  in  specie,  and  an  additional  fourth  each  year  until  the  whole  was 
so  paid. 

1840.  —  CONGRESS  appropriated  seventy-five  thousand  dollars 
for  the  survey  of  that  part  of  the  northeastern  boundary  which 
separates  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  from  the  British  provinces. 

1840.  —  CONGRESS  authorized  the  issue  of  treasury  notes. 

Not  over  five  millions  were  to  be  at  any  one  time  kept  in  circulation. 

1840.  —  THE  Mormons  established  themselves  at  Nauvoo,  Il- 
linois. 

1840,  JULY  23.  —  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  were  reunited. 

1840.  —  NEW  HAMPSHIRE  ordered  a  geological  survey  of  the 
state. 

It  was  intrusted  to  C.  T.  Jackson,  whose  report  was  published  in  1844. 


586  ANNALS   OF  NOKTII  AMERICA.  [1840-41. 

1840.  —  THE  free  banking  law  of  New  York  was  revised. 

The  banks  were  given  the  right  to  deposit  with  the  comptroller,  as  security  for 
their  bills  in  circulation,  either  United  States  bonds,  or  those  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  or  bonds  and  mortgages  upon  real  estate  in  New  York  state.  The  deposit 
of  bonds  and  mortgages  was  subsequently  forbidden. 

1837-41.  —  EIGHTH  administration. 

President,  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York. 

Vice-President,  Richard  M.  Johnson,  of  Kentucky. 

Secretary  of  State,  John  Forsyth,  of  Georgia,  continued  in  office. 

Secretary  of  Treasury,       Levi  Woodbury,  of  N.  H.,  continued  in  office. 
Secretary  of  War,  Joel  R.  Poinsett,  of  South  Carolina,  March,  7,  1837. 

rMahlon  Dickerson,  of  N.  J.,  continued  in  office. 
Secretaries  of  Navy,       (  James  K.  paulding,  of  New  York,  June  20,  1838. 

f  Amos  Kendall,  of  Kentucky,  continued  in  office. 
Postmasters-General,       |  J()hn  M  Niles>  of  Connecticut)  May  18>  1840. 

r  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  of  New  York,  continued  in  office. 
Attorneys-General,  |  Felix  Grundy,  of  Tennessee,  July  7,  1838. 

I  Henry  D.  Gilpin,  of  Pennsylvania,  January  10,  1840. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee,  Twenty-Sixth  Congress,  1837. 
R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  of  Virginia,  Twenty-Seventh  Congress,  1839. 

1841,  JANUARY  15.  —  The  Pennsylvania  legislature  having  fixed 
this  day  as  the  limit  for  the  suspension  of  the  banks,  a  run  com- 
menced upon  them.     In  twenty  days  the  United  States  Bank 
paid  out  six  millions,  and  the  others  over  five. 

1841,  FEBRUARY  4.  —  The  banks  of  Philadelphia  again  sus- 
pended specie  payments. 

1841.  —  THE  Princeton,  a  ship-of-war,  was  built  as  a  propeller. 

Her  constructor  was  John  Ericsson.  She  was  the  first  ship  whose  propelling 
machinery  was  under  water  and  safe  from  shot. 

1841,  MARCH.  —  A  patent  was  granted  to  Samuel  Pennock  for 
a  grain-drill. 

1841,  MARCH  17.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  con- 
vening Congress  May  31. 

1841,  APRIL  3.  —  A  committee  of  the  stockholders  of  the 
United  States  Bank  reported,  giving  a  history  of  the  manage- 
ment of  the  bank  for  six  years. 

It  appeared  that  the  funds  had  been  squandered  in  various  ways.  The  foreign 
debt  was  fifteen  millions.  Mr.  Jaudon,  the  foreign  agent,  had  borrowed  over 
thirty  millions  at  most  usurious  rates,  and  at  home  certain  parties  had  borrowed 
freely  on  worthless  securities.  This  was  practically  the  end  of  the  Bank. 

1841,  APRIL  4.  —  President  Harrison  died,  and  Vice-President 
John  Tyler  assumed  the  office. 

1841,  APRIL  6.  —  The  foundations  of  the  Mormon  temple  were 
laid  at  Nauvoo,  Illinois. 


1841-2.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  587 

1841,  APRIL  10.  —  The  New  York  Tribune  appeared  in  New 
York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Horace  Greeley,  and  was  issued  for  a  cent.  On  July  31 
Thomas  McElrath  became  its  publisher.  It  is  now  published  by  an  association. 
Horace  Greeley  died  November  29,  1872. 

1841,  JULY  21.  —  Congress  authorized  a  loan  of  twelve  millions 
of  dollars. 

1841,  AUGUST.  —  The  act  establishing  the  sub-treasury  was 
repealed. 

1841,  AUGUST.  —  The  President  vetoed  a  bill  for  the  establish- 
ment of  «  The  Fiscal  Bank  of  the  United  States." 

The  secretary  of  the  treasury  had  suggested  such  a  bank ;  and  being  called  on 
to  furnish  a  plan,  had  done  so,  and  a  bill  in  accordance  with  it  had  been  prepared. 
Another  bill  was  prepared,  with  the  title,  "  An  act  to  provide  for  the  better  col- 
lection, safe-keeping,  and  disbursement  of  the  public  revenue  by  means  of  a 
corporation  to  be  styled  the  Fiscal  Corporation  of  the  United  States,"  and  passed 
in  September.  This  bill  the  President  also  vetoed.  In  consequence,  September 
11,  all  the  cabinet  officers,  except  Daniel  Webster,  the  secretary  of  state,  resigned. 

1841,  AUGUST  19.  —  A  bankruptcy  act  was  passed. 

It  was  to  take  effect  February  2,  1842.     It  was  repealed  March  3,  1843. 

1841,  AUGUST.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  distribute  among 
the  states  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  public  lands. 

The  distribution  was  to  be  made  upon  the  condition  that  the  duties  laid  by  the 
tariff  of  1833  were  not  to  be  raised.  The  distribution  was  to  be  made  semi-annu- 
ally  after  January  1,  1842. 

1842,  JANUARY.  — The  Ledger  appeared  in  Mobile,  Alabama. 

It  was  published  by  John  Forsyth,  on  the  cash  system,  and  for  a  penny. 

1842.  —  THE  pound  sterling  was  ordered  by  Congress  to  be 
rated  for  customs  at  four  dollars  and  eighty-four  cents. 

1842.  —  A  COMPANY  calling  themselves  a  "  True  Inspiration 
Congregation  "  ( Wahre  Inspirations  Gemeinde)  came  from  Ger- 
many and  settled  near  Buifalo. 

In  1855  they  moved  to  Iowa,  settling  about  seventy-four  miles  west  of  Davenport. 
They  call  their  place  Amana,  and  have  seven  villages.  They  are  a  religious 
community,  and  number  nearly  fifteen  hundred  persons.  Their  present  inspira- 
tional leader  is  a  woman. 

1842,  FEBRUARY  21.  —  A  patent  for  a  sewing-machine  was 
granted  John  J.  Greenough,  of  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. 

The  needle  was  pointed  at  both  ends,  with  the  eye  in  the  middle,  and  was 
pulled  through  by  pincers.  They  were  never  introduced  to  public  use. 

1842.  —  DURING  the  summer  of  this  year  Colonel  Fremont's 
first  expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  made. 
His  report  was  ordered  printed  by  the  Senate. 


588  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1842. 

1842,  MARCH.  —  The  House  passed  a  resolution  of  censure 
upon  Joshua  Giddings,  a  member  from  Ohio. 

The  Creole,  in  October,  1841,  while  carrying  a  load  of  slaves  from  Richmond 
to  New  Orleans,  was  captured  by  the  slaves,  who  rose  and  forced  those  of  the 
crew  who  were  spared  to  carry  the  vessel  to  Nassau,  in  the  British  island  of  New 
Providence.  Here  nineteen  of  the  negroes  were  imprisoned  for  mutiny  and 
murder,  others  being  set  free.  The  secretary  of  state  having  opened  a  corre- 
spondence concerning  the  case  with  the  British  government,  Mr.  Joshua  R.  Gid- 
dings  submitted  a  series  of  resolutions,  maintaining  that,  slavery  being  created  by 
municipal  law,  the  slaves  in  regaining  their  liberty  had  violated  no  law  of  the 
United  States,  and  that  any  attempt  to  re-enslave  them  was  unauthorized  by 
the  Constitution  and  incompatible  with  national  honor.  Upon  the  motion  of  Mr. 
Botts,  of  Virginia,  it  was  voted  that  Mr.  Giddings  "  deserved  the  severe  condemna- 
tion of  the  people  of  this  country,  and  of  this  body  in  particular."  In  the  debate, 
Mr.  Giddings  was  denied  speaking  in  his  defence.  Having  resigned  after  the  vote, 
Mr.  Giddings  was  returned  again  to  the  House  by  his  constituents. 

1842.  —  CONGRESS  passed  a  tariff  law  raising  the  average  rate 
to  thirty-three  per  cent. 

The  duties  were  to  be  paid  in  cash  on  a  valuation  at  the  port  of  entry.  The 
President  had  vetoed  two  tariff  bills  previously  passed.  A  separate  act  was  then 
passed  to  permit  the  distribution  of  the  revenue  from  the  sale  of  public  lands, 
notwithstanding  the  increase  of  duties.  This  act  the  President  retained,  thus 
preventing  it  from  going  into  force. 

1842,  MARCH  19.  —  The  Philadelphia  banks  resumed. 

During  the  year,  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  failed  to  pay  the  interest  on  their 
debt. 

1842,  AUGUST.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  giving  the  right  to 
patent  designs. 

1842.  —  A  PATENT  was  granted  J.  Read,  of  Illinois,  for  a  mow- 
ing  arid  reaping  machine. 

1842.  —  AN  act.  was  passed  "by  Congress  for  the  settlement  of 
Florida. 

Every  head  of  a  family  who  should  make  an  actual  settlement,  and  clear, 
enclose,  and  cultivate  five  acres,  building  a  house  upon  them,  was  entitled  to  a 
quarter  section.  The  purpose  of  the  act  was  to  occupy  the  soil,  and  by  a  cessa- 
tion of  hostilities  influence  the  small  remainder  of  the  Seminoles  to  emigrate. 
Tliis  ended  the  Seminole  war,  and  by  successive  cessions  the  land  passed  entirely 
into  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States.  The  act  was  to  remain  in  force  one 
year,  and  in  that  time  the  land  was  all  occupied.  The  Seminole  war  had  cost 
about  twenty  millions  of  dollars. 

1842.  —  THE  Croton  aqueduct,  of  New  York,  was  finished. 

John  B.  Jervis  was  the  chief  engineer,  and  the  cost  of  the  work  was  twelve 
million  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  The  length  of  the  aqueduct,  from  the 
Croton  River  to  the  distributing  reservoir,  is  forty  and  a  half  miles,  and  the  flow 
of  water  is  some  thirty  million  gallons  daily  at  the  lowest  average.  The  con- 
struction had  taken  five  years. 


1842-3.]        ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  589 

1842,  AUGUST  9. — A  treaty  was  made  with  Great  Britain,  by 
which  the  north-western  boundary,  between  the  United  States 
and  the  British  provinces,  was  completed. 

Lord  Ashburton,  appointed  by  the  English  government  as  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary for  the  settlement  of  this  matter,  arrived  April  3.  Commissioners 
appointed  by  the  states  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts,  and  by  New  Brunswick, 
•were  present  at  the  negotiation.  Maine  surrendered  a  tract  lying  north  of  the 
St.  John's,  the  free  navigation  of  that  river  being  granted  by  Great  Britain.  The 
portion  of  the  Madawaska  settlement  lying  south  of  the  St.  John's  was  relin- 
quished by  Great  Britain,  together  with  the  Aroostook  and  Rouse's  Point.  For 
the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade,  each  country  agreed  to  maintain  an  adequate 
squadron  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  Persons  charged  with  murder,  murderous 
assault,  piracy,  robbery,  or  forgery,  were  to  be  mutually  delivered  up.  The 
treaty  was  ratified  by  Great  Britain  October  13,  and  proclaimed  by  the  President 
on  November  10. 

1842.  —  A  TREATY  was  made  with  Mexico. 

She  had  failed  to  meet  the  conditions  of  the  convention  of  1838.  Ratifications 
of  this  new  treaty  were  to  be  exchanged  within  three  months  at  Washington.  The 
American  claims,  as  stated  by  the  President  in  his  message  of  this  year,  amounted 
to  $2,026,079.  The  first  payment  was  to  be  made  April  30,  1843,  and  the  whole 
amount  to  be  settled  in  quarterly  payments  extending  over  five  years,  in  gold  and 
silver,  in  the  city  of  Mexico. 

1842,  NOVEMBER  21.  —  Rhode  Island,  by  an  election,  ratified 
the  constitution  which  had  been  prepared  for  her. 

The  charter  had  up  to  this  time  remained  as  the  basis  of  her  organic  law. 
The  constitution  had  been  prepared  by  a  convention  called  in  1841.  The  chief 
discontent  with  the  charter  was  the  limit  it  placed  upon  the  right  of  suffrage,  it 
being  limited  to  land-owners  and  their  eldest  sons.  At  the  election,  Thomas  W. 
Dorr  was  elected  governor.  Samuel  W.  King,  the  governor  under  the  charter, 
claimed  the  position,  ordered  out  the  militia,  declared  martial  law,  and  obtained 
aid  from  the  United  States  to  suppress  the  rebellion.  The  armed  resistance 
lasted  about  two  weeks.  Dorr  fled  the  state,  but  returned  to  answer  a  charge  of 
treason,  on  which  he  was  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life. 
In  1847  he  was  pardoned,  and  in  1853  restored  his  civil  rights  by  the  legislature, 
and  the  record  of  his  sentence  ordered  to  be  blotted  out. 

1843,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  public  debt  amounted  to  thirty-two 
million  seven  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1843,  FEBRUARY  25.  —  The  bankruptcy  act  was  repealed. 

1843,  MARCH  3. —  Congress  appropriated  thirty  thousand  dol- 
lars for  the  construction  of  an  experimental  telegraph  line  be- 
tween Washington  and  Baltimore. 

1843,  MARCH  4.  —  A  patent  for  a  sewing-machine  was  granted 
to  Benjamin  W.  Bean,  of  New  York. 

It  made  a  lasting  stitch. 

1843.  —  A  BLAST  furnace  was  started  in  the  Adirondack  region. 
In  1849  a  larger  furnace  was  constructed,  and  the  old  one  abandoned. 


590  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1843-4. 

1843.  —  A  SOCIETY  for  the  study  of  natural  history  was  organ- 
ized at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1843,  JUNE  16.  —  A  new  constitution  for  Mexico  was  issued  by 
a  junta  convoked  by  Santa  Anna. 

1843,  NOVEMBER.  —  A  treaty  was  made  between  Metico  and 
the  United  States. 

It  provided  for  the  appointment  of  a  joint  commission  for  the  examination  and 
settlement  of  claims  for  three  millions  of  dollars,  which  had  been  left  undecided 
by  the  previous  commission. 

1843.  —  COLONEL  FREMONT  made  his  second  expedition  of  ex- 
ploration. 

He  passed  through  the  western  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  then  an  unknown 
wilderness.  The  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  valleys  of  Cali- 
fornia, were  brought  to  public  notice. 

1844,  JANUARY  2. —  Santa  Anna  was  inaugurated   president 
of  Mexico  under  the  new  constitution. 

The  public  debt  of  Mexico  amounted  to  nearly  one  hundred  millions  of  dollars, 
of  which  sixty  millions  were  due  English  creditors.  The  income  was  derived 
from  taxation,  and  produced  about  twenty  millions,  the  expenses  of  the  govern- 
ment being  rather  more  than  this  amount. 

1844,  APRIL  12.  —  A  treaty  was  concluded  with  Texas,  at 
Washington,  for  annexing  her  to  the  Union. 

It  had  been  made  by  John  C.  Calhoun,  secretary  of  state,  and  Isaac  Van 
Zandt  and  J.  P.  Henderson  representing  Texas.  On  the  22d  it  was  communicated 
to  the  Senate,  and  ordered  to  be  printed  privately  for  their  use. 

1844,  JUNE  8. — The  Senate  voted  against  the  ratification  cf 
the  treaty  with  Texas. 
The  vote  was  16  to  25. 

1844.  —  THE  first  hydropathic  establishment  in  the  United 
States  was  opened  at  No.  63  Barclay  Street,  New  York.  Camp- 
bell, publisher  of  the  Water  Cure  Journal,  was  proprietor,  and 
Joel  Shew,  physician. 

1844,  JUNE.  —  The  experimental  telegraph  line,  built  by  an 
appropriation  from  Congress,  was  erected  between  Washington 
and  Baltimore. 

1844.  —  PROFESSOR  JOHNSTON  published  his  Lectures  on  the 
Application  of  Chemistry  and  Geology  to  Agriculture. 

1844.  —  ABOUT  this  time  guano  began  to  be  imported  into  the 
United  States. 

Previous  to  1850  the  importations  were  less  than  thirty  thousand  tons. 

1844.  —  IN  Rensslaer  and  Delaware  counties,  New  York,  an 
armed  resistance  began  by  the  anti-renters. 


1844-5.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  591 

• 

They  refused  to  pay  rents  any  longer  to  the  Patroons.  The  resistance  con- 
tinued through  1846  and  1847. 

1844.  —  THE  first  successful  mining  operations  for  copper  in 
the  region  of  Lake  Superior  were  commenced. 

Copper  had  heen  known  to  exist  there  for  nearly  two  hundred  years,  but  the 
district  had  been  until  within  a  few  years  only  accessible  to  the  hunter  and 
trapper. 

1844. — THE  interest  upon  loans  by  the  various  states  which 
was  unpaid  amounted  to  over  seven  millions. 

1844. — A  NORMAL  school  was  established  in  Albany,  New 
York. 

1844,  JUNE.  —  Smith  was  arrested  at  Nauvoo  and  confined  in 
the  jail  at  Carthage,  Illinois. 

He  had  the  year  before  declared  the  revelation  establishing  polygamy  among 
the  Mormons.  On  the  27th  of  June  a  mob  broke  into  the  jail,  captured  Smith 
and  his  brother,  and  murdered  them. 

1844.  —  A  COMPANY,  under  Dr.  Keil,  settled  at  Bethel,  Mis- 
souri. 

They  were  a  religious  community. 

1844,  SEPTEMBER  30.  —  Lucia  di  Lammermoor  was  presented 
in  Palmo's  New  York  Opera  House. 

This  was  the  introduction  of  opera  in  the  United  States.  The  Opera  House 
was  built  by  Palmo  in  Chambers  Street.  The  introduction  of  the  opera  ruined 
him.  The  house  was  subsequently  Burton's  Theatre. 

1844,  DECEMBER  7.  —  Don  Joaquin  de  Herrera  was  appointed 
president  of  Mexico  ad  interim. 

An  insurrection  had  deposed  Santa  Anna,  and  captured  him.  He  was  banished 
in  January,  1845. 

1841-45.  —  NINTH  administration. 

President,  William  H.  Harrison,  of  Ohio.     Died  April  4,  1841. 

Vice-President,  John  Tyler,  of  Virginia. 

'  Daniel  Webster,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1841. 

Resigned  May  8,  1843. 
Hugh  S.  Legare,  of  South  Carolina,  May  9,  1843. 


Secretaries  of  State, 


Secretaries  of  Treasury, 


Died  June  20,  1843. 
Abel  P.  Upshur,  of  Virginia,  July  24,  1843.     Killed 

February  28,  1844. 

John  Nelson,  of  Maryland,  February  29,  1844. 
John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  March  6,  1844. 
Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  March  5,   1841.     Resigned 

September  11,  1841. 
Walter  Forward,  of  Pennsylvania,    September   13, 

1841.     Resigned  March  1,  1843. 
John  C.  Spencer,  of  New  York,  March  3,  1843. 
.George  M.  Bibb,  of  Kentucky,  June  15,  1844. 


592  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1845. 


Secretaries  of  War, 


Secretaries  of  Navy, 


Postmasters-General, 


John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  March  5,  1841.     Resigned 
September  11,  1841. 

John  C.  Spencer,  of  New  York,  October  12,  1841. 

James  M.  Porter,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  8,  1843. 
.William  Wilkins,  of  Pennsylvania,  Feb.  15,  1844. 

George  E.  Badger,  of  North  Carolina,  March  5,  1841. 
Resigned  September  11,  1841. 

Abel  P.  Upshur,  of  Virginia,  September  13,  1841. 

David  Henshaw,  of  Massachusetts,  July  24,  1843. 

Thomas  W.  Gilmer,  of  Virginia,  February  15,  1844. 
Died  February  28,  1844. 

John  Y.  Mason,  of  Virginia,  March  14,  1844. 

Francis  Granger,  of  New  York,  March  6,  1841.     Re- 
signed September  12,  1841. 


Charles  A.  Wickliffe,  of  Kentucky,  Sept.  13,  1841. 

(  Hugh  S.  Legare,  of  South  Carolina,  Sept.  13,  1841. 
Attorneys-General,          J  _  , B     _  .  „-..      ,      .    ,  .  .  „ 

\John  Nelson,  of  Maryland,  July  1,  1843. 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

John  White,  of  Kentucky,  Twenty-eighth  Congress,  1841. 
John  W.  Jones,  of  Virginia,  Twenty-ninth  Congress,  1843. 

1845,  JANUARY  22. —  Santa  Anna  was  banished  again  from 
Mexico,  and  the  sentence  was  declared  to  be  perpetual. 

From  1839,  after  the  close  of  the  war  with  France,  until  1845,  revolutions  had  suc- 
ceeded each  other,  and  Santa  Bravo  and  Canalize  had  successively  been  presidents. 

1845,  FEBRUARY.  —  Pennsylvania  resumed  payment. 

1845,  MARCH  1.  —  The  President  approved  a  bill  for  the  an- 
nexation of.  Texas. 

The  debate  upon  this  subject  had  been  long  and  violent.  President  Tyler's 
term  ended  on  the  3d  of  March.  The  resolutions,  as  finally  adopted,  read  :  "  That 
Congress  doth  consent  that  the  territory  properly  included  within,  and  rightfully 
belonging  to  the  republic  of  Texas,  may  be  erected  into  a  new  state,  to  be  called 
the  state  of  Texas,  with  a  republican  form  of  government,  to  be  adopted  by  the 
people  of  said  republic,  by  deputies  in  convention  assembled,  with  the  consent 
of  the  existing  government,  in  order  that  the  same  may  be  admitted  as  one  of  the 
states  of  this  Union."  "  That  if  the  President  of  the  United  States  shall,  in  his 
judgment  and  discretion,  deem  it  most  advisable,  instead  of  proceeding  to  submit 
the  foregoing  resolutions  to  the  republic  of  Texas  as  an  overture  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States  for  admission,  to  negotiate  with  that  republic ;  then,  Be  it  re- 
solved, that  a  state,  to  be  formed  out  of  the  present  republic  of  Texas,  with  suit- 
able extent  and  boundaries,  and  with  two  representatives  in  Congress  until  the 
next  apportionment  of  representation,  shall  be  admitted  into  the  Union,  by  virtue 
of  this  act,  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  existing  states,  as  soon  as  the  terms  and 
conditions  of  such  admission,  and  the  cession  of  the  remaining  Texan  territory 
to  the  United  States,  shall  be  agreed  upon  by  the  governments  of  Texas  and  the 
United  States. 

"  That  the  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  be  appropriated  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  missions  and  negotiations  to  agree  upon  the  terms  of  said  admission 
and  cession,  either  by  treaty  to  be  submitted  to  the  senate,  or  by  articles  to  be 
submitted  to  the  two  houses  of  Congress,  as  the  President  may  direct." 


1845.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  593 

1845.  —  CONGRESS  passed  acts  admitting  Florida  and  Iowa  to 
the  Union. 

They  had  each  formed  constitutions,  which  were  presented  to  Congress. 

1845.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  fixing  the  Tuesday  next  after 
the  first  Monday  of  November  as  the  day  for  choosing  presiden- 
tial electors  in  all  the  states. 

1845.  —  CONGRESS  reduced  the  rate  of  postage. 

It  was  made  five  cents  on  single  letters  not  exceeding  three  hundred  miles, 
and  ten  cents  over  that  distance. 

1845,  MARCH  6.  —  The  Mexican  minister,  Almonte,  protested 
to  the  secretary  of  state  against  the  annexation  of  Texas,  and 
asked  his  passports. 

Under  instructions  from  his  government,  he  spoke  of  it  as  dismembering  an 
integral  part  of  Mexican  territory,  and  declared  the  purpose  of  Mexico  to  recover 
the  territory  she  was  thus  despoiled  of. 

1845,  MAT  1.  —  The  Washington  Union  appeared  at  Wash- 
ington. 

It  was  published  by  Thomas  Ritchie  and  John  P.  Heiss,  and  was  made  the 
organ  of  the  government,  and  continued  so  during  the  administration  of  James 
K.  Polk.  On  the  13th  of  September,  1847,  two  resolutions  were  introduced  in 
the  Senate,  the  first  to  exclude  the  editor  of  the  Union  from  the  privilege  of  the 
floor,  for  a  Jibcl  upon  the  Senate,  and  the  second  to  exclude  the  reporters  of  the 
Union  from  the  reporters'  gallery.  They  were  debated  two  days,  when,  the 
second  resolution  having  been  withdrawn,  the  first  was  passed  by  a  vote  of 
twenty-seven  to  twenty-one.  In  1849,  with  the  inauguration  of  President  Tay- 
lor, the  Union  ceased  to  be  the  organ  of  the  government;  but  at  the  inaugu- 
ration of  Franklin  Pierce,  in  1853,  it  was  restored  to  its  position,  and  continued 
it  when  Buchanan  was  inaugurated  in  1857,  with  John  Appleton  as  editor,  and 
ceased  with  the  opening  of  the  civil  war. 

1845,  JUNE  3.  —  The  True  American  appeared  in  Lexington, 
Kentucky. 

It  was  edited  by  Cassius  M.  Clay,  and  advocated  the  abolition  of  slavery. 
The  press  was  seized  by  a  mob,  but  the  paper  was  continued,  being  printed  in 
Cincinnati,  and  published  in  Lexington,  and  then  in  Louisville. 

1845.  —  THE  Mormons  were  driven  from  Nauvoo,  and  ordered 
to  leave  Illinois. 

1845,  JUNE  16.  — The  Texan  congress  accepted  the  terms  of 
annexation  to  the  United  States. 

At  the  same  session,  n,  peaceful  settlement  of  the  question  offered  by  Mexico, 
by  acknowledging  the  independence  of  Texas  on  certain  conditions,  was  rejected. 

1845,  JULY  4.  —  The  annexation  of  Texas  was  made  complete. 

Information  had  been  received  of  the  action  of  the  Texas  senate. 

1845,  DECEMBER.  —  The  President  in  his  message  to  Congress, 
38 


594  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1845-6. 

stated  that  he  had  "  deemed  it  proper,  as  a  precautionary  meas- 
ure, to  order  a  strong  squadron  to  the  coast  of  Mexico,  and  to 
concentrate  a  sufficient  military  force  on  the  western  frontier  of 
Texas." 

1845,  DECEMBER  30.  —  Herrera,  who  had  succeeded .  Canalize 
as  president,  was  displaced,  and  General  Paredes  appointed. 

1845.  —  PETROLEUM  was  obtained  in  boring  for  salt  near  Ta- 
rentum,  on  the  Alleghany,  thirty-five  miles  above  Pittsburg. 

Two  small  springs  continued  to  yield  for  years.  Before  this,  the  Seneca  In- 
dians gathered  supplies  of  it,  and  it  was  known  as  Seneca  oil,  or  Genesee  oil, 
from  its  being  found  also  near  the  head  of  the  Genesee  River. 

1845.  — MARGARET  FULLER'S  Woman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 
was  published. 

It  demanded  that  every  avenue,  educational  and  industrial,  should  be  open  to 
•women,  and  especially  that  she  should  be  socially  free. 

1845.  —  THE  naval  school  at  Annapolis  was  established. 

1845.  —  THE  new  constitution  of  Louisiana  was  framed  and 
adopted. 

1846,  JANUARY.  —  The  army  was  ordered  to  take  up  a  position 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

It  had  been  at  Corpus  Christi  since  the  previous  August.  No  hostile  act  had 
been  committed  by  the  Mexicans.  On  the  28th  of  March,  the  army  of  occupa- 
tion camped  opposite  Matamoras. 

1846,  JANUARY  3.  —  General  Paredes  was  appointed  to  the 
presidency  of  Mexico. 

He  had  headed  an  insurrection  against  Herrera,  who  resigned  the  office. 

1846,  MAY.  —  Colonel  Fremont,  on  his  third  exploring  expedi- 
tion, arrived  in  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  and  took  part  in 
the  movement  for  the  independence  of  California. 

It  was  accomplished  before  the  arrival  of  Commodore  Sloat  at  Monterey. 
With  the  arrival  of  the  American  forces,  the  Independents  united  with  them. 

1846,  MAY  11.  —  The  President  sent  a  message  to  Congress, 
stating  that  Mexico  had  begun  hostilities,  and  calling  upon  Con- 
gress to  recognize  the  existence  of  war,  and  make  provision  for 
its  vigorous  prosecution. 

On  the  13th,  both  houses  having  passed  the  bills  necessary  for  raising  the 
requisite  men  and  money,  they  were  signed  by  the  President,  who  issued  a 
proclamation  of  war.  The  bill  for  the  supplies  contained  in  its  preamble  that 
war  existed  by  the  act  of  the  republic  of  Mexico.  To  this  statement  objection 
was  made. 

1846.  —  A  COMMUNITY,  under  the  direction  of  J.  H.  Noyes,  was 
formed  at  Putney,  Vermont. 


1846.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  595 

Being  mobbed  and  driven  away  in  1848,  they  settled  at  Oneida,  New  York. 
They  call  themselves  "The  Perfectionists,"  and  have  a  branch  settlement  at 
Wallingford,  Connecticut. 

1846.  —  A  COMPANY  from  Sweden,  under  the  leadership  of 
Olaf  Olson,  settled  at  Bishop  Hill,  in  Illinois. 

They  were  a  religious  community.  In  1853  they  were  incorporated  as  an 
association  by  the  legislature,  and  in  1860  divided  their  property,  and  in  1862 
ceased  to  exist. 

1846,  JUNE  15.  —  A  treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States  settled  the  Oregon  question. 

The  country  was  greatly  excited  concerning  the  question.  Congress,  after  a 
long  and  violent  discussion,  had  passed  a  resolution,  which  was  approved  by  the 
President  on  the  27th  of  April,  to  give  notice  to  Great  Britain  for  the  abrogation 
of  the  joint  occupancy  of  Oregon  as  settled  by  the  convention  of  August  6,  1827. 
The  notice  had  been  sent,  and  the  suspense,  as  to  its  reception  by  Great  Britain 
was  fortunately  ended  by  the  news  of  the  treaty.  The  dividing  line,  by  the 
treaty,  was  the  forty-ninth  degree  of  latitude,  from  the  Stony  Mountains  west  to 
the  middle  of  the  channel  separating  Vancouver's  Island  from  the  main  land ; 
thence  southerly  through  the  middle  of  the  channel  and  of  Fuca's  Straits  to  the 
Pacific.  The  channel  and  straits  to  be  free,  as  also  the  great  northern  branch  of 
the  Columbia  River.  The  treaty  was  ratified  and  proclaimed  by  the  President, 
August  5,  1846. 

1846,  JULY  3.  —  Congress  passed  a  tariff  act  to  take  effect 
December  1.  It  was  intended  for  revenue. 

Alj.  articles  not  free  were  charged  ad  valorem  duties.  The  duties  were  cash ; 
and  the  bonded  warehouse  system  was  inaugurated.  The  collections  were  in 
coin,  and  the  independent  treasury  system  for  the  transaction  of  the  government's 
business  in  cash  was  inaugurated.  The  tariff  averaged  twenty-four  and  a  half 
per  cent. 

1846.  —  THE  first  volume  of  the  American  SJiort-horn  Herd- 
Book  was  published. 

1846,  JULY  7.  —  The  Pacific  squadron  took  possession  of  Mon- 
terey, Mexico. 

Commodore  Sloat  was  in  command  of  the  squadron. 

1846,  JULY  9.  —  Commodore  Montgomery  captured  Francisco. 

1846,  JULY  15. — Commodore  Stockton  took  possession  of  Los 
Angeles,  the  capital. 

He  took  possession  in  the  name  of  the  Presidentof  the  United  States.  Colonel 
Fremont,  with  a  party  of  Americans,  had  previously  established  an  independent 
government  at  Francisco. 

1846,  JULY  22. —  Congress  authorized  the  issue  of  treasury 
notes,  "  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  ten  millions  of  dollars  of  this 
emission  outstanding  at  any  one  time." 

They  were  to  be  issued  "  as  the  exigencies  of  the  government  may  require." 
Or  the  president  might  borrow,  giving  stock  for  the  sum  he  borrowed,  provided 


596  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1846-7. 

that  "  the  sum  so  borrowed,  together  with  the  treasury  notes,"  did  not  exceed  ten 
millions.  The  treasury  notes  and  the  stock  were  to  bear  six  per  cent,  interest, 
and  no  part  was  to  be  disposed  of  "at  less  than  par." 

1846.  —  CONGRESS  passed  a  warehouse  bill. 

It  authorized  the  storage  in  public  stores  of  imported  articles,  the  duty  to  be 
paid  when  they  were  withdrawn  for  consumption. 

1846,  AUGUST  6.  —  The  independent  treasury  was  re-estab- 
lished, and  the  receipts  and  disbursements  of  the  government 
were  ordered  to  be  in  gold. 

An  issue  of  treasury  notes,  and  a  loan  or  loans  to  the  amount  of  twenty-eight 
million  dollars  were  authorized. 

1846.  —  THE  Smithsonian  Institute  was  founded. 

1 846,  SEPTEMBER  10.  —  A  patent  for  a  sewing-machine  was 
granted  to  Elias  Howe,  Jr.,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

It  had  the  eye  of  the  needle  near  the  point,  and,  by  the  use  of  a  shuttle,  made 
a  lock  stitch.  In  1350,  the  Singer  machine  was  patented;  in  1851,  the  Wheeler 
and  Wilson;  in  1852,  the  Grover  and  Baker;  in  1857,  the  Wilcox  and  Gibbs, 
besides  various  others,  modifications  and  improvements  upon  the  original  idea. 

1846.  —  A  PATENT  for  a  carpet  power-loom,  for  making  two  and 
three  ply  ingrain,  was  granted  to  Erastus  B.  Bigelow,  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1846,  SEPTEMBER  20.  —  The  American  army,  under  General 
Taylor,  stormed  Monterey,  in  Mexico. 

The  contest  lasted  three  days,  when  the  garrison  capitulated. 

1846,  SEPTEMBER  24.  —  Monterey  surrendered  to  the  forces 
under  General  Taylor. 

1846,  OCTOBER  16.  —  The  first  public  application  of  ether,  to 
deaden  pain  in  surgical  operations,  was  made  at  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital. 

It  had  been  used  before  in  dental  operations.  There  are  three  claimants  to 
the  credit  of  first  suggesting  it.  Dr.  Morton  and  Dr.  Jackson,  of  Boston,  and 
Dr.  Wells,  of  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

1846,  DECEMBER   23.  —  Santa   Anna  was   elected   provisional 
president  of  Mexico,  and  Gomez  Farias  vice-president. 

Santa  Anna  had  returned,  and  the  constitution  of  1824  had  been  re-established. 

1847,  JANUARY  9.  —  A  decree  was  passed  by  the  congress  of 
Mexico  authorizing  the  government  to  raise  fifteen  millions  of 
dollars,  to  carry  on  the  war  with  the  United  States,  by  the  sale 
or  mortgage  of  the  real  estate  then  in  possession  of  the  Church. 

The  decree  was  approved  by  the  president,  and  protested  against  by  the 
archbishop. 


1847.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMEEICA.  597 

1847,  FEBRUARY  22. —  The  battle  of  Buena  Vista  was  fought. 

It  lasted  two  days.  The  Mexicans,  under  Santa  Anna,  were  defeated  by  the 
Americans  under  General  Taylor. 

1847,  MARCH  9.  —  General  Scott  with  his  army  landed  at 
Vera  Cruz,  and  with  the  fleet,  under  Commodore  Connor,  in- 
vested the  town. 

On  the  29th  the  fort  and  town  surrendered.    It  had  been  bombarded  nine  days. 

1847,  MARCH  29.  —  Yera  Cruz  was  captured  by  the  Americans 
under  General  Scott. 

1847,  APRIL  18.  —  The  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  was  fought. 

It  occurred  in  a  pass  on  the  road  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  to- 
wards which  General  Scott  was  advancing.  The  Mexicans  were  commanded  by 
Santa  Anna.  The  battle  lasted  two  days,  and  was  one  of  the  most  decisive  of  the 
war,  the  Mexicans  being  defeated. 

1847.  —  THE  type-revolving  press  was  patented  by  Richard 
M.  Hoe. 

The  type  set  on  cylinders,  revolves.  The  ten-cylinder  presses,  which  make 
the  printing  of  the  modern  newspaper  possible,  were  the  outgrowth  of  this  inven- 
tion. 

1847,  APRIL  19.  —  General  Scott  with  his  army  entered  Jalapa. 

Four  days  after,  the  castle  of  Perote,  the  strongest  fortress  after  Vera  Cruz  in 
Mexico,  was  in  possession  of  the  Americans. 

1847,  MAY  8.  —  The  battle  of  Palo  Alto  was  fought 

The  Mexicans,  under  General  Arista,  were  defeated.  The  next  day,  the  battle 
of  Resaca  de  la  Palma  took  place,  in  which  again  General  Taylor  was  victorious, 
the  Mexicans  retreating  across  the  Rio  Grande. 

1847,  AUGUST.  —  General  Scott  with  his  army  reached  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  made  an  armistice  with  Santa  Anna  for  the 
purpose  of  negotiating  a  peace. 

In  September  hostilities  began  again,  each  party  accusing  the  other  of  violat- 
ing the  armistice. 

1847,  AUGUST  20.  —  The  battle  of  Churubusco  was  fought. 

The  Mexicans,  under  Santa  Anna,  retreated  towards  the  city  of  Mexico,  and 
General  Scott  continued  his  advance  with  his  army. 

1847.  — THE  National  Era  appeared  in  Washington. 

It  was  published  by  Dr.  Gamaliel  Bailey,  and  was  in  the  interest  of  the  aboli- 
tion party.  In  1851  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  appeared  in  it  as  a  serial.  The  National 
Era  was  a  continuation  of  The  Philanthropist,  which  Dr.  Bailey,  with  James  C. 
Birney,  had  printed  in  Cincinnati,  where  it  was  several  times  mobbed,  but  was 
continued  until  Dr.  Bailey  moved  to  Washington  and  commenced  the  National 
Era.  This  was  also  mobbed. 

1847.  —  GOLD  was  discovered  in  California. 


598  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1847-8. 

1847-57.  —  THE  government  paid  only  gold  coin. 

1847.  —  THE  Springfidd  Republican  appeared  in  Springfield, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Bowles  &  Co. 

1847,  AUGUST  20.  —  The  battle  of  Contreras  took  place  in 
Mexico. 

It  was  fought  in  the  night.  The  Mexicans  were  commanded  by  General 
Valencia,  and  were  defeated  by  the  Americans  under  General  Scott. 

1847.  —  SALT  LAKE  CITY,  Utah,  was  founded  by  the  Mormons. 

Brigham  Young,  with  an  advance  party,  reached  Salt  Lake  Valley,  in  Utah. 
The  rest  of  the  community  did  not  arrive  until  the  next  autumn. 

1847,  AUGUST  31.  —  Illinois  accepted  her  present  constitution. 

1847.  —  GENEVA  COLLEGE  admitted  a  woman  student  to  the 
medical  department. 

The  other  medical  colleges  had  all  refused.  The  student  was  Elizabeth 
Blackwell,  who,  after  her  graduation  in  1849,  completed  her  studies  in  Paris. 

1847.  —  A  PATENT  for  a  power-loom  •  to  make  Brussels  and 
tapestry  carpets  Avas  granted  to  Erastus  B.  Bigelow. 

1847,  SEPTEMBER  8.  —  The  battle  of  El  Molino  del  Rey  was 
fought. 

The  Americans  were  the  attacking  party,  and  were  eventually  victorious. 

1847,  SEPTEMBER  13.  —  The  fortress  of  Chapultepec  was  car- 
ried  by  storm. 

It  commanded  the  city  of  Mexico.  Its  capture  by  the  Americans,  under 
General  Scott,  practically  ended  the  Mexican  war. 

1847.  —  AN   appropriation  was   made   for  the  survey  of  the 
government  mineral  lands  in  Michigan. 

Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  was  made  superintendent  of  the  survey. 

1848,  JANUARY  1.  —  Girard  College  was  opened  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

It  was  founded  for  the  education  of  orphan  boys  from  a  bequest  of  two  million 
dollars  left  by  Stephen  Girard.  By  his  special  provisions  the  pupils  are  taught 
morality,  but  all  dogmatic  religious  instruction  was  forbidden.  No  minister, 
missionary,  or  ecclesiastic  was  ever  to  have  anything  to  do  with  the  institution, 
or  even  to  be  admitted  as  a  visitor. 

1848,  FEBRUARY  1.  —  A  convention  at  Madison  City  accepted 
a  constitution  for  the  state  of  Wisconsin. 

It  was  ratified  by  the  people  of  the  state  March  14,  and  the  same  year  the 
state  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

1848,  FEBRUARY  2.  —  A  treaty  of  peace  between  Mexico  and 
the  United  States  was  made  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo. 


1848.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  599 

It  was  negotiated  by  Mr.  Trist,  who  had  been  authorized  by  the  President  to 
make  a  treaty,  and  the  Mexican  commissioners.  By  it  the  Rio  Grande  was  ac- 
knowledged as  the  boundary  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States,  and  New 
Mexico  and  California  were  ceded  to  the  United  States,  who  agreed  to  pay 
Mexico  fifteen  millions  of  dollars,  and  assume  the  payment  of  American  claims 
for  an  amount  not  to  exceed  three  and  a  quarter  millions.  The  treaty  was  ratified 
by  both  governments,  and  proclaimed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  July 
4,  1848. 

1848.  —  THE  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  was  finished. 

The  work  had  been  begun  the  4th  of  July,  1836. 

1848.  —  A  MEETING  was  held  at  Seneca  Falls,  New  York,  to 
inaugurate  the  movement  for  the  political  equality  of  women. 

It  was  called  by  Mrs.  Lucretia  Mott  and  Mrs.  E.  C.  Stanton.  The  same  year 
another  meeting  for  the  same  purpose  was  held  at  Rochester,  New  York,  and  a 
third  at  Salem,  Ohio.  This  last  was  conducted  entirely  by  women. 

1848.  —  THE  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society  had  a  trial 
of  reapers  at  their  fair  in  Buffalo. 

The  machines  were  thought  to  be  unequal  to  the  common  scythe. 

1848.  —  ONE  thousand  pounds  of  guano  were  imported. 

The  next  year  over  21,000  pounds  were  imported,  and  between  1860  and  1870, 
887,585  tons.  The  first  guano  imported  into  England  consisted  of  twenty  casks 
aent  there  in  1840.  In  1841,  2000  tons  were  carried  there.  Attention  had  been 
called  to  the  value  of  guano  as  a  fertilizer  by  Humboldt  and  Sir  Humphrey 
Davy. 

1848.  MARCH.  —  The  "spirit  rapping"  phenomenon  began  in 
the  house  of  John  D.  Fox,  in  Hydesville,  New  York. 

It  was  on  the  31st  of  the  month  that  the  two  daughters,  near  whose  bed  the 
noises  occurred,  first  attempted  to  have  the  "spirits"  answer  questions.  Soon 
after,  the  family  removed  to  Rochester,  and  there  the  table-tipping,  &c.,  began,  and 
in  November,  1849,  a  public  meeting  was  called  to  investigate  the  subject,  at 
which  the  Misses  Fox  made  their  first  public  appearance. 

1848.  — AFTER  the  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico,  Santa  Anna  was  again  banished,  and  Herrera  was  ap- 
pointed president. 

1848,  JULY.  —  A  school  for  the  instruction  of  idiots  was  opened 
at  Barre,  Massachusetts. 

Dr.  Hervey  B.  Wilbur  was  the  instructor.  In  1851  permanent  institutions 
were  organized  by  the  states  of  Massachusetts  and  New  York,  and  in  1857  Ohio 
and  Pennsylvania  organized  institutions. 

1848,  OCTOBER  25. — The  works  for  supplying  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, with  water  from  Cochituate  Lake  were  completed. 
The  aqueduct  is  twenty-three  miles  long.    The  works  were  begun  in  1846. 


£00  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1849. 

1848.  —  MARYLAND  resumed  payment. 

1848.  —  THE  Republic  appeared  in  Washington. 

It  was  published  as  the  organ  of  General  Taylor's  administration  by  Alexander 
Babbitt  and  John  O.  Sargent,  but  did  not  long  survive  the  death  of  General  Tay- 
lor, when  the  National  Intelligencer  was  made  the  organ  of  President  Fillmore. 

1848  OCTOBER.  —  A  convention  was  held  in  New  Mexico,  and 
a  petition  sent  to  Congress  praying  that  the  territory  should  be 
protected  against  the  introduction  of  slavery. 

The  provision,  known  as  the  Wilmot  proviso,  had  been  unsuccessfully  intro- 
duced into  Congress  several  times  since  1846.  It  substantially  was  the  extension 
of  the  ordinance  of  1787  forbidding  the  introduction  of  slavery  into  the  new  terri- 
tory acquired  by  the  United  States.  The  persistence  with  which  it  was  voted 
down  led  to  the  introduction  of  anti-slavery  as  the  basis  for  a  new  political  party 
called  the  "  free  soil"  party. 

1845-1849.  — TENTH  administration. 

President,  James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee. 

Vice-President,  Geo.  M.  Dallas,  of  Pennsylvania. 

Secretary  of  State,  James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  5,  1846. 

Secretary  of  Treasury,      Robert  J.  Walker,  of  Mississippi,  March  5,  1845. 

Secretary  of  War,  William  L.  Marcy,  of  New  York,  March  5,  1845. 

f  George  Bancroft,  of  Massachusetts,  March  10,  1845. 
Secretaries  of  Navy,        |  John  y   MasoQ)  of  Virginia,  September  9,  1846. 
Postmaster-General,  Cave  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  March  5,  1845. 

(  John  Y.  Mason,  of  Virginia,  March  5,  1845. 
Attorneys-General,  J  Nathan  Clifford,  of  Maine,  October  17,  1846. 

(.Isaac  Toucey,  of  Connecticut,  June  21,  1848. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

John  W.  Davis,  of  Indiana,  Twenty-ninth  Congress,  1845. 
Robert  C.  Winthrop,  of  Massachusetts,  Thirtieth  Congress,  1847. 

1849,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  public  debt  amounted  to  sixty-three 
millions. 

1849.  — THE  Erie  Railway  was  completed. 

1849.  —  THE  New  York  Associated  Press  Association  was 
formed. 

There  had  been  combinations  of  newspapers  before  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing news,  but  this  was  the  most  extensive  and  permanent  one.  It  was  composed 
of  the  Journal  of  Commerce,  the  Courier  and  Enquirer,  the  Tribune,  Ilerdld, 
Sun,  and  Express.  In  1851  the  Times  became  a  member,  and  in  1859  the  World. 

1849,  JANUARY  5.  —  The  Senate  confirmed  a  convention  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  for  the  "  improve- 
ment of  the  communication  by  post  between  the  two  countries." 

It  had  been  made  on  the  15th  of  December,  1848. 

1849.  —  THE  "Department  of  the  Interior,"  or  home  depart- 
ment, was  created  by  Congress. 


1849-50.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  601 

Its  head  officer  had  the  title  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Cabinet. 

1849,  MACRH  3.  —  Congress  added  the  double  eagle  and  the 
dollar  to  the  number  of  gold  coins. 

1849,  MARCH  3.  —  Minnesota  was  organized  as  a  territory,  and 
Alexander  Ramsey  was  appointed  the  first  governor. 

1849,  MAY  10.  —  The  Astor-Place  riot  took  place  in  New  York 
city. 

The  friends  of  Edwin  Forrest,  an  actor,  sought  to  prevent  Macready,  the  Eng- 
lish actor,  from  playing  at  the  Opera  House. 

1849,  AUGUST  11.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  for- 
bidding the  fitting  out  of  warlike  expeditions  against  Cuba. 

The  expedition  which  was  in  preparation  was  given  up. 

1849,  SEPTEMBER   1. — A   convention  met  at  Monterey,  and 
formed  a  constitution  for  California. 

The  discovery  of  gold  had  led  to  an  influx  of  emigration  from  all  over  the 
world.  The  constitution  forbade  any  legal  distinctions  on  religious  grounds ; 
foreigners,  who  are  dona  fide  citizens,  were  secured  the  same  rights  as  natives ; 
wives  were  secured  in  their  right  to  hold  property  independent  of  the  husband's 
control ;  the  state  was  forbidden  to  lend  its  credit  to  any  corporation,  or  become 
a  stockholder  in  any  such. 

1850,  APRIL.  —  A  treaty  was  made  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  known  as  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty. 

By  it  both  countries  covenanted  that  neither  would  ever  occupy,  colonize,  or 
exercise  dominion  over  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  the  Mosquito  coast,  or  any  part 
of  Central  America. 

1850,  MAY  24.  —  An  Arctic  expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  sailed  from  New  York. 

It  consisted  of  the  "Advance"  and  the  "Rescue,"  under  the  command  of 
Lieutenant  De  Haven.  The  ships  were  fitted  out  by  the  government,  the  expense 
being  paid  by  Henry  Grinnell,  of  New  York.  The  expedition  returned  in  Octo- 
ber, 1851. 

1850,  JUNE  10.  —  "  Tho  American  Bible  Union  "  was  organ- 
ized in  New  York. 

1850,  JULY  9.  — President  Taylor  died. 

The  next  day,  Vice-President  Fillmore  took  the  oath  of  office  as  President. 

1850.  —  THE  Collins  line  of  steamers  began  to  run  between 
New  York  and  Liverpool. 

They  were  an  American  line. 

1850,  JULY  31.  —  Utah  was  organized  as  a  territory. 

Salt  Lake  City  was  made  the  capital,  and  Colonel  Steptoe  appointed  governor, 
Brigham  Young,  the  Mormon  leader,  being  deposed.  The  Mormons  refused  to 
submit  to  the  authority  of  the  government,  and  forced  the  federal  judges  to  leave 
the  territory. 


602  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1850-51. 

1850.  —  NEW  MEXICO  was  organized  into  a  territory,  and  a  bill 
fixing  the  boundaries  of  Texas  passed  by  Congress. 

By  a  proviso  it  was  agreed  that  the  provisions  of  the  bill  should  not  impair  the 
joint  resolution  of  1845  for  the  annexation  of  Texas,  either  as  regards  the  num- 
ber of  states  that  might  be  formed  out  of  the  state  of  Texas,  or  otherwise. 

1850,  AUGUST.  —  The  fugitive  slave  bill  was  passed  by  Con- 
gress. 

It  imposed  a  fine  of  one  thousand  dollars,  and  six  months  imprisonment,  on 
any  person  harboring  fugitive  slaves,  or  aiding  them  to  escape. 

1850,  SEPTEMBER  9.  —  California  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

The  act  was  passed  by  Congress  after  a  long  and  violent  debate. 

1850,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  slave  trade  was  abolished  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  by  act  of  Congress. 

1850,  OCTOBER  19.  —  The  first  national  convention  of  the  wo- 
man suffrage  party  was  held  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  called  by  Mrs.  Paulina  Wright  Davis,  who  presided  over  it.  The  con- 
vention was  in  session  two  days,  the  19th  and  20th. 

1850.  —  A  COMPANY  under  Etienne  Cabet  settled  at  Nauvoo, 
Illinois. 

They  bought  the  houses  deserted  by  the  Mormons.  They  were  a  community. 
Eventually  this  settlement  was  abandoned,  and  a  portion  settled  at  Corning,  Iowa, 
where  they  formed  the  Icarian  community. 

1850.  —  THE  act  providing  for  the  census  this  year  fixed  the 
number  of  members  the  House  of  Representatives  should  con- 
tain, so  that  the  ratio  of  the  representation  of  the  different  states 
had  to  be  calculated  to  suit  this  limit. 

This  simple  measure  put  an  end  to  the  disputes  which  had  constantly  arisen 
from  the  formation  of  the  government  concerning  the  ratios  of  representation. 

1850.  —  THE  use  of  the  whip  on  shipboard,  both  in  the  navy 
and  the  merchant  service,  was  abolished  by  an  act  of  Congress. 

1850.  —  THE  manufacture  of  zinc  was  begun  by  the  New  Jer- 
sey Zinc  Company. 

1851,  MARCH  3. —  Congress  added  the  three-cent  piece  to  the 
number  of  silver  coins. 

1851.  —  THE  public  debt  of  the  United  States  amounted  to 
sixty-three  million  three  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1851.  —  THE  legislature  of  Maine  passed  a  law  prohibiting  the 
manufacture,  sale,  or  use  of  intoxicating  drinks. 

1851.  —  THE  Congressional  Library  was  founded  at  Wash- 
ington. 

1851.  —  THE  State  University  of  Wisconsin  was  founded. 


1851-2.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  603 

It  was  established  at  Madison,  and  endowed  with  three  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars. 

1851,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  A  mob  destroyed  the  quarantine  build- 
ings at  Castleton,  Staten  Island,  New  York. 

The  health  officers  of  the  town  had  declared  the  Quarantine  Hospital  a 
nuisance.  The  island  was  declared  in  rebellion,  and  the  governor  ordered  troops 
there.  A  floating  hospital,  about  twelve  miles  from  the  shore,  was  subsequently 
arranged. 

1851,  SEPTEMBER  18.  —  The  New  York  Times  appeared  in  New 
York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Henry  J.  Raymond,  George  Jones,  E.  B.  Morgan,  D.  B. 
St.  John,  and  E.  R.  Wesley.  The  firm  afterwards  was  styled  Henry  J.  Raymond 
&  Co.  Henry  J.  Raymond  was  the  editor.  He  died  June  18,  1869. 

1851.  —  THE  New  York  Ledger  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Robert  Bonner,  and  was  founded  upon  the  Merchants' 
Ledger,  which  he  had  purchased.  By  a  persistent  course  of  advertising,  it  has 
been  brought  to  an  enormous  circulation,  which  is  said  to  reach  nearly  four  hun- 
dred thousand. 

1852.  —  AT  a  fair  of  the  Ohio  State  Board  of  Agriculture  a 
competition  of  reapers  was  held. 

The  judges  reported  there  was  no  striking  superiority  in  any  of  the  machines 
shown.  The  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society  had  a  competition  of  mowers 
and  reapers  at  their  fair  at  Geneva,  in  which  nine  reapers  and  seven  mowers  com- 
peted. The  judges  decided  that,  in  comparison  with  the  hand-cradle,  they  showed 
a  saving  of  eighty-eight  and  three-fourth  cents  an  acre. 

1852.  —  THE  third  national  woman's  rights  convention  was 
held  at  Syracuse,  New  York. 

Susan  B.  Anthony  first  appeared  publicly  in  this  convention. 

1852.  —  ANTIOCH  COLLEGE,  at  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio,  was  incor- 
porated. 

It  was  the  first  institution  for  the  co-education  of  the  sexes  in  the  same  course 
of  study.  Horace  Mann,  of  Massachusetts  was  chosen  its  president,  and  con- 
tinued there  until  his  death. 

1852.  —  THE  Public  City  Library,  at  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
was  founded. 

1852.  —  A  MINT  was  established  in  San  Francisco,  California. 

Previously,  gold  dust,  or  coins  made  by  private  parties,  had  served  as  a 
currency. 

1852.  —  THE  Smithsonian  Institute  organized  a  system  of  vol- 
unteer reports  of  meteorological  observations,  extending  all 
over  the  country. 

In  1874  they  were  given  in  charge  of  the  Signal  Service  Bureau. 


G04  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1853. 

1849-1853.  —  ELEVENTH  administration. 

President,  Zachary  Taylor,  of  Louisiana,  died  July  9,  1850. 

Vice-President,  Millard  Fillraore,  of  New  York,  succeeded  to  office. 

r  J.  M.  Clayton,  of  Delaware,  March  7,  1849. 
Secretaries  of  State,       J.  Daniel  Webster,  of  Massachusetts,  July  20,  1850. 

I  Edward  Everett,  of  Massachusetts,  December  9,  1852. 

,.  _  f  W.  M.  Meredith,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  7,  1849. 

Secretaries  of  Treasury,  {  Thomftg  ^^.^  Qf  Ohio?  Ju]y  ^  ^ 

{G.  W.  Crawford,  of  Georgia,  March  7,  1849. 
W.  A.  Graham,  of  North  Carolina,  July  20,  1850. 
John  P.  Kennedy,  of  Maryland,  July  22,  1852. 
.  C  William  Preston,  of  Virginia,  March  7,  1849. 

aVy'       I  William  Graham,  of  North  Carolina,  July  20,  1850. 

/-Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  March  7,  1849. 

Secretaries  of  Interior,    I  Jameg  A   pearce>  of  Maryland,  July  20,  1850. 
(a  new  office,)  L  Alexander  H.  H.  Stuart,  of  Virginia,  Sept.  12,  1850. 

r  Jacob  Collamer,  of  Vermont,  March  9,  1849. 
Postmasters-General,      -I  N.  K.  Hall,  of  New  York,  July  20,  1850. 

L  Samuel  D.  Hubbard,  of  Connecticut,  August  31, 1852. 
pi  (  Reverdy  Johnson,  of  Maryland,  March  7,  1849. 

i  John  J.  Crittenden,  of  Kentucky,  July  20,  1850. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Howell  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  Thirty-first  Congress,  1849. 
Linn  Boyd,  of  Kentucky,  Thirty-second  Congress,  1851. 

1853,  JANUARY  1.  —  Una  appeared  in  Providence,  Rhode 
Island. 

It  was  the  first  woman's  rights  paper,  and  was  edited  by  Mrs.  Paulina  Wright 
Davis,  who  had  lectured  before  women  upon  physiology  as  early  as  1844. 

1853.  —  THE  first  woman's  medical  college  was  opened  in 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

The  same  jear,  Antoinette  Brown  was  ordained  as  a  minister  of  a  church  in 
New  York  state. 

1853,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  Illustrated  News  appeared  in  New 
York  city. 

It  lived  only  a  year. 

1853,  FEBRUARY  21.  —  Congress  added  the  three-dollar  gold 
piece  to  the  number  of  coins. 

Silver  being  rated  so  low  that  it  was  exported,  the  weight  of  silver  in  the  coin- 
age was  lessened,  and  the  mint  made  a  charge  for  coining  it  for  individuals. 
The  silver  coins  issued  under  this  were  made  "  legal  tenders  in  payment  of  debts 
for  all  sums  not  exceeding  five  dollars." 

1853,  MARCH  3. —  Congress  passed  an  act  instituting  a  survey 
of  a  railway  route  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Pacific. 

Supplementary  acts  were  passed  in  May  and  August,  1854.  The  report  of  the 
surveys  was  published  in  1855-61,  in  thirteen  volumes. 


1853.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  605 

1853.  —  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY  was  formed  from  the  northern 
half  of  Oregon. 

1853.  —  CONGRESS  voted  the  payment  of  seven  millions  for  the 
Gadsden  purchase  from  Mexico. 

It  added  twenty-seven  thousand  five  hundred  square  miles  to  the  territory  of 
the  United  States. 

1853,  MARCH  4. —  Franklin  Pierce,  in  his  inaugural  address  as 
President,  expressed  the  conviction  that  the  question  of  slavery 
was  settled. 

He  said :  "  I  believe  that  involuntary  servitude,  as  it  exists  in  different  states  in 
this  confederacy,  is  recognized  by  the  Constitution.  I  believe  that  it  stands  like 
any  other  admitted  right,  and  that  the  states  where  it  exists  are  entitled  to  efficient 
remedies  to  enforce  the  constitutional  provisions.  I  hold  that  the  laws  of  1850, 
commonly  called  the  '  compromise  measures,'  are  strictly  constitutional,  and  to  be 
unhesitatingly  carried  into  effect.  I  fervently  hope  that  the  question  is  at  rest, 
and  that  no  sectional,  or  ambitious,  or  fanatical  excitement  may  again  threaten 
the  durability  of  our  institutions,  or  obscure  the  light  of  our  prosperity." 

1853,  MARCH  17.  —  Santa  Anna,  who  had  been  recalled  from 
exile,  was  for  the  fifth  time  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Mexican 
government,  with  the  title  of  President. 

In  reality  he  was  clothed  with  unlimited  power. 

1853,  MAY  10.  —  The  British  Parliament  abolished  in  Canada 
the  "  clergy  reserves." 

1853,  JULY  14.  —  The  Crystal  Palace,  New  York,  was  opened 
for  a  universal  industrial  exhibition. 

1853,  JULY. — .Martin  Koszta,  an  Hungarian  by  birth,  but  a 
naturalized  citizen,  was  liberated,  as  such,  by  the  Austrian  au- 
thorities. 

The  demand  was  made  by  Captain  Ingraham,  in  command  of  the  sloop-of-war 
St.  Louis.  The  occurrence  took  place  at  Smyrna,  where  Koszta  had  been  seized 
by  the  Austrian  consul-general.  For  this  vindication  of  the  rights  of  naturalized 
citizens,  Congress  voted  Captain  Ingraham  a  medal. 

1853.  —  A  SECOND  Arctic  expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  sailed  from  New  York  in  the  spring. 

It  was  commanded  by  Dr.  Kane.  The  expense  was  borne  by  Messrs.  Grinnell 
of  New  York,  and  Peabody  of  London.  It  returned  in  the  fall  of  1855. 

1853.  —  THE  first  volume  of  the  American  Nautical  Almanack 
was  published. 

It  was  supervised  by  Captain  C.  H.  Davis,  who  was  assisted  by  Professors 
Peirce  and  Winlock,  of  Harvard  University. 

1853.  —  THE  first  successful  steam  fire-engine  was  used  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

It  was  built  by  A.  B.  Latta.  In  1841,  one  had  been  built  for  the  insurance 
companies  in  New  York,  but  its  excessive  weight  rendered  it  practically  useless. 


606  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1853-4. 

1853.  —  THE  New  York  Clipper  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Frank  Queen,  and  was  the  first  theatrical  journal. 

1853.  —  THE  New  York  Clearing  House  was  established. 

It  was  organized  by  fifty-two  banks  in  the  city,  and  enables  them  to  settle  bal- 
ances of  millions  by  the  payment  of  the  slight  difference  of  accounts.  In  the 
spring  of  1856,  the  Boston  Clearing  House  went  into  operation. 

1854,  JANUARY  9. — The   Astor   Library,  in  New  York  city, 
was  opened  to  the  public. 

John  Jacob  Astor  left  the  endowment  for  it  at  his  death  in  1848. 

1854.  —  THE  artesian  well  in  the  Belcher  Sugar  Refinery  at 
St.  Louis  was  completed. 

It  was  begun  in  1849,  and  is  said  to  be  the  deepest  in  the  world,  being  2199 
feet  deep. 

1854.  —  Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Newspaper  appeared  in  New 
York  city. 

1854,  MAY  30.  —  An  act  was  passed  "to  organize  the  terri- 
tories of  Kansas  and  Nebraska." 

The  bill  was  introduced  by  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  the  chairman  of  the  Senate 
committee  on  territories.  One  of  its  provisions  was  as  follows  :  "  That  the  consti- 
tution and  all  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  are  not  locally  inapplicable, 
shall  have  the  same  force  and  effect  within  the  said  territory  as  elsewhere  within 
the  United  States,  except  the  eighth  section  of  the  act  preparatory  to  the  admis- 
sion of  Missouri  into  the  Union,  approved  March  6,  1820,  which  being  inconsist- 
ent with  the  principle  of  non-intervention  by  Congress  with  slavery  in  the  states 
and  territories,  as  recognized  by  the  legislation  of  1850,  commonly  called  the 
Compromise  Measures,  is  hereby  declared  inoperative  and  void :  it  being  the 
true  intent  and  meaning  of  this  act,  not  to  legislate  slavery  into  any  territory  or 
state,  nor  to  exclude  it  therefrom,  but  to  leave  the  people  thereof  perfectly  free  to 
form  and  regulate  their  domestic  institutions  in  their  own  way,  subject  only  to  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States  :  Provided,  that  nothing  herein  contained  shall 
be  construed  to  revive  or  put  in  force  any  law  or  regulation  which  may  have 
existed  prior  to  the  act  of  6th  of  March,  1820,  either  protecting,  establishing, 
prohibiting,  or  abolishing  slavery."  On  the  passage  of  this  act  societies  were 
instituted  in  both  the  northern  and  southern  states  to  aid  emigration  to  Kansas,  — 
those  in  the  northern  to  keep  slavery  from  Kansas,  and  those  in  the  southern 
to  introduce  it. 

1854.  —  A  TREATY  was  made  with  Japan. 

It  was  made  by  Commodore  Perry,  and  opened  that  country  to  commericial 
intercourse  with  the  United  States. 

1854.  —  A  RECIPROCITY  treaty  was  made  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States. 

It  opened  the  colonial  ports  to  commerce. 

1854.  —  A  FACTORY  for  preparing  kerosene  oil  was  started  at 
Newtown,  Long  Island. 


1854-5.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  607 

1854,  MAY  31.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  denoun- 
cing a  contemplated  expedition  against  Cuba. 

1854,  JULY  13.  —  A  United  States  frigate  bombarded  and 
burned  Greytown,  Nicaragua. 

She  had  been  sent  to  demand  reparation  for  property  stolen  from  American 
citizens,  and  when  it  was  refused,  fired  upon  the  town. 

1854,  AUGUST.  — The  Ostend  manifesto  was  issued. 

It  was  issued  by  our  representatives  at  London,  Madrid,  and  Paris,  —  Buchan- 
an, Soule,  and  Mason,  respectively,  —  who  met  at  Ostend,  and  published  the 
result  of  their  conference  concerning  Cuba.  In  it  they  urged  that  Cuba,  from  its 
geographical  position,  should  belong  to  the  United  States,  and  that  should  Spain 
free  the  slaves  there,  the  United  States  should  endeavor  by  force  to  possess  the 
island. 

1854,  AUGUST  2. —  The  reciprocity  treaty  between  England 
and  the  United  States  regulating  the  relation  between  the  latter 
and  Canada  in  regard  to  trade,  fisheries,  <fec.,  was  ratified. 

This  treaty  was  negotiated  by  Lord  Elgin.  In  1864  the  United  States  proposed 
its  abrogation. 

1854.  —  AN  act  was  passed  by  Congress  relieving  the  children 
born  abroad,  of  American  fathers,  from  alienage. 

1854,  OCTOBEE.  —  A.  H.  Reeder,  appointed  governor  of  Kansas, 
arrived  in  the  territory. 

He  appointed  an  election  for  the  29th  of  November  to  choose  a  delegate  to 
Congress.  John  W.  Whitfield  was  declared  elected.  Claims  were  made  of  fraud 
in  the  election,  and  a  committee  appointed  by  the  House  to  investigate,  sus- 
tained the  claims,  reporting  that  in  nine  of  the  seventeen  election  districts  more 
than  two  thirds  of  the  voters  were  non-residents  who  had  come  into  the  territory 
only  for  the  purpose  of  voting. 

1854.  —  THE  observatory  at  Ann  Harbor,  Michigan,  was  built. 

1855,  JANUAEY  2. —  Juan  Alvarez   began   a  revolt  against 
Santa  Anna. 

Santa  Anna  abdicated,  and  Carrera  was  elected  president  in  August,  Santa 
Anna  again  going  into  exile. 

1855  —  THE  railway  suspension  bridge  at  Niagara  was  com- 
pleted. 

It  was  built  by  Mr.  Roebling.  In  1848  a  suspension  bridge  had  been  built 
here  by  C.  Ellet,  who  the  same  year  built  one  at  Wheeling  over  the  Ohio.  The 
first  was  removed  to  give  place  to  this  one,  and  that  at  Wheeling  blew  down 
in  1854.  As  early  as  1796  a  small  suspension  bridge  of  chain  cables  had  been 
built  by  Mr.  Finley. 

1855,  MARCH  30.  —  An  election  was  held  in  Kansas  for  mem- 
bers to  the  assembly. 

A  census  had  been  taken.  Companies  of  men  from  Missouri  again  presented 
themselves  and  demanded  to  vote,  in  one  district  forcibly  dispersing  the  judges. 


608  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1855. 

The  governor  set  aside  the  election  from  evidence  to  invalidate  it,  and  ordered  a 
new  election  in  the  six  contested  districts  in  May. 

1855,  JULY  2.  — The  legislature  of  Kansas  met  at  Paunee  City, 
the  place  appointed  by  the  governor. 

Seats  were  refused  to  the  members  elected  at  the  May  election,  and  were 
given  to  those  chosen  at  the  March  election.  A  bill  was  passed  removing  the 
seat  of  government  to  Shawnee  Mission,  near  the  border  of  Missouri.  This  the 
governor  vetoed,  and  the  legislature  passed  again  by  a  two-thirds  vote.  The 
legislature  passed  laws  copied  from  those  of  Missouri.  The  slave  laws  were  very 
rigorous.  Any  one  printing  or  circulating  anything  "  calculated  to  promote  a 
disorderly  or  dangerous  disaffection  among  the  slaves,  or  to  induce  them  to 
escape  from  the  service  of  their  masters,  or  to  resist  their  authority,"  or  any  one 
aiding  in  such  printing  or  circulation,  was  "guilty  of  a  felony  and  to  be  imprisoned 
at  hard  labor  not  less  than  five  years."  Any  free  person  denying  the  right  to 
hold  slaves  in  the  territory,  and  publishing  or  circulating  any  book,  paper,  or  cir- 
cular maintaining  such  denial,  to  be  imprisoned  at  hard  labor  for  two  years. 
Candidates  were  obliged  to  take  an  oath  to  support  the  fugitive  slave  law,  as  were 
judges  of  election  and  voters,  if  challenged,  and  attorneys  admitted  to  practice  in 
the  courts.  Jurors  were  chosen  by  the  sheriff,  and  "no  person  who  was  con- 
scientiously opposed  to  the  holding  of  slaves,  or  who  did  not  admit  the  right  to 
hold  slaves  in  the  territory,  should  be  a  juror  in  any  cause  "  affecting  the  right  to 
hold  slaves,  or  relating  to  slave  property. 

1855,  JULY  31.  —  A.  H.  Reeder,  the  governor  of  Kansas  Ter- 
ritory, was  removed  from  office. 

The  position  reverted  to  Daniel  Woodson,  the  secretary  of  the  territory. 

1855. — THE  charter  was  granted  the  Elmira  Female  College, 
and  this  institution  was  organized  at  Elmira,  New  York. 

This  was  the  first  charter  granted  by  the  state  for  a  female  college  designed  to 
raise  the  standard  of  education  for  women  to  an  equality  with  that  for  men. 

1855.  —  A  COMPANY  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Keil  settled  at 
Shoalwater  Bay,  in  Washington  Territory. 

They  were  a  religious  community.  In  1856  they  moved  to  Aurora,  in  Oregon. 
They  came  from  Bethel,  Missouri. 

1855,  SEPTEMBER  1. — Wilson  Shannon,  appointed  as  governor 
of  Kansas,  to  succeed  Governor  Reeder,  entered  upon  the  office. 
He  was  removed  August  21,  1856,  and  Woodson  again  assumed  the  office. 

1855,  SEPTEMBER  19.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  met  at  To- 
peka,  Kansas,  "  to  consider  and  determine  upon  all  subjects  of 
public  interest,  and  particularly  upon  that  having  reference  to 
the  speedy  formation  of  a  state  constitution,  with  an  intention  of 
an  immediate  application  to  be  admitted  as  a  state  into  the 
Union." 

A  general  meeting  at  Lawrence,  August  15,  had  proposed  such  a  convention, 
and  various  other  meetings  in  the  state  had  seconded  the  movement.  The  con- 
vention arranged  for  an  election  for  delegates  to  a  constitutional  convention  in 
October. 


1855-6.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  609 

1856,  OCTOBER  23.  — The  constitutional  convention  met  at  To- 
peka,  Kansas,  and  formed  a  constitution. 

It  was  accepted  by  the  people  December  15,  by  a  vote  of  1731  against  46. 

1856,  JANUARY  15. —  An  election  was  held  in  Kansas  to  choose 
members  of  the  legislature  and  officers  of  the  state. 
Charles  Robinson  was  elected  governor. 

1856.  —  THE  copyright  law  was  extended  to  secure  to  the 
authors  of  plays  the  exclusive  right  of  representation  on  the 
stage. 

1856,  JANUARY  24.  —  The  President  sent  a  message  to  Con- 
gress concerning  the  difficulties  in  Kansas. 

He  suggested  that  when  the-population  should  be  sufficient  to  constitute  a  state, 
a  constitution  should  be  framed,  as  a  preparation  for  admission  to  the  Union.  He 
considered  that  acts  of  a  revolutionary  character  had  been  performed  in  the  state, 
and  promised  to  use  the  force  of  the  government  should  it  be  necessary.  The 
message  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  territories,  who  reported  in  March 
commending  it. 

1856,  FEBRUARY  22.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  from  the 
free  states  was  held  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

It  was  the  origin  of  the  Republican  party,  and  arranged  to  hold  a  nominating 
convention  in  Philadelphia  on  the  17th  of  June. 

1856.  —  CONGRESS  reduced  the  duties,  and  passed  an  act  to  aid 
in  laying  tho  telegraph  cable  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

1856,  MARCH  1.  —  The  legislature  of  Kansas  met. 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  frame  laws,  and  a  memorial  prepared  to  Con- 
gress. The  legislature  adjourned  to  meet  on  the  4th  of  July,  1856,  and  shortly 
after  the  adjournment  Governor  Robinson  and  others  were  arrested  on  a  charge 
of  high  treason,  and  imprisoned.  Eventually,  the  district  attorney  entered  a  nolle 
prosequi  in  their  case,  and  they  were  discharged. 

1856,  MAY  22.  —  Charles  Sumner,  a  senator  from  Massachu- 
setts, was  assaulted  in  the  Senate  chamber  by  Preston  S.  Brooks, 
of  South  Carolina. 

Mr.  Sumner  had  made  a  speech  entitled,  "The  Crime  against  Kansas,"  at 
which  Mr.  Brooks  took  umbrage. 

1856,  MAY.  —  The  Free  State  Hotel,  in  Lawrence,  Kansas,  and 
the  Herald  of  Freedom  and  the  Kansas  Free  State  were  destroyed 
by  direction  of  Sheriff  Jones,  acting  under  writs  issued  from  the 
first  district  court  of  the  United  States. 

Judge  Lccompte  had  charged  the  grand  jury  that  combinations  for  resisting 
the  territorial  laws  were  guilty  of  constructive  treason,  and  the  grand  jury  had 
presented  the  hotel  and  the  newspapers  as  nuisances  to  be  abated. 

1856.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  to  increase  its  compensation. 
The  members  were  to  be  allowed,  instead  of  eight  dollars  a  day,  three  thousand 

39 


610  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1856. 

dollars  a  year.  The  mileage  of  eight  dollars  for  every  twenty  miles  of  travel  re- 
mained unchanged.  Each  day's  absence,  except  for  sickness  of  a  member  him- 
self or  one  of  his  family,  caused  a  deduction. 

1856.  —  CONGRESS  made  grants  of  the  public  lands  for  the  aid 
of  railroads. 

The  grants  of  land  were  made  to  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana, 
Michigan,  and  Wisconsin,  to  aid  in  constructing  railroads  in  those  states.  Each 
alternate  section,  six  sections  wide,  on  each  of  the  roads,  were  granted,  and 
the  remaining  sections  belonging  to  the  United  States  were  not  to  be  sold  for  less 
than  double  the  usual  price,  and  before  they  are  sold  to  individuals  should  be 
offered  for  sale  at  public  auction  at  the  enhanced  price. 

1856.  —  GENERAL  COMONFORT  was  elected  president  of  Mexico. 

He  took  active  measures  against  the  clergy,  confiscating  church  property,  and 
forbidding  the  clergy  to  hold  real  estate.  He  also  promulgated  a  new  constitu- 
tion which  the  army  disapproved  of,  and  the  two  bodies  — the  army  and  the 
clergy  —  united  against  Mm  and  forced  him  to  resign  after  about  a  two-years' 
rule. 

1856,  JULY  1.  —  A  committee  appointed  by  the  House  to  in- 
quire into  the  Kansas  troubles,  reported. 

The  committee  consisted  of  John  Sherman  of  Ohio,  William  A.  Howard  of 
Michigan,  and  Mordecai  Oliver  of  Missouri.  Their  report,  with  the  testimony, 
makes  a  volume  of  twelve  hundred  pages.  In  their  opinion  the  elections  held  by 
those  desirous  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  slavery  were  not  illegal,  but  were 
attended  with  violence  on  the  part  of  those  desirous  to  introduce  slavery.  That 
the  elections  under  the  alleged  territorial  law  were  carried  by  organized  invasions 
from  Missouri;  that  the  alleged  territorial  legislature  was  illegal,  and  could  pass 
no  valid  laws;  that  the  laws  they  passed  were  intended  for  unlawful  ends ;  that 
neither  of  the  delegates  to  Congress  were  entitled  to  a  seat ;  that  no  election  could 
be  held  in  the  territory  without  a  new  census,  a  stringent  election  law,  impartial 
judges  of  election,  and  the  presence  of  United  States  troops  at  everj'  polling 
place ;  that  the  constitution  formed  by  the  convention  embodied  the  will  of  the 
majority  of  the  people.  Oliver  made  a  minority  report  asserting  the  contrary. 

1856,  JULY  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  legis- 
lature of  Kansas  to  provide  for  a  convention  to  form  a  constitu- 
tion, if  a  census  showed  that  the  state  had  sufficient  population. 

The  bill  had  been  debated  from  the  17th  of  March.  The  ratio  of  representa- 
tion showed  that  the  state  should  have  93,420  inhabitants. 

1856,  JULY  4.  —  The  legislature  of  Kansas  met  at  Topeka,  and 
were  dispersed  by  the  military  without  organizing. 

The  marshal  read  a  proclamation  from  the  President,  issued  the  February 
before,  declaring  that  the  Shawnee  Mission  legislature  would  be  supported  by  the 
whole  force  of  the  government.  Acting  Governor  Woodson  issued  a  proclama- 
tion to  the  same  effect,  and  about  two  hundred  soldiers,  under  command  of 
Colonel  Sumner,  appearing  before  the  Hall,  ordered  the  legislature  to  disperse, 
which  it  did. 

1856,  JULY. — John  W.  Geary  was  appointed  governor  of 
Kansas. 


1856.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  611 

He  arrived  there  September  9,  and  resigned  his  office  in  March,  1857,  and  was 
replaced  by  Robert  J.  Walker,  of  Mississippi ;  Frederick  P.  Stanton,  of  Tennes- 
see, being  appointed  secretary.  Mr.  Walker  resigned  the  position  December  17, 
1857,  and  Stanton  was  removed  a  few  days  before,  J.  W.  Denver  being  appointed 
in  his  place. 

1856,  NOVEMBER  12.  —  The  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  from  Quebec 
to  Toronto,  a  distance  of  eight  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  was 
opened. 

1856.  —  GOLD  was  discovered  in  New  Columbia. 

1856.  —  THE  Dudley  Observatory  was  built  at  Albany,  New 
York. 

It  was  erected  at  the  expense  of  the  widow  of  Charles  E.  Dudley.  She  con- 
tributed seventy  thousand  dollars  for  this  purpose.  It  was  intended  as  a  monu- 
ment in  memory  of  her  husband,  who  had  been  greatly  interested  in  astronomy, 
and  desirous  of  doing  something  to  further  its  study  in  the  country. 

1856.  —  A  PATENT  was  issued  for  a  process  of  "  condensing 
milk." 

It  was  issued  to  Gail  Borden,  Jr. 

1856.  —  A  WIRE  suspension-bridge  across  the  Mississippi  was 
built  at  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

It  was  the  first  bridge  over  the  Mississippi. 

1856.  —  THE  first  experiments  with  the  Bessemer  process  for 
the  production  of  steel  was  made  at  the  Philipsburg  furnace,  in 
Warren  County,  New  Jersey. 

The  iron  used  was  obtained  from  a  mine  at  Andover,  in  Sussex  County,  which 
was  opened  before  the  Revolution,  and  during  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the 
government,  the  company  being  principally  Tories.  After  the  war,  the  mine  was 
abandoned,  and  in  1817  was  bought  by  Mr.  Hewitt,  who,  with  Peter  Cooper,  of 
New  York,  has  worked  it  since. 

1853-57.  —  TWELFTH  administration. 

President,  Franklin  Pierce,  of  New  Hampshire. 

f  William  R.  King,  of  Alabama.     Died  April  18,  1853. 
Vice-President,  j  David  R.  Atchison,  of  Missouri. 

[  Jesse  D.  Bright,  of  Indiana. 

Secretary  of  State,  William  L.  Marcy,  of  New  York,  March.  5,  1853. 

Secretary  of  Treasury,     James  Guthrie,  of  Kentucky,  March  5,  1853. 
Secretary  of  War,  Jefferson  Davis,  of  Mississippi,  March  5,  1853. 

Secretary  of  Navy,  James  C.  Dobbin,  of  North  Carolina,  March  5,  1853. 

Secretary  of  Interior,       Robert  McClelland,  of  Michigan,  March  5,  1853. 
Postmaster-General,          James  Campbell,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  5,  1853. 
Attorney-General,  Caleb  Cushing,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1853. 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Linn  Boyd,  of  Kentucky. 

N.  P.  Banks,  of  Massachusetts. 


612  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1857. 

1857,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  public  debt  of  the  United  States 
amounted  to  twenty-eight  million,  six  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1857,  JANUARY.  —  The  laws  of  Rhode  Island  were  revised. 

Land  was  made  subject  to  attachment  for  debt,  which  it  had  not  been  before, 
except  in  cases  where  the  owner  was  absent  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  state. 

1857,  JANUARY  3.  —  Harper's  Weekly,  a  Journal  of  Civilization, 
appeared  in  New  York  city. 

Its  first  editor  was  Theodore  Sedgewick. 

1857.  —  A  CONSTITUTIONAL  convention  was  held  in  Oregon,  and 
prepared  a  constitution,  which  was  submitted  to  the  people,  and 
accepted  by  them. 

It  prohibited  slavery. 

1857,  JANUARY  6.  —  The  free  state  legislature  met  at  Topeka, 
Kansas. 

There  was  not  a  quorum  present,  and  they  adjourned.  Seven  of  the  members 
were  arrested  by  the  marshal,  under  a  writ  issued  by  Judge  Cato,  and  were  bound 
over  under  their  own  bonds. 

1857,  JANUARY  12.  —  The  territorial  legislature  of  Kansas  met 
at  Lecompton,  and  provided  for  a  convention  to  frame  a  consti- 
tution on  the  1st  of  September. 

No  one  was  to  vote  who  had  not  been  in  the  territory  on  or  before  the  15th  of 
March. 

1857,  FEBRUARY  26.  —  Congress  authorized  the  people  of 
Minnesota  to  form  a  state  government. 

1857.  —  THE  United  States  Agricultural  Society  held  a  com- 
petition of  reapers  and  mowers  at  Syracuse. 

More  than  forty  reapers  competed.  Only  three  could  start  in  fine  grass  with- 
out backing  to  get  up  speed. 

1857,  MARCH  6.  —  The  Dred  Scott  decision  was  given  by  the 
Supreme  Court. 

Scott  was  a  slave  who  was  taken  by  his  master  from  Missouri  to  Illinois, 
where  he  remained  about  two  years,  and  then  taken  back  again  to  Missouri,  sued 
for  his  freedom,  since  Illinois  by  its  constitution  prohibited  slavery.  Chief  Jus- 
tice Taney  gave  the  decision  of  the  majority  of  the  Supreme  Court,  where  the  case 
had  been  brought  on  appeal.  The  decision  said:  "Every  person,  and  every 
class  and  description  of  persons,  who  were  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution recognized  as  citizens  of  the  several  states,  became  also  citizens  of  this 
new  political  body ;  but  none  other ;  it  was  formed  by  them,  and  for  them  and 
their  posterity ;  but  for  no  one  else.  .  .  .  The  legislation  and  histories  of  the 
times,  and  the  language  used  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  show  that 
neither  the  class  of  persons  who  had  been  imported  as  slaves,  nor  their  descend- 
ants, whether  they  had  become  free  or  not,  were  then  acknowledged  as  a  part  of 
the  people,  nor  intended  to  be  included  in  the  general  words  used  in  that  mem- 
orable instrument.  They  had  for  more  than  a  century  been  regarded  as  beings 


1857.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

of  an  inferior  order,  and  altogether  unfit  to  associate  with  the  white  race,  either 
in  moral  or  political  relations  ;  and  so  far  inferior,  that  they  had  no  rights  which 
the  white  man  was  bound  to  respect;  and  that  the  negro  might  justly  and  lawfully 
be  reduced  to  slavery  for  his  benefit."  Justices  Curtis  and  McLean  dissented 
from  this  decision,  maintaining  "  that  by  taking  the  plaintiff  into  the  state  of 
Illinois,  where  slavery  is  prohibited  by  a  constitutional  law  of  the  state,  he  be- 
came free ;  and  if  he  became  free  in  the  state,  he  continued  free  in  the  territory, 
since  no  law  in  force  there  operated  to  remand  him  to  his  original  condition." 

1857,  MAY  11. — A  noUe  prosequi  was  entered  on  the  indict- 
ments for  treason  against  Governor  Robinson  and  the  members 
of  the  Topeka  legislature  of  Kansas. 

Robinson  was  afterwards  tried  before  Judge  Cato  on  a  charge  of  usurping  the 
office,  and  was  acquitted. 

1857,  MAY  13.  —  The  agricultural  college  of  Michigan  was 
opened  to  students. 

1857,  JUNE  9.  —  The  Topeka  legislature,  in  Kansas,  assembled. 

They  provided  for  taking  a  census,  and  appointed  an  election  for  state  officers 
in  August.  A  convention  met  and  made  nominations  on  July  15. 

1857,  JUNE  15.  —  An  election  took  place  in  Kansas  to  elect 
delegates  to  the  constitutional  convention. 

A  partial  census  had  been  taken,  and  the  free-state  men  refused  to  vote. 
Only  about  two  thousand  votes  were  cast. 

1857,  AUGUST  24. —  A  commercial  panic,  commencing  in  New 
York,  spread  through  the  country,  leading  to  a  general  suspen- 
sion of  specie  payments. 

It  began  with  the  suspension  in  New  York  city  of  the  Ohio  Life  and  Mutual 
Trust  Company.  The  failures  of  commercial  houses  were  five  thousand  one 
hundred  and  twenty-three. 

1857.  —  CONGRESS  added  the  nickel  cent  to  the  coinage. 

It  was  to  replace  the  copper  cents,  which  were  no  more  to  be  coined.  The 
new  coin  is  composed  of  eighty-eight  per  cent,  of  copper  and  twelve  of  nickel. 

1857,  AUGUST  28. — Telegraph  despatches  were  received  in 
New  York  from  London  by  the  Atlantic  telegraph. 

On  the  1st  of  September  public  rejoicings  were  had  in  New  York,  but  the  first 
messages  were  the  only  intelligible  ones  received. 

1857,  SEPTEMBER  12.  —  The  banks  of  Philadelphia  suspended. 

1857,  SEPTEMBER  13.  —  The  banks  of  the  South  and  West,  with 
the  exception  of  those  in  New  Orleans,  suspended.  This  day 
and  the  next  the  New  York  banks,  except  one,  suspended,  and 
the  New  England  banks  did  the  same. 

As  the  constitution  of  New.  York  forbade  the  legislature  from  passing  a  law 
allowing  a  bank  suspension,  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  agreed  to  not  grant 
any  injunction  against  the  banks,  unless  there  should  be  evidence  of  fraud.  The 
banks  of  New  York  and  New  England  resumed  in  December.  The  legislature  of 


614  ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA.  [1857-8. 

Pennsylvania  permitted  the  banks  of  that  state  to  remain  suspended  until  May. 
Four  of  the  nine  banks  in  New  Orleans  suspended  for  a  few  days.  The  failures 
tills  year  were  estimated  at  five  thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  in  this 
country  and  Canada,  with  liabilities  amounting  to  two  hundred  and  ninety- nine 
million  eight  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1857.  —  IT  was  officially  asserted  by  the  United  States  attor- 
ney-general that  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  could  renounce 
his  citizenship. 

1857,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  constitutional  convention  at  Lecomp- 
ton  prepared  a  constitution. 

It  affirmed  the  right  of  slaveholders  to  hold  their  slaves ;  prohibited  laws  for 
the  emancipation  of  slaves  without  the  consent  of  the  owners,  or  their  compensa- 
tion. It  also  forbade  the  passage  of  laws  preventing  emigrants  from  bringing 
slaves  with  them.  The  slavery  sections  were  to  be  submitted  to  the  people 
separately  in  December.  The  ballots  were  to  be  indorsed  "Constitution  with 
slavery,"  or  "  Constitution  with  no  slavery."  The  vote  stood  respectively  G 143 
and  569.  The  constitution  prohibited  amendments  before  18G4. 

1857.  —  THE  making  of  watches  by  machinery  was  perfected 
about  this  time. 

A  beginning  was  made  in  1850,  but  it  was  years  before  a  perfect  success  was 
reached. 

1857.  —  THE  legislature  of  New  York  passed  an  act  for  the 
establishment  of  a  metropolitan  police,  which  should  possess 
constabulary  powers  in  the  various  counties. 

The  organization  of  a  day  police  is  of  comparatively  recent  date  in  this  country, 
and  in  the  beginning  the  police  force  was  entirely  municipal.  After  opposition, 
the  change  was  found  to  be  so  advantageous  that  the  other  large  cities  have  fol- 
lowed the  example  of  New  York.  The  change  was  at  first  resisted,  but  the 
matter  being  brought  before  the  court,  it  decided  in  favor  of  the  new  police. 

1857.  —  THE  legislature  authorized  the  removal  of  the  quaran- 
tine from  Castleton,  Staten  Island,  to  S'equine's  Point,  still  further 
on  the  island. 

A  few  days  after  the  transfer,  a  mob  burned  all  the  buildings.  New  ones  were 
put  up,  again  burned,  and  the  site  was  abandoned. 

1857,  DECEMBER  8.  —  An  expedition  under  General  William 
Walker,  at  G-reytown,  Nicaragua,  surrendered  to  a  force  sent  by 
Commodore  Paulding  of  the  home  squadron. 

Commodore  Paulding  acted  upon  his  own  authority ;  his  action  put  an  end  to 
Walker's  intended  invasion  of  Nicaragua. 

1857,  DECEMBER  23.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved  for 
the  issue  of  treasury  notes. 

The  amount  was  not  to  exceed  twenty  millions  of  dollars,  and  the  rate  of  in- 
terest six  per  cent.,  and  the  denomination  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars. 

1858,  JANUARY  4.  —  An  election  was  held  in  Kansas  under  the 
Lecompton  constitution. 

The  officers  reported  an  election,  which  was  denied  by  the  president  of  the 


1858.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  615 

convention,  and  charges  of  gross  fraud  were  made,  which  were  sustained  by  the 
ex-governor  Stanton  in  an  address  "to  the  people  of  the  United  States,"  on  Jan- 
uary 29,  1858. 

1858,  JANUARY  11.  —  General  Zuloaga  was  elected  president 
of  Mexico. 

Comonfort  had  retired  from  the  position.  Benito  Juarez  asserted  his  claims  to 
the  position,  but  was  defeated  by  Zuloaga,  and,  retiring  to  Vera  Cruz,  organized 
a  provisional  government  there. 

1858,  JANUARY.  —  The  Boston  Public  Library  was  opened. 

1858.  —  THE  Mormons  submitted  to  the  Federal  authority,  and 
allowed  Federal  troops  to  be  quartered  in  Utah  valley. 

The  President  pardoned  all  who  had  taken  part  in  the  resistance  to  Federal 
authority. 

1858,  FEBRUARY  2.  —  The  President  submitted  to  Congress  the 
constitution  adopted  by  the  convention  for  Kansas. 

In  his  accompanying  message  he  says  :  "Kansas  is,  therefore,  at  this  moment, 
as  much  a  slave  state  as  Georgia  or  South  Carolina."  As  slavery  could  only  be 
prohibited  by  a  constitutional  provision,  he  advised  that  she  should  be  "promptly 
admitted  to  the  Union.  To  reject  the  state  because  slavery  remains  in  the  con- 
stitution will  renew  the  agitation  in  a  more  alarming  form ;  whereas,  her  speedy 
admission  will  restore  peace  and  quiet  to  the  whole  country."  The  House  re- 
ferred the  constitution  on  the  8th  to  a  select  committee  of  fifteen ;  the  Senate  to 
the  committee  on  territories. 

1858,  MARCH  25.  —  A  convention  to  form  a  constitution  for 
Kansas  met  at  Mineola,  and  adjourned  to  Leavenworth. 

It  had  been  called  by  the  territorial  legislature  in  February.  The  election  for 
the  delegates  was  held  March  9.  Governor  Denver  did  not  recognize  the  conven- 
tion. The  constitution  provided  for  its  submission  to  the  people  on  the  3d  of 
May,  and  also  that  if  Kansas  was  admitted  to  the  Union  under  the  Lecompton 
constitution,  this  constitution,  as  soon  as  it  was  ratified  by  the  people,  should  go 
into  force. 

1858,  APRIL  30.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  conditionally 
admit  Kansas  to  the  Union. 

Portions  of  the  public  lands  were  to  be  granted  her  for  public  schools,  for  a 
university,  for  erecting  public  buildings,  and  building  her  roads,  should  the  people 
vote  to  accept  these  propositions  at  an  election  at  which  the  ballots  should  be  in- 
dorsed, "For  proposition  of  Congress  and  admission,"  or  "  Against  proposition 
of  Congress  and  admission."  If  accepted,  the  President  to  proclaim  the  admis- 
sion; if  rejected,  a  state  government  not  to  be  formed  until  the  census  showed 
the  population  was  equal  to  the  required  ratio  of  population. 

1858,  MAY  11.  —  Minnesota  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1858,  JUNE  14.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved,  author- 
izing a  loan  of  twenty  millions  of  dollars. 

It  was  to  bear  five  per  cent,  interest,  and  not  to  be  issued  "at  less  than  its  par 
value,"  nor  in  certificates  of  less  than  a  thousand  dollars  each. 


616  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1858-9. 

1858,  JUNE  18.  —  A  commercial  treaty  between  China  and  the 
United  States  was  concluded. 

By  the  treaty  China  allowed  foreigners  to  travel  in  China,  recognized  foreign 
ministers,  opened  four  new  ports,  tolerated  Christianity,  and  protected  missionaries. 

1858,  AUGUST  2. —  At  the  election  in  Kansas,  the  Lecompton 
constitution  was  rejected. 

The  vote  stood  for  accepting  the  proposition,  1788;  for  rejecting  it,  11,088. 

1858,  DECEMBER.  —  Governor  Denver,  of  Kansas,  resigned  the 
position,  and  Samuel  Medary,  of  Ohio,  was  appointed  to  it. 

1858.  —  GOLD  was  discovered  at  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 

In  1860  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  quartz-mills  are  said  to  have  been  in 
operation  in  the  territory,  and  the  yield  of  gold  was  estimated  at  four  millions. 

1859,  JANUARY  6.  —  General  Miramon  was  nominated  presi- 
dent of  Mexico  by  the  junta. 

On  the  10th  of  April  he  entered  the  City  of  Mexico,  and  assumed  the  office. 
Juarez  and  Zuloaga  had  been  contending  for  the  position  during  the  year  past, 
and  on  Miramon's  nomination  Zuloaga  resigned  his  claim. 

1859,  FEBRUARY  14.  —  Oregon  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 
1859,  JULY  13.  — Juarez  confiscated  the  property  of  the  chuch. 

He  was  at  the  head  of  the  liberal  party  of  Mexico. 

1859,  AUGUST  26.  —  Petroleum  oil  was  obtained  at  Titusville, 
on  Oil  Creek.  Pennsylvania. 

It  was  obtained  by  Bowditch  and  Drake,  at  the  depth  of  seventy-one  feet,  by 
boring. 

1859,  AUGUST.  —  Thomas  Gibson  commenced  at  Mountain  City, 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Rocky  Mountain  Gold  Reporter. 

1859,  OCTOBER  16.  —  The  village  of  Harper's  Ferry  was  cap- 
tured by  a  party  of  men  under  the  leadership  of  John  Brown, 
of  Ossawatomie,  Kansas. 

The  object  of  the  capture  was  to  hold  the  place  as  a  refuge  for  fugitive  slaves. 
Brown  had  been  a  leader  in  the  free-state  movement  in  Kansas.  The  next  day  he 
and  such  of  his  party  as  remained  took  refuge,  with  his  prisoners,  in  an  engine- 
house,  where  they  were  captured  by  Colonel  Lee  with  a  band  of  marines.  Brown 
was  tried  for  treason,  and  executed  December  2,  1859. 

1859.  —  AT  a  fair  of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society  at 
Freeport,  a  steam-plough  was  recommended  for  the  first  prize  by 
the  committee. 

It  was  a  plough  which  had  been  patented  by  Joseph  W.  Fawkes,  of  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania. 

1859,  NOVEMBER  24.  —  A  commercial  treaty  between  the 
United  States  and  Japan  was  concluded. 


1859-60.]  ANNALS   OP  NORTH  AMERICA.  617 

1859,  DECEMBER  21.  —  The   liberal   party   in   Mexico,  under 
General  Colima,  were  defeated  by  Miramon. 

1857-1861.  —  THIRTEENTH  administration. 

President,  James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania. 

Vice-President,  John  C.  Breckenridge,  of  Kentucky. 

f  Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan,  March  6,  1857. 
Secretaries  of  State,        (  Jcremiah  s.  Black,  of  Pennsylvania,  Dec.  15,  1860. 

r  Howcll  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  March  6,  1857. 
Secretaries  of  Treasury,  \  Philip  F.  Thomas,  of  Maryland,  December  11,  1860. 

I  John  A.  Dix,  of  New  York,  January  11,  1861. 

f  John  B.  Floyd,  of  Virginia,  March  6,  1857. 
Secretaries  of  War,          |  Jogcph  Holtj  of  Kcntucky>  December  30,  I860. 

Secretary  of  Navy,  Isaac  Toucey,  of  Connecticut,  March  6,  1857. 

Secretary  of  Interior,         Jacob  Thompson,  of  Mississippi,  March  6,  1857 ;  re- 
signed January  8,  1861. 

r  Aaron  V.  Brown,  of  Tennessee,  March  6,  1857. 
Postmasters-General,       \  Joseph  Holt,  of  Kentucky,  July,  1859. 

I  Horatio  King,  of  Maine,  February  12,  1861. 

r  Jeremiah  S.  Black,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  6,  1857. 
Attorneys-General,          |  Edw}n  M>  Stanton>  of  Ohio>  December,  1860. 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 
James  L.  Orr,  of  South  Carolina. 
William  Pennington,  of  New  Jersey. 

1860,  MARCH  5.  —  Miramon  besieged  Yera  Cruz. 

He  raised  the  siege  on  the  21st. 

1860,  MAY  10.  —  The  Morrill  tariff  passed  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

It  passed  the  Senate  after  the  withdrawal  of  the  southern  senators,  and  was 
approved  March  2,  1801.  It  was  protective,  the  duties  being  high  and  specific. 

1860,  JUNE  22. —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved,  authoriz- 
ing a  loan  of  twenty-one  millions  of  dollars  for  the  redemption 
of  outstanding  treasury  notes. 

The  stock  issued  was  to  bear  six  per  cent,  interest ;  the  certificates  to  be  for 
not  less  than  one  thousand  dollars  each,  and  not  to  be  disposed  of  for  less  than 
par  value. 

1860,  JUNE. — The  New  York  World  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  edited  by  Alexander  Cummings  and  James  R.  Spaulding,  and  intended 
as  a  religious  daily  paper.  Its  want  of  success  obliged  its  proprietors  to  sell  it, 
and  finally  it  passed  entirely  into  the  possession  of  Manton  Marble. 

1860,  JULY.  —  The  Prince  of  Wales  visited  the  United  States ; 
and  during  the  year  an  embassy  from  Japan. 

1860,  AUGUST  10.  —  The  liberal  party  in  Mexico  under  Degol- 
lado  defeated  Miramon. 

Degollado  assumed  the  government,  but  was  soon  forced  to  abandon  it.  His 
rule  was  so  arbitrary  that  the  popular  discontent  forced  him  to  this  course. 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1860-1. 

1860,  DECEMBER  17.  —  Ten  millions  in  treasury  notes  were 
autliprized  by  Congress. 

They  were  in  denomination  not  less  than  fifty  dollars,  and  to  draw  six  per  cent, 
interest,  and  be  receivable  for  all  dues  to  the  United  States. 

One  half  of  them  were  taken  at  eighty-eight;  the  latter  part  of  the  issue 
brought  ninety. 

I860.  —  BEFORE  the  end  of  this  year  the  borings  for  petroleum 
were  estimated  at  about  two  thousand. 

Wells  were  sunk  five  or  six  hundred  feet,  and  a  single  one  has  yielded  three 
thousand  barrels  a  day. 

1860,  DECEMBER  20.  —  The  convention  of  South  Carolina  passed 
the  secession  ordinance. 

The  convention  met  on  the  17th.  It  had  been  called  by  the  state  legislature. 
The  ordinance,  as  follows,  was  passed  unanimously  :  "An  ordinance  to  dissolve 
the  union  between  the  state  of  South  Carolina  and  other  states  united  with  her 
under  the  compact  entitled  '  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America.' 
We,  the  people  of  the  state  of  South  Carolina,  in  convention  assembled,  do  de- 
clare and  ordain,  and  it  is  hereby  declared  and  ordained : 

"  That  the  ordinance  adopted  by  us,  in  convention,  on  the  twenty-third  day  of 
May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-eight, 
whereby  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America  was  ratified,  and  also 
all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  of  the  general  assembly  of  this  state,  ratifying  amend- 
ments of  the  said  Constitution,  are  hereby  repealed,  and  that  the  union  now  sub- 
sisting between  South  Carolina  and  other  states,  under  the  name  of  '  The  United 
States  of  America,'  is  hereby  dissolved."  On  the  24th,  the  convention  issued  a 
Declaration  of  Independence  of  South  Carolina. 

The  southern  states  passed  secession  ordinances  in  the  following  order :  Mis- 
sissippi, January  9,  1861;  Florida,  January  10;  Alabama,  January  11;  Georgia, 
January  19;  Louisiana,  January  26;  North  Carolina,  January  30;  Texas,  Feb- 
ruary 1 ;  Virginia,  April  17 ;  Arkansas,  May  6.  North  Carolina  voted  to  submit 
the  question  to  the  people ;  but,  reassembling  May  20,  accepted  it,  and  refused  to 
submit  it  to  the  people.  Texas  voted  to  submit  the  question  to  the  people,  and 
on  March  4  was  declared  by  proclamation  to  be  out  of  the  Union.  Virginia  re- 
fused, April  4,  to  submit  the  question  to  the  people ;  but  at  its  acceptance  voted 
to  do  so,  and  such  a  vote  was  cast  June  25.  Arkansas,  April  14,  voted  to  submit 
the  question  to  the  people  on  August  3 ;  but,  .reassembling,  passed  it  May  6. 
May  20,  Governor  Magoffin  proclaimed  Kentucky  neutral.  Missouri  assumed 
also  a  similar  position.  On  June  12,  Governor  Jackson  issued  a  proclamation 
calling  for  fifty  thousand  militia,  "  to  repel  invasion,"  and  fled  to  the  south.  The 
Tennessee  legislature  passed  a  declaration  of  independence,  to  be  submitted  to 
the  people,  and  on  June  24  Governor  Harris  proclaimed  her  out  of  the  Union. 
On  the  21st  of  June,  1861,  however,  a  Union  convention  was  held  at  Greenville, 
East  Tennessee,  which  issued  a  declaration  of  grievances. 

1860.  —  THE  eighth  census  of  the  United  States  was  taken. 

The  population  was  found  to  be  31,443,332.  The  immigration  to  the  United 
States  from  foreign  countries,  as  stated  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  amounted  to 
about  5,312,414. 


1860-1.]  ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  619 

1860.  —  DURING  this  year,  work  upon  the  Central  Park  at  New 
York  was  sufficiently  advanced  for  it  to  be  opened  to  the  public. 

The  idea  of  a  public  park  was  first  suggested  by  the  mayor  of  New  York,  in 
1851 ;  the  bill  for  the  purchase  of  the  ground  was  passed  by  the  legislature  in 
1853,  and  a  commission  appointed,  who  reported  in  1855 ;  and  in  1856  the  plan 
was  adopted,  and  work  commenced.  To  the  admirable  manner  in  which  the  work 
has  been  carried  through  to  completion  may  be  ascribed  the  movement,  now  so 
general  throughout  all  the  cities  of  the  country,  for  providing  themselves  with 
similar  appliances  for  the  healthy  recreation  of  the  people. 

1861,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  public  debt  amounted  to  ninety  mil- 
lion five  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

The  uncertainty  of  affairs,  and  the  evident  need  that  the  government  would 
have  of  large  sums  of  money,  affected  its  credit. 

1861,  JANUARY  9.  —  The  "  Star  of  the  West,"  sent  to  reinforce 
General  Anderson  and  his  command  at  Fort  Sumter,  South 
Carolina,  was  fired  upon  from  Morris  Island,  and  obliged  to 
return  to  New  York. 

1861,  JANUARY  19.  —  Juarez  was  elected  again  president  of 

Mexico. 

1861,  JANUARY  30. — Kansas  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

1861.  —  A  BILL  prohibiting  slavery  in  the  territory  was  passed 
by  the  legislature  of  Nebraska  over  the  governor's  veto. 

1861,  FEBRUARY  4.  —  The  Confederate  congress  met  at  Mont- 
gomery, Alabama,  and  elected  Jefferson  Davis  and  Alexander  H. 
Stephens  president  and  vice-president  of  the  Confederate  States. 

They  were  inaugurated  February  18.  On  the  24th  of  May  the  congress  ad- 
journed to  meet  July  20,  at  Richmond,  Virginia. 

1861.  —  THE  failures  during  this  year  were  five  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  thirty-five,  with  liabilities  of  one  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-eight million  six  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1861,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved  for  a 
loan  by  the  United  States  of  twenty-five  millions  of  dollars. 

It  was  to  bear  six  per  cent,  interest ;  no  certificate  to  be  for  less  than  a  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  furnished  with  coupons  for  semi-yearly  interest,  and  transferable 
on  delivery,  without  being  transferred  on  the  books  of  the  treasury. 

1861,  MARCH  2. — ,  Colorado  and  Dakota  were  organized  as  ter- 
ritories. 

1861,  MARCH  2. —  Nevada  was  organized  into  a  territory,  with 
Carson  City  as  the  capital. 

1861,  MARCH.  —  The  Confederate  congress  adopted  for  the  flag 
of  the  Confederacy  the  "  stars  and  bars." 

It  was  composed  of  three  horizontal  bars  of  equal  width,  the  middle  one  white, 
and  the  others  red ;  the  union  was  blue,  with  a  circle  of  nine  white  stars.  It  was 


620  ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  [1861. 

changed,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  American  flag,  in  September,  18C1,  when  a 
battle-flag  was  adopted,  consisting  of  a  red  ground,  with  a  blue  saltier,  with  a 
narrow  border  of  white  and  thirteen  white  stars.  In  1863,  the  "  stars  and  bars  " 
were  supplanted  by  a  white  field,  with  the  battle-flag  as  a  union.  On  February  4, 
1865,  the  outer  half  of  the  field  beyond  the  union  was  covered  with  a  vertical 
red  bar. 

1861.  —  GOLD  was  discovered  in  Nova  Scotia. 

1861,  MARCH  2. —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved,  author- 
izing a  loan  for  ten  millions  of  dollars,  for  the  redemption  of  out- 
standing treasury  notes. 

It  was  to  bear  six  per  cent,  interest ;  the  certificates  to  be  of  not  less  than  a 
thousand  dollars  each,  and  not  to  be  sold  for  less  than  par  value. 

1861,  MARCH  12.  —  The  President  declined  to  receive  the 
commissioners  from  the  Confederate  States. 

1861,  APRIL  12.  —  An  attack  was  made  on  Fort  Sumter  in 
Charleston  harbor. 

Batteries  had  been  erected  bearing  on  it.  It  was  surrendered  after  the  barracks 
had  been  set  on  fire.  Unsuccessful  attempts  had  been  made  to  reinforce  the  gar- 
rison, which  General  Anderson  in  command  had  transferred  December  26,  1860, 
to  Fort  Sumter  from  Fort  Moultrie,  when  this  last  had  been  commanded  by  bat- 
teries erected  by  the  Confederates.  The  fort  had  been  bombarded  two  days.  The 
expedition  for  his  reinforcement  reached  the  offing  during  the  bombardment,  but 
were  unable  to  get  nearer.  General  Anderson  and  his  garrison  embarked  for 
New  York  on  the  day  of  the  surrender. 

1861,  APRIL  15.  —  The  President  called  for  seventy-five  thou- 
sand men  to  volunteer  in  re-establisWing  the  Federal  authority 
over  the  rebellious  states. 

1861,  APRIL  17. — Jefferson  Davis  announced  his  intention  to 
issue  letters  of  marque. 

1861,  APRIL  18.  —  Harper's  Ferry  was  burned  and  evacuated. 

The  civil  war  was  inaugurated.  A  Confederate  force  threatened  it,  and  Lieu- 
tenant Jones,  in  command,  felt  unable  to  hold  it.  The  arsenal,  work-shops,  naval 
stores,  and  nine  ships  were  burned.  The  Confederates  took  possession  of  it  on 
the  21st. 

1861,  APRIL  19.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  that 
Confederate  privateers  should  be  treated  as  pirates. 
This  proclamation  was  not  carried  out. 

1861,  APRIL  19.  — The  President  declared  the  Southern  ports 
blockaded. 

The  navy  at  the  time  consisted  of  ninety  vessels,  of  which  forty-two  were  in 
commission.  During  the  war,  many  vessels  were  successful  in  running  the 
blockade.  The  blockading  fleet  captured  eleven  hundred  and  forty-three  vessels, 
valued  at  twenty-four  million  five  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  destroyed  three 
hundred  and  fifty-five,  valued  at  seven  million  dollars. 


1861.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  621 

1861,  APRIL  19.  —  The  Sixth  Regiment,  of  Massachusetts,  were 
mobbed  in  Baltimore  on  their  passage  towards  Washington. 

1861,  APRIL  20.  —  Gosport  navy-yard  was  burned. 

It  was  burned  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Confederates. 

1861,  MAY.  —  General  Butler,  in  command  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
detained  three  slaves  belonging  to  the  commander  of  the  Vir- 
ginia troops,  on  the  ground  that  they  were  contraband  of  war. 

They  had  been  demanded,  by  a  flag  of  truce,  under  the  fugitive  slave  law.  The 
government  sustained  General  Butler's  position. 

1861,  MAY  3.  —  The  President  called  for  forty-two  thousand 
men. 

They  were  to  enlist  for  three  years  or  the  war. 

1861,  MAY  13.  — The  Queen  of  England  issued  a  proclamation 
of  neutrality  between  the  contending  parties  in  the  United 
States. 

It  recognized  the  Confederates  as  belligerents. 

1861,  MAY  13.  —  A  convention  held  at  Wheeling,  West  Vir- 
ginia, declared  for  the  Union. 

On  the  20th  of  June  the  people  elected  a  governor,  who  was  acknowledged 
June  26. 

1861,  MAY  20. —  By  order  from  the  government  at  Washing- 
ton, the  telegraphic  despatches  were  seized  throughout  the  offices 
in  the  Northern  states. 

1861,  JUNE  1.  —  Postal  communication  with  the  Confederacy 
was  closed. 

The  counties  of  West  Virginia  were  still  open.  Letters  mailed  were  sent  to 
the  dead-letter  office. 

1861,  JUNE  4.  —  The  erection  of  the  buildings  for  Vassar  Col- 
lege was  commenced  at  Poughkeepsie,  New  York. 

It  was  built  and  endowed  by  Matthew  Vassar  as  a  college  for  women.  A 
charter  for  it  had  been  granted  by  the  legislature  in  February. 

1861,  JUNE  10.  — The  battle  of  Big  Bethel,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Union  forces  were  repulsed. 

1861,  JUNE  17.  —  The  battle  of  Booneville,  Missouri,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  were  driven  back. 

1861,  JUNE  25.—  A  patent  was  granted  A.  K.  Eaton  for  a 
process  of  converting  iron  into  steel,  and  hardening  steel. 

1861,  JUNE  30.  —  The  Mexican  congress  made  Juarez  dictator 
of  Mexico. 


622  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1861. 

1861,  JULY  6.  —  The  battle  of  Carthage,  Missouri,  took  place. 

The  Union  forces  were  driven  back. 

1861,  JULY  11.  —  The  battle  of  Rich  Mountain,  West  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

It  was  renewed  on  the  13th.    The  Confederates  were  driven  back. 

1861,  JULY  17.  —  Congress,  at  an  extra  session,  passed  an  act 
authorizing  a  national  loan  for  $250,000,000. 

For  the  loan,  coupon  or  registered  bonds,  or  treasury  notes,  were  to  be  issued. 
The  bonds  to  bear  seven  per  cent,  interest,  and  the  treasury  notes,  of  not  less 
than  fifty  dollars  each,  interest  at  the  rate  of  seven  and  three-tenths  per  cent. ;  or 
the  treasury  might  issue  notes  of  a  less  denomination  than  fifty  dollars,  bearing 
no  interest,  or  notes  bearing  interest  at  three  and  sixty-five  hundredths  per  cent. 
Provided  that  no  such  note  should  be  for  less  than  ten  dollars,  and  that  the 
amount  so  issued  should  not  exceed  fifty  millions  of  dollars. 

There  were  about  sixteen  hundred  banks  in  the  country.  Their  circulation, 
January  1,  was  estimated  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  at  $202,000,767;  "  of 
this  circulation  $150,000,000  in  round  numbers  was  in  the  loyal  states;  §50,000- 
000  in  the  rebellious  states." 

1861,  JULY  17.  —  The  Mexican  congress  resolved  to  suspend 
for  two  years  payment  to  foreign  nations. 

England  and  France,  in  consequence  of  this  action,  broke  off  all  diplomatic 
relations  with  Mexico. 

1861,  JULY  18.  —  The  battle  of  Centreville,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1861,  JULY  21. — The  first  battle  at  Manassas  Junction,  Vir- 
ginia, was  fought. 

The  Federal  troops  were  defeated. 

1861,  JULY  21.  — The  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Virginia,  was  fought. 

The  Federal  troops  were  defeated.  During  this  month  General  George  B. 
McClellan  was  put  in  command  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  commenced  to 
organize  and  discipline  it. 

1861,  JULY  22.  —  General  McClellan  succeeded  General 
McDowell  in  command  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac. 

1861,  JULY  26. — General  Fremont  entered  on  command  of 
Western  Missouri. 

1861,  JULY.  —  Steel  rifled  cannon  were  made  by  Norman 
Wiard. 

They  were  made  at  the  Trenton  "Wiard  Ordnance  Works,  and  were  the  first 
steel  cannon  made  in  the  United  States.  Three  batteries  were  delivered  July  4. 

1861,  AUGUST  5.  —  The  battle  of  Athens,  Missouri,  took  place. 

The  Federals  were  successful. 


1861.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  623 

1861,  AUGUST  5.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved  supple- 
mentary to  the  act  authorizing  a  national  loan. 

By  this  act  the  treasury  notes  issued  might  be  of  a  denomination  not  less  than 
five  dollars ;  and  such  notes,  payable  on  demand,  without  interest,  not  exceeding 
fifty  millions  of  dollars,  "  shall  be  receivable  in  payment  of  public  dues." 

1861,  AUGUST  6.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved,  "  to  con- 
fiscate property  used  for  insurrectionary  purposes." 

It  was  denned  in  a  circular  from  the  secretary  of  state,  which  said  :  "  No  prop- 
erty is  confiscated  or  subject  to  forfeiture  except  such  as  is  in  transit,  or  provided 
for  transit,  to  or  from  insurrectionary  states,  or  used  for  the  promotion  of  the 
insurrection." 

1861,  AUGUST  10.  —  The  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  Missouri, 
was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  defeated.     General  Lyon  was  killed. 

1861,  AUGUST  16.  —  The  passport  system  was  introduced  into 
the  Northern  States. 

1861,  AUGUST  29.  —  Fort  Hatteras,  North  Carolina,  was  cap- 
tured. 

The  land  forces  of  the  expedition  were  under  the  command  of  General  Butler, 
and  the  naval  force  under  Commodore  Stringham. 

1861,  AUGUST  31. —  General  Fremont  proclaimed  martial  law 
in  Missouri. 

He  also  declared  freedom  for  the  slaves  of  those  in  arms  against  the  govern- 
ment. It  was  modified  by  the  President  in  accordance  with  the  act  of  August  6. 
Fremont  was  removed  November  2. 

1861,  SEPTEMBER  10. —The  battle  of  Carnifex  Ferry,  West 
Virginia,  took  place. 

The  Confederates  retreated. 

1861,  SEPTEMBER  21.  —  Lexington,  Missouri,  was  captured  by 
the  Confederates. 

1861,  OCTOBER  8.  — Fort  Pickens,  Santa  Rosa  Island,  Florida, 
was  attacked  by  the  Confederates. 

They  were  finally  repulsed. 

1861,  OCTOBER  21.  — The  battle  of  Ball's  Bluff,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  were  routed. 

1861,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  General  George  B.  McClellan  was  made 
commander-in-chief. 

General  Scott  retired  from  the  position. 

1861,  NOVEMBER  7.  — The  battle  of  Belmont,  Mississippi,  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  were  forced  to  retreat. 


624  ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  [1861-2. 

1861,  NOVEMBER  7.  —  An  expedition  captured  Fort  Walker  on 
Hilton  Head,  South  Carolina,  aud  Fort  Beauregard  on  the  Broad 
River. 

The  land  forces  were  in  command  of  General  Thomas  W.  Sherman,  and  the 
naval  forces  under  Commodore  Dupont.  Hilton  Head  was  made  a  base  of  oper- 
ations. 

1861,  NOVEMBER  19.  —  The  English  mail-packet  Trent  was 
boarded  by  Captain  Wilkes,  of  the  San  Jacinto,  and  the  Confed- 
erate commissioners,  Mason  and  Slidell,  captured. 

They  were  carried  to  Boston.  December  3,  Congress  passed  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  Captain  Wilkes,  and  the  foreign  envoys  at  Washington  protested  against  the 
capture. 

1861,  DECEMBER  17.  —  A  Spanish  army  landed  at  Vera  Cruz, 
and  captured  the  city. 

England,  France,  and  Spain  had  made  an  agreement,  October  31,  to  combine 
together  to  force  Mexico  to  pay  the  interest  due  upon  her  bonds  held  by  them. 
The  Spanish  general  issued  a  proclamation  that,  as  soon  as  compensation  was 
given,  with  guaranties  for  the  future,  the  place  would  be  surrendered. 

1861,  DECEMBER  21.  —  Charleston  harbor  was  blocked  up  by 
sinking  hulks  filled  with  stones. 

1861,  DECEMBER  28.  —  The  state  banks  and  the  sub-treasury 
suspended  specie  payments. 

The  government  had  borrowed  $100,000,000  in  gold  from  the  banks,  and 
$50,000,000  in  its  own  notes. 

1862,  JANUARY  1.  — The  gold  and  silver  coinage  of  the  United 
States  was  stated  to  be  $862,183,546. 

1862,  JANUARY  1.  —  Messrs.  Mason  and  Slidell  were  surren- 
dered on  a  demand  of  the  British  government. 
They  sailed  for  Europe. 

1862,  JANUARY  7.  —  A  British  naval  force  landed  at  Vera  Cruz, 
and  on  the  8th  a  French  military  expedition  arrived. 

The  Mexicans  invested  Vera  Cruz. 

1862,  JANUARY  10.  — The  battle  of  Middle  Creek,  Kentucky, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1862,  JANUARY  13.  —  Simon  Cameron,  secretary  of  war,  re- 
signed, and  Edwin  M.  Stanton  was  appointed  to  the  position. 

1862,  JANUARY  19.  —  The  battle  of  Mill  Spring,  Kentucky,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated,  their  leader,  General  Zollicoffer,  being  killed. 
The  Federals  were  commanded  by  General  Thomas. 


1862.]  ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMESICA.  625 

1862,  FEBRUARY  6.  —  Fort  Henry,  Tennessee,  surrendered  to 
'the  Union  forces. 

Fort  Donelson  surrendered  on  the  16th  of  February.  In  these  engagements 
General  Grant  came  first  into  public  notice.  The  gunboats  which  assisted  were 
under  the  command  of  Commodore  Foote. 

1862,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  The  battle  of  Roanoke  Island  was  fought. 

The  Confederate  force  on  the  island  surrendered  to  the  Federals  under  Gen- 
eral Burnside. 

1862,  FEBRUARY  12.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  was  approved 
for  the  additional  issue  of  United  States  notes. 

By  it  ten  millions  of  dollars  in  notes  for  a  less  denomination  than  five  dollars 
were  authorized  to  be  issued,  in  addition  to  the  fifty  millions  previously.  These 
issues  being  receivable  for  all  dues,  customs  included,  remained  at  par  during  all 
the  subsequent  premium  on  gold ;  and,  as  they  were  used  to  pay  duties  with,  the 
government  during  the  year  bought  gold  to  pay  interest  with. 

1862,  FEBRUARY  14.  —  The  battle  of  Newbern,  North  Carolina, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  retreated  to  Goldsborough. 

1862,  FEBRUARY  23.  —  The  United  States  army  occupied  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee,  from  which  the  Confederates  had  retreated  the 
month  previous. 

President  Lincoln  appointed  Andrew  Johnson  military  governor  of  the  state, 
and  measures  were  taken  by  the  Unionists  to  restore  the  constitutional  relations 
between  the  state  and  the  government. 

1862,  FEBRUARY  25. — The  President  approved  the  Legal  Ten- 
der Act  passed  by  Congress. 

Its  title  was,  "An  act  to  authorize  the  issue  of  United  States  notes,  and  for 
the  redemption  or  funding  thereof,  and  for  funding  the  floating  debt  of  the 
United  States."  It  authorized  the  issue.  "  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States," 
of  one  hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  dollars  of  "  United  States  notes,  not  bearing 
interest,"  and  of  denominations  not  less  than  five  dollars.  Fifty  millions  of  them 
were  "  in  lieu  of  the  demand  Treasury  notes,"  issued  under  the  act  of  July  17, 
1861,  which  were  to  be  taken  up  as  soon  as  practicable.  The  first  notes  issued 
were  dated  March  10,  and  had  printed  on  the  back,  "This  note  is  a  legal  tender 
for  all  debts,  public  and  private,  except  duties  on  imports  and  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  and  is  exchangeable  for  United  States  six  per  cent,  bonds,  redeemable 
at  the  pleasure  of  the  United  States,  after  five  years." 

The  bill  had  passed  the  House,  and  was  sent  to  the  Senate  on  the  6th  of 
February.  As  it  was  sent  there,  it  provided  that  "  the  notes  herein  authorized 
shall  be  receivable  in  payment  of  all  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  excise,  debts  and 
demands  owing  by  the  United  States  to  individuals,  corporations,  and  associations 
within  the  United  States,  and  shall  also  be  lawful  money  and  a  legal  tender,  in 
payment  of  alf  debts,  public  and  private,  within  the  United  States."  The  follow- 
ing words  were  also  ordered  printed  upon  the  backs  of  the  notes  :  "  The  within 
is  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of  all  debts,  public  and  private,  and  is  exchangeable 
for  bonds  of  the  United  States  bearing  six  per  centum  interest  at  tAventy  years, 

40 


626  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1862. 

or  in  seven  per  cent,  bonds  at  five  years."  The  bill  also  authorized  the  issue  of , 
bonds  "not  exceeding  five  hundred  million  dollars,"  for  the  redemption  of  the 
notes.  From  the  Senate  the  bill  was  returned  with  the  following  amendments : 
"That  the  legal  tender  notes  should  be  receivable  for  all  claims  and  demands 
against  the  United  States,  of  every  kind  whatsoever,  except  for  interest  on  bonds 
and  notes,  which  shall  be  paid  in  coin."  Also,  "  that  all  duties  on  imported  goods, 
and  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  public  lands,  should  be  set  apart  to  pay  the  coin 
interest  on  the  debt  of  the  United  States."  A  conference  committee  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  House  to  meet  a  similar  committee  from  the  Senate,  and  the  bill 
•was  agreed  on,  passed,  and  approved  by  the  President  the  same  day.  The  act, 
as  passed,  exempted  "  all  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  securities  of  the  United  States  " 
from  taxation  under  "  state  authority."  By  a  section  of  the  bill,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  was  authorized  to  receive  deposits,  for  not  less  than  thirty  days, 
nor  less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  and  give  certificates  for  the  same  bearing  in- 
terest at  five  per  cent.  The  amount  to  be  so  received  was  limited  to  twenty-five 
million  dollars.  On  March  17,  1862,  this  limit  was  extended  to  fifty  million  dol- 
lars; and  July  11,  to  one  hundred  million  dollars.  On  January  30,  18G4,  the 
limit  was  placed  at  one  hundred  and  fifty  million  dollars,  and  six  per  cent,  interest 
allowed.  These  deposits  had  reached  the  sum  of  over  one  hundred  and  twenty 
millions.  By  an  act  passed  March  1,  18G2,  certificates  of  indebtedness  were  also 
authorized  to  be  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  "in  satisfaction  of  au- 
dited and  settled  demands  against  the  United  States,"  in  sums  of  not  less  than  one 
thousand  dollars,  payable  in  one  year,  and  drawing  six  per  cent,  interest.  On  the 
17th  of  March,  this  power  was  enlarged  so  as  to  embrace  checks  drawn  in  favor 
of  creditors  by  "  disbursing  ofBcers  upon  sums  placed  to  their  credit  on  the  books 
of  the  Treasurer."  These  certificates  were  used  as  a  currency,  and  on  the  1st  of 
November,  1864,  their  amount  was  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight  million  five  hun- 
dred and  ninety-three  thousand  dollars. 

1862,  FEBRUARY.  —  At  a  conference  between  the  Mexican 
authorities  and  the  invaders,  the  project  of  establishing  a  Mex- 
ican monarchy  for  the  Archduke  Maximilian  was  discussed. 

The  British  and  Spanish  representatives  disapproved  of  the  project.  At  a 
further  conference  in  April,  the  English  and  Spanish  plenipotentiaries  declared 
in  favor  of  peace,  but  the  French  were  for  renewed  war  against  Juarez.  In  May 
the  English  and  Spanish  forces  retired  from  Mexico,  and  reinforcements  were  sent 
to  the  French  under  General  Lorencz. 

1862,  MARCH  7  and  8.  —  The  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Arkansas, 
was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  finally  successful. 

1862,  MARCH  8.  —  The  Confederate  ram,  the  Merrimac,  ap- 
peared at  Hampton  Roads. 

She  had  been  sunk  when  the  Norfolk  Navy  Yard  was  abandoned,  and  had  been 
raised  by  the  Confederates  and  converted  into  an  iron-clad  ram.  She  sank  the 
Cumberland,  captured  the  Congress,  and  forced  the  Minnesota  aground,  and  then 
returned  to  Norfolk.  She  had  been  rechristened  the  Virginia,  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  Franklin  Buchanan. 

1862,  MARCH  9.  —  The  Merrimac  reappeared. 

During  the  night,  the  Monitor:  Lieutenant  Worden,  had  arrived,  and,  engaging 


Ig62.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  627 

the  ram,  forced  her  back  to  Norfolk.     On  May  11,  the  Confederates  evacuated 
Norfolk,  and  blew  up  the  Merrimac. 

1862,  MARCH  10.  —  Manassas  Junction,  Virginia,  was  evacuated 
by  the  Confederates. 

1862,  MARCH  11.  —  General  McClellan  assumed  the  command 
of  the  army  of  the  Potomac. 

He  resigned  the  position  of  general-in-chief.  The  mountain  department  was 
put  in  command  of  General  Fremont,  and  the  Mississippi  department  of  General 
Halleck. 

1862,  MARCH  13.  —  An  act  was  passed  forbidding  the  officers 
of  the  army  and  navy  to  employ  the  forces  under  their  command 
in  restoring  fugitive  slaves. 

1862,  MARCH  14.  —  Newbern,  North  Carolina,  was  captured. 

General  Burnside  was  in  command  of  the  expedition. 

1862,  MARCH  23.  —  The  battle  at  Winchester,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates,  under  General  Jackson,  were  defeated  by  the  Federals 
under  General  Shields. 

1862,  MARCH  23.  —  The  Peninsular  campaign  in  Virginia 
began. 

It  ended  July  2  with  the  retreat  of  the  Federals  to  Harrison's  Landing,  whence 
they  were  withdrawn  August  16. 

1862,  APRIL  5.  —  Yorktown,  Virginia,  was  besieged  by  the 
Federal  forces. 

General  McClellan  was  in  command.     The  place  had  been  strongly  fortified. 

1862,  APRIL  6  and  7.  — The  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  Ten- 
nessee, was  fought. 

On  the  7th,  Grant  was  reinforced  by  Buell,  and  the  Confederates  were  defeated, 
retreating  to  Corinth. 

1862,  APRIL  7.  —  Island  No.  10,  in  the  Mississippi,  surren- 
dered. 

1862,  APRIL  9.  — The  battle  of  Shiloh  was  fought. 

1862,  APRIL  11.  —  Fort  Pulaski,  near  Savannah,  surrendered. 

1862,  APRIL  12.  —  Gold  was  first  quoted  at  a  premium. 

It  reached  its  highest  point  in  July,  1864  —  2.85. 

1862,  APRIL  16.  —  Slavery  was  abolished  in  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

The  act  for  its  abolition  provided  for  a  commission  to  remunerate  loyal  owners. 
Not  over  three  hundred  dollars  a  slave  were  to  be  paid,  and  one  million  dollars 
were  appropriated  for  the  purpose.  One  hundred  thousand  dollars  were  also  ap- 
propriated for  their  colonization.  An  act  was  also  passed  abolishing  slavery  in 
the  "territories  of  the  United  States  now  existing,  or  which  may  at  anytime 
hereafter  be  formed  or  acquired  by  the  United  States." 


628  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1862. 

1862,  MAY  1.  —  The  army  captured  New  Orleans. 

The  then  secretary  of  the  navy,  Gideon  Welles,  says  that  New  Orleans  was 
captured  by  the  navy  under  Admiral  Farragut  on  the  25th  of  April,  and  that  he 
held  it  until  the  army  took  possession  of  it.  General  B.  F.  Butler  was  put  in 
command  of  the  city,  and  kept  it  until  he  was  replaced  in  December  by  Gen- 
eral Banks. 

1862,  MAY  3.  —  The  battle  of  Chancellorsville  was  fought. 

1862,  MAY  5.  —  The  battle  of  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1862,  MAY  5.  —  The  French  army  was  repulsed  at  Puebla. 

1862,  MAY  11.  —  Norfolk,  Virginia,  was  reoccupied  by  the 
Federals. 

1862,  MAY  15.  —  Congress  established  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. 

1862,  MAY  19. —  The  President  revoked  General  Hunter's 
emancipation  order,  as  unauthorized. 

General  Hunter  had  issued  it  on  the  9th,  being  in  command  of  the  southern 
department.  His  order  was  to  the  effect  that  Georgia,  Florida,  and  South  Caro- 
lina, being  under  martial  law,  "  and  slavery  and  martial  law  being  incompatible, 
the  persons  in  these  three  states  heretofore  held  as  slaves,  are  therefore  declared 
forever  free." 

1862,  MAY  25.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Winchester,  Virginia. 
The  Federals,  under  General  Banks,  were  repulsed. 

1862,  MAY  27.  —  The  battle  of  Hanover  Court  House,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1862,  MAY  27.  —  The  assault  on  Port  Hudson  was  made. 
1862,  MAY  30.  — The  Confederates  retreated  from  Corinth. 
The  Federals,  under  General  Halleck,  marched  in  pursuit  of  them. 

1862,  MAY  31.  —  The  battle  of  Seven  Pines,  Virginia,  took 
place. 

The  next  day,  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks  was  fought.  In  both,  the  Confederates 
were  repulsed. 

1862,  JUNE  3.  —  The  command  of  the  Confederate  forces  in 
Virginia  was  given  to  General  Robert  E.  Lee. 

1862,  JUNE  6.  —  Memphis  surrendered  to  the  Union  forces. 

1862,  JUNE  8.  —  The  battle  of  Cross  Keys,  Virginia,  was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  repulsed.  On  the  9th  they  were  again  repulsed  at  Fort 
Republic,  Virginia. 


1862.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  629 

1862,  JUNE  13  and  14.  —  The  Confederate  cavalry,  under  Gen- 
eral Stuart,  destroyed  the  provision  depot  at  White  House,  Vir- 
ginia. 

They  rode  round  McClellan's  army. 

1862,  JUNE  13  and  14.  —  The  French  defeated  the  Mexicans  at 
Cerro  de  Borgo. 

1862,  JUNE  16.  —  The  Federals  were  repulsed  in  an  attack 
upon  the  works  at  Secessionville,  James  Island,  in  Charleston 
harbor. 

1862,  JUNE  18.  —  Cumberland  Gap  was  occupied  by  the  Fed- 
eral forces  under  General  Morgan. 

1862,  JUNE  25.  —  The  seven  days'  battles  around  Richmond 
began. 

1862,  JUNE  26.  —  The  battle  of  Mechanicsville,  Virginia,  took 
place. 

The  Confederates  made  the  attack,  and  were  repulsed. 

1862,  JUNE  26.  —  General  Pope  was  given  the  command  of  the 
army  in  Virginia. 

1862,  JUNE  27.  —  General  Fremont  was  relieved  from  his  com- 
mand. 

He  requested  it,  on  the  appointment  of  General  Pope. 

1862,  JUNE  27.  — The  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Virginia,  took 
place. 

The  Federals  were  repulsed. 

1862,  JUNE  28.  —  Commodore  Farragut,  who  had  run  the 
blockade  at  Vicksburg,  began  to  bombard  the  city. 

1862,  JUNE.  —  John  Morgan,  with  a  Confederate  force,  raided 
through  Ohio. 

1862,  JUNE  29.  — The   battle   of  Savage's   Station,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 
It  was  indecisive. 

1862,  JUNE  30.  —  The  battle  of  Frazier's  Farm  took  place. 

General  Lee  failed  in  an  attempt  to  break  the  Federal  line. 

1862,  JULY  1.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  collect  an  internal 
revenue. 

It  taxed  domestic  manufactures,  trades,  occupations,  provided  for  a  system  of 
stamps,  and  license,  income,  and  other  duties. 

1862,  JULY  1.  — The  battle  of  Malvern  Hill,  Virginia,  took 
place. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 


630  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1862. 

1862,  JULY  1.  —  The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Bill  was  signed 
by  the  President. 

1862,  JULY  1.  —  The  President  issued  a  call  for  three  hundred 
thousand  men. 

He  had  been  requested  to  do  so  by  the  governors  of  eighteen  states. 

1862,  JULY  2.  —  The  army  of  the  Potomac  retired  to  Harri- 
son's Landing. 

The  peninsular  campaign  ended. 

1862,  JULY  11. — The  President  approved  a  bill  for  the  further 
issue  of  United  States  notes. 

The  issue  was  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  million  dollars,  of  which  thirty-five 
million  dollars  were  of  denominations  less  than  five  dollars. 

1862,  JULY- 11.  —  General  Halleck  was  appointed  commander- 
in- chief. 

1862,  JULY  14.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  increasing  the  duties 
on  imports. 

By  successive  amendments,  a  duty  was  levied  upon  the  importation  of  fifteen 
hundred  articles. 

1862,  JULY  15.  —  The  Confederate  ram  Arkansas  took  refuge 
under  the  guns  of  Vicksburg. 

She  had  escaped  the  expedition  sent  up  the  Yazoo  River  to  capture  her,  and 
on  the  22d  she  repulsed  the  Queen  of  the  West  and  the  Essex,  sent  against  her. 
On  the  6th  of  August  she  was  attacked  by  the  Essex,  and  abandoned  by  her 
crew,  after  they  had  set  her  on  fire. 

1862,  JULY  17.  —  The  President  approved  "an  act  to  authorize 
payment  in  stamps,  and  to  prohibit  circulation  of  notes  of  less 
denomination  than  one  dollar." 

It  authorized  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  furnish  postage  and  other 
stamps  to  the  depositaries  of  the  United  States,  to  be  exchanged  for  notes,  and 
forbade  the  issue  by  any  one  of  tokens,  or  checks  for  less  than  a  dollar,  to  circu- 
late as  money. 

1862,  JULY  17.  —  The  President  approved  a  bill  confiscating 
the  property  and  emancipating  the  slaves  of  all  rebels  in  arms 
after  sixty  days,  if  they  did  not  submit. 

The  act  made  death  the  penalty  for  conviction  of  treason ;  or  the  court  might 
make  it  imprisonment  and  fine.  The  slaves  of  the  convicted  to  be  free.  Persons 
engaged  in  rebellion  to  be  fined  and  imprisoned ;  their  slaves  to  be  free.  Those 
guilty  as  above  to  be  incapable  of  holding  office.  The  act  not  to  apply  to  cases 
previous  to  its  issue.  Slaves  of  persons  engaged  in  rebellion,  if  seized,  not  to  be 
returned,  but  held  as  prisoners  of  war.  No  fugitive  slave  to  be  given  up  unless 
the  claimant  takes  an  oath  he  has  not  been  engaged  in  rebellion.  Persons  of 
African  descent  may  be  employed  to  put  down  the  rebellion.  The  President 
authorized  to  arrange  for  the  colonization  of  freed  slaves.  The  President  may 
grant  amnesty.  A  joint  resolution  declares  the  act  not  to  apply  to  offences  com- 
mitted before  its  passage,  nor  make  forfeiture  of  real  estate  beyond  the  life  of  the 
offender. 


1862.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  631 

1862.  —  A  MASSACKE  of  the  settlers  in  Minnesota,  by  the  Sioux 
Indians,  took  place. 

One  thousand  settlers  are  said  to  have  been  slaughtered.  The  Indians  were 
driven  away  by  forces  under  the  command  of  General  H.  H.  Sibley. 

1862,  JULY.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  granting  the  unimproved 
public  lands  to  the  states  for  the  establishment  of  agricultural 
colleges. 

1862.  —  CONGRESS  passed  the  Homestead  Bill. 

It  gave  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  land  to  every  actual  settler. 

1862,  JULY  22.  —  The  President  issued  a  general  order  author- 
izing the  military  and  naval  commanders  in  the  insurgent  states 
to  seize  and  use  necessary  supplies. 

Persons  of  African  descent  could  be  employed  as  laborers  at  reasonable  wages, 
an  account  being  kept  "as  a  basis  upon  which  compensation  can  be  made  in 
proper  cases." 

1862,  JULY  25.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  warning 
those  in  rebellion  of  the  passage  of  the  Confiscation  Act. 

1862,  AUGUST  1.  —  The  Confederate  government  declared  Gen- 
eral Pope  and  his  officers  not  entitled  to  mercy. 

1862,  AUGUST  4. —  General  Butler,  in  New  Orleans,  assessed 
the  rich  secessionists  to  support  the  poor. 

By  his  careful  attention  to  sanitary  regulations,  he  made  the  city  more  healthy 
than  it  had  been  for  years. 

1862,  AUGUST  4.  —  The  secretary  of  war  ordered  a  draft  of 
three  hundred  thousand  men. 

They  were  to  be  drafted  from  the  militia,  to  serve  nine  months.  If  by  the  15th 
of  August  any  state  had  not  furnished  its  quota  of  the  three  hundred  thousand 
volunteers  called  for  by  the  President,  the  deficiency  to  be  made  up  by  a  special 
draft  from  the  militia. 

1862,  AUGUST  5.  — •  The  battle  of  Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana,  was 
fought. 

1862,  AUGUST  5.  —  The  battle  at  Cedar  Mountain,  Virginia, 
took  place. 

The  Federals  were  defeated. 

1862,  AUGUST  8.  —  The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  suspended. 

Orders  were  given  to  arrest  those  who  discouraged  enlistments.  No  more 
passports  were  to  be  issued,  and  newspaper  correspondents  forbidden  with  the 
armies. 

1862,  AUGUST  13. — Drafting  was  ordered  to  begin  on  the  1st 
of  September. 

1862,  AUGUST  17.  —  General  Pope  began  his  retreat. 


632  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1862. 

1862,  AUGUST  23. — A  general  battle  with  General  Pope's 
forces  took  place. 

1862,  AUGUST  28.  —  General  Forey,  with  a  French  army,  arrived 
in  Mexico. 

He  assumed  the  civil  and  military  power  on  the  8th  of  September. 

1862,  AUGUST  29.  —  The  battle  of  Groveton,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  had  the  advantage. 

1862,  AUGUST  30.  —  A  battle  at  Manassas,  Virginia,  was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  defeated. 

1862,  AUGUST  30.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Richmond,  Ken- 
tucky. 

The  Federals  were  worsted. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  A  battle  at  Ox  Hill,  Virginia,  was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  defeated.  General  Pope  was  removed,  and  McClellan 
put  in  command. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Chantilly,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Generals  Kearney  and  Stevens  were  killed. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  1.  —  Lexington,  Kentucky,  was  evacuated  by 
the  Federals. 

Cincinnati  was  greatly  excited  by  the  expectation  of  an  attack.  Martial  law 
•was  proclaimed,  and  the  citizens  ordered  to  enroll  themselves  for  defence. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  14.  —  The  battle  of  South  Mountain,  Mary- 
land, was  fought. 

The  Confederates  had  crossed  into  Maryland  on  the  4th,  5th,  and  Cth.  On  the 
7th  they  occupied  Frederick ;  and  General  Lee  issued  a  proclamation  to  the  people 
of  Maryland,  inviting  them  to  join  the  confederacy.  He  said,  "  It  is  for  you  to 
decide  your  destiny  freely  and  without  restraint.  This  army  will  respect  your 
choice,  whatever  it  may  be ;  and,  while  the  southern  people  will  rejoice  to  welcome 
you  to  your  natural  position  among  them,  they  will  only  welcome  you  when  you 
come  of  your  own  free  will."  To  this  proclamation  there  was  no  response. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  15.  —  Harper's  Ferry  was  captured  by  the 
Confederates. 

The  force  holding  it  consisted  of  eleven  thousand  men.  General  Jackson  was 
in  command  of  the  Confederates.  Colonel  Miles,  in  command,  was  mortally 
wounded.  The  Confederates  held  it  only  a  day. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  17.  —  The  battle  of  Antietam,  Maryland,  was 
fought. 

It  was  one  of  the  severest  of  the  war.  The  Confederates  were  driven  back 
over  the  Potomac.  They  had  been  in  Maryland  a  fortnight. 


1862.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  633 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  17.  —  The  garrison  at  Munfordsville,  Ken- 
tucky, surrendered  to  the  Confederates. 

A  provisional  government  was  organized  by  the  Confederate  forces,  at  Frank- 
fort, for  Kentucky. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  17.  —  Cumberland  Gap  was  vacated  by  the 
Federals. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  19.  —  The  Confederate  forces  were  defeated 
at  luka,  Mississippi. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  22.  —  President  Lincoln  issued  a  proclama- 
tion abolishing  slavery  in  the  Southern  States,  unless  they  re- 
turned to  the  Union  before  the  1st  of  January,  1863. 

The  President,  after  stating  that  the  war  would  still  be  conducted  for  restoring 
the  Union,  and  that  he  should  again  urge  Congress  to  pecuniarily  indemnify  the 
loyal  slave  states,  should  they  abolish  slavery  either  gradually  or  immediately, 
and  that  efforts  would  still  continue  for  the  voluntary  colonization  of  "persons  of 
African  descent,"  proclaims,  "That,  on  the  first  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-three,  all  persons  held  as  slaves 
within  any  state,  or  any  designated  part  of  a  state,  the  people  whereof  shall  then 
be  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  shall  be  then,  thenceforward,  and  for- 
ever, free ;  and  the  executive  government  of  the  United  States,  including  the 
military  and  naval  authority  thereof,  will  recognize  and  maintain  the  freedom  of 
such  persons,  and  will  do  no  act  or  acts  to  repress  such  persons,  or  any  of  them, 
in  any  efforts  they  may  make  for  their  actual  freedom."  The  proclamation  ends 
thus :  "  And  the  executive  will  in  due  time  recommend  that  all  citizens  of  the 
United  States  who  shall  have  remained  loyal  thereto  throughout  the  rebellion, 
shall  (upon  the  restoration  of  the  constitutional  relation  between  the  United  States 
and  their  respective  states  and  people,  if  the  relation  shall  have  been  suspended 
or  disturbed)  be  compensated  for  all  losses  by  acts  of  the  United  States,  including 
the  loss  of  slaves." 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  24.  —  President  Lincoln  by  a  proclamation 
suspended  the  habeas  corpus  li  in  respect  to  persons  held  by  mil- 
itary authority." 

It  was  done  to  prevent  the  release  of  military  and  state  prisoners. 

1862,  SEPTEMBER  25.  —  A  convention  of  governors  from  the 
loyal  states  was  held  at  Altoona,  Pennsylvania,  and  adopted  an 
address  to  the  President,  pledging  him  their  support. 

They  suggested  an  army  of  reserve,  and  indorsed  the  emancipation  proc- 
lamation. 

1862,  OCTOBER  3.  —  The  battle  of  Corinth,  Mississippi,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates,  under  Van  Dorn,  were  defeated  by  the  Federals  under 
Rosecrans. 

1862,  OCTOBER  8.  —  The  battle  of  Perry ville,  Kentucky,  was 
fought. 

The  Federals,  under  General  Buell,  defeated  the  Confederates  under  General 
Bragg. 


(534  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1862i 

1862.  OCTOBER  10.  —  A  raid  on  Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania, 
was  made  by  a  Confederate  force  under  General  Stuart. 

1862,  OCTOBER  18.  —  Morgan  made  a  raid  in  Kentucky. 

He  occupied  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

1862,  OCTOBER  24.  —  The  command  of  the  army  of  Kentucky 
was  given  to  General  Rosecrans. 

General  Buell  was  relieved  of  it. 

1862,  OCTOBER  27.  —  The  Mexican  congress  assembled  and 
protested  against  the  Spanish  invasion. 

1862,  NOVEMBER  7.  —  General  Burnside  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac. 
He  relieved  General  McClellan. 

1862,  NOVEMBER  9.  —  General  Butler  issued  his  sequestration 
order. 

1862.  —  THE  French  government  proposed  to  Russia  and  Eng- 
land to  mediate  in  the  United  States. 

The  proposition  was  made  by  Drouyn  d'  L'Huys.  Russia  declined  it  Novem- 
ber 8,  and  Great  Britain  on  the  13th. 

1862,  NOVEMBER  22.  —  A  general  order  for  the  release  of  all 
state  prisoners  was  issued. 

1862,  DECEMBER  7.  —  The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Prai- 
rie Grove,  Arkansas. 

1862,  DECEMBER  11.  —  Fredericksburg,  Virginia,  was  bom- 
barded by  the  Federal  army. 

They  were  under  command  of  General  Burnside,  and  had  crossed  the  Rappa- 
hannock.  On  the  13th,  their  attack  on  the  Confederate  works  was  repulsed,  and 
on  the  15th  and  16th  they  recrossed  the  Rappahannock,  having  lost  heavily. 

1862,  DECEMBER  16.  —  General  Banks  assumed  command  of  the 
Department  of  the  Gulf. 

1862,  DECEMBER  18.  —  Lexington,  Kentucky,  was  taken  by 
the  Confederates. 

1862,  DECEMBER  20.  —  Holly  Springs,  Mississippi,  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Confederates. 

1862,  DECEMBER  27.  —  The  Federals,  under  General  Sherman, 
were  repulsed  at  Chickasaw  Bayou,  Mississippi. 

They  had  set  out  from  Memphis  December  20.  After  the  repulse,  the  army 
withdrew  from  the  Yazoo. 

1862,  DECEMBER  28.  —  Van  Buren,  Arkansas,  was  captured  by 
the  Federals. 

General  Blunt  was  in  command.  A  large  quantity  of  supplies,  and  four 
steamers  laden,  were  captured. 


1862-3.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  635 

1862,  DECEMBER  29.  —  The  battle  of  Stone  River,  Tennessee, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates,  under  General  Bragg,  were  defeated  by  the  Federals  under 
General  Rosecrans. 

1862,  DECEMBER,  30.  —  The  siege  of  Yicksburg  was  abandoned 
by  General  Sherman. 

He  had  driven  the  Confederates  into  the  town  on  the  27th,  and  been  driven 
from  his  position  on  the  29th.  On  the  31st,  General  McClernand  succeeded  Gen- 
eral Sherman  in  command,  and  the  army  retired  to  Milliken's  Bend. 

1862,  DECEMBER  31.  —  The  second  battle  of  Stone  River,  Ten- 
nessee,  was  fought. 

It  lasted  three  days.  The  Confederates  were  driven  back,  and  on  January  3 
the  Federals  occupied  Murfreesborough. 

1862,  DECEMBER  31.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  for  the  ad- 
mission of  West  Virginia  to  the  Union  was  approved. 

It  provided  that  "whenever  the  people  of  West  Virginia  shall,  through  their 
said  convention,  and  by  a  vote  to  be  taken  at  an  election  to  be  held  within  the 
limits  of  the  said  state,  at  such  time  as  the  convention  may  provide,  make  and 
ratify  the  change  aforesaid,  and  properly  certify  the  same  under  the  hand  of  the 
president  of  the  convention,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  President  of  the  United 
States  to  issue  his  proclamation,  stating  the  fact;  and  thereupon  this  act  shall 
take  effect,  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  sixty  days  from  the  date  of  said  proc- 
lamation." The  change  referred  to  was  to  be  introduced  in  the  constitution, 
making  all  children  born  after  the  4th  of  July,  1863,  free,  and  all  children  under 
ten  at  that  date,  free  when  twenty-one;  all  over  ten  and  under  twenty-one,  free 
at  twenty-five. 

1863,  JANUARY  1.  —  The  emancipation  proclamation  was  issued. 

It  specified  Arkansas,  Texas,  Louisiana  (certain  parishes  excepted),  Missis- 
sippi, Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  North  Carolina,  and  Virginia 
(West  Virginia  and  other  portions  excepted),  as  the  rebellious  states  to  which  tho 
proclamation  applied.  The  excepted  parts  "  are,  for  the  present,  left  precisely 
as  if  this  proclamation  were  not  issued."  "  And  by  virtue  of  the  power  and  for 
the  purpose  aforesaid,  I  do  order  and  declare  that  all  persons  held  as  slaves 
within  said  states  and  parts  of  states,  are  and  henceforth  shall  be  free,  and  that 
the  executive  government  of  the  United  States,  including  tho  military  and  naval 
authorities  thereof,  will  recognize  and  maintain  the  freedom  of  said  persons. 

"And  I  hereby  enjoin  upon  the  people  so  declared  to  be  free,  to  abstain  from 
all  violence,  unless  in  necessary  self-defence ;  and  I  recommend  to  them  that  in 
all  cases,  when  allowed,  they  labor  faithfully  for  reasonable  wages. 

"  And  I  further  declare  and  make  known  that  such  persons,  of  suitable  condi- 
tion, will  be  received  into  the  armed  service  of  the  United  States,  to  garrison 
forts,  positions,  stations,  and  other  places,  and  to  man  vessels  of  all  sorts  in  said 
service. 

"  And  upon  this  act,  sincerely  believed  to  be  an  act  of  justice  warranted  by  the 
Constitution  upon  military  necessity,  I  invoke  the  considerate  judgment  of  man- 
kind and  gracious  favor  of  Almighty  God." 

1863,  JANUARY  1.  —  Galveston,  Texas,  was  captured  by  the 
Confederates. 


636  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1863. 

1863,  JANUARY  8.  —  The  battle  of  Springfield,  Missouri,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  retreated. 

1863,  JANUARY  11.  —  Arkansas  Post,  Arkansas,  was  captured 
by  the  Federals. 

It  was  evacuated  on  the  23d,  after  the  destruction  of  the  fort. 

1863,  JANUARY  21.  —  Young's  Point,  on  the  Mississippi,  waa 
occupied  by  the  Federals. 

It  is  nine  miles  above  Vicksburg,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river.  It  was  aban- 
doned on  the  8th  of  March. 

1863,  JANUARY  26.  —  General  Hooker  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac. 
He  relieved  General  Burnside. 

1863,  JANUARY  29. —  General  Banks  at  New  Orleans  promul- 
gated the  emancipation  proclamation. 

1863,  FEBRUARY  6. — -Congress  declined  the  French  govern- 
ment's offer  of  mediation. 

1863,  FEBRUARY  7.  —  The  Confederate  secretary  of  state  de- 
clared Galveston  and  Sabine  Pass  open  to  commerce. 

1863,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  The  Chicago  Times  was  ordered  sup- 
pressed. 

The  order  was  rescinded  on  the  17th. 

1863,  FEBRUARY  24. —  Arizona  was  organized  as  a  territory. 

1863,  FEBRUARY  24.  —  The  French  army  under  General  Forey 
commenced  their  march  towards  the  city  of  Mexico. 

1863,  FEBRUARY  25. —  Congress  passed  a  conscription  act. 

It  made  military  service  necessary  for  men  between  eighteen  and  forty-five. 

1863,  FEBRUARY  26.  —  The  Cherokee  national  council  repealed 
the  ordinance  of  secession. 

They  also  abolished  slavery,  and  disqualified  disloyalists. 

1863,  MARCH  3.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  of  Congress 
for  a  loan  of  $900,000,000. 

The  first  section  of  the  act  authorized  a  loan  of  $300.000,000  for  the  current 
year,  and  $600,000,000  for  the  next  year,  for  which  bonds  should  be  issued,  from 
ten  to  forty  years,  bearing  not  over  six  per  cent,  interest  in  coin.  The  second 
section  authorized  the  Secretary,  instead  of  bonds,  to  issue  treasury  notes  for 
§400,000,000,  bearing  six  per  cent,  interest  payable  "in  lawful  money."  By  the 
third  section,  $150,000,000  in  United  States  notes  might  be  issued.  This  section 
also  provided  that  "  the  holders  of  United  States  notes  issued  under  former  acts, 
shall  present  the  same  for  the  purpose  of  exchanging  them  for  bonds  as  therein 
provided,  on  or  before  the  1st  of  July,  1863,  and  thereafter  the  right  to  exchange 
the  same  shall  cease  and  determine."  A  tax  of  one  per  cent,  each  half  year,  on 
a  graduated  scale  of  the  circulation  of  the  state  banks  according  to  their  capital 


1863.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  637 

stock,  was  imposed.     The  bill  also  provided  for  the  issue  of  fractional  currency 
to  any  amount  not  exceeding  $50,000,000. 

1863,  MAECH  3.  —  Idaho  was  organized  as  a  territory. 

1863,  MARCH  4. — The  National  Academy  of  Sciences  was 
established  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

1863,  MARCH  6.  —  General  Hunter,  in  the  Department  of  the 
South,  ordered  the  drafting  of  negroes. 

1863,  MARCH  10.  — -Jacksonville,  Florida,  was  captured  by  the 
Federals. 

The  1st  South  Carolina  regiment,  of  negroes,  made  the  attack. 

1863,  MARCH  21.  —  The  battle  at  Cottage  Grove,  Tennessee, 
was  fought. 

1863,  MARCH  25. —  The  President  approved  the  National  Cur- 
rency Bank  Bill,  passed  by  Congress  February  25. 

This  was  the  act  creating  the  national  banks.  The  first  issue  of  national  bank 
currency  was  made  in  January,  1864 ;  and  on  April  22,  1865,  the  amount  in  circu- 
lation was  §146,927,975.  By  the  act,  banking  associations  can  be  formed  by  any 
number  of  persons  "  not  less  than  five."  A  controller  of  the  currency,  ap- 
pointed by  the  President,  and  under  the  control  of  the  Secretary,  shall  certify  that 
the  banks  have  complied  with  the  law  before  they  may  commence  business.  Not 
less  than  one  third  of  the  capital  of  the  banks  paid  in  to  be  transferred  to  the 
United  States  in  interest-paying  bonds  of  the  United  States,  "for  which  circulat- 
ing notes  to  the  value  of  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  current  value  of  such  bonds  shall 
be  returned  to  the  bank,  —  such  notes  never  to  exceed  the  amount  of  capital  paid 
in.  The  notes  issued  under  this  act  shall  not  exceed  $300,000,000 ;  half  this  sum 
to  be  apportioned  to  the  states  and  territories,  according  to  representative  pop- 
ulation ;  the  other,  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  among  associations  to  be 
formed,  but  without  regard  to  the  distribution  of  existing  banking  capital."  The 
banks  formed  to  "have  succession  by  its  designated  name  for  not  more  than 
twenty  years  from  the  passage  of  this  act."  The  circulating  notes  issued  by 
banks  under  this  act  are  to  be  received  at  par  for  all  dues  to  the  United  States, 
except  duties  on  imports  and  interest  on  public  debt;  and  shall  be  taken  for 
all  dues  by  the  United  States  to  persons  within  the  country  save  interest.  "If 
the  bank's  security  do  not  redeem  its  circulation,  the  United  States  pays  the 
difference.  In  lieu  of  taxes  on  circulation  or  bonds  deposited,  the  bank  shall  pay 
semi-annually  one  per  cent,  on  amount  of  circulating  notes  received  (in  default 
of  deficiency  to  be  deducted  from  interest  on  bonds),  to  pay  expenses  of  making 
notes." 

1863,  MARCH  30.  —  A  battle  near  Somerville,  Kentucky,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1863,  APRIL.  —  The  siege  of  Forts  Wagner  and  Gregg  in 
Charleston  harbor  was  begun. 

General  Gillmore  had  command  of  the  land  forces,  and  Admirals  Dahlgren  and 
Dupont  of  the  naval  forces. 


638  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1863. 

1863,  APRIL. —  Congress  justified  the  suspension  of  the  habeas 
corpus  by  the  President. 

In  September  it  was  again  suspended,  in  order  to  retain  recruits  who  were  re- 
claimed by  their  parents  falsely. 

1863,  MAY  2.  —  The  battle  of  Port  Gibson,  Mississippi,  was 
fought. 

A  landing  had  been  made  at  Bruinsburg,  below  Vicksburg,  on  the  30th  of 
April.  This  was  the  beginning  of  Grant's  advance  to  Vicksburg.  The  Confed- 
erates were  driven  back. 

1863,  MAY  2.  —  The  battle  of  Chancellors ville,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

It  lasted  three  days.  The  Federals  under  General  Hooker  were  forced  to  re- 
cross  the  Rappahannock.  General  Hooker  had  crossed  the  Rappahannock  on  the 
28th  of  April,  and  recrossed  it  after  the  fighting,  May  6.  In  this  battle  the  Con- 
federate General  Stonewall  Jackson  was  mortally  wounded. 

1863,  MAY  3.  —  Grand  Gulf,  Mississippi,  was  evacuated  by 
the  Confederates. 

1863,  MAY  6.  — Alexandria,  Louisiana,  on  the  Red  River,  was 
captured  by  the  Federals. 

The  fleet  was  under  command  of  Commodore  Porter. 

1863,  MAY  12.  —  The  battle  of  Raymond,  Mississippi,  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  under  General  McPherson  were  successful. 

1863,  MAY  14.  —  Jackson,  Mississippi,  was  captured  by  the 
Federals. 

General  Sherman  was  in  command. 

1863,  MAY  16.  —  The  battle  of  Champion's  Hill,  Mississippi, 
was  fought. 

General  Grant  was  in  command  of  the  Federals,  who  were  successful. 

1863,  MAY  17.  — The  battle  of  Big  Black  River,  Mississippi, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  driven  into  Vicksburg. 

1863,  MAY  18.  —  Vicksburg  was  invested. 

The  fleet  under  Commodore  Porter  opened  communication  with  the  army  under 
General  Grant. 

1863,  MAY  18.  —  The  Mexicans  surrendered  Puebla. 

On  the  31st  the  republican  administration  of  Mexico  removed  to  San  Luis  de 
Potosi. 

1863,  MAY  19.  —  The  first  assault  on  Vicksburg  was  repulsed. 

Another,  on  May  22,  was  also  unsuccessful. 


1863.]  ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  639 

1863,  MAY  27. —  An  unsuccessful  attack  was  made  on  Port 
Hudson,  Louisiana. 

The  Federals  were  commanded  by  General  Banks.  On  the  14th  of  June  a 
second  unsuccessful  attack  was  made. 

1863,  JUNE  3.  —  A  "peace  meeting"  was  held  in  New  York 
city. 

It  was  called  by  the  leading  Democrats,  and  published  an  address  and  a  series 
of  resolutions.  The  last  of  these  was  as  follows  :  "  Resolved,  That,  thus  believ- 
ing, there  can  be  no  reliable  security  to  persons  or  property  pending  this  war,  and 
that  by  its  continuance  the  government  itself  will  be  utterly  and  irrevocably  sub- 
verted, and  that  the  South  as  well  as  the  North  must  alike  crumble  into  general  ruin 
and  devastation,  —  we  recommend,  in  the  name  of  the  people,  that  there  be  a  sus- 
pension of  hostilities  between  the  contending  armies  of  the  divided  sections  of  our 
country,  and  that  a  convention  of  the  states  composing  the  Confederate  States/ 
and  a  separate  convention  of  the  states  still  adhering  to  the  Union,  be  held  to 
finally  settle  and  determine  in  what  manner  and  by  what  mode  the  contending 
sections  shall  be  reconciled." 

1863,  JUNE  4.  —  The  President  revoked  an  order  suppressing 
the  circulation  of  the  New  York  World  and  the  Chicago  Times 
in  the  Department  of  the  Ohio. 

The  order  had  been  given  by  General  Burnside  June  2. 

1863,  JUNE  10.  —  The  French  army  under  General  Bazaine  en- 
tered the  city  of  Mexico. 

The  assembly  of  notables  offered  the  crown  to  the  Archduke  Maximilian, 
and  until  his  reply,  established  a  regency.  The  monarchy  was  a  limited  heredi- 
tary one. 

1863,  JUNE  12.  —  General  Gilman  relieved  General  Hunter  in 
the  Department  of  the  South. 

1863,  JUNE  15.  —  The  Federals  were  defeated  at  Winchester, 
Virginia. 

The  Confederates  under  General  Lee  were  advancing  northward. 

1863,  JUNE  15.  —  The  President  called  for  one  hundred  thousand 
men  to  repel  invasion. 

There  was  great  excitement  in  Pennsylvania  from  the  advance  of  the  Confed- 
erates. 

1863,  JUNE  24.  —  Morgan  started  upon  another  raid  through 
Kentucky  and  Ohio. 
He  was  captured  July  26. 

1863,  JUNE  24  and  25.  —  Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania,  was 
occupied  by  the  Confederates. 

General  Lee  had  crossed  the  Potomac. 

1863,  JUNE  28.  —  General  Hooker  was  superseded  by  General 
G.  G.  Meade. 


(J40  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1863. 

1863,  JUNE  30.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Hanover  Junction, 
Virginia. 

The  Federals  were  successful. 

1863,  JULY  1.  — The  battle  of  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  was 
fought. 

It  lasted  three  days.  The  Federals  under  General  Meade  checked  Lee's  ad- 
vance, and  forced  the  retreat  of  the  Confederates^ 

1863,  JULY  1.  —  The  constitutional  convention  of  Missouri 
passed  an  ordinance  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  state. 

Slaves  over  40  in  1870,  to  remain  so ;  those  under  12,  to  be  free  at  23 ;  those 
over  12,  to  be  free  on  July  4,  1876. 

1863,  JULY  4.  —  Vicksburg  surrendered. 

General  Grant  was  in  command  of  the  Federals.  It  had  been  closely  invested 
for  seven  weeks.  From  May,  1862,  to  July,  1863,  a  series  of  attacks  had  been 
made  upon  Vicksburg. 

1863,  JULY  9.  —  Port  Hudson  surrendered. 

General  Banks  was  in  command  of  the  Federals. 

1863,  JULY  10.  —  An  assault  on  Fort  Wagner  was  repulsed. 

The  Federals  made  another  attack  on  the  18th,  and  were  again  repulsed. 

1863,  JULY  13.  —  The  draft  riots  took  place  in  New  York. 

They  lasted  until  the  16th,  and  were  put  down  by  the  military  and  the  police. 
About  a  thousand  were  killed.  On  the  16th  of  August  the  draft  was  resumed, 
and  finished  in  ten  days.  The  common  council  of  New  York  voted  $3,000,000 
to  pay  the  commutation  of  those  drafted.  The  mayor  vetoed  it,  and  it  was  re- 
passed  over  the  veto.  $2,000,000  was  also  voted  to  pay  the  commutation  of  the 
police,  fire  department,  and  militia.  .Claims  for  damages  from  the  riot,  amounting 
to  a  million  and  a  half,  were  presented. 

1863,  JULY  16.  —  Jackson,  Mississippi,  was  evacuated  by  the 
Confederates. 

1863,  AUGUST  20.  —  Lawrence,  Kansas,  was  burned  and  sacked. 

Quantrell  was  in  command  of  guerrillas  who  did  it. 

1863,  AUGUST  23.  —  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  fired  upon 
from  a  battery  built  in  the  swamp. 

The  greater  part  of  the  city  was  rendered  uninhabitable.  The  shot  were 
thrown  over  four  miles. 

1863,  SEPTEMBER  3.  —  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  was  occupied  by 
the  Federals. 

General  Burnside  was  in  command. 

1863,  SEPTEMBER  7.  —  The  Federals  occupied  Morris  Island  in 
Charleston  harbor. 

The  Confederates  evacuated  Forts  Wagner  and  Gregg. 


1863.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  641 

1863,  SEPTEMBER  15.  —  The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  sus- 
pended by  order  of  the  President. 

1863,  SEPTEMBER  19.  —  The  battle  of  Chickamauga  Creek, 
Tennessee,  was  fought. 

It  lasted  two  days.  The  Federals  were  forced  finally  .to  retreat,  and  on  the 
21st  fell  back  to  Chattanooga. 

1863,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  Confederate  government  was  driven 
from  Tennessee  by  General  Rosecrans. 

1863,  OCTOBER  3.  —  Maximilian  accepted  the  position  offered 
him  as  ruler  of  Mexico. 

Marshal  Forey,  on  the  1st,  resigned  his  position,  and  returned  to  France,  leav- 
ing Bazaine  in  command. 

1863,  OCTOBER  16.  —  A  call  was  issued  by  the  President  for 
300,000  volunteers. 

The  troops  raised  under  this  call  to  be  deducted  from  the  quotas  set  for  the 
next  draft.  The  deficiencies  to  be  made  good  by  the  states  by  a  new  draft,  to  be 
made  on  January  5,  1864. 

1863,  OCTOBER  18.  —  General  Grant  assumed  command  of  the 
military  division  of  the  Mississippi. 

He  announced  it  in  an  order  at  Louisville,  stating  his  head-quarters  would  be 
in  the  field. 

1863,  OCTOBER  20.  —  General  Rosecrans  was  relieved,  and 
General  Thomas  given  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland. 

1863,  OCTOBER  31.  —  The  British  consuls  were  dismissed  from 
the  Confederate  States. 

1863,  NOVEMBER  2.  —  The  Federals  took  possession  of  Brazos 
Santiago,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas. 

Nearly  all  the  coast  of  Texas  was  taken  possession  of  during  this  month. 

1863,  NOVEMBER  15.  —  The  battle  of  Campbell's  Station  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  under  General  Burnside  drove  back  the  Confederates  under  Gen- 
eral Longstreet,  who  were  advancing  against  Knoxville. 

1863,  NOVEMBER  24  and  25. — The  battles  of  Lookout  Moun- 
tain and  Missionary  Ridge  were  fought  at  Chattanooga,  Ten- 
nessee. 

The  Federals  were  victorious. 

1863,  NOVEMBER  28  and  29.  —  The  Confederates  made  two  in- 
effectual assaults  upon  Knoxville,  Tennessee. 

In  the  spring  they  abandoned  East  Tennessee. 

41 


(J42  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1863-4. 

1863,  DECEMBER  8.  —  The  President  accompanied  his  message 
to  Congress  with  a  proclamation  of  amnesty  to  the  Confederates. 

The  amnesty  proclamation  excepted  "  all  who  are,  or  shall  have  been,  civil  or 
diplomatic  officers  or  agents  of  the  so-called  Confederate  government ;  all  who 
have  left  judicial  stations  under  the  United  States  to  aid  the  rebellion ;  all  who 
are,  or  shall  have  been,  military  or  naval  officers  of  said  so-called  Confederate 
government,  above  the  rank  of  colonel  in  the  army,  or  of  lieutenant  in  the  navy ; 
all  who  left  seats  in  the  United  States  Congress  to  aid  the  rebellion ;  all  who  re- 
signed commissions  in  the  array  or  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  afterwards 
aided  the  rebellion ;  Jind  all  who  have  engaged  in  any  way  in  treating  colored 
persons,  or  white  persons  in  charge  of  such,  otherwise  than  lawfully  as  prisoners 
of  war,  and  which  persons  may  have  been  found  in  the  United  States  service  as 
soldiers,  seamen,  or  in  any  other  capacity."  It  ended,  — 

"  This  proclamation  is  intended  to  present  the  people  of  the  states  wherein 
the  national  authority  has  been  suspended,  and  loyal  state  governments  have 
been  subverted,  a  mode  in  and  by  which  the  national  authority  and  loyal  state 
governments  may  be  reinstated  within  said  states,  or  in  any  of  them ;  and,  while 
the  mode  presented  is  the  best  the  Executive  can  suggest,  with  his  present  im- 
pressions, it  must  not  be  understood  that  no  other  possible  mode  would  be  ac- 
ceptable." 

1863,  DECEMBER  18.  —  Juarez  with  his  army  retired  from  San 
Luis  de  Potosi. 

On  the  24th  the  French  army  entered  it. 

1864,  FEBRUARY  1.  —  The   President  ordered  a  draft  of  five 
hundred  thousand  men  to  begin  March  10. 

They  were  to  serve  for  three  years  or  for  the  war,  "  crediting  and  deducting  so 
many  as  may  have  been  enlisted  or  drafted  into  the  service  prior  to  the  1st  of 
March,  and  not  therefore  credited." 

1864,  FEBRUARY  6.  —  General  Sherman  with  his  army  set  out 
from  Vicksburg,  moving  south. 

He  returned  on  the  27th,  having  destroyed  vast  quantities  of  Confederate  stores, 
and  liberated  many  slaves. 

1864,  FEBRUARY  20.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Olustee,  Florida. 

The  Federal  expedition  was  defeated. 

1864,  MARCH  1.  —  An  act  by  Congress  "to  revive  the  grade 
of  lieutenant-general "  was  approved  by  the  President. 

President  Lincoln  appointed  General  Grant  to  the  position,  and  on  the  9th  gave 
him,  in  person,  his  commission.  On  the  12th  an  order  was  issued  from  the  War 
Department,  stating  that  General  Halleck,  at  his  own  request,  was  relieved  the 
position  of  commander-in-chief,  and  the  position  given  to  Lieutenant-General 
Grant. 

The  same  year  the  President  approved  a  bill  passed  by  Congress  creating  the 
rank  of  vice-admiral,  of  equal  grade  with  that  of  lieutenant-general  in  the  army, 
and  nominated  Admiral  Farragut  for  the  position,  and  the  Senate  confirmed  the 
nomination. 


1864.]  ANNALS   OF  NOETH  AMEEICA.  643 

1864,  MARCH  1.  —  A  bill  was  passed  by  Congress  establishing 
a  Bureau  of  Freedmen's  Affairs. 

It  was  to  determine  all  questions  relating  to  persons  of  African  descent,  and 
make  regulations  for  their  employment  and  proper  treatment  on  abandoned  plan- 
tations. 

1864,  MARCH  1.  —  The  territory  of  Montana  was  organized. 

1864,  MARCH  3.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  supple- 
mentary to  the  Loan  Act  passed  by  Congress. 

It  authorized  the  Secretary  to  issue  bonds  not  exceeding  two  hundred  million 
dollars,  dated  March  1,  1864,  or  subsequently,  payable  in  five,  or  forty  years,  in 
coin,  and  bearing  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  cent,  payable  in  coin. 

1864,  MARCH  4.  —  Colonel  Kilpatrick  returned  to  the  Union 
lines. 

He  had  started,  February  28,  from  Culpepper,  with  a  cavalry  force  of  five 
thousand  men,  and  penetrated  to  the  outer  fortifications  of  Richmond,  injuring 
the  railroads  and  destroying  stores.  During  this  expedition  Colonel  Dahlgren 
was  killed. 

1864,  MARCH  14.  —  Fort  De  Russy,  on  the  Red  River,  Louisi- 
ana, was  captured  by  the  Federals. 

The  expedition  for  its  capture  had  left  Vicksburg  on  the  10th,  under  the  com- 
mand of  General  A.  J.  Smith.  Its  capture  opened  the  Red  River  as  far  as  Alex- 
andria. 

1864,  MARCH  15.  —  The  President  called  for  two  hundred 
thousand  men. 

1864,  APRIL  6.  —  A  state  constitutional  convention  for  Louisi- 
ana met  at  New  Orleans. 

It  abolished  slavery  in  the  state  May  26. 

1864,  APRIL  3.  —  Juarez  made  Monterey  the  seat  of  the  repub- 
lican government  of  Mexico. 

1864,  APRIL  8.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Sabine  Cross  Roads, 
Louisiana. 

The  Federal  expedition  up  the  Red  River  by  General  Banks  was  defeated,  and 
retreated  to  Pleasant  Grove,  and  reached  Alexandria  on  the  22d. 

1864,  APRIL  8.  —  The  Senate  adopted  an  amendment  to  the 
Constitution,  abolishing  slavery  in  the  United  States,  and  submit- 
ting it  to  the  states. 

The  vote  was  38  to  6. 

1864,  APRIL  10. — Maximilian  accepted  the  offer  of  the  crown 
of  Mexico  from  the  deputies. 

It  was  proffered  him  at  Miramar.  On  the  29th  of  May,  with  the  Empress 
Carlotta,  he  landed  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  on  the  12th  of  June  entered  the  city  of 
Mexico. 


644  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1864. 

1864,  APRIL  12.  —  Fort  Pillow,  Tennessee,  was  captured  by 
the  Confederates. 

The  garrison  was  massacred.  General  Forrest  was  in  command  of  the  Con- 
federates. Fort  Pillow  was  in  command  of  Major  Booth,  who  was  killed  in  the 
action. 

1864,  APRIL.  —  The  Indians  in  Colorado  committed  hostilities. 

Various  skirmishes  took  place  with  them. 

1864,  APRIL  27.  —  ^dersonville  prison,  in  Georgia,  was 
opened  for  Federal  prisoners. 

It  was  an  open  enclosure ;  44,882  Federal  prisoners  were  confined  here  this 
year,  12,644  of  whom  died. 

1864,  MAY  4.  —  The  army  of  the  Potomac  crossed  the  Rapidan, 
and  encamped  in  the  "  Wilderness." 

Grant  began  his  Virginia  campaign. 

1864,  MAY  4.  —  Yorktown  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates. 

1864,  MAY  5,  6.  —  The  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  Virginia, 
took  place. 

They  were  indecisive,  but  bloody. 

1864,  MAY  6.  —  City  Point,  on  the  James  River,  Virginia,  was 
occupied  by  the  Federals. 
General  Butler  was  in  command. 

1864,  MAY  6.  —  General  Sherman  began  his  Atlanta  campaign. 

1864,  MAY  9.  —  The  battle  of  Spottsylvania,  Virginia,  took 
place. 

It  was  indecisive. 

1864,  MAY  14.  —  The  battle  of  Resaca,  Georgia,  was  fought. 

The  Federals  under  General  Sherman  defeated  the  Confederates  under  Gen- 
eral Johnston.  On  the  20th,  Johnston  crossed  the  Etowah  River. 

1864,  MAY  17.  —  Rome,  Georgia,  was  captured  by  the  Fed- 
erals. 

1864,  MAY  18.  —  The  Journal  of  Commerce  and  the  World 
newspapers,  in  New  York  city,  were  suppressed  by  order  of  the 
President,  and  their  editors  ordered  arrested. 

A  forged  proclamation,  prepared  by  Joseph  Howard  and  F.  A.  Mallison,  was 
distributed  to  the  papers  the  night  before.  By  accident  it  appeared  only  in  these 
two.  The  Herald  printed  a  portion  of  its  edition  with  it,  but  suppressed  it  on 
finding  it  was  a  forgery.  The  proclamation  was  one  calling  for  a  half  million 
more  troops.  Howard  and  Mallison  were  also  both  arrested.  The  arrest  of  the 
editors  was  vacated  by  the  President's  order.  The  governor  of  the  state  of  New 
York  called  attention  to  the  violation  of  the  freedom  of  the  press,  and  the  officers 
who  carried  out  the  order  were  held  subject  to  indictment.  But  the  case  was  not 
pressed  by  the  sufferers. 


1864.1  ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.  645 

'J  \ 

1864,  MAT  25. —The  battle  of  New  Hope  Church  Station, 
Georgia,  took  place. 

It  was  indecisive.     Sherman  had  crossed  the  Etowah  in  pursuit  of  Johnston. 

1864,  MAY  26.  —  The  Confederates  were  repulsed  in  an  attack 
on  City  Point,  Virginia. 

1864,  MAY  28.  —  The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Dallas. 

Longstreet  had  attacked  Sherman,  and  was  driven  towards  Marietta. 

1864,  MAY.  —  The  President  ordered  the  discharge  of  all  pris- 
oners held  under  the  suspension  of  the  habeas  corpus  act. 
The  order  was  issued  through  the  secretary  of  war. 

1864,  JUNE  1. —  The  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

It  was  indecisive. 

1864,  JUNE  3.  —  A  battle  was  fought  near  Cold  Harbor,  Vir- 
ginia. 

The  Federals  were  repulsed. 

1864,  JUNE  3.  —  An  act  amending  the  National  Bank  Act  was 
approved. 

The  act  was  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  a  national  currency  secured  by  a 
pledge  of  the  United  States  bonds,  and  to  provide  for  the  circulation  and  redemp- 
tion thereof." 

1864,  JUNE  6.  —  Ackworth,  Georgia,  was  occupied  by  the 
Federals  under  General  Sherman. 

1864,  JUNE  7.  —  Morgan  again  raided  in  Kentucky,  and  cap- 
tured Lexington. 

On  the  12th  his  force  was  defeated,  and  a  thousand  horses  they  had  captured 
retaken. 

1864.  —  THE   postal  money-order  system  was  established  by 

Congress. 

It  was  similar  to  the  system  which  had  been  in  use  for  some  years  in  Great 
Britain.  By  it,  orders  for  small  sums  of  money,  payable  at  any  other  office, 
can  be  obtained,  at  a  slight  charge.  On  November  1st  the  system  went  into  oper- 
ation in  about  one  hundred  and  forty  offices.  It  has  since  been  extended  so  as  to 
embrace  several  of  the  countries  of  Europe,  thus  affording  a  cheap  and  reliable 
method  of  exchange,  while  at  the  same  time  the  charge  has  been  lessened.  On 
the  1st  of  October,  1875,  the  number  of 'offices  in  operation  was  3696.  Up  to 
June  30  of  the  same  year,  for  the  year,  the  number  of  orders  issued  was  5,006,323, 
the  amount  of  money  they  represented  being  over  $75,000,000. 

1864,  JUNE  16. — The  Federals  were  defeated  in  an  attack 
upon  Petersburg,  Virginia. 


646  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1864. 

1864,  JUNE  17.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  forbidding  selling 
gold  on  time. 

It  was  intended  to  stop  the  gold  gambling,  but  failed  to  effect  it.  The  premium 
was  enhanced,  and  the  act  was  repealed  July  2,  1864. 

1864,  JUNE  19. —  The  investment  of  Petersburg,  Virginia,  was 
begun. 

1864,  JUNE  19.  —  The  Alabama  was  sunk  off  Cherbourg, 
France,  by  the  Kearsarge. 

The  Alabama  had  been  built  at  Liverpool,  England,  and  sailed  July  29,  1862. 
She  had  committed  numerous  depredations  on  American  commerce.  During  the 
war  the  Confederates  sent  out  about  thirty  privateers.  Of  these  the  chief  were  : 
the  Savannah,  which  escaped  from  Charleston  June  2,  1861,  and  was  captured 
June  4;  the  Sumter,  which  escaped  from  New  Orleans  in  July,  1861,  and  was 
sold  in  April,  1862;  the  Jeff  Davis,  which  escaped  from  Charleston  July,  1861, 
and  was  wrecked  in  August ;  the  Nashville,  which  escaped  from  Charleston  Octo- 
ber, 1861,  and  was  destroyed  by  the  Montawk,  March  1,  1863 ;  the  Florida,  built 
at  Birkenhead,  England,  captured  by  the  Wachusett  in  October,  1864. 

1864,  JUNE  21,  22.  —  The  Federals  were  repulsed  in  attacks 
upon  the  Weldon  railroad,  Virginia. 

1864,  JUNE  22.  —  The  House  of  Representatives  resolved  to 
abolish  slavery. 

1864,  JUNE  24.  —  The  Maryland  constitutional  convention 
agreed  to  abolish  slavery. 

1864,  JUNE  27.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Kenesaw  Mountain. 

The  Federals  made  an  unsuccessful  attack.  The  Confederates  abandoned 
their  position  July  2. 

1864,  JUNE  28.  —  The  Confederates  moved  up  the  Shenandoah 
Valley,  Virginia. 

General  Early  was  in  command.    Until  July  4,  Washington  was  threatened. 

1864,  JUNE  28.  —  An  act  of  Congress  repealing  the  fugitive 
slave  law  was  approved. 

It  repealed  the  act  of  February  12,  1793,  and  the  amendment  of  Septem- 
ber, 1850. 

1864,  JUNE  30.  —  An  act  to  provide  ways  and  means  for  the 
support  of  the  government  and  for  other  purposes  was  approved. 

It  authorized  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  to  borrow  on  the  credit  of  the 
United  States  four  hundred  millions  of  dollars,  issuing  coupon  or  registered  bonds 
for  the  amount,  payable  in  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  forty  years,  of  denom- 
ination not  less  than  fifty  dollars,  and  drawing  six  per  cent,  interest,  "  payable 
semiannually  in  coin."  In  lieu  of  an  equal  amount  of  bonds,  he  might  issue  two 
hundred  millions  of  dollars  in  treasury  notes,  in  denomination  not  less  than  ten 
dollars,  payable  within  three  years,  and  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  seven  and 
three  tenths  per  centum,  payable  "in  lawful  money,"  and  "a  legal  tender  to  the 
same  extent  as  United  States  notes  for  their  face  value,  excluding  interest."  Pro- 


1864.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  647 

vided :  "That  the  total  amount  of  bonds  and  treasury  notes,  authorized  by  the 
first  and  second  sections  of  this  act,  shall  not  exceed  four  hundred  millions  of 
dollars,  in  addition  to  the  amounts  heretofore  issued ;  nor  shall  the  total  amount 
of  United  States  notes,  issued  or  to  be  issued,  ever  exceed  four  hundred  millions 
of  dollars,  and  such  additional  sum,  not  exceeding  fifty  millions  of  dollars,  as  may 
be  temporarily  required  for  the  redemption  of  temporary  loan ;  nor  shall  any 
treasury  note  bearing  interest,  issued  under  this  act,  be  a  legal  tender  in  payment 
or  redemption  of  any  notes  issued  by  any  bank,  banking  association,  or  banker, 
calculated  or  intended  to  circulate  as  money."  Section  4  of  the  act  authorized 
the  secretary  of  the  treasury  to  receive,  through  the  depositories  designated  for 
the  purpose,  other  than  national  banking  associations,  temporary  loans  of  United 
States  notes,  or  national  bank-notes,  for  not  less  than  thirty  days,  and  give  certifi- 
cates bearing  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  centum  a  year.  Such  deposits  should 
not  exceed  one  hundred  and  fifty  millions ;  and  as  a  reserve  for  their  payment, 
fifty  millions  of  United  States  notes  were  to  be  issued  and  kept.  The  act  also 
provided  for  the  issue  of  fifty  millions  of  fractional  currency. 

The  act  contained  also  the  provision  that  "all  bonds,  Treasury  notes,  and 
other  obligations  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  free  from  taxation,  by  or  under 
state  or  municipal  authority."  Its  last  section  declares  "the  words  obligation  or 
other  security  of  the  United  States"  to  mean  "all  bonds,  coupons,  national  cur- 
rency, United  States  notes,  fractional  notes,  checks  for  money  of  authenticated 
officers  of  the  United  States,  certificates  of  indebtedness,  certificates  of  deposits, 
stamps,  and  other  representatives  of  value  of  whatever  denomination,  which  have 
been  or  may  be  issued  under  any  act  of  Congress." 

1864,  JUNE  30.  —  Mr.  Chase  resigned  the  position  of  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury. 

July  5,  William  P.  Fessenden  was  appointed  to  the  office. 

1864,  JULY  4.  —  The  enrolment  bill  was  approved. 

The  House  passed  it  on  the  12th  February,  and  the  Senate  on  the  19th.  It 
gave  the  President  authority  to  call  for  as  many  men  as  the  necessity  required ; 
drafts  to  be  ordered  if  the  quotas  were  not  filled.  Substitutes  might  be  furnished 
by  those  enrolled ;  all  persons  under  forty-five  to  be  enrolled ;  drafted  persons 
could  furnish  substitutes ;  commuters  exempted  only  from  the  special  draft ;  all 
male  persons  of  African  descent,  between  twenty  and  forty-five,  whether  citizens 
or  not,  to  be  enrolled ;  loyal  masters  of  drafted  slaves  to  be  given  a  certificate, 
and  the  bounty  to  be  paid  the  person  to  whom  the  slave  owes  service ;  a  commis- 
sion to  be  appointed  to  award  not  over  three  hundred  dollars  to  loyal  persons  to 
whom  colored  volunteers  owe  service ;  colored  troops  not  to  be  "  assigned  as  state 
troops,  but  shall  be  mustered  into  regiments  or  companies  as  United  States  colored 
volunteers." 

1864,  JULY  8.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  in  refer- 
ence to  a  bill  for  reconstruction. 

The  bill  had  been  presented  to  him  too  late  for  him  to  consider  it.  It  guaran- 
teed a  republican  form  of  government  to  the  states  whose  governments  had  been 
overthrown,  and  authorized  the  President  to  appoint  provisional  governors  until 
regular  state  governments  were  organized.  The  proclamation  stated  that,  while 
the  President  was  not  prepared  to  commit  himself  to  any  single  plan  of  reconstruc- 
tion, yet  he  was  satisfied  this  provided  by  the  bill  was  a  proper  one,  and  that,  when 
armed  resistance  ceased  in  any  state,  military  governors  would  be  appointed,  with 
directions  to  proceed  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  bill. 


648  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1864. 

1864,  JULY  9.  —  The  battle  of  Monocacy  River,  Maryland,  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  were  defeated.  Lee  had  crossed  the  Potomac,  and  threatened 
Baltimore  and  Washington.  On  the  13th  of  July  he  retired  from  Maryland. 

1864,  JULY  18.  —  The  President  issued  a  call  for  five  hundred 
thousand  men. 

They  were  to  enlist  for  one,  two,  or  three  years,  as  they  should  elect.  If  a 
sufficient  number  did  not  present  themselves,  a  draft  was  to  be  made  on  Septem- 
ber 5  for  men  to  serve  one  year. 

1864,  JULY  20.  — The  battle  of  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Georgia, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  under  General  Hood,  who  had  replaced  Johnston.  The 
Federals  under  Sherman  held  their  own. 

1864,  JULY  22. —  The  Louisiana  state  convention  adopted  a 
constitution  abolishing  slavery. 

1864,  JULY  22.  —  The  battle  of  Decatur,  Georgia,  was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  finally  repulsed. 

1864,  JULY  30.  —  Another  unsuccessful  assault  was  made  by 
the  Federals  upon  Petersburg,  Virginia. 

1864,  AUGUST  6.  —  Fort  Gaines,  in  Mobile  Bay,  surrendered  to 
Admiral  Farragut. 

Fort  Powell  was  blown  up  on  the  5th,  and  the  Confederate  ram  Tennessee 
captured. 

1864,  AUGUST  21.  —  The  Weldon  railroad  was  captured. 
The  contest  lasted  three  days. 

1864,  AUGUST  23.  —  Fort  Morgan,  in  Mobile  Bay,  was  captured 
by  Admiral  Farragut. 

The  Federals  had  possession  of  the  bay. 

1864,  AUGUST  31.  —  The  battle  of  Jonesborough  was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  repulsed.     The  next  day  Sherman  captured  the  town. 

1864,  SEPTEMBER  2.  —  The  Federals  entered  Atlanta. 

The  Confederates  had  evacuated  it.  A  truce  of  ten  days,  beginning  on  the 
14th,  was  given  the  inhabitants  to  leave  the  place,  which  was  made  a  depot  of 
supplies. 

1864,  SEPTEMBER  4.  —  Morgan  was   defeated   at   Greenville, 
Tennessee,  by  the  Federals  under  General  Gillem. 
Morgan  was  killed  and  his  staff  captured. 

1864,  SEPTEMBER  19.  —  The  battle  of  Winchester,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  successful. 


ADMIRAL  FARRAGUT  AT  THE  BATTLE  OF  MOBILE  BAY,  AUGUST  23,  1864. 


1864.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  649 

1864,  SEPTEMBER  22. —  The  battle  at  Fisher's  Creek,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

The  Federals  under  General  Sheridan  were  successful. 

1864,  SEPTEMBER  28.  —  Fort  Harrison,  Virginia,  was  captured 
by  the  Federals. 

1864,  SEPTEMBER  30.  —  The  battle  at  Peebles  Farm,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  repulsed. 

1864,  OCTOBER  2.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Holston  River, 
Virginia. 

The  Confederates  were  commanded  by  General  Breckenridge,  and  the  Federals 
by  General  Burbridge. 

1864,  OCTOBER  6. —  The  battle  of  Allatoona  Pass,  Georgia,  was 
fought. 

General  Sherman  had  made  it  a  station  for  supplies.  The  Confederates  under 
General  Hood  were  repulsed. 

1864,  OCTOBER  7. —  The  Confederate  steamer  Florida  was  cap- 
tured at  Bahia,  while  under  the  protection  of  Brazil,  by  the 
Wachusett. 

The  Brazilian  government  remonstrated,  and  the  Secretary  of  State  apologized. 
On  the  26th  of  December  the  Florida  sank. 

1864,  OCTOBER  10.  —  Delegates  from  the  British  North  Ameri- 
can colonies  met  at  Quebec  to  deliberate  concerning  the  forma- 
tion of  a  confederation. 

The  bases  of  the  organization  were  decided  upon  on  the  20th.  The  plan  of 
government  proposed  a  central  legislative  body,  consisting  of  two  houses.  The 
first  of  these  to  be  composed  of  officers  selected  by  the  government  from  the 
members  of  the  existing  upper  houses  in  the  provinces.  The  lower  house  to  be 
elected  by  the  people.  The  acceptance  of  the  plan  to  be  left  to  the  decision  of 
the  existing  provincial  parliaments,  and  not  to  the  people. 

1864,  OCTOBER  13.  —  The  new  constitution  of  Maryland  was 
adopted  at  a  popular  election. 

It  prohibited  slavery  in  the  state,  and  declared  all  slaves  free. 

1864,  OCTOBER  18.  —  A  raid  was  made  on  the  town  of  St.  Al- 
bans,  Vermont,  by  a  party  of  Confederates  from  Canada. 

They  stole  horses,  robbed  the  banks,  and  returned  to  Canada  the  next  day. 
On  the  21st,  thirteen  of  them  were  arrested.  On  the  14th  of  December  they  were 
discharged  by  Judge  Coursol,  of  Canada.  The  raid  made  much  excitement. 
Volunteers  were  called  out  to  defend  the  frontier,  and  Governor  Dix,  of  New 
York,  proclaimed  reprisals.  His  proclamation  was  rescinded  by  President  Lin- 
coln. 

1864,  OCTOBER  19.  —  The  battle  of  Cedar  Creek,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  were  defeated,  when  General  Sheridan,  riding  up  from  Winches- 
ter, rallied  them  and  gained  a  victory. 


650  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1864. 

1864,  OCTOBER  27. —  The  Federals  were  repulsed  at  Hatcher's 
Run,  Virginia. 

1864,  OCTOBER  31.  —  Nevada  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1864,  NOVEMBER  5.  —  General  Butler  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  troops  in  New  York,  arriving  and  to  arrive,  to  meet  exist- 
ing emergencies. 

The  presidential  election  was  to  take  place  on  the  8th. 

1864,  NOVEMBER  8.  —  General  McClellan  resigned  his  commis- 
sion in  the  army. 

He  had  been  the  unsuccessful  candidate  in  the  presidential  election. 

1864,  NOVEMBER  16.  —  General  Sherman  began  his  march  to 
the  sea. 

Having  destroyed  Atlanta,  and  the  railroad  as  far  as  Dalton,  he  set  out  east- 
ward, threatening  both  Macon  and  Augusta,  and  marching  down  the  peninsula 
between  the  Ogeechee  and  Savannah  rivers. 

1864,  NOVEMBER  25.  —  Several  attempts  were  made  to  fire  the 
city  of  New  York. 

The  fires  were  kindled  in  the  large  hotels.  The  actual  damage  was  tut  slight. 
A  great  excitement  was  caused  by  the  belief  that  the  attempts  were  made  by  the 
Confederates  ;  and  an  order  was  issued  that  all  persons  residing  in  the  city  should 
register  themselves  or  be  treated  as  spies.  It  was  found  that  the  families  of  sev- 
eral distinguished  Confederate  leaders  were  residing  in  the  city.  On  the  25th  of 
March,  1865,  Robert  C.  Kennedy  was  hanged  as  a  spy.  He  confessed  having  set 
fire  to  several  hotels. 

1864,  NOVEMBER  29.  —  The  Cheyenne  Indians,  in  camp  at  Fort 
Lyon,  were  massacred. 

They  had  come  to  treat  for  peace,  and  were  encamped  with  their  women  and 
children.  Colonel  Chivington,  of  Colorado,  against  the  protest  of  Major  Anthony, 
in  command  of  the  fort,  ordered  the  attack. 

1864,  DECEMBER  13.  —  Fort  McAllister  was  captured  by  the 
Federals. 

Sherman  had  reached  Savannah,  which  he  invested,  and  by  the  capture  of  Fort 
McAllister  opened  communication  with  Commodore  Dahlgren's  fleet. 

1864,  DECEMBER  15.  —  The  battle  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  took 
place. 

The  Confederates  under  General  Hood  had  invaded  Tennessee,  and  were  de- 
feated by  the  Federals  under  General  Thomas.  The  battle  lasted  two  days,  and 
the  Confederates  retreated  to  the  south. 

1864,  DECEMBER  20.  —  The  President  called  for  three  hundred 
thousand  volunteers,  for  one,  two,  or  three  years. 

A  draft  was  ordered  on  February  15,  in  case  there  was  a  deficiency. 


1864-5.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  651 

1864,  DECEMBER  21.  —  The  Federals  occupied  Savannah, 
Georgia. 

The  Confederates  had  vacated  it  the  day  before. 

1864,  DECEMBER  25.  — The  Federals  were  repulsed  in  an  attack 
upon  Fort  Fisher,  North  Carolina. 
General  Butler  was  in  command. 

1864,  DECEMBER  28.  —  A  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Savannah, 
Georgia,  called  by  the  mayor,  adopted  peace  resolutions. 

They  agreed  "to  accept  peace,  submitting  to  the  national  authority  under  the 
Constitution,  laying  aside  all  differences,  and  burying  bygones  in  the  grave  of  the 
past." 

1864,  DECEMBER.  —  The  President  in  his  message  referred  to 
the  abolition  of  slavery. 

He  stated  that  in  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  free  constitutions  had  been  accepted 
and  loyal  state  governments  organized ;  and  that  movements  to  the  same  end  had 
been  made  in  Missouri,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee.  The  message  concluded : 
"  While  I  remain  in  my  present  position,  I  shall  not  attempt  to  retract  or  modify 
the  Emancipation  Proclamation ;  nor  shall  I  return  to  slavery  any  person  who  is 
free  by  the  terms  of  that  proclamation,  or  by  any  of  the  acts  of  Congress.  If  the 
people  should,  by  whatever  acts  or  means,  make  it  an  executive  duty  to  re-enslave 
such  persons,  another,  and  not  I,  must  be  their  instrument  to  do  it.  In  stating  a 
single  condition  of  peace,  I  mean  simply  to  say  that  the  war  will  cease  on  the  part 
of  the  government  whenever  it  shall  have  ceased  on  the  part  of  those  who 
began  it." 

1865,  JANUARY  11.  —  The  state  convention  of  Missouri,  in  ses- 
sion at  St.  Louis,  passed  an  ordinance  for  the  abolition  of  slavery. 

It  was  passed  by  a  vote  of  sixty  to  four,  as  follows  :  "Be  it  ordained  by  the 
people  of  the  state  of  Missouri  in  convention  assembled,  that  hereafter  in  this 
state  there  shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  in  punish- 
ment of  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted." 

1865,  JANUARY  15.  —  Fort  Fisher,  North  Carolina,  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Federals. 

General  Terry  was  in  command. 

1865,  JANUARY  18.  —  General  Sherman  commenced  his  march 
through  the  Carolinas. 

He  left  Savannah,  Georgia,  in  command  of  General  Foster. 

1865,  JANUARY  19.  —  The  last  Canadian  parliament  met. 

1865,  JANUARY  25. — The  library  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute 
was  burned. 

1865,  JANUARY  28.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  the 
further  issue  of  treasury  notes. 

They  were  the  same  in  character  as  those  issued  the  year  before,  and  were  to 
be  issued  in  lieu  of  the  bonds  authorized  by  the  act  of  June  30,  1864,  "provided 


652  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1865. 

the  whole  amount  of  bonds  authorized  as  aforesaid,  and  treasury  notes  issued  and 
to  be  issued  in  lieu  thereof,  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  four  hundred  millions  of 
dollars." 

1865,  JANUARY  31.  —  The  House  of  Representatives  accepted 
the  constitutional  amendment  abolishing  slavery  in  the  United 
States. 

The  vote  stood,  for  the  amendment,  103 ;  against  it,  16 ;  not  voting,  8. 

The  joint  resolution  read  as  follows:  "He  it  resolved,  by  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America,  in  Congress  assem- 
bled, two  thirds  of  both  houses  concurring,  That  the  following  articles  be  proposed 
to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states,  as  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States ;  when  ratified  by  three  fourths  of  said  legislatures,  shall  be 
valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes  as  a  part  of  the  said  Constitution,  namely :  — 

"  Article  13.  Section  1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a 
punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall 
exist  within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

"  Section  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation."  The  Senate  had  passed  the  resolution  April  8,  1864,  by  a  vote  of 
38  to  6,  six  members  not  voting.  1864,  May  31,  the  House  had  rejected  the  res- 
olution by  a  vote  of  95  for  to  66  against. 

1865,  FEBRUARY  3.  —  A  conference  for  peace  was  held  at  For- 
tress Monroe  between  President  Lincoln  and  Secretary  Seward 
and  Secretary  Stephens,  with  two  Confederate  commissioners. 

It  led  to  no  result. 

1865.  —  A  SOCIETY  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals  was 
organized  in  New  York  city. 
Henry  Bergh  was  its  first  president. 

1865,  FEBRUARY  5.  —  The  Federals  were  repulsed  at  Hatcher's 
Run,  Virginia. 

1865,  FEBRUARY  17.  —  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  was  captured 
by  General  Sherman. 

The  city  was  almost  destroyed  in  the  conflagration  caused  by  the  cotton  which 
had  been  set  on  fire. 

1865,  FEBRUARY  18.  —  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  surren- 
dered by  the  mayor  to  the  Federal  forces. 

General  Hardee,  in  command  of  the  Confederates,  began  the  evacuation  Feb- 
ruary 15.  Sherman  having  captured  the  railroads  connecting  it  with  the  interior, 
its  surrender  became  imperative.  The  Confederates,  before  leaving,  burned  all 
the  places  containing  cotton  stored ;  the  fire  spread,  and  did  great  damage  before 
the  Federal  troops  could  extinguish  it.  A  quantity  of  rice,  left  behind,  was  dis- 
tributed to  the  poor  by  the  order  of  the  captors,  under  the  supervision  of  a  com- 
mittee of  the  citizens.  The  city  had  been  besieged  585  days,  from  the  lodgment 
made  on  Morris  Island  July  10,  1863,  and  under  fire  for  542  days. 

1865,  MARCH  3.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress,  authorizing  the 


1865.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  653 

secretary  of  the  treasury  to  borrow  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States  six  hundred  millions  of  dollars,  was  approved. 

Bonds  or  treasury  notes  were  to  be  issued  for  the  loan;  "the  principal,  or 
interest,  or  both,  may  be  made  payable  in  coin,  or  in  other  lawful  money.  Pro- 
vided :  That  the  rate  of  interest  on  any  such  bonds  or  treasury  notes,  when  pay- 
able in  coin,  shall  not  exceed  six  per  centum  per  annum ;  and  when  not  payable 
in  coin  shall  not  exceed  seven  and  three  tenths  per  centum  per  annum ;  and  the 
rate  and  character  of  the  interest  shall  be  expressed  on  all  such  bonds  or  treasury 
notes." 

1865,  MAECH  3.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  laying  a  tax  of  ten 
per  cent,  upon  the  notes  of  state  banks  issued  as  a  circulation. 

1865,  MAECH  3.  —  The  act  establishing  the  Free dmen's  Sav- 
ing and  Trust  Company  was  approved 

1865,  MAECH  7.  —  The  Confederate  congress  decreed  the  arm- 
ing of  the  slaves. 

The  troops  so  raised  were  to  receive  the  same  rations,  clothing,  and  compensa- 
tion as  others  in  the  same  branch  of  the  service.  "  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be 
construed  to  alter  the  existing  relations  between  master  and  slaves." 

1865,  MAECH  7.  —  Nova  Scotia  rejected  the  plan  for  a  con- 
federation. 

It  proposed  that  New  Brunswick,  Prince  Edward's  Island,  and  Nova  Scotia 
should  form  a  separate  union  for  themselves. 

1865,  MAECH  11.  —  General  Sherman  entered  Fayetteville, 
North  Carolina. 

Communication  with  Wilmington,  by  way  of  Cape  Fear  River,  was  immediately 
opened.  The  march  to  the  sea  was  completed. 

1865,  MAECH  16.  —  The  battle  of  Averysborough,  North  Caro- 
lina, was  fought. 

The  Confederates  under  General  Johnston  were  defeated  by  the  Federals  un- 
der General  Sherman. 

1865,  MAECH  18.  —  The  battle  of  Bentonville,  North  Carolina, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  under  General  Johnston  were  defeated  by  the  Federals  un- 
der General  Sherman. 

1865,  MAECH  25.  —  Fort  Steadman,  near  Petersburg,  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Confederates,  and  recaptured  by  the  Federals. 

1865,  MAECH  31.  —  The  battle  of  Five  Forks,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

1865,  APEIL  2.  —  Selma,  Alabama,  was  captured. 

An  expedition  under  General  Wilson,  from  Thomas's  department,  started  on 
March  22  from  Chickasaw,  Alabama.  At  Selma  he  captured  many  prisoners  and 
much  material.  On  the  12th,  Montgomery  surrendered  peaceably.  On  the  16th, 
Columbus,  Georgia,  was  captured,  after  a  severe  contest.  At  Macon,  on  the  21st, 
he  was  met  by  a  flag  of  truce,  giving  him  information  of  the  truce  between  Sher- 
man and  Johnston. 


654  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1865. 

1865,  APRIL  2. —  Richmond  was  evacuated  by  the  Confed- 
erates. 

The  army  of  the  Potomac  had  broken  through  the  defences  of  Petersburg. 
April  3,  Grant  moved  into  Petersburg  before  daylight,  and  soon  after  "Weitzel  en- 
tered Richmond.  April  4,  President  Lincoln  entered  Richmond,  and  was  welcomed 
by  the  people  with  enthusiasm. 

1865,  APRIL  6.  —  The  battle  of  Farmville,  Virginia,  was  fought. 

General  Sheridan  with  the  advance  had  overtaken  the  retreating  army  of  Gen- 
eral Lee,  and  defeated  them. 

1865,  APRIL.  —  The  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Seward,  abandons 
the  claim  for  the  extradition  of  the  St.  Albans  raiders. 

The^  had  been  a  second  time  arrested,  and,  on  the  30th  of  March,  discharged. 

1865,  APRIL  8.  —  Spanish  Fort,  one  of  the  defences  of  Mobile, 
Alabama,  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates. 

The  Federals  took  possession  of  it.  The  siege  of  Mobile  had  begun  on  the 
27th  of  March. 

1865,  APRIL  9.  —  Fort  Blakely,  at  Mobile,  Alabama,  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Federals. 

1865,  APRIL  9.  —  General  Lee  with  his  army  surrendered  to 
General  Grant  at  Appomattox  Court  House,  Virginia. 

The  following  were  the  terms  of  surrender.  At  the  meeting  on  the  9th,  between 
Generals  Grant  and  Lee,  the  terms  were  agreed  upon  in  the  following  correspond- 
ence. General  Grant  wrote :  "In  accordance  with  the  substance  of  my  letter 
to  you  of  the  8th  instant,  I  propose  to  receive  the  surrender  of  the  Army  of 
Northern  Virginia  on  the  following  terms  ;  to  wit :  — 

"  Rolls  of  all  the  officers  and  men  to  be  made  in  duplicate,  one  copy  to  be  given 
to  an  officer  designated  by  me,  the  other  to  be  retained  by  such  officers  as  you 
may  designate. 

"  The  officers  to  give  their  individual  paroles  not  to  take  arms  against  the 
United  States  until  properly  exchanged,  and  each  company  or  regimental  com- 
mander to  sign  a  like  parole  for  the  men  of  their  commands. 

"The  arms,  artillery,  and  public  property  to  be  parked  and  stacked,  and  turned 
over  to  the  officers  appointed  by  me  to  receive  them.  This  will  not  embrace  the 
side-arms  of  the  officers,  nor  their  private  horses  or  baggage. 

"  This  done,  each  officer  and  man  will  be  allowed  to  return  to  their  homes,  not 
to  be  disturbed  by  United  States  authority  so  long  as  they  observe  their  parole 
and  the  laws  in  force  where  they  may  reside." 

Lee  replied  to  this  :  "  I  have  received  your  letter  of  this  date,  containing  the 
terms  of  surrender  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  as  proposed  by  you.  As 
they  are  substantially  the  same  as  those  expressed  in  your  letter  of  the  8th  in- 
stant, they  are  accepted.  I  will  proceed  to  designate  the  proper  officers  to  carry 
the  stipulations  into  effect." 

1865,  APRIL  13.  —  Mobile  surrendered  to  a  combined  army 
and  naval  attack. 

The  attack  commenced  on  the  2d. 


1865.]  ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  655 

1865,  APRIL  14.  —  The  flag  General  Anderson  had  lowered  at 
Fort  Sumter  was  restored  to  its  position. 

1865,  APEIL  14.  —  President  Lincoln  was  assassinated  at  Wash- 
ington. 

He  was  shot  in  the  back  of  the  head  at  Ford's  Theatre  by  Wilkes  Booth,  and 
died  the  next  morning.  Booth  was  killed  in  the  attempt  to  capture  him.  The 
same  evening  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  to  assassinate  the  secretary  of 
state,  William  H.  Seward,  who  was  lying  sick  in  his  bed  at  home.  May  2d 
President  Johnson  offered  rewards  for  Jefferson  Davis,  Jacob  Thompson,  Clement 
C.  Clay,  Beverly  Tucker,  George  N.  Saunders,  A.  C.  Cleary,  and  others,  it  ap- 
pearing, "from  evidence  in  the  Bureau  of  Military  Justice,"  that  they  had  "in- 
cited, concerted,  and  procured "  the  murder  of  President  Lincoln,  and  the 
attempted  assassination  of  Secretary  Seward.  The  murdered  President  was 
carried  home  to  be  buried  in  Springfield,  Illinois.  His  body  left  Washington 
April  21,  and  reached  Springfield  May  4.  The  entire  journey  was  a  continuous 
funeral  procession,  in  which  the  people,  by  every  means  in  their  power,  testified 
their  grief  at  his  loss. 

The  conspirators  were  tried,  and  on  the  7th  of  July,  David  E.  Herrold,  G.  A. 
Atzeroth,  Lewis  Payne,  and  Mary  E.  Surratt  were  hanged.  Others  were  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  life.  Payne,  Herrold,  and  Atzeroth  acknowledged 
themselves  guilty,  in  whole  or  in  part.  Mrs.  Surratt  protested  her  innocence. 

1865,  APRIL  15.  —  Andrew  Johnson,  the  Yice-President,  took 
the  oath  of  office  as  President. 

1865,  APRIL  26.  —  General  Johnston  surrendered  to  General 
Sherman  in  North  Carolina. 

Negotiations  for  surrender  had  been  pending  since  the  surrender  of  Lee,  but 
the  terms  allowed  by  General  Sherman  had  been  disapproved  by  the  government. 

The  following  was  the  "basis  of  agreement"  entered  upon  at  first  between 
Generals  Sherman  and  Johnston,  the  Confederate  secretary  of  war,  Mr.  Breck- 
enridge,  being  present.  "  First.  The  contending  armies  now  in  the  field  to  main- 
tain their  statu  quo  until  notice  is  given  by  the  commanding  general  of  either  one 
to  its  opponent,  and  reasonable  time,  say  forty-eight  hours,  allowed. 

"Second.  The  Confederate  armies  now  in  existence  to  be  disbanded  and  con- 
ducted to  the  several  state  capitals,  there  to  deposit  their  arms  and  public  property 
in  the  state  arsenals,  and  each  officer  and  man  to  execute  and  file  an  agreement 
to  cease  from  acts  of  war,  and  abide  the  action  of  both  state  and  Federal  author- 
ities. The  number  of  arms  and  munitions  of  war  to  be  reported  to  the  chief  of 
ordnance  at  Washington  city,  subject  to  future  action  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  and  in  the  mean  time  to  be  used  solely  to  maintain  peace  and  order 
within  the  borders  of  the  states  respectively. 

"  Third.  The  recognition  by  the  executive  of  the  United  States  of  the  several 
state  governments,  on  their  officers  and  legislatures  taking  the  oath  prescribed  by 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States ;  and  where  conflicting  state  governments 
have  resulted  from  the  war,  the  legitimacy  of  all  shall  be  submitted  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States. 

"  Fourth.  The  re-establishment  of  all  Federal  courts  in  the  several  states,  with 
powers  as  defined  by  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  Congress. 

"Fifth.  The  people  and  inhabitants  of  all  states  to  be  guaranteed,  so  far  as 
the  executive  can,  their  political  rights  and  franchise,  as  well  as  their  rights  of 


C56  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1865. 

person  and  property,  as  defined  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  of 
the  states  respectively. 

"  Sixth.  The  executive  authority  of  the  government  of  the  United  States  not 
to  disturb  any  of  the  people  by  reason  of  the  late  war,  so  long  as  they  live  in 
peace  and  quiet,  abstain  from  acts  of  armed  hostility,  and  obey  laws  in  existence 
at  any  place  of  their  residence. 

"  Seventh.  In  general  terras,  war  to  cease,  a  general  amnesty,  so  far  as  the 
executive  power  of  the  United  States  can  command,  upon  condition  of  disband- 
mcnt  of  the  Confederate  armies,  and  the  distribution  of  arms  and  resumption  of 
peaceful  pursuits  by  officers  and  men  as  heretofore  composing  the  said  armies. 
Not  being  officially  empowered  by  our  respective  principals  to  fulfil  these  terms, 
we  individually  and  officially  pledge  ourselves  to  promptly  obtain  necessary 
authority,  and  to  carry  out  the  above  programme." 

The  government  having  disallowed  these  terms,  for  the  reasons  that  General 
Sherman  had  no  authority  to  make  such ;  that  they  were  a  practical  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  rebel  government,  and  re-established  the  rebel  state  authority,  pro- 
vided them  with  arms,  and  ignored  the  loyal  state  governments,  and  did  not  rec- 
ognize the  abolition  of  slavery  or  the  confiscation  act,  and  formed  no  true  basis 
for  a  lasting  peace,  Sherman  was  ordered  to  give  notice  of  the  immediate  cessation 
of  the  truce.  Johnston  thereupon  surrendered  upon  substantially  the  same  terms 
as  were  given  to  Lee,  the  men  being  allowed  to  keep  their  horses,  wagons,  and 
five  per  cent,  of  their  small  arms,  to  protect  themselves  on  their  return  to  their 
homes. 

1865,  APRIL  28.  —  General  Schofield,  in  North  Carolina,  issued 
an  order  defining  the  condition  of  the  slaves  under  the  procla- 
mation of  January  1,  1863. 

It  proclaimed  them  free,  and  advised  their  masters  to  employ  them  at  reasona- 
ble wages,  and  advised  the  slaves  to  labor  faithfully,  since  they  would  "not  be 
supported  in  idleness." 

1865,  APRIL  29.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  remov- 
ing the  blockade  from  all  southern  ports  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
within  the  lines  of  national  military  occupation. 

Articles  contraband  of  war  were  excepted. 

1865,  APRIL.  —  The  secretary  of  state,  Mr.  Seward,  wrote  to 
the  French  representative  at  Washington  concerning  the  position 
of  affairs  in  Mexico. 

He  said :  "  This  government  has  long  recognized,  and  still  does  continue  to 
recognize,  the  constitutional  government  of  the  United  States  of  Mexico  as  the 
sovereign  authority  in  that  country,  and  Benito  Juarez  as  its  chief.  This  govern- 
ment, at  the  same  time,  equally  recognizes  the  condition  of  war  existing  in  Mexico 
between  that  country  and  France.  We  maintain  absolute  neutrality  between  the 
belligerents." 

1865,  MAY  4.  —  All  "  the  forces,  munitions  of  war,  &c.,  in  the 
department  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  East  Louisiana,"  were 
surrendered  by  General  Richard  Taylor  to  General  Canby. 

The  negotiations  for  the  surrender  had  taken  place  at  Citronelle,  Alabama,  on 
the  4th  of  May.  The  terms  were  substantially  the  same  as  those  given  to  John- 
ston and  Lee. 


1865.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  657 

1865,  MAT  5.  —  Galveston,  Texas,  surrendered  to  the  Federals. 

It  was  the  last  port  held  by  the  Confederacy. 

1865,  MAY  10.  —  Jefferson  Davis  was  captured  in  Georgia. 

Davis  had  left  Richmond,  on  the  2d  of  April,  with  a  company  consisting  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Confederate  cabinet  and  a  cavalry  force,  taking  with  him  such  specie  as 
could  be  gathered  from  the  banks.  On  the  5th  he  issued  a  proclamation  from  Dan- 
ville, promising  to  return  soon.  On  the  25th  he  made  a  speech  at  Charlotte,  South 
Carolina,  promising  soon  to  return  at  the  head  of  a  large  army.  This  he  repeated 
at  Yorkville  on  the  28th,  and  at  Powlton,  Georgia,  on  the  5th  of  May.  Here  the 
party  scattered,  having  distributed  the  specie  among  the  military.  Davis  with 
his  family  and  a  few  others  proceeded  towards  the  coast.  On  the  9th,  Colonel 
Harden,  who  was  in  pursuit,  met  Colonel  Pritchard,  who  was  also  following  the 
fugitives,  and  pushed  on  to  Irwinville.  Here  he  learned  that  the  party  was  en- 
camped within  two  miles.  In  attempting  to  surround  the  camp  by  night,  he  met 
Pritchard's  pickets,  and  in  the  darkness  the  two  parties  mistook  each  other,  and 
fired.  The  fire  was  returned  before  the  mistake  was  discovered,  and  two  men 
were  killed  and  five  wounded.  Davis  and  his  party,  consisting  of  his  wife,  niece, 
and  children,  with  the  Confederate  postmaster-general  Reagan,  and  a  few  others 
were  captured,  taken  to  Macon,  Georgia,  thence  to  Hilton  Head,  and  sent  to  Eor- 
tress  Monroe. 

1865,  MAY  13.  —  A  skirmish  took  place  near  Brazos,  in  eastern 
Texas. 

This  appears  to  have  been  the  last  contest  of  the  war.  An  attack  was  made 
by  Colonel  Slaughter,  the  Confederate  commander  of  the  district,  upon  a  party 
under  Colonel  Barret,  who  had  seized  a  rebel  camp. 

1865,  MAY  22.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  declaring 
the  southern  ports  open. 

1865,  MAY  26.  —  The  Confederates  in  Texas,  under  General 
Kirby  Smith,  surrendered. 

The  terms  were  the  same  as  those  accorded  to  General  Taylor. 

1865,  MAY  29.  —  President  Johnson  granted  an  amnesty  to 
the  states  recently  in  rebellion. 

There  were  certain  exceptions  made.  The  proclamation,  after  referring  to 
those  issued  by  President  Lincoln,  December  8,  1863,  and  March  26,  1864,  pro- 
ceeds:  "To  the  end,  therefore,  that  the  authority  of  the  government  of  the 
United  States  may  be  restored,  and  that  peace,  order,  and  freedom  may  be  re- 
established, I,  Andrew  Johnson,  President  of  the  United  States,  do  proclaim  and 
declare  that  I  hereby  grant  to  all  persons  who  have  directly  or  indirectly  partici- 
pated in  the  existing  rebellion,  except  as  hereinafter  excepted,  amnesty  and  par- 
don, with  restoration  of  all  rights  of  property  except  as  to  slaves,  and  except  in 
cases  where  legal  proceedings  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States  providing  for 
the  confiscation  of  property  of  persons  engaged  in  rebellion  have  been  instituted ; 
but  on  the  condition,  nevertheless,  that  every  such  person  shall  take  and  subscribe 
the  following  oath  or  affirmation,  and  thenceforward  keep  and  maintain  said  oath 
inviolate,  and  which  oath  shall  be  registered  for  permanent  preservation,  and  shall 
be  of  the  tenor  and  effect  following,  to  wit :  — 

42 


658  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1865. 

"  I, ,  do  solemnly  swear  or  affirm,  in  presence  of  Almighty  God, 

that  I  will  henceforth  faithfully  support  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  and  the  union  of  the  states  thereunder,  and  that  I  will,  in  like  manner, 
abide  by  and  faithfully  support  all  laws  and  proclamations  which  have  been  made 
during  the  existing  rebellion  with  reference  to  the  emancipation  of  slaves.  So 
help  me  God." 

Then,  after  the  specification  of  the  excepted  persons,  the  proclamation  con- 
tinues :  — 

"  Provided,  that  special  application  may  be  made  to  the  President  for  pardon 
by  any  person  belonging  to  the  excepted  classes,  and  such  clemency  will  be  lib- 
erally extended  as  may  be  consistent  with  the  facts  of  the  case  and  the  peace  and 
dignity  of  the  United  States." 

1865,  MAY  29. — The  President  issued  a  proclamation  in  rela- 
tion to  the  reconstruction  of  North  Carolina. 

It  states  that  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  guarantees  a  republican 
form  of  government  to  every  state;  that  the  people  of  North  Carolina  having 
been,  by  the  rebellion,  deprived  of  all  civil  government,  William  W.  Holden  is 
appointed  provisional  governor,  with  the  duty  of  enrolling  the  loyal  citizens  of 
the  state,  as  early  as  possible,  to  elect  delegates  to  a  convention  for  the  purpose 
of  forming  a  constitution.  This  convention,  or  the  legislature  to  be  thereafter 
assembled,  to  prescribe  the  qualifications  of  electors  and  the  eligibility  of  persons 
to  hold  office,  —  "a  power  the  people  of  the  several  states  composing  the  Federal 
Union  have  rightfully  exercised  from  the  origin  of  the  government  to  the  present 
time." 

In  Kentucky  and  Missouri  the  loyal  governments  were  sustained.  In  Virginia, 
a  loyal  government  also  remained.  In  Tennessee,  Louisiana,  and  Arkansas,  loyal 
governments  were  in  authority.  The  governors  of  these  were  respectively, 
for  Kentucky.  Thomas  C.  Bramlette ;  for  Missouri,  Thomas  C.  Fletcher ;  for  Vir- 
ginia, Francis  H.  Pierpont;  for  Tennessee,  W.  G.  Brownlow;  for  Louisiana, 
James  M.  Wells ;  for  Arkansas,  John  Murphy. 

Governors  were  appointed  for  the  other  states  as  follows  :  Mississippi,  William 
L.  Sharkey,  June  13;  Georgia,  James  Johnson,  June  17;  Texas,  Andrew  J. 
Hamilton,  June  17;  Alabama,  Lewis  E.  Parsons,  June  21;  South  Carolina,  Ben- 
jamin E.  Perry,  July  1 ;  Florida,  William  Marvin,  July  16. 

1865,  MAY.  —  The  armies  of  the  East  and  West  were  dis- 
banded and  returned  home,  after  a  review  at  Washington,  which 
occupied  two  days. 

1865,  JUNE  2. —  The  British  government  revoked  its  recogni- 
tion of  the  Confederacy  as  belligerents. 

The  French  government  revoked  its  recognition  on  the  6th. 

1865,  JUNE  6.  —  An  order  was  issued  for  the  release  of  all 
prisoners  of  war  in  the  depots  of  the  North. 

Officers  of  the  army  above  the  grade  of  captain,  and  of  the  navy  above  that 
of  lieutenant,  those  who  had  graduated  at  the  military  or  naval  academy,  and 
those  who  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion  held  commissions  in  the  army  or 
navy  of  the  United  States,  excepted.  Transportation  to  be  afforded  the  prisoners 
to  the  point  nearest  their  homes,  by  steamboat  or  rail. 


1865.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  659 

1865,  JUNE  23.  —  All  the  ports  of  the  United  States  were  pro- 
claimed open  to  foreign  commerce  after  July  1. 

On  the  24th,  all  restrictions  on  internal  and  coastwise  commerce,  between  the 
states  lying  east  and  west  of  the  Mississippi,  were  removed.  The  order  requiring 
passports  was  also  rescinded. 

1865,  JUNE  23. —  General  Terry,  in  command  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Virginia,  issued  an  order  concerning  the  status  of  freed- 
men  in  that  state. 

It  stated  that,  the  slave  code  having  been  abrogated,  "people  of  color  will 
henceforth  enjoy  the  same  personal  liberty  that  other  inhabitants  and  citizens 
enjoy;  they  will  be  subject  to  the  same  restraints  and  to  the  same  punishments 
for  crime  that  are  imposed  upon  whites,  and  to  no  others  ;  "  and  "until  the  civil 
tribunals  are  re-established,  the  administration  of  civil  justice  must  of  necessity  be 
by  military  courts ;  and  before  such  courts  the  evidence  of  colored  persons  will 
be  received  in  all  cases." 

1865,  JULY  4.  —  The  corner-stone  of  a  monument  was  laid  at 
Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  memory  of  the  soldiers  who  fell 
there. 

1865,  JULY  29.  —  All  southern  prisoners  were  released  on 
parole,  on  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

1865,  AUGUST.  —  The  Mississippi  convention  accepted  a  con- 
stitutional amendment  abolishing  slavery. 

It  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  86  to  11,  and  read  :  "  Neither  slavery  nor  involun- 
tary servitude,  otherwise  than  for  the  punishment  of  crime  whereof  the  party 
shall  have  been  convicted,  shall  hereafter  exist  in  the  state." 

1865,  SEPTEMBER  12.  —  The  convention  of  Alabama  met. 

During  its  session  it  recognized  the  abolition  of  slavery,  and  forbade  its  re- 
establishment. 

1865,  SEPTEMBER  17.  —  An  agreement  was  made  with  Great 
Britain  that  the  claims  for  damage  by  the  Alabama  should  be 
submitted  to  a  commission. 

1865,  SEPTEMBER  19. — The  convention  of  South  Carolina  passed 
an  ordinance  abolishing  slavery. 

It  read  as  follows  :  "  The  slaves  in  South  Carolina  having  been  emancipated 
by  the  action  of  the  United  States  authorities,  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary 
servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been 
duly  convicted,  shall  ever  be  re-established  in  this  state." 

1865,  SEPTEMBER  30.  —  The  statement  of  the  public  debt  was 
$2,744,947,726. 

In  comparison  with  the  statement  of  August  31,  the  debt  bearing  interest  in 
gold  had  increased  $8,368,000 ;  that  bearing  interest  in  currency  had  decreased 
$14,469,000 ;  that  free  of  interest  had  decreased  $6,640,000.  The  interest  payable 
in  gold  had  increased  about  $500,000 ;  that  payable  in  currency  had  decreased 
about  $503,000. 


(J60  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1865. 

1865,  SEPTEMBER.  —  The  Fenian  Society  published  an  address. 

The  society  had  been  organized  ostensibly  for  the  purpose  of  revolutionizing 
Ireland,  and  establishing  a  republic  there.  The  address  stated  that  officers  were 
about  starting  for  Ireland  to  organize  an  army.  Many  of  those  who  went  over 
were  arrested  and  tried.  In  October  a  convention  was  held  in  Philadelphia,  and 
a  subscription  started  to  raise  funds.  In  December  a  plan  was  proposed  for  the 
invasion  of  Canada. 

1865,  OCTOBER  2.  —  A  vote  in  Connecticut  rejected  a  proposed 
amendment  to  the  constitution  giving  the  right  to  vote  to 
negroes. 

A  similar  vote  was  given  in  Colorado  in  September ;  in  Wisconsin,  November 
7 ;  and  in  Minnesota,  November  7. 

1865,  OCTOBER  2.  —  The  North  Carolina  state  convention  as- 
sembled at  Raleigh. 

It  repealed  the  ordinance  of  secession,  abolished  slavery,  and  passed  an  ordi- 
nance prohibiting  the  payment  of  the  debt  incurred  for  the  rebellion.  The  first 
two  actions  were  submitted  to  the  people ;  the  third  was  absolute,  and  not  referred 
to  the  people. 

1865,  OCTOBER  25.  —  The  Georgia  state  convention  assembled 
at  Milledgeville. 

It  repealed  the  secession  ordinance,  prohibited  slavery  in  the  constitution,  and 
prohibited  the  payment  of  the  rebel  debt. 

1865,  OCTOBER  25.  —  The  state  convention  of  Florida  met. 

It  annulled  the  secession  ordinance,  repudiated  the  debt  for  the  rebellion,  pro- 
hibited slavery,  and  regulated  the  admission  of  negro  testimony  in  cases  concern- 
ing negroes,  and  limited  the  juries  to  white  men,  the  juries  to  be  judges  of  the 
credibility  of  negro  testimony. 

1865,  OCTOBER  30.  —  The  reconstruction  of  Arkansas  was  of- 
ficially recognized  by  the  President. 

1865,  OCTOBER  31.  — The  total  debt  of  the  United  States  was 
$2,804,549,437.50. 

The  circulation  was  $704,000,000,  as  follows:  greenbacks,  $428,160,569;  na- 
tional-bank notes,  $185,000,000  ;  state-bank  notes,  $65,000.000  ;  fractional  cur- 
rency, $26,057,469.20. 

1865,  DECEMBER  1.  —  The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  declared 
again  in  force  in  the  northern  states. 

1865,  DECEMBER  18.  —  An  official  announcement  of  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  United  States  was  made. 

The  adoption  of  the  constitutional  amendment  was  announced  by  the  Secretary 
of  State.  The  Secretary  reported  that  the  department  had  on  file  the  ratifications 
of  the  amendment  from  the  following  states :  Illinois,  Rhode  Island,  Michigan, 
Maryland,  New  York,  West  Virginia,  Maine,  Kansas,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylva- 
nia, Virginia,  Ohio,  Missouri,  Nevada,  Indiana,  Louisiana,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin, 


1866.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICA.  661 

Vermont,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  New  Hampshire,  South  Carolina, 
Alabama,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia  —  27  states,  making  two  thirds  of  the  36 
states  in  the  Union.  The  amendment  had  been  rejected  by  Delaware,  February  3 ; 
by  Kentucky,  February  23 ;  and  by  New  Jersey,  March  1.  In  New  Jersey,  the 
speaker  gave  the  casting  vote. 

1866.  —  AT  the  beginning  of  this  year  the  right  of  suffrage 
existed,  without  any  restriction  except  that  of  sex,  in  only  five 
of  the  United  States. 

These  states  were  Maine,  Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  and 
Rhode  Island.  Maine,  under  the  constitution  of  1819,  excepted  only  paupers, 
persons  under  guardianship,  and  untaxed  Indians.  Vermont,  by  the  constitution 
of  1793,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  man  of  age  who  had  resided  a  year  in  the  state, 
and  took  an  oath  to  vote  "so  as  in  your  conscience  you  will  judge  will  most  con- 
duce to  the  best  good  of  the  state."  New  Hampshire,  by  the  constitution  of  1792, 
gave  the  ballot  to  every  "male  inhabitant"  of  age,  excepting  only  paupers  and 
those  excused  by  their  own  request  from  paying  taxes.  Massachusetts  gave  the 
ballot  to  every  "  male  citizen  "  of  age,  paupers  and  those  under  guardianship  ex- 
cepted. Voters  must  be  able  to  read  the  constitution  in  English,  and  write  their 
names ;  this  requirement  not  applying  to  those  physically  incompetent,  or  who 
were  sixty  years  old  in  1780,  at  the  adoption  of  this  amendment.  Rhode  Island, 
by  the  constitution  of  1842,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "  male  citizen"  of  age,  own- 
ing real  estate  worth  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  dollars,  or  rent  of  seven  dollars 
a  year,  and  to  every  native  male  citizen  who  was  registered  and  paid  one  dollar 
tax.  Connecticut,  by  the  constitution  of  1818,  gave  the  ballot  to  all  males,  white 
or  black,  who  were  freemen.  This  was  subsequently  limited  to  every  "white 
male  citizen,"  of  age,  owner  of  a  freehold  of  seven  dollars  a  year,  or  who  had 
paid  a  state  tax,  performed  military  duty,  "and  sustained  a  good  moral  charac- 
ter." In  1845  the  property  and  tax-paying  qualification  was  removed,  and  only  a 
residence  required.  No  negroes,  except  those  freemen  before  1818,  voted.  In- 
diana gave  the  ballot  to  "every  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States "  of 
age.  "No  negro  or  mulatto  shall  have  the  right  of  suffrage."  Illinois  gave  the 
ballot  to  "  every  white  male  citizen."  Missouri,  by  the  constitution  of  1865,  ex- 
cluded negroes  from  voting.  Michigan,  by  the  constitution  of  1850,  gave  the 
ballot  to  "  every  white  male  citizen,  and  every  civilized  male  Indian  inhabitant 
not  a  member  of  any  tribe."  Iowa  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "white  male  citizen." 
New  York  "  every  male  citizen,"  but  no  man  of  color,  unless  he  was  for  three 
years  a  citizen  of  the  state,  and  owned  a  freehold  worth  two  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars,  on  which  he  had  paid  a  tax.  New  Jersey,  by  its  constitution  of  1844.  gave 
the  ballot  to  "  every  white  male  citizen"  of  the  United  States.  Up  to  the  adop- 
tion of  this  constitution  women  had  voted  in  New  Jersey.  Pennsylvania  gave  the 
ballot  to  "  every  white  freeman."  Ohio  gave  the  ballot  to  "  every  white  male 
citizen,"  by  the  constitution  of  1851.  The  courts,  however,  held  that  a  half  negro 
was  a  "white  male  citizen,"  the  burden  of  proof  that  he  is  less  than  half  white 
being  with  the  challenger.  Wisconsin  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "male  person" 
being  a  white  citizen  of  the  United  States,  Indians  declared  citizens  by  Congress, 
civilized  persons  of  Indian  descent,  not  members  of  any  tribe.  California  gave 
the  ballot  to  every  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  the  legislature 
had  power  to  extend  the  right  to  Indians.  Minnesota  gave  the  ballot  to  every 
male  person  who  was  a  white  citizen  of  the  United  States,  civilized  persons  of 
mixed  white  and  Indian  blood,  and  civilized  Indians  certified  by  the  court  to  be 


£62  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1866. 

fit  for  it.  Oregon  gave  the  ballot  to  every  white  male  citizen.  "Xo  negro, 
Chinaman,  or  mulatto  "  could  vote.  Kansas  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "white 
male;"  West  Virginia,  every  "white  male"  citizen;  Nevada,  every  "white 
male  "  citizen ;  Colorado,  "  every  white  male  "  citizen.  Delaware,  by  her  re- 
vised constitution  of  1831,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  free  white  male  citizen  aged 
twenty-two,  and  the  legislature  was  authorized  to  impose  the  forfeiture  of  suffrage 
as  a  punishment  for  crime.  Maryland,  by  her  constitution  of  1851,  gave  the 
ballot  to  "  every  free  white  male  person"  of  age.  Virginia,  by  her  constitution 
of  1851,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "  free  white  male  citizen  "  of  age.  North  Caro- 
lina, by  her  amended  constitution  of  1835,  gave  all  freemen,  twenty-one,  holding 
a  freehold  of  fifty  acres,  the  ballot.  "  No  free  negro,  free  mulatto,  or  free  person 
of  mixed  blood,  descended  from  negro  ancestors,  to  the  fourth  generation  inclusive 
(though  one  ancestor  of  each  generation  may  have  been  a  white  person),  shall 
vote  for  members  of  the  senate  or  house  of  commons."  South  Carolina,  by  her 
constitution  of  18C5,  gave  the  ballot  to  free  white  men  twenty-one  years  old,  not 
paupers,  non-commissioned  officers  or  privates  of  the  army,  or  seamen  or  ma- 
rines of  the  navy  of  the  United  States.  Georgia,  in  her  constitution  of  1865, 
declared  the  electors  to  be  "free  white  males  "  of  age.  Kentucky,  in  her  consti- 
tution of  1850,  gave  the  ballot  to  "  every  white  male  citizen  "  of  age.  Tennessee, 
in  her  constitution  of  1834,  gave  the  ballot  to  "every  free  white  man"  of  age, 
who  was  a  citizen,  "provided,  that  all  persons  of  color,  who  are  competent  wit- 
nesses in  a  court  of  justice  against  a  white  man,  may  also  vote."  Louisiana,  by 
her  constitution  of  1852,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  free  white  male  of  age.  Mis- 
sissippi gave  the  ballot  to  every  "  free  white  male  person  "  of  age.  Alabama 
gave  the  ballot  to  every  free  white  male  of  age.  Florida  gave  the  ballot  to  "  every 
free  white  male  person  "  of  age,  duly  enrolled  in  the  militia  and  registered.  Ar- 
kansas gave  the  ballot  to  every  free  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States  of  age. 
Texas  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "free  male  person"  of  age  (Indians  not  taxed, 
Africans,  and  the  descendants  of  Africans,  excepted). 

1866,  APRIL  2. —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  of  peace. 

It  was  the  anniversary  of  the  capture  of  Richmond.  The  proclamation  reca- 
pitulated the  previous  ones  stating  the  existence  of  the  rebellion ;  and,  as  now 
there  no  longer  existed  an  "  organized  armed  resistance  of  misguided  citizens,  or 
others,  to  the  authority  of  the  United  States,"  "  Therefore,  I,  Andrew  Johnson, 
President  of  the  United  States,  do  hereby  proclaim  and  declare  that  the  insurrec- 
tion which  heretofore  existed  in  the  states  of  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  North 
Carolina,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Mississippi,  and 
Florida,  is  at  an  end,  and  henceforth  to  be  so  regarded."  These  states  had  con- 
formed to  the  amendment  abolishing  slavery.  The  state  convention  of  Texas 
was  in  session  at  the  time,  and  adopted  a  constitution  to  be  submitted  to  the  peo- 
ple, and  is  therefore  not  mentioned.  On  August  20,  another  proclamation  was 
issued,  declaring  the  insurrection  in  Texas  to  have  ceased,  and  proclaimed  peace 
throughout  the  whole  United  States. 

1866,  APRIL.  —  The  state  convention  of  Texas  adopted  a  con- 
stitution abolishing  slavery. 

It  provided  that  "Africans  and  their  descendants  shall  be  protected  in  their 
rights  of  person  and  property  by  appropriate  legislation ;  they  shall  have  the 
right  to  contract  and  be  contracted  with ;  to  sue  and  be  sued ;  to  acquire,  hold, 
and  transmit  property ;  and  all  criminal  prosecutions  against  them  shall  be  con- 


1866.]  ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA.  663 

ducted  in  the  same  manner  as  prosecutions  for  like  offences  against  the  white 
race,  and  they  shall  be  subject  to  like  penalties." 

After  the  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  the  state  constitution  was  amended  to 
read :  "  African  slavery,  as  it  heretofore  existed,  having  been  terminated  within  this 
state  by  the  government  of  the  United  States  by  force  of  arms,  and  its  re -estab- 
lishment being  prohibited  by  the  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  therefore  slavery  and  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for 
crime,  shall  not  exist  in  the  state,  and  Africans  and  their  descendants  shall  be 
protected  in  their  rights  of  person  and  property,  and  shall  be  liable  to  the  same 
punishment  for  crimes  as  whites ;  and  moreover,  they  shall  not  be  prohibited,  on 
account  of  color  or  race,  from  testifying  in  all  cases  in  which  any  of  them  are 
involved,  and  the  legislature  may  authorize  them  to  testify  in  other  cases." 

1866,  APRIL  9.  —  Congress  passed  the  Civil  Rights  Bill. 

The  provisions  of  the  bill  are  contained  in  nine  sections.  The  first  reads : 
"  Section  1.  That  all  persons  born  in  the  United  States,  and  not  subject  to  any 
foreign  power,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  are  hereby  declared  to  be  citizens  of 
the  United  States;  and  such  citizens,  of  every  race  and  color,  without  regard  to 
any  previous  condition  of  slavery  or  involuntary  service,  except  as  a  punishment 
for  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  have  the  same 
right  in  every  state  and  territory  to  make  and  enforce  contracts,  to  sue,  to  be 
sued,  be  parties  and  give  evidence,  to  inherit,  purchase,  lease,  sell,  hold  and 
convey  real  and  personal  property,  and  to  full  and  equal  benefit  of  all  laws  and 
proceedings  for  the  security  of  person  and  property  as  are  enjoyed  by  white  citi- 
zens ;  and  shall  be  subject  to  like  punishment,  pains  and  penalties,  and  to  none 
other;  any  law,  statute,  ordinance,  regulation,  or  custom  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing." The  other  sections  are  devoted  to  the  mode  of  carrying  out  the  pro- 
visions of  this  first  section.  President  Johnson's  objections  were  that  the  act 
was  inexpedient,  and  that  the  "  subjects  embraced  in  the  enumeration  of  rights 
contained  in  this  bill,  have  been  considered  as  belonging  exclusively  to  the  states." 

1866,  APRIL  12.  —  An  act  of  Congress  authorizing  the  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  to  exchange  bonds  for  notes,  was  approved. 

This  was  the  commencement  by  Secretary  McCulloch  of  the  system  of 
contraction.  The  act  read  :  "That  of  United  States  notes  not  more  than 
$10,000,000  should  be  retired  and  cancelled  within  six  months  from  the  passage 
of  the  act,  and  thereafter  not  more  than  $4,000,000  should  be  retired  in  any  one 
month." 

1866,  MAY  16.  —  Congress  authorized  the  coinage  of  five-cent 
pieces. 

1866,  JUNE  6.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  de- 
nouncing the  Fenian  expedition  against  Canada  as  a  high  mis- 
demeanor. 

On  the  1st  of  June  a  large  body  had  crossed  the  border  at  Buffalo,  and  had 
slight  skirmishes  with  the  Canadian  troops.  A  few  days  later,  an  equally  unsuc- 
cessful crossing  was  made  near  St.  Albans. 

1866,  JUNE.  — Congress  adopted  the  fourteenth  amendment  to 
the  Constitution. 

It  passed  the  Senate  on  the  8th  of  June,  and  the  House  on  the  13th.     On  the 


664  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [18CG. 

24th  the  President  sent  a  message  to  Congress  setting  forth  his  objections  to  the 
proposed  amendment. 

1866,  JUNE  21.  —  Congress  extended  the  provisions  of  the 
Homestead  Bill  to  the  public  lands  in  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  Florida. 

The  act  provided  that  the  public  lands  in  these  states  should  be  disposed  of  ac- 
cording to  laws  previously  existing,  without  regard  to  race  or  color  of  persons 
applying  for  them.  Mineral  lands  were  reserved  from  occupation. 

1866,  JULY  1.  —  The  national  debt  reached  its  maximum,  being 
$2,773,236,173. 

1866,  JULY  4. —  A  great  fire  in  Portland,  Maine,  destroyed 
about  a  third  of  the  city. 

The  loss  was  estimated  at  $10,000,000. 

1866,  JULY.  —  The  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society  held 
a  competition  of  mowers  and  reapers  at  Auburn,  New  York. 

Forty-four  mowers  and  thirty  reapers  entered.  The  committee  reported :  "At 
previous  trials,  very  few  machines  could  stop  in  the  grass  and  start  without  back- 
ing for  a  fresh  start.  At  the  present  trial,  every  machine  stopped  in  the  grass  and 
started  again  without  backing,  without  any  difficulty,  and  without  leaving  any  per- 
ceptible ridge  to  mark  the  spot  where  it  occurred." 

1866,  JULY  16.  —  An  act  to  continue  the  operation  of  the 
Freedmen's  Bureau  was  passed  by  Congress. 

It  was  passed  over  the  veto  of  the  President.  The  President  had  returned  it 
with  his  veto  on  the  19th  of  February.  The  veto  message  was  long  and  elaborate. 
It  says  that  the  bill  "contains  provisions  not  warranted  by  the  Constitution,  and 
not  well  calculated  to  accomplish  the  end  in  view." 

1866,  JULY  23.  —  A  joint  resolution  was  passed  by  Congress 
restoring  Tennessee  to  the  Union. 

The  resolution,  after  reciting  in  the  preamble  the  secession  of  Tennessee,  con- 
tinues, that  the  people  had,  in  February,  18G5,  ratified  a  constitution  abolishing 
slavery,  and  nullifying  the  laws  passed  during  secession,  and  that  a  state  govern- 
ment has  been  organized  under  this  constitution  which  has  ratified  the  amendment, 
and  " done  other  acts  proclaiming  and  denoting  loyalty."  Therefore,  resolved: 
"  That  the  state  of  Tennessee  is  hereby  restored  to  her  former  practical  relations 
to  the  Union,  and  is  again  entitled  to  be  represented  by  senators  and  representa- 
tives in  Congress."  The  President,  though  he  signed  the  resolution,  objected  to 
some  of  the  statements  of  the  preamble,  and  said  the  "  resolution  is  merely  a 
matter  of  opinion,  and  comprises  no  legislation,  and  confers  no  power  which  is 
binding  upon  the  respective  Houses,  the  Executive,  or  the  states."  The  members 
elected  took  their  seats. 

1866,  JULY  23.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  regulating  the  con- 
stitution of  the  Supreme  Court. 

It  provided  that  "  no  vacancy  in  the  office  of  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  until  the  number  of  associates  shall  be  re- 


1866-7.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  665 

duccd  to  six ;  and  thereafter  the  said  Supreme  Court  shall  consist  of  a  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  United  States  and  six  associate  justices,  any  four  of  whom  shall  con- 
stitute a  quorum ;  and  the  said  court  shall  hold  one  term  annually  at  the  seat  of 
government,  and  such  adjourned  or  special  terms  as  it  may  find  necessary  for 
the  dispatch  of  business.". 

1866,  JULY  25.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  reviving  the  grade  of 
general  in  the  army,  and  creating  the  grades  of  admiral  and  vice- 
admiral  in  the  navy. 

The  title  of  general  was  bestowed  upon  Grant,  and  lieutenant-general  upon 
Sherman,  while  those  of  admiral  and  vice-admiral  were  conferred  upon  Farragut 
and  D.  D.  Porter. 

1866,  JULY  27. —  The  Atlantic  telegraph  was  successfully  com- 
pleted. 

In  1865  an  unsuccessful  attempt  had  been  made,  the  insulation  having  failed 
after  paying  out  seven  hundred  miles  of  the  cable. 

1866,  JULY  28.  —  Congress  passed  a  civil  expenses  appropria- 
tion act. 

It  granted  additional  bounties  to  the  soldiers,  and  raised  the  pay  of  members 
of  Congress  to  five  thousand  dollars  a  year,  the  Speaker  to  have  eight. 

1866,  JULY  28.  —  Congress  regulated  the  peace  establishment 
of  the  army. 

It  was  to  consist  of  five  regiments  of  artillery,  ten  of  cavalry,  forty-five  of 
infantry,  and  the  professors  and  cadets  of  West  Point. 

1866,  JULY  28.  —  Congress  authorized  the  use  of  the  metric 
system  of  weights  and  measures. 

The  secretary  of  the  treasury  was  authorized  to  furnish  to  each  state  a  set  of 
standards  for  the  weights  and  measures.  The  American  Metric  Bureau,  formed 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was  incorporated  in  1876.  Its  object  is  "to  dissemi- 
nate information  concerning  the  metric  system,  to  urge  its  early  adoption,  and  to 
bring  about  actual  introductions  wherever  practicable."  It  publishes  a  Monthly 
Bulletin,  supported  by  the  "  voluntary  contributions  of  teachers  and  others  who 
appreciate  the  vast  advantages  that  are  to  accrue  to  the  people  and  the  schools  by 
the  adoption  of  the  metric  weights  and  measures."  Though  John  Quincy  Adams, 
in  his  report  to  Congress  in  1821,  reported  unfavorably  to  this  system,  yet  in  his 
report  he  said,  that  "  considered  merely  as  a  labor-saving  machine,  it  is  a  new 
power  offered  to  man  incomparably  greater  than  that  which  he  has  acquired  by 
the  new  agency  which  he  has  given  to  steam.  It  is  in  design  the  greatest  inven- 
tion of  human  ingenuity  since  that  of  printing." 

1866,  AUGUST   16.  —  The    President    issued    a    proclamation 
declaring  the  blockade  of  Matamoras  and  other  Mexican  ports, 
decreed  by  Maximilian,  void. 

Maximilian  had  declared  the  ports  blockaded  on  the  9th  of  July. 

1867,  JANUARY.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  regulating  the  right 
of  suffrage  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

The  bill  was  passed  by  the  Senate  December  13,  1866,  and  by  the  House, 


666  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1867. 

December  14,  1866.  The  President  having  returned  it  with  his  veto,  the  Senate 
repassed  it  January  7,  and  the  House  January  8,  by  two  thirds  vote.  The  bill 
conferred  the  right  of  suffrage  on  all  male  citizens  of  the  District,  without  dis- 
tinction of  race  or  color. 

1867,  JANUARY. — Congress  passed  an  act  repealing  the  au- 
thority given  the  President  to  proclaim  amnesty  and  pardon,  by 
an  act  approved  July  17,  1862,  entitled  "an  act  to1  suppress  in- 
surrection," &c. 

This  act  was  presented  to  the  President  on  the  9th,  and,  as  he  had  not  returned 
it  within  ten  days,  it  became  a  law  January  19. 

1867,  JANUARY  14. —  Congress  passed  a  joint  resolution  sus- 
pending the  section  of  the  act  of  March  3,  1863,  providing  for 
the  payment  of  moneys  as  compensation  to  those  claiming  the 
services  of  colored  volunteers  or  drafted  men. 

The  payment  of  three  hundred  dollars  to  loyal  owners  of  enlisted  slaves  was 
no  longer  to  be  made. 

1867,  JANUARY  24.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  regulating  the 
elective  franchise  in  the  territories. 

The  act  provided  that  after  its  passage  there  should  be  no  denial  of  the  elective 
franchise  in  any  of  the  territories  of  the  United  States,  now  or  hereafter  to  be 
organized,  to  any  citizen  thereof,  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition 
of  servitude;  and  all  acts  or  parts  of  acts,  either  of  Congress  or  the  legislative 
assemblies  of  said  territories,  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  are  de- 
clared null  and  void."  The  act  having  been  sent  to  the  President  on  January  14, 
and  not  returned,  became  a  law  at  the  expiration  of  ten  days. 

1867,  FEBRUARY.  —  The  Tennessee  legislature  passed  a  bill 
striking  out  the  word  "  white  "  from  the  franchise  law. 

The  lower  House  passed  it  on  the  6th,  and  the  Senate  on  the  18th.  On  March 
21,  the  Supreme  Court  sustained  the  constitutionality  of  it,  and  in  August  the 
negroes  voted  for  the  first  time,  at  the  election  for  governor. 

1867,  MARCH  1.  —  Nebraska  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

The  bill  for  its  admission  was  passed  over  the  President's  veto,  February  9. 
The  bill  contained  a  section  providing  that  "  it  shall  not  take  effect  except  on  the 
condition  that  there  be  within  the  state  of  Nebraska  no  denial  of  the  elective 
franchise,  or  of  any  other  right  to  any  person,  by  reason  of  race  or  color,  except- 
ing Indians  not  taxed,  and  upon  the  further  condition  that  the  legislature  of  said 
state  shall,  by  a  solemn  public  act,  declare  the  assent  of  the  state  to  the  said 
condition ;  upon  receipt  of  an  authentic  copy  whereof  the  President  shall  issue 
a  proclamation  announcing  the  fact,  whereupon  the  said  condition  shall  be 
held  as  part  of  the  organic  law  of  the  state,  and  thereupon,  without  further  pro- 
ceedings of  Congress,  the  admission  of  said  state  shall  be  considered  complete." 
The  conditions  having  been  filled,  the  President  issued  a  proclamation  to  that 
effect  March  1. 

1867,  MARCH  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  provide  efficient 
governments  for  the  insurrectionary  states. 

It  stated,  Whereas,  no  legal  state  governments,  or  adequate  protection  for  life 


1867.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  667 

and  property,  now  exist  in  the  rebel  states  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Caro- 
lina, Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Florida,  Texas,  and  Arkansas, 
Therefore  these  states  should  be  "  divided  into  military  districts  and  made  subject  to 
the  military  authority  of  the  United  States,  the  officers  in  command  to  be  appointed 
by  the  President.  That  when  the  states  shall  form  a  constitution,  framed  by  a 
convention  of  delegates,  and  ratified  by  a  majority,  and  approved  by  Congress, 
and  when  the  legislatures  shall  have  adopted  the  fourteenth  amendment,  the 
states  shall  be  declared  entitled  to  representatives  in  Congress.  Until  then,  their 
civil  governments  "  shall  be  deemed  provisional  only,  and  shall  be  in  all  respects 
subject  to  the  paramount  authority  of  the  United  States."  This  bill  was  passed 
over  the  President's  veto. 

1867,  MARCH  2. —  Congress  created  a  National  Bureau  of  Edu- 
cation. 

By  the  terms  of  the  act,  the  bureau  is  established  "  for  the  purpose  of  collect- 
ing such  statistics  and  facts  as  shall  show  the  condition  and  progress  of  education 
iri'the  several  states  and  territories,  and  of  diffusing  such  information  respecting 
the  organization  and  management  of  school  systems  and  methods  of  teaching  as 
shall  aid  the  people  of  the  United  States  in  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  efficient  school  systems,  and  otherwise  promote  the  cause  of  education." 

1867,  MARCH  2.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  regulating  the  tenure 
of  civil  offices. 

It  provided  that  persons  holding  civil  offices,  or  appointed  to  them  by  and  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  be  entitled  to  hold  them  until  a  suc- 
cessor shall  have  been  in  like  manner  appointed  and  duly  qualified.  That  the 
secretaries  of  state,  treasury,  war,  navy,  interior,  post-office,  and  attorney-gen- 
eral, shall  hold  their  offices  during  the  term  of  the  President  appointing  them, 
and  a  month  after,  subject  to  removal  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate.  During  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  the  President  may  suspend  civil 
officers,  and  designate  some  one  to  temporarily  perform  the  duties,  but  must 
report  such  suspension  to  the  Senate  within  twenty  days  after  their  meeting ;  and 
if  the  Senate  concurs,  the  suspended  officer  can  be  removed  and  a  successor 
appointed.  This  bill  was  passed  over  the  President's  veto. 

1867,  MARCH  2. —  Congress  passed  an  act  abolishing  peonage 
in  New  Mexico,  or  any  other  territory  or  state  in  the  Union. 

It  was  defined  as  the  holding  of  any  person  to  service  or  labor  under  the  sys- 
tem of  service  or  labor  known  as  peonage. 

1867.  —  THE  suspension  bridge  over  the  Ohio,  at  Cincinnati, 
was  completed. 

It  was  begun  in  1865,  is  2252  feet  long;  the  floor  is  100  feet  above  low-water 
mark,  and  the  cost  of  its  erection  was  $1,750,000. 

1867,  MARCH  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  payment  of 
compound-interest  notes. 

For  this  purpose  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  was  "directed  to  issue  tempo- 
rary loan  certificates,  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  section  four  of  the  act  entitled 
'  An  act  to  authorize  the  issue  of  United  States  notes,  and  for  the  redemption  and 
funding  thereof,  approved  February  25, 1862,  bearing  interest  at  a  rate  not  exceed- 


(JG8  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1867. 

ing  three  per  centum  per  annum,  principal  and  interest  payable  in  lawful  money 
on  demand.'"  The  national  banks  were  allowed  to  use  such  certificates  as  three 
fifths  of  their  reserve.  Though  the  title  of  this  act  read,  "  An  act  to  provide 
ways  and  means  for  the  payment  of  compound-interest  notes,"  yet,  under  its  pro- 
visions, the  three  per  cent,  certificates  were  issued  for  United  States  notes  (green- 
backs), and  also  for  other  values.  The  act  provided  that  the  amount  of  such 
certificates  "  at  any  time  outstanding  shall  not  exceed  fifty  millions  of  dollars." 

1867,  MARCH  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  establish  a  uni- 
form system  of  bankruptcy  throughout  the  United  States. 

1867,  MARCH  4. —  The  liberal  army  of  Mexico,  under  Juarez, 
began  the  siege  of  Queratano. 

After  several  attempts  to  break  through  the  siege,  Queratano  was  surrendered, 
May  15.  Maximilian,  with  Mejia  and  Castello,  surrendered  unconditionally. 

1867,  MARCH  23.  —  Congress  passed  a  supplementary  recon- 
struction act. 

It  was  passed  March  19,  vetoed  by  the  President  March  23,  and  repassed  by 
Congress  the  same  day,  by  a  vote  in  the  House  of  114  to  25,  and  in  the  Senate  by 
a  vote  of  40  to  7.  The  act  provided  for  the  registration  of  the  electors. 

1867,  MARCH  30.  —  Congress  appropriated  one  million  of  dol- 
lars for  the  relief  of  the  destitute  of  the  South. 

It  was  distributed  in  supplies  of  food  principally. 

1867,  MARCH  30.  —  The  purchase  of  Alaska  from  Russia  was 
completed. 

The  price  paid  was  seven  millions  of  dollars. 

1867,  APRIL  6.  —  The  legislature  of  Ohio  passed  a  joint  reso- 
lution, proposing  an  amendment  to  the  constitution  of  the  state, 
by  striking  out  the  word  "  white  "  iu  the  franchise  law. 

It  was  rejected  at  a  popular  vote  in  October.  A  vote  upon  a  similar  proposed 
amendment  to  the  state  constitutions  of  Minnesota  and  Kansas  was  rejected  in 
both  states.  Kansas  at  the  same  time  rejected  a  proposed  amendment  granting 
the  right  of  suffrage  to  women. 

1867,  APRIL  12.  —  The  last  of  the  French  troops  embarked 
from  Mexico,  at  Vera  Cruz. 

They  had  evacuated  the  city  of  Mexico  on  the  6th.  Maximilian  remained,  and 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  an  army  raised  by  Generals  Mejia,  Miramon,  and 
Marquez,  at  Queratano. 

1867,  APRIL  13.  —  A  council  was  held  by  General  Hancock 
with  the  Cheyenne  Indians  at  Fort  Lamed. 

The  Indians  had  begun  hostilities  in  the  latter  part  of  1866,  and  General  Sher- 
man had  sent  two  columns,  under  the  commands  of  Generals  Hancock  and  Sully, 
against  them.  The  Indians  at  the  council  expressed  a  desire  for  peace,  but,  two 
days  after,  fled  west,  where  a  large  body  of  Indians  had  gathered  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  on  the  plains  between  the  Nebraska  and  Arkansas  rivers. 


1867.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  669 

1867,  MAY  14.  —  Jefferson  Davis  was  released  on  bail. 

He  had  been  brought  before  the  United  States  Court  at  Richmond,  Virginia, 
for  trial  on  a  charge  of  treason.  The  counsel  for  the  government  not  being  ready, 
he  asked  to  be  released  on  bail,  which  was  granted,  the  bail  being  fixed  at  one 
hundred  thousand  dollars.  Twenty  persons  signed  the  bond  for  five  thousand 
dollars  each.  Horace  Greeley  headed  the  list. 

1867,  JUNE  19.  —  Maximilian,  with  Miramon  and  Mejia,  were 
tried  by  a  court-martial,  condemned,  and  shot. 

The  decision  of  the  court  was  given  on  the  14th.  On  the  20th  the  city  of  Mex- 
ico surrendered  to  the  liberal  army,  and  Vera  Cruz  on  the  27th. 

1867.  —  THE  New  York  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  was  in- 
corporated by  a  special  statute,  and  authorized  to  assess  the 
expense  of  maintaining  the  "  Salvage  Corps "  upon  all  fire  in- 
surance companies  transacting  business  in  the  city  in  proportion 
to  their  amount  of  business. 

The  Patrol  has  three  stations  in  New  York  city,  and  publishes  each  year  an 
account  of  all  the  fires  that  have  occurred.  The  system  thus  inaugurated  haa 
been  followed  by  Philadelphia,  Chicago,  Albany,  Boston,  Buffalo,  Baltimore,  St. 
Louis,  and  San  Francisco. 

1867.  —  GEOEGE  PEABODY,  of  London,  gave  about  two  millions 
of  dollars  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the  education  of  the  southern 
states. 

George  Peabody  was  a  native  of  Danvers,  Massachusetts.  The  fund  is  distrib- 
uted by  a  board. 

1867,  JULY  1.  —  The  confederation  of  the  North  American 
colonies,  under  the  title  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  was  in- 
augurated. 

The  Queen  of  England,  on  the  23d  of  May,  issued  a  proclamation  declaring 
that  the  union  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick, 
under  the  title  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  was  completed.  According  to  the 
bill  passed  by  Parliament,  the  members  of  the  Upper  House  of  the  Canadian 
Legislature  were  appointed  by  the  Queen. 

1867,  JULY  19.  —  Congress  passed  a  supplementary  recon- 
struction act. 

It  was  passed  July  13,  vetoed  by  the  President  July  19,  and  repassed  by  Con- 
gress on  the  same  day,  by  a  vote  in  the  Senate  of  30  to  6,  and  in  the  House  of 
100  to  22.  The  act  declared  the  governments  existing  at  the  passage  of  the  act 
of  March  23,  in  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Mississippi, 
Alabama,  Louisiana,  Florida,  Texas,  and  Ark.insas,  were  not  legal  state  govern- 
ments, and  that  thereafter  said  governments,  if  continued,  were  to  be  continued 
subject  in  all  respects  to  the  military  commanders  of  the  respective  districts,  and 
to  the  paramount  authority  of  Congress.  That  the  commanders  in  the  districts 
had  the  power  of  suspension  or  removal,  and  that  the  general  of  the  army  of  the 
United  States  had  the  same. 

1867,  JULY  20.  —  An  act  of  Congress  creating  a  commission 
to  make  peace  with  the  Indians,  was  approved. 


670  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1867-8. 

1867,  AUGUST  5.  —  The  President  requested  the  resignation 
of  Mr.  Stanton  as  secretary  of  war. 

Mr.  Stanton  refused  to  resign  before  the  meeting  of  Congress.  On  the  12th, 
the  President  requested  General  Grant  to  take  the  position  of  acting  secretary. 
General  Grant  having  informed  Mr.  Stanton  of  his  acceptance,  Mr.  Stanton 
retired. 

1867,  AUGUST  17. —  The  President,  through  General  Grant, 
removed  General  Sheridan  from  his  command  in  the  fifth  district 
of  Louisiana,  and  assigned  General  Hancock  to  it. 

An  order  was  also  issued  by  the  President  removing  General  Sickles  from  the 
Carolina  district,  and  substituting  General  Canby  in  his  place.  General  Sheridan 
was  transferred  to  General  Hancock's  position,  in  command  of  the  district  of 
Missouri. 

1867,  SEPTEMBER  8.  —  The  President  issued  an  amnesty  proc- 
lamation. 

It  extended  "  the  full  and  beneficent  pardon,"  granted  by  the  proclamation  of 
May  29,  1865.  to  "  a  larger  number  of  persons,  who  by  its  exceptions  had  been 
hitherto  excluded  from  executive  clemency." 

1867,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  At  this  date  the  fourteenth  amendment 
had  been  ratified  by  twenty-two  loyal  states,  rejected  by  three, 
and  not  acted  on  by  two.  Ten  insurrectionary  states  had  re- 
jected it. 

The  states  which  had  rejected  it  were  Kentucky,  January  8,  1867 ;  Delaware, 
February  6 ;  Maryland,  March  23.  Iowa  and  California  had  not  acted  upon  it. 
The  insurrectionary  states  had  rejected  it  as  follows :  Texas,  October  13,  1866 ; 
Georgia,  November  9 ;  Florida,  December  1 ;  Alabama,  December  7 ;  North 
Carolina,  December  13;  Arkansas,  December  17;  South  Carolina,  December  20; 
Virginia,  January  9,  1867 ;  Mississippi,  January  25  ;  Louisiana,  February  6. 

1867,  DECEMBER  28.  —  Orders  were  issued  transferring  Gen- 
eral Ord  from  the  Fourth  District  to  the  Department  of  Califor- 
nia, and  General  McDowell  from  the  Department  of  California  to 
the  Fourth  District. 

General  Pope  was  also  removed  from  the  Third  District,  and  General  Meade 
transferred  to  it  from  the  Department  of  the  East. 

1868,  JANUARY  8.  —  The  military  committee  of  the  Senate,  to 
whom  a  communication  from  the  President  concerning  the  dis- 
missal of  Secretary  Stanton  had  been  referred,  reported. 

The  President  had  sent  the  communication  on  the  12th  of  December,  1867. 
In  it  he  detailed  the  circumstances  through  which  "  that  unity  of  opinion  which, 
upon  great  questions  of  public  policy  or  administration,  is  so  essential  to  the 
executive,"  had  been  destroyed.  The  report  declared  that  Mr.  Stanton,  in  refus- 
ing to  resign,  "  consulted  both  his  own  duty  and  the  best  interests  of  the  country," 
and  concludes  with  the  following  resolution :  "  That,  having  considered  the  evi- 
dence and  reasons  given  by  the  President,  in  his  report  ofthe  12th  of  December, 
18C7,  for  the  suspension  from  the  office  of  secretary  of  war  of  Edwin  M.  Stanton, 


1868.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  671 

the  Senate  do  not  concur  in  such  suspension."  The  minority  of  the  committee 
reported,  advising  the  resolution  that,  "The  Senate  advise  and  consent  to  the 
removal  of  Edwin  M.  Stanton  as  secretary  of  war."  On  the  13th  of  January  the 
resolution  of  the  majority  was  passed  in  the  Senate,  by  a  vote  of  35  to  6 ;  and 
Mr.  Stanton  resumed  the  position  of  secretary  of  war. 

1868,  JANUARY.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  declaring  "  that 
from  and  after  its  passage,  the  authority  of  the  secretary  of  the 
treasury  to  make  any  reduction  of  the  currency  by  retiring  or 
cancelling  United  States  notes  shall  be  and  is  hereby  suspended." 

The  circulation  of  United  States  notes  (greenbacks)  had  been  reduced  to  about 
$356,000,000,  and  $36,000,000  of  fractional  currency.  This  act  became  a  law  on 
February  4,  the  President  having  received  it  January  23,  1868,  and  having  retained 
it  in  his  possession  beyond  the  time  prescribed  by  the  Constitution. 

1868,  FEBRUARY  21. — The  President  removed  Mr.  Stanton 
from  the  position  of  Secretary  of  War,  and  appointed  L.  Thomas, 
Adjutant  General,  to  fill  the  position  ad  interim. 

A  notice  of  this  action  being  sent  to  the  Senate,  they  passed  a  resolution  that, 
under  the  Constitution  and  laws,  the  President  had  no  power  "to  remove  the  secre- 
tary of  war  and  designate  any  other  officer  to  perform  the  duties  of  that  office 
ad  interim.  Mr.  Stanton  retained  possession  of  the  office. 

1868,  FEBRUARY  24. —  The  House  of  Representatives  resolved 
to  impeach  the  President. 

The  resolution  read,  that  Andrew  Johnson,  President  of  the  United  States,  be 
impeached  of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors  in  office,  and  was  adopted  by  a  vote 
of  128  to  47.  On  March  2,  the  articles  of  impeachment  having  been  prepared 
by  a  committee  appointed  for  the  purpose,  were  presented  to  the  Senate.  The 
trial  began  on  the  30th  of  March.  The  articles  of  impeachment  consisted  of 
eleven  counts,  chiefly  devoted  to  charges  concerning  his  action  with  regard  to  the 
office  of  the  secretaryship  of  war. 

1868,  APRIL  23.  —  The  President  nominated  John  M.  Schofield 
as  secretary  of  war. 

Mr.  Stanton  was  still  holding  the  position. 

1868,  MAY  8.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  admit  Arkansas  to 
representation  in  Congress. 

It  provided  that,  as  Arkansas  had  adopted  a  republican  constitution,  and  ratified 
the  fourteenth  amendment,  it  should  be  entitled  to  representation  upon  the  follow- 
ing fundamental  condition:  "That  the  constitution  of  Arkansas  shall  never  be 
so  amended  or  changed  as  to  deprive  any  citizen  or  class  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States  of  the  right  to  vote,  who  are  entitled  to  vote  by  the  constitution  herein 
recognized,  except  as  a  punishment  for  such  crimes  as  are  now  felonies  at  common 
law,  whereof  they  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  under  laws  equally  applicable 
to  all  the  inhabitants  of  said  state."  This  act  was  vetoed  June  20,  and  repassed. 
In  giving  the  bill  his  veto,  the  President  said :  "If  Arkansas  is  not  a  state  in  the 
Union,  this  bill  does  not  admit  it  as  a  state  in  the  Union.  If,  on  the  other  hand, 
Arkansas  is  a  state  in  the  Union,  no  legislation  is  necessary  to  declare  it  entitled 


672  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1868. 

to  representation  in  Congress  as  one  of  the  states  of  the  Union."  On  the  22d  the 
senators  from  Arkansas  appeared,  were  sworn  in,  and  took  their  seats.  The  rep- 
resentatives having  appeared  in  the  House,  their  claims  were  submitted  to  the 
committee  on  elections,  who,  reporting  next  day  in  their  favor,  they  were  sworn 
in.  The  Democratic  members  of  the  House,  forty-five  in  number,  entered  a  pro- 
test against  "  the  recognized  presence  of  three  persons  on  the  floor  of  the  House 
from  the  state  of  Arkansas,  sent  here  by  military  force  acting  under  a  brigadier- 
general  of  the  army,  but  nevertheless  claiming  to  be  members  of  this  Congress, 
and  to  share  with  us,  the  representatives  of  the  free  states,  in  the  imposition  of 
taxes,  and  customs,  and  other  laws  upon  our  people ;  counselling  and  advising 
all  friends  of  popular  government  to  submit  to  this  force  and  violence  upon  our 
Constitution  and  our  people  only  until,  at  the  ballot-box,  operating  through  the 
elections,  this  great  wrong  can  be  put  right.  There  is  no  government  but  consti- 
tutional government ;  and  hence  all  bayonet-made,  all  Congress-imposed  consti- 
tutions are  of  no  weight,  authority,  or  sanction,  save  that  enforced  by  arms.  We 
protest  against  the  now  proposed  copartnership  of  military  dictators  and  negroes 
in  the  administration  of  this  government." 

1868,  MAY  14.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  admit  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Louisiana,  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Florida  to 
representation  in  Congress. 

This  act  was  substantially  the  same  as  that  admitting  Arkansas.  The  Presi- 
dent vetoed  it  on  the  24th  of  June,  when  it  was  repassed,  in  the  House  by  a  vote 
of  105  to  30,  and  in  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  25  to  8. 

1868,  MAY  26.  —  The  Senate  voted  "  not  guilty  "  on  the  second 
and  third  articles  of  impeachment  brought  against  the  President, 
Andrew  Johnson,  by  the  House  of  Representatives.  A  similar 
vote  had  been  given  on  the  16th  on  the  eleventh  article. 

The  trial  commenced  on  the  30th  of  March,  and  the  final  vote  stood :  Guilty, 
85 ;  not  guilty,  19  :  which  was  not  a  majority. 

1868,  MAY  26.  —  Mr.  Stanton  retired  from  the  secretaryship 
of  war. 

He  notified  the  President  of  it. 

1868,  JUNE  25.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress,  making  eight 
hours  constitute  a  day's  work,  was  approved. 

May  19,  1869,  President  Grant,  by  proclamation,  directed  that  "no  deduction 
shall  be  made  in  the  wages  paid  by  the  government  by  the  day  to  such  laborers, 
workmen,  and  mechanics  on  account  of  such  reduction  in  the  hours  of  labor." 

1868,  JULY  16.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  continue  the  ex- 
istence of  the  Bureau  for  the  Relief  of  Freedmen  and  Refugees. 

It  provided  that  it  should  continue  in  existence  a  year  from  July  1C,  1868.  It 
gave  the  power  to  the  secretary  of  war  to  re-establish  the  bureau  where  it  had 
been  discontinued,  if  he  thought  it  necessary.  When  discontinued,  the  educa- 
tional branch  shall  not  be  affected  until  the  state  had  made  suitable  provision  for 
the  education  of  the  children  of  the  freedmen.  A  subsequent  act,  which  was  ve- 
toed and  repassed,  discontinued  the  bureau  on  the  1st  of  January,  18G9. 


1868.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEEICA.  673 

1868,  JULY  20.  —  The  secretary  of  state  certified  the  adop- 
tion of  the  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution. 

It  had  been  ratified  by  two  thirds  of  the  thirty-seven  states  in  the  Union.  On 
the  21st,  Congress,  by  a  joint  resolution,  declared  the  amendment  a  part  of  the 
Constitution. 

1868,  JULY  25. —  The  territory  of  Wyoming  was  organized. 

1868,  JULY  25.  —  The  provisions  for  the  conversion  of  treas- 
ury notes  was  extended  to  the  national  banks  by  Congress. 

The  banks  were  allowed  to  deposit  three  fifths  of  their  reserves. 

1868,  JULY  25.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  passed  by 
Congress  for  a  further  issue  of  temporary  loan  certificates. 

The  act  authorized  a  further  issue  of  twenty-five  million  dollars  of  temporary 
loan  certificates  on  the  same  conditions  as  the  act  of  March  2, 1867,  and  for  which 
the  same  use  was  made  of  greenbacks. 

1868,  JULY.  —  Congress  extended  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  to  Alaska,  and  formed  the  whole  territory  into  one  collec- 
tion district. 

The  President  was  given  power  to  regulate  the  importation  of  arms,  ammuni- 
tion, and  spirits  into  the  territory,  and  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  authorized  to 
regulate  the  fur  and  seal  hunting  there. 

1868,  JULY.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  concerning  the  rights 
of  American  citizens  in  foreign  states. 

It  disavowed  the  claim  of  allegiance  made  by  foreign  governments  upon  emi- 
grants, and  declared  that  all  naturalized  citizens,  in  foreign  states,  should  receive 
the  same  protection  afforded  to  those  native  born. 

1868,  OCTOBER  7.  —  Governor  Holden,  of  North  Carolina,  wrote 
to  Colonel  Miles,  commanding  in  that  district,  requesting  that  the 
military  might  be  so  posted  as  to  aid  the  civil  authorities,  should 
the  occasion  arise. 

Colonel  Miles  replied  he  would  lay  the  matter  before  General  Meade,  who 
issued  an  order  that  the  United  States  forces  should  aid  the  civil  authorities  in 
preserving  the  peace. 

1868,  OCTOBER  26.  —  Governor  Warmouth,  of  Louisiana,  tele- 
graphed to  the  secretary  of  war,  that  the  civil  authorities  were 
unable  to  preserve  the  peace  in  the  parishes  of  Orleans,  Jeffer- 
son, and  St.  Bernard. 

General  Rousseau,  in  command,  was  ordered  to  take  such  action  as  should  be 
necessary  to  preserve  the  peace. 

1868,  OCTOBER.  —  Cornell  University,  at  Ithaca,  New  York, 
was  opened  to  students. 

It  was  founded  by  Ezra  Cornell  as  an  industrial  college. 

1868,  NOVEMBER  6.  —  A  bequest  for  a  public  library  was  left 
to  Chicago,  by  Walter  L.  Newberry. 
43 


674  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1868. 

By  the  terms  of  his  will,  it  was  contingent  upon  the  death  of  his  two  daughters, 
unmarried.  By  the  death  of  the  second,  on  April  4,  1876,  the  bequest  amounts 
to  two  millions  of  dollars  ;  and,  being  largely  in  real  estate,  it  is  estimated  that  in 
ten  years  it  will  be  worth  ten  millions.  This  is  the  largest  endowment  of  any 
library  in  the  United  States. 

1868,  NOVEMBER  27. —  The  Indians  were  defeated  by  General 
Custer. 

Their  chief,  Black  Kettle,  was  killed,  and  their  entire  camp  captured.  Black 
Kettle,  it  was  said  in  opposition,  had  always  been  a  friend  to  the  whites,  and  on 
tliis  occasion  was  riot  on  the  war-path,  but  on  an  expedition  to  receive  his  annuity. 

1868,  DECEMBER  9.  —  The  President,  in  his  message  to  Con- 
gress, referred  to  the  political  and  financial  condition  of  the 
country. 

He  spoke  of  the  "  disorganized  condition  of  the  country  under  the  various  laws 
which  have  been  passed  upon  the  subject  of  reconstruction,  which  after  a  fair 
trial  have  substantially  failed  and  proved  pernicious  in  their  results,  and  there 
seems  no  good  reason  why  they  should  longer  remain  upon  the  statute-book.  .  .  . 
The  attempt  to  place  the  white  population  under  the  domination  of  persons  of 
color  in  the  south  has  impaired,  if  not  destroyed,  the  kindly  relations  which  had 
previously  existed  between  them ;  and  mutual  distrust  has  engendered  a  feeling 
of  animosity  which,  leading  in  some  instances  to  collision  and  bloodshed,  has  pre- 
vented that  co-operation  between  the  two  races  so  essential  to  the  success  of  in- 
dustrial enterprises  in  the  southern  states."  Of  the  financial  condition  he  said : 
"  Our  national  credit  should  be  sacredly  observed ;  but  in  making  provision  for 
our  creditors,  we  should  not  forget  what  is  due  to  the  masses  of  the  people.  It  may 
be  assumed  that  the  holders  of  our  securities  have  already  received  upon  their 
bonds  a  larger  amount  than  their  original  investment,  measured  by  a  gold  stand- 
ard. Upon  this  statement  of  facts  it  would  seem  but  just  and  equitable  that  the 
6  per  cent,  interest  now  paid  by  the  government  should  be  applied  to  the  reduction 
of  the  principal  in  semiannual  instalments,  which  in  sixteen  years  and  eight 
months  would  liquidate  the  entire  national  debt.  Six  per  cent,  in  gold  would  at 
present  be  equal  to  nine  per  cent,  in  currency,  and  equivalent  to  the  payment  of 
the  debt  one  and  a  half  times  in  a  fraction  less  than  seventeen  years.  This,  in 
connection  with  the  other  advantages  derived  from  their  investment,  would  afford 
to  the  public  creditors  a  fair  and  liberal  compensation  for  the  use  of  their  capital ; 
and  with  this  they  should  be  satisfied.  The  lessons  of  the  past  admonish  the  lender 
that  it  is  not  well  to  be  over-anxious  in  exacting  from  the  borrower  rigid  compli- 
ance with  the  letter  of  the  bond."  In  the  Senate  the  reading  of  this  document 
was  interrupted  by  an  adjournment,  but  resumed  the  next  day.  The  Senate 
passed  the  following  resolution,  by  42  to  6  :  "  Resolved,  That  the  Senate,  properly 
cherishing  and  upholding  the  good  faith  and  honor  of  the  nation,  do  hereby  utterly 
disprove  of  and  condemn  the  sentiment  and  proposition  contained  in  as  much  of 
the  late  annual  message  of  the  President  of  the  United  States."  The  House  re- 
solved, by  154  to  6,  "  That  all  forms  and  degrees  of  repudiation  of  the  national 
indebtedness  are  odious  to  the  American  people, and  that  under  no  circumstances 
will  their  representatives  consent  to  offer  the  public  creditor,  as  full  compensation, 
a  less  amount  of  money  than  that  which  the  government  contracted  to  pay." 

1868,  DECEMBER  25.  —  The  President  proclaimed  a  complete  am- 
nesty to  all  engaged  in  the  late  rebellion. 


1869.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  675 

The  proclamation  embraced  Jefferson  Davis,  whose  trial  had  commenced  De- 
cember 3  at  Richmond,  but  was  stayed  upon  a  motion  to  quash  the  indictment  on 
the  ground  that  the  fourteenth  amendment  punished  him  by  disfranchisement,  and 
that  he  could  not  be  punished  twice  for  the  same,  offence. 

1869,  FEBRUARY  10.  —  Both  houses  of  Congress  met  in  the 
hall  of  representatives  to  count  the  electoral  vote. 

The  vote  of  Louisiana  being  called,  objection  was  made,  and,  the  Senate  with- 
drawing for  consultation,  the  House  decided  to  count  the  vote,  and  the  Senate 
decided  in  the  same  way.  With  Georgia  objection  being  made,  it  was  finally 
decided  to  count  the  vote,  and  announce  it,  as  had  been  previously  decided,  by  a 
joint  resolution. 

1861-1869.  —  FOURTEENTH  administration. 

President,  .       Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois,  died  April  15,  1865. 

f  Hannibal  Hamlin,  of  Maine,  March  4,  1861. 
lts'  i  Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  March  4,  1865. 

Secretary  of  State,  William  H.  Seward,  of  New  York,  March,  1861. 

iS.  P.  Chase,  of  Ohio,  March,  1861. 
W.  P.  Fessenden,  of  Maine,  September,  1864. 
H.  McCulloch,  of  Indiana,  March,  1865. 
'  Simon  Cameron,  of  Pennsylvania,  March,  1861. 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  Ohio,  January,  1862. 


Secretaries  of  War, 


U.  S.  Grant  (ad  interim'),  August  12,  1867. 


John  M.  Schofield,  of  Illinois,  18G8. 
Secretary  of  Navy,  Gideon  Welles,  of  Connecticut,  March,  1861. 

Caleb  R.  Smith,  of  Indiana,  March,  1861. 

John  P.  Usher,  of  Indiana,  January,  1863. 
Secretaries  of  Interior,  <(  Jameg  Harlanj  of  Iowa>  May>  1865_ 

^  0.  H.  Browning,  of  Illinois,  July,  1866. 
Montgomery  Blair,  of  Maryland,  March,  1861. 


Postmasters-General, 


W.  Dennison,  of  Ohio,  October,  1864. 


.A.  B.  Randall,  of  Wisconsin,  July,  1866. 
f  Edward  Bates,  of  Missouri,  March,  1861. 

Attorneys-General,          \  James  Speed,  of  Kentucky,  December,  1864. 
I  H.  F.  Stanbery,  of  Kentucky,  July,  1866. 

f  Galusha  A.  Grow,  of  Pennsylvania,  1861. 
Speakers  of  the  House,  {  Schuyler  Colfax>  of  Indiana)  1863< 

1869,  MARCH  18.  —  The  President  approved  "  An  act  to 
strengthen  the  public  credit  of  the  United  States." 

It  provided:  "That  in  order  to  remove  any  doubt  as  to  the  purpose  of  the 
government  to  discharge  all  its  obligations  to  the  public  creditors,  and  to  settle 
conflicting  questions  and  interpretations  of  the  law,  by  virtue  of  which  such  obli- 
gations have  been  contracted,  it  is  hereby  provided  and  declared  that  the  faith  of 
the  United  States  is  solemnly  pledged  to  the  payment  in  coin,  or  its  equivalent, 
of  all  the  obligations  of  the  United  States  not  bearing  interest,  known  as  United 
States  notes,  and  of  all  the  interest-bearing  obligations,  except  in  cases  where  the 
law  authorizing  the  issue  of  any  such  obligations  has  expressly  provided  that  the 
Bame  may  be  paid  in  lawful  money,  or  in  other  currency  than  gold  and  silver ;  but 
none  of  the  said  interest-bearing  obligations,  not  already  due,  shall  be  redeemed 
or  paid  before  maturity,  unless  at  such  times  as  United  States  notes  shall  be  con- 


676  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1869. 

yertiblc  into  coin  at  the  option  of  the  holder,  or  unless  at  such  time  bonds  of  the 
United  States,  bearing  a  lower  rate  of  interest  than  the  bonds  to  be  redeemed,  can 
be  sold  at  par  in  coin.  And  the  United  States  also  solemnly  pledges  its  faith  to 
make  provision  at  the  earliest  praeticable  period  for  the  redemption  of  the  United 
States  notes  in  coin." 

1869,  MARCH.  —  Congress  passed  a  joint  resolution  accepting 
the  fifteenth  amendment,  and  submitting  it  to  the  states. 

1869,  APRIL.  —  A  bill  regulating  the  tenure  of  office,  passed  by 
Congress,  was  approved. 

The  House  had  voted  to  repeal  the  Tenure-of-Office  Bill,  but  the  Senate 
amended  it,  and  a  compromise  was  effected.  It  provided  that  during  a  recess  of 
the  Senate  the  President  may  suspend  an  officer,  and  appoint  some  one  to  fill  his 
place.  *  The  President,  on  the  meeting  of  the  Senate,  must  present  a  nomination 
for  the  office. 

1869,  APRIL  10.  —  A  bill  by  Congress  for  the  submission  of 
southern  constitutions  was  approved. 

It  provided  that  the  President  may  submit  the  constitution  of  Virginia  to  regis- 
tered electors,  or,  at  his  discretion,  submit  any  part  of  it.  That  at  the  election, 
members  of  the  general  assembly  and  members  of  Congress  should  be  voted  for. 
The  same  provisions  also  for  Texas  —  no  election  to  be  held  there  until  the  Pres- 
ident should  direct.  The  same  provisions  also  for  Mississippi.  Fixed  the  time 
for  the  meeting  of  their  legislatures.  It  also  provided :  "  Before  the  statQS  of  Vir- 
ginia, Mississippi,  and  Texas  shall  be  admitted  to  representation  in  Congress, 
their  several  legislatures,  which  may  be  hereafter  lawfully  organized,  shall  ratify 
the  fifteenth  article,  which  has  been  proposed  by  Congress  to  the  several  states  as 
an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States."  On  the  14th  of  May,  a 
proclamation  designated  the  6th  of  July  for  the  election  in  Virginia,  and  submitted 
portions  of  the  Constitution  to  separate  votes. 

1869,  APRIL.  —  A  bill  to  amend  the  judicial  system  of  the 
United  States,  passed  by  Congress,  was  approved. 

It  provided  that  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  should  thereafter  con- 
sist of  the  chief  justice  and  eight  associate  justices,  any  six  of  whom  should  con- 
stitute a  quorum.  For  each  of  the  nine  existing  judicial  circuits  there  shall  be 
appointed  a  circuit  judge,  who  shall  preside,  and  have  the  same  power  and  juris- 
diction as  the  justice  of  the  supreme  court  for  the  circuit. 

1869,  MAY  10.  —  The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  was  completed. 

In  July,  1862,  Congress  passed  an  act  granting  aid  to  the  construction  of  a  line 
of  railroad  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  Company  was  formed  to  build  the  line  from  a  point  in  Nebraska  to  the 
western  boundary  of  Nevada,  and  then  connect  with  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad 
Company,  which  had  been  chartered  by  California.  The  whole  line,  from  the 
Missouri  to  the  Bay  of  Sacramento,  was  to  be  completed  not  later  than  July  1, 
1876.  The  company  to  have  the  right  of  way  of  400  feet,  and  receive  a  grant  of 
ten  alternate  sections  to  the  mile  on  each  side  of  the  track,  and  the  right  to  use 
material  on  government  land.  It  was  also  to  have  $16,000  a  mile,  in  six  per  cent, 
gold  bonds  of  the  government,  for  the  whole  road ;  and  for  about  150  miles, 
$ 48,000  a  mile.  For  the  California  section,  $32,000  a  mile  was  granted.  The 


1869.]  ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  677 

bonds  to  be  issued  when  the  government  commissioners  certified  that  sections  of 
twenty  miles  were  built  and  equipped.  The  first  actual  work  was  begun  in 
August,  1864.  The  work  went  slowly  until  1868,  when  an  average  of  four  miles 
a  day  was  kept  up  for  weeks.  The  point  of  junction  of  the  two  roads  was  at  the 
head  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  The  final  tie  was  of  polished  laurel-wood,  bound 
with  silver  bands.  California  had  sent  a  golden  spike,  Nevada  a  silver  one,  and 
Arizona  one  of  gold,  silver,  and  iron.  On  the  morning  of  the  12th,  a  despatch 
sent  from  San  Francisco  was  printed  in  the  New  York  papers,  stating  that,  as  the 
last  spike  was  driven,  a  cargo  of  tea  had  been  shipped,  "inaugurating  the  over- 
land trade  with  China  and  Japan."  An  arrangement  had  been  made  by  which 
the  hammer-strokes  connected  with  the  telegraph  wires,  so  that  the  driving  of  the 
last  spike  was  known  at  the  same  instant  at  both  ends  of  the  line.  Apart  from 
the  grants  of  land  and  material,  the  bonds  of  the  government,  amounting  to 
$52,000,000,  had  been  furnished  the  roads,  $26,000,000  to  the  Union  Pacific,  and 
$20,000,000  to  the  Central  Pacific,  leaving  $6,000,000  still  due. 

The  Congress  of  1869-70  had  presented  to  it  projected  railway  schemes  ask- 
ing grants  of  the  public  lands  amounting  to  over  two  hundred  millions  of  acres. 

1869,  MAY  20.  —  A  convention  was  held  in  New  York  city  of 
the  two  branches  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  the  "  New  School  " 
and  the  «  Old  School." 

On  the  27th  a  plan  for  their  union  was  adopted,  to  be  submitted  to  the  various 
presbyteries.  November  12,  the  union  was  consummated  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

1869,  JUNE  21.  —  The  leaders  of  a  proposed  expedition  to  Cuba 
were  arrested  in  New  York  by  order  of  the  government. 

On  the  16th  of  July,  a  portion  of  the  expedition,  which  had  rendezvoused  on 
Garderner's  Island,  were  arrested. 

1869,  JULY  6.  —  Virginia,  at  an  election,  adopted  a  new  con- 
stitution. 

It  recognized  the  equal  civil  rights  of  all  persons,  irrespective  of  race,  color, 
or  former  condition.  Fifteen  colored  candidates  for  the  House  of  Delegates  were 
also  elected. 

1869,  AUGUST  27.  —  The  international  university  boat-race 
took  place  on  the  Thames,  England. 

The  contest  was  between  Harvard  and  Oxford.  The  match  had  been  arranged 
the  year  before.  The  Harvard  crew  lost  the  race. 

1869,  SEPTEMBER  24.  —  A  financial  panic  in  New  York  city 
culminated  in  what  has  been  called  Black  Friday. 

The  financial  policy  of  the  government,  requiring  the  payment  of  duties  in 
gold,  offered  the  opportunity  to  speculators  to  monopolize  this  commodity.  A 
plot  for  this  purpose  was  entered  into  by  speculators  in  New  York,  the  chief  lead- 
ers of  which  were  James  Fisk  and  Jay  Gould.  The  banks  of  New  York  had 
only  about  fifteen  millions  of  specie,  and  the  government  had  in  the  treasury 
about  one  hundred  more.  That  in  the  banks  could  easily  be  controlled,  and  the 
question  was  to  prevent  the  government  from  offering  its  gold  for  sale,  as  had 
been  done  from  time  to  time.  Though  the  facts  in  the  case  have  never  been 


678  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1869. 

reliably  investigated,  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  conspirators  had  succeeded  in 
assuring  themselves  that,  by  underhanded  influences,  they  could  confidently  rely 
on  the  assistance  of  those  in  authority  to  aid  their  scheme.  The  gold  in  the  banks 
they  commenced  on  the  13th  to  purchase,  and  on  the  22d  had  raised  the  price  to 
140.  On  the  next  day  it  was  raised  to  144.  On  the  24th  the  price  was  advanced 
to  160,  and  the  speculators  felt  sure  of  carrying  it  to  200.  The  price,  however, 
was  broken  by  the  information  sent  by  telegraph  that  the  secretary  of  the  treasury 
would  sell  gold ;  and  in  a  few  hours  the  price  fell  to  132.  During  the  period 
of  excitement,  it  has  been  estimated  that  contracts  were  made  for  the  sale  of  at 
least  five  hundred  millions  of  gold.  The  crisis  had  ruined  thousands,  disarranged 
the  business  of  the  entire  country,  and  showed  that  a  financial  system  which 
places  the  legitimate  exchanges  of  industry  at  the  mercy  of  a  few  unscrupulous 
gamblers,  is  as  incompetent  for  the  needs  of  a  well-organized  society,  as  the  con- 
tests of  antagonistic  feudal  barons  would  be  in  a  well-settled  political  common- 
wealth. 

1869.  —  THE  legislature  of  Massachusetts  created  a  Board  of 
Railroad  Commissioners. 

Their  reports  are  most  valuable  aids  in  educating  the  public  to  an  intelligent 
comprehension  of  the  whole  railroad  question.  Their  report  for  1875,  speaking 
of  the  railroad  extension  and  their  method  of  keeping  accounts,  says  :  "  The 
necessities  of  development  should  be  provided  for,  as  the  original  construction 
was  provided  for,  by  the  investment  of  fresh  capital.  Upon  the  capital  required 
for  it,  that  development  should  pay  a  fair  profit ;  if  it  could  not  do  so,  it  should 
not  be  ventured  upon;  but  the  community  ought  not  to  be  called  upon,  as  it  now 
is,  to  pay  in  that  capital  itself  umler  the  disguise  of  surplus  earnings.  These 
surplus  earnings  should  be  left  in  the  pockets  of  the  people.  Instead  of  paying 
interest  on  an  increased  railroad  system  built  by  private  capital,  the  community 
is  itself  furnishing  the  capital  to  develop  roads  which  are  the  property  of  the  private 
corporations."  In  their  last  report  they  say:  "  For  several  years  past  the  com- 
missioners have,  in  each  of  their  reports,  freely  criticised  the  methods  of  book- 
keeping in  use  by  the  various  railroad  corporations  of  the  state,  and  the  character 
of  the  returns  made  from  them.  The  railroad  returns  are,  and  must  continue  to 
be,  essentially  unreliable,  if  not  even  deceptive,  until  a  radical  reform  in  the 
methods  of  railroad  bookkeeping  is  effected.  —  The  cause  of  the  difficulty  is  ob- 
vious. It  dates  from  the  very  origin  of  the  railroad  system,  when  it  was  not  at 
all  appreciated  what  that  system,  as  a  whole,  or  the  several  members  of  it  indi- 
vidually, were  destined  to  become.  Railroads  were  then  regarded  as  purely 
private  enterprises  managed  by  corporate  bodies,  in  the  doings  and  business 
affairs  of  which  the  holders  of  the  company's  stock  alone  were  interested.  They 
were  supposed  to  be  more  analogous  to  turnpike  corporations  than  to  anything 
else,  and  enjoyed  much  the  same  exemption  from  public  supervision,  nominal 
returns  only  being  made  by  them.  Gradually,  however,  the  public  character  of 
the  functions  they  exercised  became  better  understood,  until,  as  long  ago  as  the 
year  1846,  only  eleven  years  after  the  first  three  roads  were  opened  in  Massachu- 
setts, the  corporations  were  called  upon  by  a  general  law  for  the  annual  statement 
of  their  doings  and  condition,  which  since  then  have  been  published  as  part  of  the 
records  of  the  state.  In  some  other  states  of  the  Union,  however,  no  such  re- 
turns have  ever  been  required,  and  nothing  is  known  of  the  railroad  companies 
except  what  their  officials  see  fit  to  make  public.  Neither  has  provision  ever 
been  made,  in  Massachusetts  or  elsewhere,  to  secure  any  uniformity  in  the  books 
and  the  methods  of  keeping  them,  which  lie  behind  the  returns.  A  system  might, 


1869.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


679 


indeed,  be  prescribed  by  law,  and  in  some  cases  has  been ;  but  the  carrying  out 
of  the  system  is  left  practically  in  the  discretion  of  the  several  corporations. 
Until  1873,  the  Massachusetts  returns  seem  to  hare  been  accepted  as  they  were 
sent  in,  and  accepted  for  what  they  were  worth,  without  scrutiny  or  comment.  It 
is  consequently  almost  needless  to  say  that  they  were  worth  Very  little." 

1869,  DECEMBER  1.  —  The  following  was  the  statement  of  the 
public  debt  of  the  United  States : 

DEBT  BEARING  INTEREST  IN  COIN. 


Authorizing  Acts. 

Character  of  Issue. 

Bate. 

Am.  Outst'ng. 

When  Redeemable  or  Payable. 

Accrued  Int'st. 

June  14,  1858. 

Bonds.    .  .  . 

5  per  ct. 

$20,000,000 

Payable  15  years  from  Jan.  1, 

$416,666.67 

June  22,  1860. 

Bonds.    .  .  . 

5  per  ct. 

7,022,000 

Payable  10  years  from  Jan.  1, 

146,291.67 

Feb.  8,  1861. 

Bonds,  1861.  . 

6  per  ct. 

18,415,000 

Payable   after    December    31, 

1880. 

460,375.00 

March  2,  1861. 

Bonds  (Ore- 

gon) 1881.   . 

6  per  ct. 

945,000 

Redeemable    20    years    from 
July  1   1S61  

23,625.00 

July  17,  and 
Aug.  5,  1861. 

Bonds,  1861.  . 

6  per  ct. 

189,317,600 

Payable  at  option  of  Gov't  after 
20  years  from  June  30,  1861. 

4,732,940.00 

Feb.  25,  1862. 

Bonds,  5-20's. 

6  per  ct. 

514,771,600 

Redeemable  after  5  and  payable 
20  years  from  May  1,  1862.  . 

2,573,858.00 

March  3,  1863. 

Bonds,  1881.  . 

6  per  ct. 

75,000,000 

Payable  after  June  30,  1881.  . 

1,875,000.00 

March  3,  1864. 

Bonds,  HMO's. 

5  per  ct. 

194,567,300 

Redeemable  after  10  and  paya- 

ble 40  yrs.  from  Mar.  1,  1864. 

2,432,091.25 

March  3,  1864. 

Bonds,  5-20's. 

6  per  ct. 

3,882,500 

Redeemable  after  5  and  payable 

20  years  from  Nov.  1,  1864. 

19,412.50 

June  30,  1864. 

Bonds,  5-20's. 

6  per  ct. 

125,561,300 

Redeemable  after  5  and  payable 

20  years  from  Nov.  1,  1864. 

627,806.50 

March  3,  1865. 

Bonds,  5-20's. 

6  per  ct. 

203,327,250 

Redeemable  after  5  and  payable 

20  years  from  Nov.  1,  1865. 

1,016,636.25 

March  3,  1865. 

Bonds,  5-20's. 

6  per  ct. 

332,998,950 

Redeemable  after  5  and  payable 

20  years  from  July  1,  1865. 

8,324,973.75 

March  3,  1865. 

Bonds,  5-20's. 

6  per  ct. 

379,590,150 

Redeemable  after  5  and  payable 

20  years  from  July  1,  1867. 

9,489,753.75 

March  3,  1865. 

Bonds,  5-20's. 

6  per  ct. 

42,539,350 

Redeemable  after  5  and  payable 

1  003,483.75 

Aggregate  of  Debt  bearing  Coin  Int.,  $2,107,938,000. 

20  years  irom  July  1,  1668. 

33,202,914.09 

8,067,572.00 

Total, $41,270,486.09 


DEBT  BEARING  INTEREST  IN  LAWFUL  MONEY. 


Authorizing  Acts. 

Character  of  Issue. 

Bate. 

Am.  Outst'ng. 

When  Redeemable  or  Payable. 

Accrued  Int'st. 

March  2,  1807, 
and  July  2,  1868 
July  23,  1868. 

Certificates. 
Navy    Pension 
Fund.    .  .   . 

3  per  ct. 
3  per  ct. 

$47,195,000 
14,000,000 

On  demand  (infest  estimated). 
!  Interest  only  applicable  to 
payment  of  pensions.  .   . 

$943,900.00 
175,000.00 

Aggregate  of  debt  bearing  currency  int.,  $61,195,000.  Accrued  interest $1,118,900.00 


DEBT  BEARING  NO  INTEREST. 


Authorizing  Acts. 

Character  of  Issue. 

Ain't  Outstanding. 

July  17,  1861,  Feb.  12,  1862. 
Feb.  25,   1862,  July   11,  ) 
1862,  March  3,  1863.  .  \ 

July  17,  1862,  March  3,  ) 
1863,  June  30,  1864.   .  \ 

March  3,  1863  

Demand  Notes. 
U.  S.  Legal  Ten- 
der Notes.     .  . 

Frac'al  Currency. 

Certif.Gold  depos. 
iringr  no  interest.  . 

$113,258.50 
|    356,000,000.00 

I    38,885,564.68 
36,862,940.00 

No  in-  1  New  issue, 
terest.  1  Series  1869 

$350,900,000.00 
5,040,00000 
.   .  4,534,938.62 

I  Second  Series,  . 
1  Third  Series,    .  . 
I.  Fourth  Series,  .  . 

.   .  3,428,199.31 
.  18,275,213.75 
.  12,647,213,00 

Aggregate  of  debt  be; 

$431,861,763.18 

680  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1869-70. 

1869.  —  THE  right  of  suffrage  was  granted  to  women  by  the 
legislatures  of  the  territories  of  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

The  same  year  women  were  ordained  as  deacons  in  the  First  Presbyterian 
church  of  Philadelphia. 

A  bill  passed  by  the  legislature  of  Wyoming  in  1871,  repealing  woman's  suf- 
frage, was  vetoed  by  the  governor,  and  the  veto  sustained  by  the  council. 

1869.  —  WOMEN  were  admitted  to  practise  law  in  Kansas  by  an 
act  of  the  legislature. 

1869.  —  A  STATE  Board  of  Health  was  organized  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1869.  —  THE  legislature  of  Massachusetts  created  a  Bureau  of 
Statistics  of  Labor. 

It  has  issued  yearly  reports,  which  have  been  most  valuable  contributions  to 
the  practical  literature  on  the  organization  of  labor. 

1870,  JANUARY.  —  The  joint  committee  of  the  House  and  the 
Senate  for  the  District  of  Columbia  granted  a  hearing  to  the 
advocates  of  woman's  suffrage. 

Mrs.  E.  C.  Stanton  made  the  argument  for  enfranchising  the  women  of  the 
District. 

1870,  JANUARY.  —  The  American  Press  Association  was  formed. 

It  was  organized  by  papers  which  were  deprived  of  the  advantages  of  the 
Associated  Press. 

1870.  —  THERE  were  five  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy- 
one  periodical  publications  issued  in  the  United  States. 

They  were  divided  thus :  Daily,  574 ;  three  times  a  week,  107 ;  semi-weekly, 
115;  weekly,  4295;  semi-monthly,  96;  monthly,  622;  bi-monthly,  13;  quarterly, 
49.  They  were  classified  thus  :  Advertising,  79 ;  agricultural  and  horticultural, 
93;  benevolent  and  secret  societies,  81;  commercial  and  financial,  142;  illus- 
trated, literary  and  miscellaneous,  503 ;  nationality,  devoted  to,  20 ;  political, 
4333 ;  religious,  407 ;  sporting,  6 ;  technical  and  professional,  207. 

1870.  JANUARY  20.  —  The  Lennox  public  library  was  incorpo- 
rated by  the  state  of  New  York. 

The  library  is  not  yet  opened  to  the  public.  It  was  endowed  by  James  Len- 
nox with  his  private  library,  which  in  early  American  history,  and  other  depart- 
ments, is  understood  to  be  unrivalled  by  any  collection  in  the  world. 

1870,  JANUARY  24.  —  An  act  of  Congress  admitting  Virginia 
to  representation  in  Congress  was  approved. 

The  following  were  the  conditions :  That  the  constitution  shall  never  be  so 
altered  as  to  deprive  any  citizen  or  class  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  the 
right  to  vote,  who  are  entitled  to  vote  by  the  constitution  herein  recognized, 
except  as  a  punishment  for  such  crimes  as  are  now  felonies  at  common  law, 
whereof  they  shall  have  been  duly  convicted  under  laws  equally  applicable  to  all 
the  inhabitants  of  said  state.  That  it  shall  never  be  lawful  for  the  said  state  to 


1870.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  681 

deprive  any  citizen  of  the  United  States,  on  account  of  his  race,  color,  or  previous 
condition  of  servitude,  of  the  right  to  hold  office  under  the  constitution  and  laws 
of  said  state,  or  upon  any  such  ground  to  require  of  him  other  qualifications  for 
office  than  such  as  are  required  of  all  other  citizens.  That  the  constitution  of 
Virginia  shall  never  be  so  amended  or  changed  as  to  deprive  any  citizen  or  class 
of  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  the  school  rights  and  privileges  secured  by  the 
constitution  of  said  state. 

1870,  FEBRUARY  23.  — A  bill  by  Congress  admitting  Mississippi 
to  representation  was  approved. 

One  of  the  senators  sent  from  Mississippi,  to  take  the  seat  formerly  occupied 
by  Jefferson  Davis,  was  H.  R.  Revels,  a  colored  man. 

1870,  MARCH  30.  —  A  bill  by  Congress  admitting  Texas  to  rep- 
resentation was  approved. 

1870,  MARCH  30.  —  The  secretary  of  state  issued  a  proclama- 
tion announcing  the  ratification  of  the  fifteenth  amendment. 

It  had  been  ratified  by  twenty-nine  states. 

1870,  MAY  24.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  warning 
those  engaged  in  illegal  military  enterprises  against  Canada,  of 
the  consequences  of  such  acts. 

The  Fenians  made  an  attempt  on  the  25th,  26th,  and  27th  of  May  to  invade 
Canada.  General  O'Neill,  who  led  a  force  over  the  border  near  St.  Albans,  was 
arrested  by  a  United  States  marshal,  as  were  several  others. 

1870,  MAY  26.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  chartering  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad. 

1870,  JUNE.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  reduce  internal  tax- 
ation. 

The  income  tax  was  to  cease  at  the  end  of  1871. 

1870,  JUNE  24. — A  bill  by  Congress  admitting  Georgia  to 
representation  was  approved. 

The  representatives  from  Georgia  took  their  seats  in  January,  1871.  One  of 
them  was  colored. 

1870,  JUNE  30. — An  industrial  school  for  girls  was  formally 
opened  at  Middletown,  Connecticut. 

It  was  for  the  industrial  education  of  such  girls  as,  by  the  beginning  of  a  ca- 
reer of  crime,  had  made  themselves  amenable  to  the  control  of  the  state. 

1870,  JULY  2.  —  Illinois  adopted  a  new  constitution. 

It  provided  for  a  minority  representation  in  the  legislature ;  prohibited  special 
legislation  in  cases  where  a  general  law  would  produce  the  result ;  forbade  the 
lending  of  the  public  credit  to  corporations,  or  making  of  public  subscriptions  to 
their  stock ;  and  regulated  railroads. 

1870,  JULY  8. —  An  act  of  Congress,  transferring  the  registry 
of  copyrights  to  the  office  of  the  librarian  of  Congress,  was  ap- 
proved. 


(}82  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1870. 

The  registry  of  the  copyright  and  the  deposit  of  two  copies  in  the  library  of 
Congress  are  required  to  complete  the  copyright. 

1870,  JULY  12.  —  An  act  to  provide  for  the  redemption  of  the 
three  per  cent,  temporary  loan  certificates,  and  for  an  increase 
of  national  bank-notes,  which  was  passed  by  Congress,  was 
approved. 

It  authorized  an  increase  of  fifty-four  millions  of  dollars  of  national  bank- 
notes, in  addition  to  the  three  hundred  millions  already  authorized,  to  be  fur- 
nished banking  associations  organized,  or  to  be  organized,  in  those  states  and 
territories  having  less  th?.n  their  proportion  under  the  apportionment  of  the  act 
of  March  3,  18G5.  No  banking  association  organized  after  the  passage  of  the  act 
to  have  a  circulation  of  more  than  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  The  secretary 
of  the  treasury  was  authorized  each  month  to  call  in  and  cancel  an  amount  of  the 
three  per  cent,  certificates  equal  to  the  notes  distributed  to  the  banks ;  and  in 
order  to  call  them  in,  to  give  notice  to  their  holders  that  interest  upon  them  would 
cease  after  a  certain  day  to  be  designated,  and  that  from  that  time  they  would  not 
be  counted  in  the  reserves  of  the  banks. 

1870,  JULY  14.  —  An  act  by  Congress  to  authorize  the  refund- 
ing of  the  national  debt  was  approved. 

The  secretary  of  the  treasury  was  authorized  to  issue  two  hundred  millions  of 
dollars  of  coupon  or  registered  bonds,  bearing  five  per  cent,  interest,  payable 
after  ten  years,  the  principal  and  interest  in  coin ;  and  also  three  hundred  millions 
of  dollars  in  bonds,  bearing  four  and  a  half  per  cent,  interest,  payable  after  fifteen 
years ;  and  also  one  thousand  millions  of  dollars  of  bonds,  bearing  interest  at  four 
per  cent.,  and  payable  at  thirty  years,  the  principal  and  interest  in  coin.  "Noth- 
ing in  this  act,  or  in  any  other  law  now  in  force,  shall  be  construed  to  authorize  any 
increase  whatever  of  the  bonded  debt  of  the  United  States."  By  a  section  of  this 
act,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  was  authorized  to  receive  on  deposit,  at  any 
time  within  two  years,  and  for  not  less  than  thirty  days,  gold  coin  on  deposit,  in 
6ums  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  and  give  certificates  of  deposit  drawing 
interest  at  two  and  a  half  per  cent.,  the  excess  over  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the 
gold  thus  deposited  being  used  at  the  discretion  of  the  secretary  in  redeeming  the 
five-twenty  bonds  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  spring  of  1873,  an  association  of  domestic  and  foreign  bankers,  calling 
themselves  a  syndicate,  was  formed,  chiefly  by  the  agency  of  the  Hon.  A.  G. 
Cattell,  who  went  to  Europe  for  the  purpose,  to  obtain  the  control  of  the  disposi- 
tion of  the  bonds  to  be  issued  in  the  refunding  of  the  debt.  The  parties  to  this 
arrangement  were  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  (representing  Rothschild  &  Sons),  Jay  Cooke, 
McCulloch  &  Co.,  and  themselves,  for  one  half  the  amount;  and  L.  P.Morton  and 
J.  P.  Morton  (representing  Baring  Brothers  &  Co.),  J.  S.  Morgan  &  Co.,  Morton, 
Rose  &  Co.,  Drexel,  Morgan  &  Co.,  and  Morton,  Bliss  &  Co.,  for  the  other  half. 

1870.  —  THE  ninth  census  of  the  United  States  was  taken. 

The  population  was  38,555,983.  The  number  of  emigrants  who  had  arrived  in 
the  country  from  the  commencement  of  the  government  to  December  31,  1870, 
was,  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  7,863,865.  They  had  come  from  seventy-two 
specified  different  countries  of  the  world. 

1870,  DECEMBER.  —  A  memorial  to  Congress,  asking  the  right 


1870-1.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  683 

of  suffrage  for  women,  was  presented  by  Victoria  C.  Woodhull, 
and  referred  to  the  committee  on  the  judiciary. 

A  majority  of  the  committee  reported  against  it ;  a  minority  in  its  favor. 

1870.  —  STATE  boards  of  health  were  organized  in  Louisiana 
and  in  California. 

1870,  DECEMBER.  —  The  Supreme  Court  decided  that  the  ten- 
der of  United  States  notes  on  debts  contracted  previous  to  the 
passage  of  the  Legal  Tender  Act  of  February  25,  1862,  was  a 
valid  tender  in  payment  of  such  debts. 

The  decision  was  made  by  a  full  bench  —  five  to  four.  It  was  made  in  the 
cases  Knox  v.  Lee,  and  Barker  v.  Davis,  and  overruled  the  previous  decision  of 
the  court  in  the  case  Hepburn  v.  Griswold. 

1870.  —  THE  legislature  of  the  state  of  Illinois  created  a  Rail- 
road  and  Warehouse  Commission. 

1871.  —  THE  Progressive  Community  was  organized  at  Cedar 
Vale,  Kansas. 

1871,  JANUARY  20.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  to  amend  the 
act  for  the  refunding  of  the  national  debt  was  approved. 

It  provided  that  the  five  per  cent,  bonds  authorized  by  the  amended  act  should 
be  increased  to  five  hundred  millions  of  dollars. 

1871,  FEBRUARY  21.  —  A  bill  passed  by  Congress  to  provide  a 
territorial  government  for  the  District  of  Columbia  was  ap- 
proved. 

1871,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  passed  the  Appropriation  Bill. 

A  clause  in  it  authorized  the  President  to  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations 
for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  civil  service  of  the  United  States  as  will  best 
promote  the  efficiency  thereof,  and  ascertain  the  fitness  of  each  candidate  in 
respect  to  age,  health,  character,  knowledge,  and  ability  for  the  service  into  which 
he  seeks  to  enter.  The  President  appointed  G.  W.  Curtis,  Joseph  Medill,  A.  G. 
Cattell,  D.  A.  Walker,  E.  B.  Elliott,  and  J.  H.  Blackfan,  to  prepare  such  rules 
and  regulations. 

1871,  MARCH  3.  —  A  joint  resolution  by  Congress  to  enable 
owners  of  lost  or  destroyed  registered  bonds  to  obtain  others 
was  approved. 

1871,  MARCH  3.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  to  provide  for 
celebrating  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  American  Inde- 
pendence was  approved. 

It  provided  for  holding  an  international  exhibition  of  arts,  manufactures,  and 
products  of  the  soil  and  mines  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  A  memorial  had 
been  sent  to  Congress  on  February  24,  1870,  from  the  select  and  common  coun- 
cils of  Philadelphia,  committees  of  the  Franklin  Institute  and  of  the  legislature 
of  Pennsylvania,  calling  attention  to  Philadelphia  as  the  fit  place  for  holding  the 
celebration  of  the  nation's  centennial  anniversary.  The  act  of  Congress  created 
the  Centennial  Commission,  to  consist  of  one  delegate  from  each  state  and  terri- 


684  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1871. 

tory,  to  prepare  and  superintend  the  execution  of  a  plan  for  holding  the  exhibition. 
The  delegates  to  be  appointed  within  a  year  by  the  President,  on  the  nomination 
by  their  respective  governors,  together  with  a  substitute  for  such  as  could  not 
attend.  Their  meetings  to  be  held  in  Philadelphia.  The  commissioners  to  serve 
without  compensation  from  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  "the  United 
States  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  expenses  attending  such  exhibition,  or  by  reason 
of  the  same." 

1871,  MARCH  30.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  regulating  inter- 
course with  the  Indians. 

The  Senate  renounced  its  right  to  make  treaties  with  the  Indian  tribes  as  inde- 
pendent powers,  and  it  was  declared  that  "  hereafter  no  Indian  nation  or  tribe 
within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  shall  be  acknowledged  or  recognized  as 
an  independent  nation,  tribe,  or  power,  with  whom  the  United  States  may  con- 
tract by  treaty." 

1871,  APRIL  20.  —  A  bill  passed  by  Congress  "  more  fully  to 
enforce  the  provisions  of  the  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  and  for  other  purposes,"  was 
approved. 

It  gave  the  President  power  to  suspend  the  habeas  corpus  act,  declare  martial 
law,  and  assess  damages  in  such  portions  of  the  states  as  the  civil  authorities 
found  it  impossible  to  keep  the  peace  in. 

1871,  MAY  17.  —  The  Senate  ratified  the  Washington  Treaty. 

It  had  been  framed  by  a  commission  appointed  by  the  British  and  United 
States  governments.  It  provided  for  the  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims  by  a 
tribunal  of  arbitration  of  five,  one  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  one  by  the  Queen  of  England,  one  by  the  King  of  Italy,  one  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Swiss  Confederation,  and  one  by  the  Emperor  of  Brazil.  It  was  to 
meet  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  and  decide  by  a  majority  all  questions  laid  before  it 
by  the  two  governments.  The  treaty  also  provided  for  a  commission  to  settle 
other  claims  than  the  Alabama  ones ;  another  to  settle  the  fishery  question ;  opened 
the  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  other  rivers ;  and  submitted  the  question 
of  the  northern  boundary  to  the  arbitration  of  the  Emperor  of  Germany.  The 
President  proclaimed  the  treaty  on  July  4. 

1871,  MAY  24. —  A  congress  of  state  commissioners  and  su- 
perintendents of  insurance  met  at  New  York. 

It  had  been  called  by  the  New  York  state  superintendent.  Eighteen  states 
were  represented.  The  purpose  the  of  congress  was  to  investigate  the  whole  matter 
of  insurance  as  a  subject  for  governmental  supervision.  It  adjourned  to  meet  in 
October. 

1871,  OCTOBER  9.  —  The  great  fire  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  destroyed 
a  large  part  of  the  city. 

The  fire  was  the  most  destructive  one  in  the  history  of  the  country.  The 
burned  district  was  four  and  a  half  miles  long  by  a  little  over  a  mile  broad,  cov- 
ering, by  the  marshal's  report,  two  thousand  acres,  including  the  main  business 
portion  of  the  city,  and  destroying  property  valued  at  $190,526,500.  The  total 
insurance  was  $90,000,000.  About  twenty-five  thousand  buildings  were  destroyed, 
and  over  one  hundred  thousand  persons  rendered  homeless  and  destitute.  Only 


1871.]  ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.  685 

a  single  house  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  was  left  standing,  and  it  was  esti- 
mated "that  seventy-five  thousand  people  spent  the  morning  and  most  of  Monday 
crouching  in  Lincoln  Park,  or  half  immersed  in  the  waters  of  the  lake,  to  save 
themselves  from  the  heat  and  showers  of  burning  cinders  driven  upon  them  by 
the  tempest."  The  loss  of  life  was  very  large,  but  no  accurate  estimate  can  be 
made  of  it ;  it  was  certainly  some  hundreds.  Within  ten  days  after  the  fire,  mil- 
lions of  dollars  were  contributed  to  aid  the  sufferers.  Contributions  were  sent 
from  all  over  the  country,  and  also  from  Europe,  of  money,  provisions,  clothes, 
and  other  articles.  Hardly  had  the  fire  ceased  before  a  beginning  was  made  to 
rebuild  the  city,  and  at  this  date  (1876)  the  work  has  been  about  completed;  the 
new  city  being  better  than  the  old ;  the  disaster  having  given  an  opportunity  for 
improvement. 

1871.  —  THE  gold  product  of  the  United  States  for  this  year 
was  $66,000,000. 

1871,  OCTOBER  12.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  call- 
ing upon  the  bands  in  South  Carolina,  organized  to  prevent  the 
freedom  of  the  ballot,  to  disperse  within  five  days. 

They  were  also  required  to  deliver  to  the  marshal  or  military  officers  of  the 
United  States  all  arms,  ammunition,  uniforms,  disguises,  and  other  means  and 
implements  used  by  them  for  carrying  out  their  unlawful  purposes.  A  special 
investigation  had  been  made  concerning  these  organizations,  and  information 
obtained  that  in  nine  counties  of  South  Carolina  there  were  existing  active  com- 
binations, strong  enough  to  "  control  the  local  authority."  On  the  17th  another 
proclamation  was  issued  by  the  President,  suspending  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus 
in  the  nine  counties  of  South  Carolina,  and  for  the  arrest  by  the  military  of  the 
United  States  of  the  members  of  these  unlawful  combinations.  One  hundred  and 
sixty-eight  persons  were  so  arrested,  some  of  whom  were  released,  and  many 
of  them  confessed.  The  others  were  held  for  trial. 

1871,  OCTOBER.  —  This  month  was  memorable  for  the  exten- 
sive fires  which  raged  in  northern  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  and 
Minnesota. 

The  dry  weather  was  unfavorable,  and  everything,  even  the  soil,  was  burned. 
The  loss  of  life  was  terrible,  over  fifteen  hundred  people,  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren, having  been  burned,  it  is  said,  in  Wisconsin  alone.  Seven  counties  in  that 
state  were  in  great  part  desolated.  The  little  town  of  Peshtigo,  in  Wisconsin, 
was  utterly  destroyed,  between  six  and  seven  hundred  persons,  unable  to  escape, 
having  perished  in  the  flames  ;  and  this  was  one  instance  of  many. 

1871,  OCTOBER. — Juarez  was  elected  president  of  Mexico  by 
the  congress. 

He  received  all  the  votes  cast;  at  the  popular  election  in  June  there  was  no 
election,  so  that  it  was  thrown  into  congress. 

1871,  OCTOBER  27.  —  William  M.  Tweed  was  arrested  in  New 
York  city. 

The  corrupt  ring  which  had  had  control  of  the  city  was  broken.  His  bail- 
bonds  were  fixed  at  $2.000,000. 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1871-2. 

1871,  NOVEMBER  10.  —  The  report  of  the  civil-service  reform 
commission  was  banded  to  the  President's  cabinet. 

The  President  in  his  annual  message  said  that  it  was  believed  the  plan  would 
be  a  "  great  relief  to  the  executive,  the  heads  of  the  departments,  and  members 
of  Congress,"  and  "redound  to  the  true  interests  of  the  public  service.  At  all 
events  the  experiment  should  have  a  fair  trial." 

1871.  —  A  RAILWAY  of  three  feet  gauge  was  opened  in  Colo- 
rado, between  Denver  and  Colorado  Springs. 

It  was  the  first  narrow-gauge  railroad,  and  the  commencement  of  a  line  to 
extend  south  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  Mexican  boundary. 

1872,  JANUARY  30.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  setting  aside  a 
portion  of  the  Yellowstone  valley  as  a  nationyl  park. 

1872,  JANUARY  30.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  providing  for  a 
new  apportionment. 

The  ratio  of  137,800  was  fixed,  which  gave  the  House  a  membership  of  283. 
The  electoral  college  to  consist  of  357.  The  bill  to  take  effect  March  3,  1873. 
The  number  of  the  House  was  subsequently  raised  to  292,  giving  an  extra  con- 
gressman (at  large)  to  several  states  with  large  fractions. 

1872,  FEBRUARY  19.  —  A  select  committee  of  Congress  to  in- 
quire into  the  condition  of  affairs  at  the  South,  reported. 

The  majority  reported  that  organizations  known  as  Ku-Klux  Klans,  Knights  of 
the  White  Camelia,  and  Democratic  clubs  of  various  names,  existed  in  all  the  late 
insurrectionary  states,  and  in  Kentucky.  They  advised  that  the  President's  au- 
thority to  suspend  the  habeas  corpus  be  extended.  The  minority  reported  that 
five  of  the  southern  states,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  Texas, 
were  free  from  any  suspicion  of  lawlessness.  They  did  not  deny  that  lawless  acts 
had  been  performed  by  bodies  of  disguised  persons,  but  denied  that  these  bodies 
have  any  general  organization  or  political  significance,  or  that  their  conduct  is 
indorsed  by  any  respectable  number  of  white  people  in  any  state. 

1872,  MAY  1.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  repealing  the  duty  on 
tea  and  coffee. 

The  act  was  to  go  into  effect  July  1,  1872,  and  all  goods  in  bond,  duty  paid,  to 
be  subject  to  a  rebate. 

1872,  JUNE  1.  —  An  act  by  Congress  relating  to  the  centennial 
exhibition  at  Philadelphia  was  approved. 

It  created  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance  as  a  body  corporate,  with  authority 
to  secure  subscriptions  to  a  capital  stock  not  exceeding  ten  millions  of  dollars,  the 
proceeds  to  be  used  in  the  construction  of  suitable  buildings,  and  in  carrying  out 
the  objects  of  the  act  of  March  3,  1871.  "Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  con- 
strued as  to  create  any  liability  of  the  United  States,  direct  or  indirect,  for  any 
debt  or  obligation  incurred,  nor  for  any  claim  by  the  Centennial  International 
Exhibition,  or  the  corporation  hereby  created,  for  aid  or  pecuniary  assistance  from 
Congress  or  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  in  support  or  liquidation  of  any 
debts  or  obligations  created  by  the  corporation  hereby  authorized."  The  depressed 
condition  of  the  industry  of  the  country  made  the  task  of  raising  the  money 
needed  for  the  expenses  of  the  exhibition  one  of  great  difficulty.  By  strenuous 


1872.]  ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.  687 

efforts,  however,  the  beard  obtained  subscriptions  amounting  to  $2,400,000  from 
individuals  and  corporations  other  than  municipal.  The  city  of  Philadelphia  and 
the  state  of  Pennsylvania  contributed  generously.  New  Jersey  subscribed  one 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  many  of  the  other  states  contributed  the  sums 
necessary  for  the  structures  erected  on  the  grounds  for  the  use  of  their  citizens, 
and  adding  to  the  attractions  of  the  occasion.  In  connection  with  the  centennial 
commission,  contracts  were  made  for  the  erection  of  the  buildings.  These  com- 
prised the  following : 

Acres.  Begun.  Finished.  Cost. 

The  main  building,  21  K        May   8,  1875.      Jan.  1,  1876.  $1,600.000 

The  Art  Gallery,        1  K        July  4,  1874.      Jan.  1,  1876.  1,500,000 

Machinery  Hall,       14  April  7,  1875.      Oct.  1,  1875.  800,000 

Agricultural  Hall,    10  K        Oct.  15,  1875.      March  25,  1876.  300,000 

Horticultural  Hall,    1  &        April  1,  1875.      Jan.  1,  1876.  300,000 

48  X  $4,500,000 

Besides  the  expense  of  construction,  the  cost  of  fitting,  the  preparation  of  the 
grounds,  and  the  operating  expenses,  were  estimated  at  $4,000,000,  making  the 
whole  cost  08,500,000.  On  February  16,  1876,  Congress  appropriated  $1,500,000 
for  the  purposes  of  the  exhibition.  The  exhibition  opened  May  10,  1876,  and 
closed  November  10,  1876.  Though  the  full  account  has  not  yet  been  made,  yet 
this  much  is  known :  Of  the  buildings,  Memorial  Hall  was  intended  as  a  perma- 
nent structure,  and  will  so  remain.  Horticultural  Hall  and  Machinery  Hall  are 
the  property  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia ;  the  former  was  intended  to  be  perma- 
nent, but  both  will  be  preserved  for  annual  and  permanent  exhibition  places, 
under  the  auspices  of  a  corporation.  The  main  building  will  also  be  preserved 
for  the  same  purposes  and  under  the  same  control.  Mr.  Goshorn,  the  director- 
general,  reports  a  surplus  of  §2,000,000  on  hand  over  operating  expenses ;  so  that 
the  financial  result  is,  that,  unless  the  $1,500,000  appropriated  by  Congress  is 
finally  held  to  be  a  prior  lien  to  that  of  the  stockholders,  —  a  point  over  which 
there  is  a  difference  of  opinion,  —  it  will  be  possible,  not  to  pay  a  dividend  on  the 
investment,  but  to  return  about  80  per  cent,  of  the  $2,400,000  stock  subscription 
made  by  individuals  and  corporations  not  municipal. 

1872,  JUNE  4.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  reducing  the  duties  on 
imports,  and  lessening  the  internal  taxes. 

Its  provisions  were  to  go  into  effect  on  the  1st  of  August,  1872. 

1872,  JULY  1.  —  Up  to  this  time  the  quantity  of  South  Caro- 
lina phosphate  shipped  from  Charleston  was  242,415  tons,  in  the 
crude  state,  and  90,000  tons  of  manufactured. 

The  first  shipment  was  made  in  1867. 

1872,  JULY  18.  —  The  president  of  Mexico,  Juarez,  died  of 
apoplexy. 

Lerdo  de  Tejada  acted  as  president  until  congress  ordered  a  new  election. 

1872.  — THE  epidemic  among  horses  reached  the  United  States 
this  year. 

It  had  been  terribly  severe  in  Canada,  and  early  in  October  was  reported  from 
Boston,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  and  Syracuse.  In  some  of  the  large  cities  it  almost 
put  an  entire  stop  to  traffic,  and  in  some  cases  the  horse-railroads  ceased  entirely 
for  a  time. 


(588  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.        [1872-3. 

1872,  NOVEMBER  9.  —  A  great  fire  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
destroyed  the  business  portion  of  that  city. 

It  raged  twenty-four  hours.  The  loss  was  estimated  by  commissioners  at 
seventy  millions.  Sixty  acres,  comprising  the  business  portion  of  the  city,  were 
burned.  Thirteen  persons  were  reported  killed.  As  with  the  city  of  Chicago, 
the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  disaster  was  taken  advantage  of  to  rebuild  the 
burned  district  in  a  better  manner,  both  in  the  arrangement  of  the  streets  and  the 
character  of  the  constructions. 

1872.  —  LERDO  DE  TEJADA  was  elected  president  of  Mexico. 

The  commencement  of  his  administration  was  celebrated  with  the  opening  of 
the  railway  from  the  city  of  Mexico  to  Vera  Cruz. 

1872.  —  THE  patents  issued  this  year  for  improvements  in 
agricultural  machinery  were  over  a  thousand  in  number. 

36  were  for  rakes,  160  for  hay  and  grain  harvesters,  177  for  seed  planters  and 
drills,  30  for  hay  and  straw  cutters,  90  for  cultivators,  73  for  beehives,  90  for 
churns,  160  for  ploughs. 

1872.  —  THE  Big  Bonanza  was  discovered  in  the  consolidated 
Virginia  silver  mine  in  Nevada. 

1872.  —  A  STATE  board  of  health  was  organized  in  Virginia. 

1873,  JANUARY  24.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  abolishing 
the  grades  of  admiral  and  vice-admiral  in  the  navy  was  ap- 
proved. 

1873,  FEBRUARY  12.  —  The  electoral  vote  was  counted  in  the 
House,  the  Senate  being  present. 

The  votes  of  Georgia,  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana  were  excluded  from  the  count. 

1873.  —  THE  Pennsylvania  legislature  established  a  bureau 
of  labor  statistics. 

Its  limitations  rendered  it  practically  worthless. 

1873.  —  THE  New  Jersey  legislature  passed  a  general  railroad 
bill. 

It  also  passed  an  act  making  railroads  subject  to  local  taxation,  from  which, 
they  had  up  to  this  time  been  exempt. 

1873,  FEBRUARY  12.  —  Congress  revised  and  amended  the  mint 
laws. 

The  silver  trade  dollar  was  created,  to  contain  four  hundred  and  twenty  grains. 
The  act  provided  that  "the  silver  coins  of  the  United  States  shall  be  a  legal 
tender  at  their  nominal  value  for  any  amount  not  exceeding  five  dollars  in  any 
one  payment." 

The  act  contains  sixty-seven  sections.  It  specifies  the  gold  coins  as  the 
dollar,  two  and  a  half,  three,  five,  ten,  and  twenty.  The  dollar  to  be  the  standard, 
and  to  weigh  twenty-five  and  eight-tenths  grains,  and  that  when  by  use  they  have 
lost  more  than  a  half  of  one  per  cent.,  they  shall  be  recoined,  and  be  a  legal 


1873.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  689 

tender  for  their  proportional  weight.  The  silver  coins  are  the  trade  dollar,  half 
dollar,  quarter  dollar,  dime,  and  are  a  legal  tender  for  five  dollars.  The  minor 
coins  are  five-cent  piece,  three-cent,  and  one  cent,  and  are  legal  tender  for  twenty- 
five  cents. 

The  act  established  the  mint  as  a  bureau  of  the  treasury,  and  provided  for  being 
known  as  the  coinage  act  of  1873.  It  created  a  trade  dollar,  for  use  in  the  China 
trade,  demonetized  silver,  and  was  passed  by  the  House  without  being  read. 

1873,  FEBRUARY  18.  —  The  Poland  credit  mobilier  committee 
reported  to  the  House. 

They  advised  the  expulsion  of  Messrs.  Ames  and  Brooks. 

1873,  MARCH  2.  —  Congress  repealed  the  Bankruptcy  Act. 

1873,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  raising  the  compen- 
sation of  the  officers  of  the  government. 

It  is  commonly  known  as  the  "  salary  grab."  It  gave  the  president  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars  a  year,  the  vice-president  ten  thousand;  the  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  ten  thousand  five  hundred;  the  justices  of  the  supreme  court, 
ten  thousand ;  the  secretaries  of  the  cabinet,  ten  thousand ;  the  assistant  secreta- 
ries, six  thousand;  the  speaker  of  the  house,  ten  thousand;  the  senators,  repre- 
sentatives, and  delegates  in  Congress,  seven  thousand  five  hundred.  The  salaries 
of  the  clerks  were  also  increased,  together  with  various  other  employes  of  Con- 
gress. It  was  also  provided  by  the  act  that  the  increase  of  pay  "  shall  begin  with 
the  present  Congress,"  which  carried  it  back  to  March  4,  1871. 

1873,  MARCH  4.  —  The  M'Enery  militia  took  possession  of  the 
seventh  precinct  station-house  in  New  Orleans. 

The  contest  began  the  next  day  between  the  two  factions.  On  the  6th,  the 
Kellogg  authorities  took  possession  of  the  hall  occupied  by  the  M'Enery  legisla- 
ture, and  arrested  the  speaker  and  many  of  the  members. 

1873,  MARCH.  —  Congress  authorized  the  establishment  of 
signal-service  stations  at  the  light-houses  and  life-saving  stations 
on  the  coast. 

Thirty  thousand  dollars  were  appropriated  for  connecting  them  by  telegraph. 
From  fragmentary  legislation  of  this  character  the  signal-service  bureau  has  been 
able,  by  persistent  endeavor,  to  reach  its  present  efficiency. 

1873.  —  CONGRESS  abolished  the  franking  privilege. 

The  act  to  take  effect  on  and  after  July  1,  1873. 

1873,  APRIL  11.  —  The  peace  commissioners,  Major-General 
Canby,  and  Rev.  E.  Thomas,  were  massacred  by  the  Modoc  In- 
dians, at  the  lava  beds,  in  Oregon. 

The  peace  commission  had  been  organized  March  16.  On  the  12th  of  April 
General  Sherman  issued  an  order  to  General  Gillem  to  punish  the  Modocs.  "  You 
will  be  fully  justified  in  their  utter  extermination."  "  All  Indians  must  be  made 
to  know  that  when  the  government  commands  they  must  obey ;  and  until  that  state 
of  mind  is  reached,  through  persuasion  or  fear,  we  cannot  hope  for  peace."  Cap- 

44 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1873. 

tain  Jack,  the  Modoc  chief,  was  captured  with  others  June  1.     They  were  tried 
by  a  court-martial  August  23,  and  four  of  them  executed  October  3. 

1873,  APRIL  13.  —  A  collision  took  place  at  Colfax  Court  House, 
in  Grant  Parish,  Louisiana. 

Sheriff  Shaw  had  called  for  a  body  of  colored  men  to  defend  the  court-house, 
which  was  threatened  by  the  supporters  of  the  M'Enery  government.  The  col- 
ored men  were  defeated  and  massacred.  The  United  States  marshal,  S.  B. 
Packard,  states  they  were  shot  after  their  surrender.  The  court-house  was 
burned. 

1873,  APRIL.  —  A  storm  in  Nebraska  was  very  destructive. 

It  was  so  intensely  cold  that  persons  were  frozen  to  death  a  few  rods  from  their 
houses,  while  engaged  in  tending  their  stock.  Numerous  houses  were  blown 
down,  and  great  numbers  of  cattle  perished.  On  this  occasion,  as  well  as  with 
the  other  disasters  to  the  people  of  the  West,  contributions  to  aid  the  sufferers 
were  quite  general  all  over  the  country. 

1873.  —  CONGRESS  passed  an  act  for  the  encouragement  of 
timber-growing  on  the  western  prairies. 

It  provides  that  any  one  planting,  and  preserving  for  ten  years,  forty  acres  of  tim- 
ber on  the  public  lands,  the  trees  not  more  than  twelve  feet  apart,  shall  be  entitled 
to  a  patent  for  the  land.  And  that  land  may  be  entered  for  such  planting,  by  pay- 
ing a  fee  for  the  register  of  ten  dollars.  That  settlers  under  the  homestead  act, 
who,  at  the  end  of  three  years,  shall  have  had  for  every  sixteen  acres  one  simi- 
larly planted,  shall  receive  a  patent  for  the  homestead. 

1873.  —  STATE  boards  of  health  were  organized  in  Minnesota 
and  Michigan. 

1873.  —  THE  suspension  bridge  connecting  the  cities  of  New 
York  and  Brooklyn  was  begun. 

In  1876  the  two  towers  were  united  by  an  endless  wire  rope,  for  the  use  of  the 
workmen  in  finishing  the  structure. 

1873.  —  During  the  spring  of  this  year  there  were  various 
strikes  for  the  practical  introduction  of  the  eight-hour  law. 

March  19,  the  legislature  of  Illinois  passed  a  bill  attaching  severe  penalties  to 
intimidation  used  by  strikers.  On  the  5th  of  April,  the  workmen  of  the  New 
York  gas  company  struck  for  eight  hours.  They  claimed  that  the  excessive  hours 
shortened  their  lives.  They  were  dismissed.  At  Knightsville,  Indiana,  the  oper- 
atives of  the  Western  Iron  Company  struck,  and  their  places  being  filled  with 
negro  laborers  from  Virginia,  a  collision  took  place,  which  was  put  down  forcibly 
by  police  and  militia  from  Indianapolis.  A  committee  of  the  Massachusetts  leg- 
islature, appointed  to  investigate,  reported  there  was  no  need  for  legislative  inter- 
ference in  the  hours  of  labor,  or  the  employment  of  women  and  children. 

1873,  MAY  22. —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  ordering 
the  disorderly  and  turbulent  in  Louisiana  to  disperse  within 
twenty  days. 


1873.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  691 

1873,  SEPTEMBER.  —  A  commercial  panic,  beginning  in  the 
Stock  Exchange  of  New  York,  spread  throughout  the  whole 
country. 

Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  failed  on  the  18th ;  on  the  19th,  scores  of  firms  identified  with 
various  stocks  failed,  and  on  the  20th  the  stock  exchange  was  closed,  and  not  re- 
opened until  the  30th.  During  the  panic  such  was  the  necessity  for  some  legal 
tender  with  which  to  settle  indebtedness,  that  greenbacks  were  hoarded  and  sold 
at  a  premium. 

1873,  JULY  3.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  announc- 
ing the  International  Exhibition  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Prod- 
ucts of  the  Soil  and  Mine,  and  commending  it  to  the  people  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  all  nations. 

On  the  5th  of  July,  the  secretary  of  state  addressed  a  circular  note  to  all  the 
foreign  ministers,  containing  a  copy  of  the  President's  proclamation,  for  the  in- 
formation of  their  governments.  The  plan  of  the  exhibition  decided  upon  by  the 
Centennial  Commission  provided  that  it  should  open  May  10,  1876,  and  close  No- 
vember 10,  1876.  The  plan  for  the  buildings  comprised  five  chief  buildings  cov- 
ering forty-eight  and  three-quarters  acres.  Besides  these,  the  various  annexes 
covered  twenty-six  and  a  quarter  acres,  and  consisted  of  the  United  States  Exhibi- 
tion Building,  in  which  were  exhibited  collections  illustrating  the  functions  of  the 
government  in  times  of  peace,  and  its  power  in  times  of  war.  Here  the  Smith- 
sonian Institute  occupied  an  important  place.  Besides  these,  the  United  States 
exhibited  a  model  army  hospital  and  a  model  laboratory.  Twenty-one  of  the 
states  had  also  their  own  buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  their  respective  cit- 
izens. The  visitors  to  these  buildings  found  in  them  files  of  the  papers  of  the 
state.  Eleven  foreign  nations  had  also  each  their  own  building.  Ten  restaurants 
also  occupied  separate  buildings  in  the  grounds,  together  with  those  in  the  chief 
buildings.  Besides  these,  twelve  other  structures,  designed  for  various  exhibitions, 
were  in  the  grounds.  The  grounds  themselves,  consisting  of  two  hundred  and 
thirty- six  acres  fenced  in  from  a  portion  of  West  Fairmount  Park,  were  beautifully 
laid  out  and  admirably  decorated,  forty  acres  being  devoted  for  the  display  of 
tropical  plants  and  every  kind  of  garden  decoration.  An  original  system  of 
awards  was  also  adopted.  Two  hundred  judges,  one  half  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  and  one  half  foreigners,  were  to  assign  the  awards,  based  on  merit.  The 
awards  to  consist  of  a  diploma  and  bronze  medal,  accompanied  by  a  special  report. 
The  exhibition  was  open  one  hundred  and  fifty-nine  days,  and  was  visited  by 
9,910,966  persons.  The  receipts  for  admission  reached  the  sum  of  $3,813,750, 
almost  double  the  highest  receipts  of  any  one  of  the  six  former  international 
exhibitions  held  in  London,  Paris,  and  Vienna.  One  account  gives  the  number 
of  visitors  at  the  Paris  exposition  of  1867  as  8,805,969,  and  another  at  10,000,000. 
This  was  the  largest  number  that  had  visited  any  international  exposition  before 
this  ;  and  even  the  largest  figures  given  for  that  would  have  been  outnumbered  by 
this  had  this  remained  open  two  hundred  and  ten  days,  as  that  did.  The  largest 
number  of  visitors  any  one  day  at  the  former  exposition,  was  one  Sunday,  when 
173,923  persons  attended  the  Paris  exposition ;  but  at  the  Philadelphia  exposition, 
on  the  Pennsylvania  day,  257,286  persons  were  admitted.  This  was  the  largest 
single  day's  admissions.  The  visitors  on  the  closing  day  numbered  216,924. 

1873,  SEPTEMBER  7.  —  The  payment  was  made  by  Great  Britain 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1873-4. 

of  the  award  for  the  Alabama  claims  made  by  the  commission  at 
Geneva,  Switzerland. 

The  English  government  had  notified  that  of  the  United  States  that  the  amount 
($15,500,000)  could  not  be  paid  in  coin  without  too  seriously  deranging  the  busi- 
ness interests  of  the  empire.  In  consequence,  the  payment  was  arranged  by  the 
return  to  the  United  States  by  England  of  a  special  bond  for  the  amount,  made 
for  the  purpose  by  the  treasury  department,  for  the  purchase  of  which  the  British 
government  had  opened  a  credit  for  the  United  States  at  the  Bank  of  England. 

1873,  SEPTEMBER  10.  —  At  a  public  sale,  at  New  York  Mills,  New 
York,  of  short-horn  cattle,  one  hundred  and  nine  head  sold  for 
about  three  hundred  and  eighty-two  thousand  dollars. 

This  was  an  average  of  over  $3500  a  head.  The  highest  price  was  §4GOO 
for  a  cow,  and  $2700  for  a  calf  five  months  old. 

1873.  —  THE  number  of  normal  schools  in  the  United  States 
was  this  year  reported  to  be  114.  Of  these  51  were  state  and 
16  city  institutions. 

Of  these,  Massachusetts  had  7;  Illinois,  10;  Ohio,  9  ;  New  York,  11 ;  Pennsyl- 
vania, 8 ;  Wisconsin  and  West  Virginia,  each  5 ;  Tennessee  and  Iowa,  each  4 ; 
Vermont,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Minnesota,  each  3 :  California,  Louisiana,  Mis- 
sissippi, Florida,  Maine,  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  Oregon,  Virginia,  and  North 
Carolina,  each  2 ;  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Georgia,  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  Michigan,  District  of  Columbia, 
and  Utah,  each  1 ;  Texas  and  Nevada,  none.  From  the  census  of  1870  the  Com- 
missioner of  Education  reports  that  there  were  in  the  United  States  1,554,931  male 
adults  unable  to  either  read  or  write.  In  California  alone  there  was  no  distinc- 
tion made  between  women  and  men  teachers  in  their  salaries. 

1873,  SEPTEMBER  25.  —  The  congress  of  Mexico  passed  a  law 
requiring  all  deputies  to  take  an  oath  to  support  the  constitution, 
and  the  laws  of  reform. 

The  laws  of  reform  consist  in  the  separation  of  church  and  state ;  making 
marriage  a  civil  contract;  disenabling  congress  to  establish  or  prohibit  any  re- 
ligion ;  forbidding  religious  institutions  to  possess  any  property ;  substituting  a 
promise  to  speak  the  truth  in  place  of  the  religious  oath ;  prohibiting  contracts 
which  interfere  with  liberty  of  labor,  education,  or  religious  vows.  It  also  or- 
dered the  Jesuits  to  leave  the  country. 

1873,  NOVEMBER  19.  — In  New  York,  William  M.  Tweed  was 
found  guilty. 

November  22,  he  was  sentenced  to  twelve  years  imprisonment  in  the  peniten- 
tiary. He  escaped  December  4,  1875,  and  was  arrested  in  Spain,  and  brought 
back  November  24,  1876. 

1874,  JANUARY  14.  — The  order  of  the  Sovereigns  of  Industry 
was  organized  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts. 

It  is  a  secret  order  to  unite  the  various  mechanical  trades  in  co-operating  for 
their  mutual  benefit. 


1874.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  693 

1874,  JANUARY  20.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress,  repealing  the 
increase  of  salaries,  was  approved. 

The  act  repealed  the  increase,  excepting  that  given  to  the  President  and  the 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court.  It  also  provided  that  such  increase  of  compensa- 
tion for  members  of  Congress,  as  had  not  been  already  drawn,  or  which  had  been 
returned,  should  be  covered  into  the  treasury  of  the  United  States. 

1874,  JANUARY  23.  —  The  President  appointed  a  Board  for 
perfecting  a  collective  exhibition  to  illustrate  the  functions  and 
administrative  faculties  of  the  government  in  time  of  peace  and 
its  resources  as  a  war  power,  for  the  International  Centennial 
Exhibition. 

It  was  composed  of  a  representative  from  the  war,  treasury,  navy,  interior, 
post-office,  and  agricultural  departments,  and  from  the  Smithsonian  Institute.  On 
June  5,  Congress  requested  the  President  to  extend  an  invitation  to  other  gov- 
ernments to  take  part  in  the  Centennial  Exposition,  and  on  the  16th  of  June 
passed  an  act  ordering  the  medals  commemorative  of  the  centennial  to  be  struck 
at  the  Philadelphia  mint.  On  the  18th  of  June,  an  act  admitting  articles  intended 
for  the  Exposition  free  of  duty  was  approved. 

1874,  FEBRUARY  4.  —  The  National  Grange  met  in  annual  ses- 
sion at  St.  Louis. 

It  remained  in  session  nine  days.  This  was  the  seventh  session  of  the  National 
Grange,  but  the  first  of  a  purely  national  character,  the  representatives  present 
coming  from  the  state  granges  in  thirty-two  states  and  two  territories,  having 
under  their  jurisdiction  nearly  twelve  thousand  subordinate  granges,  representing 
a  membership  of  probably  over  a  million  of  persons  actively  engaged  in  agri- 
culture. 

1874,  MARCH  14.  —  Congress  amended  the  act  "  to  encourage 
the  growth  of  timber  on  the  western  prairies." 
The  provisions  were  made  somewhat  easier,  and  the  fees  less. 

1874,  APRIL  15.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  a 
compulsory  educational  law. 

The  New  Jersey  legislature  also  passed  a  compulsory  education  bill,  giving 
authority  to  the  local  school  officers  to  enforce  attendance. 

By  the  constitution  of  Nevada,  adopted  in  1864,  it  is  provided  that  the  legisla- 
ture "  may  pass  such  laws  as  will  tend  to  secure  a  general  attendance  of  the  chil- 
dren in  each  school  district."  Virginia,  by  her  constitution,  as  amended  in  1870, 
provides  :  "  The  general  assembly  shall  have  power,  after  a  full  introduction  of 
the  public  free-school  system,  to  make  such  laws  as  shall  not  permit  parents  and 
guardians  to  allow  their  children  to  grow  up  in  ignorance  and  vagrancy."  North 
Carolina,  by  her  amended  constitution  of  1868,  provides  :  "  The  general  assembly 
is  hereby  empowered  to  enact  that  every  child  of  sufficient  mental  and  physical 
ability  shall  attend  the  public  schools  during  the  period  between  the  ages  of  six 
and  sixteen  years,  for  a  term  not  less  than  sixteen  months,  unless  educated  by 
other  means."  Arkansas,  by  her  amended  constitution  of  1868,  provided  that 
"  the  general  assembly  shall  require  by  law  that  every  child  of -sufficient  mental  and 
physical  ability  shall  attend  the  public  schools  during  the  period  between  five  and 
eighteen  years,  for  a  term  equivalent  to  three  years,  unless  educated  by  other 


694  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1874. 

means."  Missouri,  by  her  amended  constitution  of  1865,  provides  that  "  the  gen- 
eral assembly  shall  have  power  to  require  by  law  that  every  child  of  sufficient 
mental  and  physical  ability  shall  attend  the  public  schools  during  the  period  be- 
tween five  and  eighteen  years,  for  a  term  equivalent  to  sixteen  months,  unless 
educated  by  other  means."  Texas,  by  her  constitution  amended  in  1869,  pro- 
vides :  "  The  legislature,  at  its  first  session,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  may  be  possible, 
shall  pass  such  laws  as  shall  require  the  attendance  on  the  public  free  schools  of 
the  state  of  all  the  scholastic  population  thereof  for  the  period  of  at  least  four 
months  of  each  and  every  year:  Provided,  That  when  any  of  the  scholastic  inhab- 
itants may  be  shown  to  have  received  regular  instruction  for  said  period  of  time 
in  each  and  every  year  from  any  private  teacher  having  a  proper  certificate  of 
competency,  this  shall  exempt  them  from  the  operation  of  the  laws  contemplated 
by  this  action."  South  Carolina,  by  her  amended  constitution  of  1868,  provides  : 
"  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  provide  for  the  compulsory  at- 
tendance, at  either  public  or  private  schools,  of  all  children  between  the  ages  of 
six  and  sixteen  years,  not  physically  or  mentally  disabled,  for  a  term  equivalent 
to  twenty-four  months  at  least :  Provided,  That  no  law  to  that  effect  shall  be 
passed  until  a  system  of  public  schools  has  been  thoroughly  and  completely  or- 
ganized, and  facilities  afforded  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  state  for  the  free  edu- 
cation of  their  children." 

1874,  APRIL  24.  —  Congress  ordered  the  report  of  the  select 
committee  on  transportation  routes  to  the  seaboard  to  be 
printed. 

The  committee  had  been  appointed  on  December  16,  1872.  In  their  report 
the  committee  says:  "Perhaps  the  most  extraordinary  feature  of  our  govern- 
mental policy,  touching  the  vast  internal  trade  of  the  nation,  is  ths  apparent 
indifference  and  neglect  with  which  it  has  been  treated.  While  detailed  informa- 
tion has  been  obtained  by  the  government,  under  customs  and  revenue  laws,  in 
relation  to  commerce  with  foreign  countries,  no  means  have  been  provided  for 
collecting  accurate  statistics  concerning  the  vastly  more  important  interests  of 
internal  commerce.  No  officer  of  the  government  has  ever  been  charged  with 
the  duty  of  collecting  information  on  this  subject ;  and  the  legislator  who  desires 
to  inform  himself  concerning  the  nature,  extent,  value,  or  necessities  of  our 
immense  internal  trade,  or  of  its  relations  to  foreign  commerce,  must  patiently 
grope  his  way  through  the  statistics  furnished  by  boards  of  trade,  chambers  of 
commerce,  and  transportation  companies.  Even  the  census  reports,  which  pur- 
port to  contain  an  inventory  of  the  property  and  business  pursuits  of  the  people, 
and  which  in  some  matters  descend  to  the  minutest  details,  are  silent  with  regard 
to  the  billions  of  dollars  represented  by  railways  and  other  instruments  of  internal 
transportation,  and  to  the  much  greater  values  of  commodities  annually  moved  by 
them. 

"We  have  no  means  of  measuring  accurately  the  magnitude  of  this  trade; 
but  its  colossal  proportions  may  be  inferred  from  two  or  three  known  facts.  The 
value  of  commodities  moved  by  the  railroads  in  1872  is  estimated  at  over 
$10,000,000,000,  and  their  gross  receipts  reached  the  enormous  sum  of  §473,241,- 
055.  The  commerce  of  the  cities  of  the  Ohio  River  alone  has  been  carefully  esti- 
mated at  over  §1,600,000,000  per  annum.  Some  conception  of  the  immense  trade 
carried  on  upon  the  northern  lakes  may  be  formed  from  the  fact  that,  during  the 
entire  season  of  navigation  in  1872,  an  average  of  one  vessel  every  nine  minutes, 
day  and  night,  passed  Fort  Gratiot  Lighthouse,  near  Port  Huron.  The  value  of 


1874.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

our  internal  commerce  is  many  times  greater  than  our  trade  with  all  foreign 
nations,  and  the  amount  annually  paid  for  transportation  is  more  than  double  the 
entire  revenues  of  the  government." 

The  last  number  of  Poor's  Railroad  Manual,  as  good  authority  as  we  have,  gives 
the  tonnage  of  all  the  railroads  in  the  United  States  for  1875  as  200,000,000  tons, 
having  increased  forty- fold  in  the  past  twenty-five  years.  At  $50  per  ton  the  value 
would  be  $10,000,000,000.  The  canals  of  the  country  transported  not  less  than 
10,000,000  tons,  worth  $500,000,000,  of  which  the  Erie  took  one  half.  The  ton- 
nage of  vessels  employed  in  the  domestic  trade  of  the  United  States  is  4,000,000 
tons.  Estimating  four  voyages  a  year,  and  allowing  for  light  freights,  the  tonnage 
moved  this  way  may  be  placed  at  15,000,000  tons  per  annum,  worth  $750,000,000. 
This  gives  a  grand  total  of  $11,250,000,000  per  annum  as  the  volume  of  the  inter- 
nal commerce  of  the  United  States,  which  is  ten  times  as  great  as  our  exports 
and  imports  combined. 

1874,  MAY  19.  —  The  conflict  in  Arkansas  between  the  rival 
candidates  was  ended  by  the  occupation  of  the  state  house  by 
Governor  Baxter. 

The  conflict  had  existed  a  month,  and  resulted  in  much  bloodshed. 

1874.  —  THE  locusts  in  Minnesota  destroyed  the  crops. 

On  the  8th  of  July,  the  governor  wrote  the  secretary  of  war :  "A  terrible  ca- 
lamity has  befallen  the  people  of  the  several  counties  in  the  northwest  part  of  this 
state.  The  locusts  have  devoured  every  kind  of  crop,  and  left  the  country  for 
miles  perfectly  bare.  They  did  the  same  thing  last  year  in  the  same  area.  Many 
thousands  are  now  suffering  for  food,  and  I  am  using  every  public  and  private 
source  that  I  can  lawfully  command  to  send  immediate  supplies  of  food." 

1874.  JUNE  18.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  repealing  the  provis- 
ion by  which  moieties  were  paid  informers. 

1874,  JUNE  20.  —  An  act  of  Congress  established  an  assorting 
bureau  in  the  treasury  department,  for  the  redemption  of 
national  bank  currency. 

The  banks  pay  the  expense.  Worn  and  defaced  notes  are  replaced  by  new- 
ones. 

1874,  JUNE  20.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  passed  by 
Congress  "  fixing  the  amount  of  United  States  notes,  providing 
for  a  redistribution  of  the  national  bank  currency." 

It  removed  the  obligation  to  keep  a  reserve  for  the  redemption  of  the  circula- 
tion, and  made  the  reserve  depend  upon  the  deposits.  It  required  the  banks  to 
keep  deposited  in  the  treasury,  in  greenbacks,  five  per  cent,  of  their  circulation, 
for  its  redemption.  The  act  provided  that  "the  amount  of  United  States  notes 
outstanding,  and  to  be  used  as  a  part  of  the  circulating  medium,  shall  not  exceed 
the  sum  of  three  hundred  and  eighty-two  million  dollars,  which  said  sum  shall 
appear  in  each  monthly  statement  of  the  public  debt,  and  no  part  thereof  shall 
be  held  or  used  as  a  reserve."  The  act  also  provided  for  a  redistribution  of  the 
circulation,  fifty-five  millions  more  being  provided  for  such  states  and  territories 
as  had  not  their  due  proportion. 


696  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1874. 

1874.  —  THE  legislature  of  Connecticut  created  a  Bureau  of 
Labor  Statistics. 

1874,  JULY  4.  —  The  bridge  over  the  Mississippi,  at  St.  Louis, 
was  formally  opened. 

1874,  JULY  22.  —  The  court  of  commissioners  of  Alabama 
claims  met  and  organized. 

1874,  SEPTEMBER  14.  —  The  opposition  in  Louisiana  to  the  Kel- 
logg government  culminated  in  violence. 

An  armed  force  under  D.  B.  Penn,  who  was  elected  rice-governor  with 
M'Enery,  took  possession  of  the  state  house.  Governor  Kellogg  appealed  to  the 
President  for  help.  A  proclamation  was  issued  ordering  the  armed  force  to  dis- 
perse, and  a  body  of  the  national  troops  was  sent  to  New  Orleans  to  enforce  the 
proclamation.  At  the  assembling  of  the  legislature  in  December,  the  disturbance 
was  renewed,  and  the  troops  were  again  called  on  to  quiet  it. 

1874,  SEPTEMBER  16.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation 
calling  upon  the  disturbers  of  the  peace  in  New  Orleans  to  dis- 
perse within  five  days. 

On  the  14th,  a  mass  meeting  of  citizens  of  New  Orleans  had  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  call  upon  Governor  Kellogg  and  ask  him  to  resign.  This  he  refused.  The 
militia  of  the  state  having  been  called  upon  by  D.  B.  Penn  to  assemble,  a  collis- 
ion occurred.  Barricades  were  erected,  the  police  were  defeated,  and  Governor 
Kellogg  forced  to  take  refuge  in  the  custom-house.  On  the  18th,  without  any 
conflict  between  the  citizens  and  United  States  troops,  the  government  was  sur- 
rendered to  Governor  Kellogg  under  protest. 

1874,     OCTOBER  15.  —  A   court   of  arbitration,  in   connection 
with  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  was  opened. 
Enoch  L.  Fancher  was  appointed  the  judge. 

1874.  —  A  STATE  board  of  health  was  organized  in  Mary- 
land. 

1874. —  THE  Social  Freedom  Community  was  organized  in 
Chesterfield  County,  Virginia. 

1874,  DECEMBER.  —  The  President  in  his  annual  message  al- 
luded to  civil- service  reform. 

He  said  that  if  Congress  adjourned  without  positive  legislation  on  the  subject, 
he  would  regard  their  non-action  as  a  disapproval  of  the  system,  and  would  aban- 
don it. 

1874,  DECEMBER  21.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation 
commanding  the  disturbers  of  the  peace  at  Vicksburg,  Missis- 
sippi, to  disperse  in  five  days. 

1874,  DECEMBER.  —  A  society  was  organized  in  New  York  for 
the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  children. 

Its  object  was  to  seek  out  and  rescue  children  suffering  from  abuse. 


1875.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  697 

1875,  JANUARY  4.  —  The  legislature  of  Louisiana  met  to  or- 
ganize, when,  there  being  some  disturbance,  Governor  Kellogg 
called  upon  the  military  to  eject  certain  members.  This  being 
done,  the  democratic  members  retired  in  a  body,  and  General 
Sherman  assumed  the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Gulf. 

On  the  19th  of  December  the  house  had  authorized  the  sending  of  a  select 
committee  to  Louisiana  to  investigate.  They  were  present  on  January  4th,  and  on 
the  15th  reported  to  the  house.  On  the  13th,  the  President  sent  a  message  to  Con- 
gress concerning  the  interference  of  the  military  with  the  Louisiana  legislature. 

1875,  JANUARY  14.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  of  Con- 
gress "  to  provide  for  the  resumption  of  specie  payments." 

It  required  the  coinage  of  silver  coins  to  replace  the  fractional  currency; 
provided  for  the  formation  of  other  national  banks,  and  for  every  hundred  dol- 
lars they  issued  as  a  circulation,  eighty  dollars  of  greenbacks  to  be  withdrawn, 
until  the  greenbacks  in  circulation  shall  not  exceed  $300,000,000.  Also  that  on 
and  after  January  1,  1879,  the  greenbacks  be  redeemed  in  coin,  and  to  prepare  for 
so  doing  by  selling  the  bonds  of  the  United  States. 

1875,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  The  President  sent  a  message  to  Con- 
gress relating  to  the  condition  of  affairs  in  Arkansas. 

It  took  the  ground  that  the  election  in  1872  of  Mr.  Brooks  as  governor  was 
lawful,  and  that  the  constitution  of  1874,  and  the  government  established  under 
it,  were  illegal.  It  also  asked  Congress  "  to  relieve  the  executive  from  acting 
upon  questions  which  should  be  decided  by  the  legislative  branch  of  the  govern- 
ment." 

1875,  FEBRUARY  9.  —  The  first  train  passed  through  the  Hoosac 
Tunnel,  Massachusetts. 

The  tunnel  is  four  and  three  quarter  miles  long,  twenty-five  feet  high,  and 
twenty-seven  feet  wide. 

1875,  MARCH  1.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress,  "to  protect  all 
citizens  in  their  civil  and  legal  rights,"  was  approved. 

-  It  provided  that'  "  all  persons  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  entitled  to  the  full  and  equal  enjoyment  of  the  accommodations,  advantages, 
facilities,  and  privileges  of  inns,  public  conveyances  on  land  or  water,  theatres, 
and  other  places  of  public  amusement,  subject  only  to  the  conditions  and  limita- 
tions established  by  law,  and  applicable  alike  to  citizens  of  every  race  and  color, 
regardless  of  any  previous  condition  of  servitude." 

1875,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  authorized  Captain  James  B.  Eads 
to  open  the  South  Pass  of  the  Mississippi  at  an  expense  of  five 
million  two  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

The  work  is  said  to  be  progressing  well.  Captain  Eads  is  an  engineer  of  St. 
Louis. 

1875,  MARCH  3.  —  Congress  authorized  the  people  of  Colorado 
to  form  a  constitution  and  state  government. 

The  act  provided  for  the  admission  of  the  state  into  the  Union  as  soon  as  the 


698  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1875. 

constitution  -was  framed  and  adopted.     August  1,  1876  the  proclamation  admitting 
the  state  was  issued. 

1874.  —  THE  fifth  report  of  the  commissioner  of  education,  for 
this  year,  was  published. 

It  was  the  completest  report  up  to  this  time.  It  gave  the  school  population  of 
the  fifty  states  and  territories,  including  the  Cherokee  and  Choctaw  nations,  as 
13,875,050.  Those  enrolled  in  the  public  schools,  at  8,099,981 ;  and  the  average 
daily  attendance  at  4,521,564.  The  number  of  teachers  was  241,300.  The  ex- 
penditure for  education  was  $74,974,338.  The  number  of  normal  schools  was 
124,  of  teachers  966,  and  of  students  24,405.  The  number  of  commercial  and 
business  colleges  was  126 ;  of  instructors,  577 ;  of  students,  25,892.  The  number 
of  Kindergarten,  55;  of  instructors,  125;  of  pupils,  1,636.  The  number  of  institu- 
tions for  secondary  instruction  was  1,031;  of  instructors,  5,466;  of  students,  98,179. 
The  number  of  preparatory  schools  was  91 ;  of  instructors,  697 ;  of  students,  11,414. 
The  number  of  institutions  for  the  superior  education  of  women  was  209 ;  of  instruc- 
tors, 2,285  ;  of  students,  23,445.  The  number  of  universities  and  colleges  was  343 ; 
of  instructors,  3,783;  of  students,  56,692.  The  number  of  schools  of  science  was 
72 ;  of  instructors,  609 ;  of  students,  7,244.  The  number  of  schools  of  theology,  113 ; 
instructors,  579 ;  students,  4,356.  The  number  of  schools  of  law,  38 ;  of  instruc- 
tors, 181 ;  of  students,  2,585.  The  number  of  schools  of  medicine,  99 ;  of  in- 
structors, 1,121;  of  students,  9,095.  Number  of  institutions  for  the  instruction 
of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  40 ;  of  instructors,  275 ;  of  pupils,  4,900.  Number  of 
schools  for  the  blind,  29 ;  instructors,  525 ;  of  pupils.  1,942.  The  number  of 
reform  schools,  56;  of  instructors,  693;  number  committed  during  the  year, 
9,846.  Number  of  infant  asylums,  11;  number  of  teachers,  19;  number  of  in- 
mates, 546.  Number  of  industrial  schools,  26 ;  of  teachers,  259 ;  of  inmates, 
6,096.  Number  of  schools  for  the  feeble-minded,  9;  of  instructors,  312;  of  in- 
mates, 1,265. 

1875.  —  CONGRESS    authorized    the    coinage   of   twenty-cent 
pieces  of  silver. 

1875,  MARCH  22. —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  a 
bill  "  to  establish  specie  payments  on  all  contracts  or  obligations 
payable  in  this  state  after  January  1,  1879." 

It  provided  that  after  that  date  all  taxes  shall  be  collected  in  gold,  United 
States  gold  certificates,  or  national  bank  notes,  which  are  redeemable  in  gold  on 
demand.  That  every  contract  made  after  that  date,  and  payable  in  dollars,  with- 
out any  specification  of  the  kind  of  dollars,  shall  be  payable  in  United  States  coin. 

1875,  MARCH  23.  —  Congress  passed  a  resolution  approving 
the  action  of  the  President  in  Louisiana. 

The  House  passed  it  March  1,  and  the  Senate  March  23. 

1875.  —  STATE  boards  of  health  were  organized  in  Georgia 
and  Alabama. 

1875,  AUGUST  26.  — The  Bank  of  California  failed. 

1875,  SEPTEMBER  7.  —  Governor  Ames,  of  Mississippi,  tele- 
graphed the  President  that  he  was  compelled  to  appeal  to  the  gen- 
eral government  for  assistance. 


1875.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  699 

He  asked  if  the  proclamation  of  the  previous  December  was  in  force.  The 
matter  being  referred  to  the  Attorney-General,  he  decided  that  it  was  not,  and  so 
telegraphed  Governor  Ames.  On  the  9th,  the  Democratic  State  Executive  Com- 
mittee telegraphed  the  Attorney-General  that  there  was  no  disturbance  in  the 
state.  On  the  14th,  the  Attorney-General  wrote  to  Governor  Ames,  promising 
him  aid  if  necessary,  but  reminding  him  of  the  necessity  of  confining  himself 
strictly  within  the  constitution  and  the  laws. 

1875,  SEPTEMBER.  —  Wellesley  College  was  opened  for  students 
at  Wellesley,  Massachusetts. 

The  college  is  intended  to  give  a  collegiate  education  to  young  women. 

1875,  SEPTEMBER  15.  — The  "Direct  United  States  Cable 
Company "  completed  their  line,  and  opened  it  to  the  public. 

1875,  SEPTEMBER  16.  —  The  system  of  fast  trains  for  the  deliv- 
ery of  the  mails  went  into  operation. 

The  speed  of  these  trains  was  such  that  the  mail  from  New  York  was  delivered 
in  St.  Louis  in  less  than  thirty-four  hours.  From  a  dispute  with  the  railroads 
concerning  their  compensation,  the  system  has  been  abandoned. 

1875,  NOVEMBER  22.  —  Vice-President  Henry  Wilson  died. 

1875.  —  THIS  year  the  first  volume  of  the  geological  survey 
of  New  Hampshire,  by  Professor  Hitchcock,  was  published. 

The  survey  of  Pennsylvania,  under  Professor  Leslie,  had  been  in  operation  a 
year.  The  reports  of  the  Missouri  survey,  and  that  of  the  first  survey  of  Texas 
by  Professor  Buckley,  were  also  published.  The  report  of  Professor  Cook  was 
presented  to  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  Jersey.  A 
report  by  Dr.  Hayden  of  his  geological  explorations  in  1873,  in  the  government 
expedition  to  the  West,  was  printed  by  the  government. 

1875,  DECEMBER  7.  —  President  Grant's  annual  message  was 
presented  to  Congress. 

It  recommended  a  constitutional  amendment  making  it  the  duty  of  the  states 
to  establish  and  forever  maintain  adequate  free  public  schools  for  the  education 
of  all  children  irrespective  of  sex,  color,  birthplace  or  religion.  It  also  called 
attention  to  the  increasing  amount  of  untaxed  church  property,  which  had  risen 
from  $83,000,000  in  1850  to  $1,000,000,000  in  1875. 

1875.  —  THE  work  of  excavation  at  Hallett's  Point  Reef,  at 
Hell  Gate,  New  York,  was  completed. 

The  first  appropriation  for  the  work  was  made  by  Congress  in  1869.  The 
work  had  been  done  under  the  direction  of  General  Newton.  The  design  was  to 
undermine  the  reef  by  a  series  of  channels  opening  from  a  central  shaft,  some- 
what in  the  fashion  of  the  sticks  of  an  ordinary  fan.  The  length  of  the  headings, 
or  straight  channels,  was  4857  feet,  and  of  the  circular  galleries  or  cross-cuts  con- 
necting them,  2568  feet,  making  a  total  of  7425  feet.  In  making  these  channels, 
47,461  cubic  yards  of  rock  were  removed.  From  the  character  of  the  rock,  it- 
being  intersected  by  numerous  quartz  veins,  the  excavations  had  to  be  performed 
with  great  care,  so  as  to  avoid  shattering  the  roof.  For  the  want  of  an  appropri- 
ation, the  explosion  was  delayed  until  September  24,  1876,  when  the  galleries, 


7fii)  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1875-6. 

being  charged  with  cartridges  of  nitro-glycerin,  connected  by  wires  with  a  bat- 
tery, were  simultaneously  fired.  Gen.  Newton's  little  daughter,  a  child  of  four 
or  five  years  old,  laid  h<?r  small  hand  on  the  key  completing  the  circuit,  and  fired 
the  largest  blasting  charge  ever  exploded.  There  had  been  great  fear  of  the 
possible  effects  upon  the  neighborhood  of  so  large  a  blast,  but  nothing  was  injured 
except  the  dangerous  reef.  That,  it  appears,  was  so  effectually  shattered,  that 
the  experiment  can  be  called  a  perfect  success. 

1875,  DECEMBER.  —  The  annual  report  of  the  production  of  the 
precious  metals  for  1875  in  the  states  and  territories  west  of  the 
Missouri  River,  showed  an  aggregate  of  $80,889,037. 

1875,  DECEMBER. — This  year  it  was  reported  that  there  were 
sixteen  clearing-houses,  established  in  as  many  various  cities, 
and  that  three  hundred  and  thirty-four  banks  are  associated  in 
their  support  for  the  purpose  of  effecting  their  exchanges. 

These  clearing-houses  are  situated  in  the  following  cities  :  — 

New  York,  New  York,  established  in  1855,  and  supported  by  59  banks. 

Boston,  Massachusetts,            "             1856,                '«  49  " 

Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,     "             1858,                "  27  " 

Baltimore,  Maryland,               "             1858,                "  19  " 

Cleveland,  Ohio,                        "            1858,                "  9  " 

Worcester,  Massachusetts,       "            1861,                "  9  " 

Chicago,  Illinois,                        "             1865,                 "  24  " 

Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,          "            1865,                "  17  " 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,                        "             1866,                 "  21  " 

New  Haven,  Connecticut,        "             1867,                 "  10  " 

St.  Louis,  Missouri,                  "             1868,                 "  37  " 

Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,            "            1868,                "  10  " 

Indianapolis,  Indiana,               "             1871,                 "  12  " 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana,          "             1872,                 "  15  •« 

Kansas  City,  Kansas,                 "             1873,                 "  8  " 

St.  Paul,  Minnesota,                 "             1874,                 "  8  " 

San  Francisco  and  Louisville  had  also  taken  steps  to  form  their  clearing-houses. 

1875,  DECEMBER.  —  The  report  of  the  commercial  failures  for 
the  year  amounted  to  seven  thousand  seven  hundred  and  forty, 
with  gross  liabilities  of  $201,060,353. 

The  following  classification  for  the  years  1875  and  1874  was  given  :  — 

1875.  18*4 

Number.  Amount  Number.  '      Amount. 

New  England,   1,335  $40,015,164  790  $15,845,000 

Middle,              2,395  82,522,346  2,035  82.091,000 

Western,            2,336  36.473,864  1,744  33,073,000 

Southern,           1,333  36,277,777  1,126  20,690,000 

1876,  JANUARY  1.  —  A  general  celebration  of  the  opening  of 
the  centennial  year  of  our  national  existence  was  held  all  over 
the  country. 

The  various  cities  of  the  country,  from  Maine  to  Louisiana,  took  part  in  the 
:bration.     Philadelphia,  as  the  city  in  which  independence  was  declared,  eel- 


1876.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  701 

ebrated  that  event  at  midnight,  at  Independence  Hall,  by  appropriate  ceremonies, 
in  which  an  immense  throng  took  part. 

1876,  MARCH  2.  —  The  Secretary  of  War,  William  W.  Belknap, 
sent  his  resignation  to  the  President,  which  was  accepted. 

He  was  charged  by  the  Committee  of  the  House  on  Expenditures  in  the  War 
Department  with  embezzlement,  and  confessed  the  truth  of  the  charge.  The 
House  Committee  on  the  Judiciary  prepared  articles  of  impeachment  against  him  ; 
and  on  April  5,  the  Senate,  sitting  as  a  Court  of  Impeachment,  organized  and  no- 
tified the  House.  On  the  17th  the  trial  began,  and  on  August  1st,  the  vote  being 
taken  on  the  charges,  on  the  first  charge  thirty-five  senators  voted  guilty,  and 
twenty-five  not  guilty ;  on  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  charges,  thirty-six  sen- 
ators voted  guilty,  and  twenty-five  not  guilty;  on  the  fifth  charge,  thirty-seven 
senators  voted  guilty,  and  twenty-five  not  guilty :  which,  being  not  two-thirds  of 
the  Senate,  a  judgment  of  acquittal  was  entered,  in  accordance  with  the  twenty- 
second  rule  for  the  government  of  impeachment  trials.  In  explaining  their  votes, 
twenty  of  the  senators  stated  that  they  had  voted  not  guilty  because  they  believed 
that  the  Senate  had  no  jurisdiction  in  the  case,  as  the  defendant's  resignation  as 
Secretary  had  been  accepted  before  the  charges  were  brought. 

1876,  MARCH  27.  —  The  Supreme  Court  gave  a  decision  which 
affected  the  construction  of  the  Enforcement  Act  of  1871. 

Chief  Justice  Waite  gave  the  decision.  The  case  was  No.  339.  The  United 
States,  plaintiffs  in  error,  vs.  William  J.  Cruikshank  and  Others.  The  defendants 
were  indicted  under  the  act  of  1871,  for  "banding  and  conspiring"  to  intimidate 
certain  colored  men,  with  the  intent  to  hinder  them  in  the  free  exercise  of  their 
rights  under  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States.  The  Chief  Justice 
stated  that  it  was  the  duty  of  the  State  to  protect  its  citizens  in  the  enjoyment  of 
their  rights.  It  is  not  the  duty  of  the  United  States  to  do  this,  their  obligation 
being  to  see  that  the  States  do  not  deny  their  rights.  The  United  States  have  no 
voters  of  their  own ;  they  are  the  creations  of  the  States.  The  fifteenth  amend- 
ment gave  a  constitutional  right  against  discrimination. 

1876,  MARCH  29.  —  The  governor  of  Mississippi,  Adelbert 
Ames,  resigned  his  office. 

Colonel  J.  M.  Stone,  president  pro  tempore  of  the  State  senate,  was  in- 
stalled as  governor,  and  the  same  day  the  house  of  representatives  instructed 
the  managers  of  the  impeachment  case  against  him  to  discontinue  proceedings 
and  withdraw  the  articles. 

1876,  MARCH  30.  —  The  dam  of  the  Lynde  Brook  reservoir, 
which  supplied  the  city  of  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  with  water, 
commenced  to  break  away. 

The  reservoir  contained  seven  hundred  and  sixty  million  gallons  of  water,  the 
pressure  of  which  finally  carried  away  the  dam  bodily,  and  the  water  poured  out 
in  a  mass  twenty  feet  high,  sweeping  everything  before  it,  and  destroying  prop- 
erty estimated  at  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  As  the  alarm  was  given  in  time, 
the  loss  of  life  was  small,  only  three  persons,  it  was  said,  being  destroyed. 

1876,  APRIL  17.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  for  the  payment 
of  the  fractional  currency  was  approved. 

It  directs  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  give  silver  coins  of  the  United 


702  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1876. 

States,  of  ten,  twenty,  twenty-five,  and  fifty  cents  standard  value,  in  redemption 
of  an  equal  amount  of  fractional  currency,  whether  the  same  be  now  in  the 
treasury  awaiting  redemption,  or  whenever  it  may  be  presented  for  payment ;  and 
the  Secretary  may  provide  for  such  redemption  and  issue  by  substitution  at  the 
regular  sub-treasuries  and  public  depositories  until  the  whole  amount  of  frac- 
tional currency  outstanding  shall  be  redeemed.  And  the  fractional  currency 
redeemed  under  this  act  shall  be  held  as  part  of  the  sinking  fund  provided  for  by 
existing  law,  the  interest  to  be  computed  thereon  as  in  the  case  of  the  bonds 
redeemed  under  the  act  relating  to  the  sinking  fund. 

1876,  APRIL  18.  —  The  President  vetoed  the  bill,  passed  by 
Congress,  entitled  "  An  Act  fixing  the  salary  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States." 

He  said  he  was  "  constrained  to  this  course  from  a  sense  of  duty  to  my  suc- 
cessors in  office,  to  myself,  and  to  what  is  due  to  the  dignity  of  the  position  of 
chief  magistrate  of  a  nation  of  more  than  forty  millions  of  people."  The  veto 
ended :  "  Having  no  personal  interest  in  this  matter,  I  have  felt  myself  free  to 
return  this  bill  to  the  House  in  which  it  originated,  with  my  objections,  believing 
that  in  so  doing  I  meet  the  wishes  and  judgment  of  the  great  majority  of  those 
who  indirectly  pay  all  the  salaries  and  other  expenses  of  the  government." 

1876.  MAY  10.  —  The  Centennial  Exhibition  in  Fairmount  Park, 
Philadelphia,  opened. 

1876,  JUNE  25.  —  An  expedition  against  the  Sioux,  under  the 
command  of  General  George  A.  Custer,  was  slaughtered  by  the 
Indians  on  the  Big  Horn  River,  in  the  Black  Hills  country. 

1876,  JULY  22. —  A  joint  resolution  of  Congress  for  the  issue 
of  silver  coin  was  approved. 

It  authorized  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  issue  at  any  time  the  silver  coin 
in  the  treasury,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  ten  million  dollars,  in  exchange  for 
an  equal  amount  of  legal-tender  notes,  such  notes  to  be  kept  in  reserve,  and  re- 
issued only  when  an  equal  amount  of  fractional  currency  had  been  retired  and 
destroyed.  The  Secretary  was  also  authorized  to  limit  the  coinage  of  the  trade 
dollar,  which  was  thenceforth  not  to  be  counted  as  a  legal  tender.  The  coinage 
of  silver  coin  was  also  authorized,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  fifty  millions  of 
dollars.  The  resolution  provided  also  for  the  purchase  of  silver  bullion  from 
time  to  time,  at  market  rates. 

1876,  AUGUST  5.  —  The  House  passed  a  bill  to  repeal  as  much 
of  the  specie  resumption  act  of  1875  as  makes  it  go  into  opera- 
tion on  the  1st  of  January,  1879. 

^1876,  AUGUST  24.  —  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  contracted 
with  another  "  syndicate  "  for  the  sale  of  forty  million  dollars  of 
four  and  one-half  per  cent,  bonds  authorized  by  the  acts  of 
July  14,  1870,  and  January  20,  1871. 

The  syndicate  was  composed  of  August  Belmont  &  Co.,  on  behalf  of  MM. 
Rothschild  &  Sons,  and  J.  &  W.  Seligman  &  Co. ;  and  Drexcl,  Morgan  &  Co.,  on 
behalf  of  J.  S.  Morgan  &  Co. ;  and  Morton,  Bliss  &  Co.  The  contract  gave 
them  the  exclusive  right  of  subscribing  for  the  remainder  of  the  bonds  author- 


1876.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  703 

ized,  or  any  part  of  them,  on  or  before  June  30,  1877,  the  secretary  reserving  the 
right  to  terminate  the  contract  any  time  before  March  4,  1877,  by  giving  due 
notice.  The  terms  of  the  contract  were  that  the  syndicate  were  to  have  one  half 
of  one  per  cent.,  and  pay  the  expenses. 

1876,  OCTOBER  1.  —  A  form  for  keeping  their  accounts,  with  a 
set  of  rules  for  their  guidance,  which  had  been  prepared  for  the 
railroads  of  Massachusetts  by  the  Board  of  Railroad  Commission- 
ers, went  into  operation. 

The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  had  passed  an  act  entitled  "  An  Act  to  secure 
greater  publicity  and  uniformity  in  the  accounts  of  railroad  corporations,"  by 
which  the  necessary  power  was  conferred  upon  the  Board  to  enable  them  to  grad- 
ually reduce  the  railroad  returns  of  the  State  to  an  intelligible  system.  In 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act,  an  examiner  of  railroad  accounts  was 
appointed,  and  the  representatives  of  all  the  roads  in  the  State  were  invited  to 
meet  the  Board  and  co-operate  in  the  work  of  preparing  the  best  method  of  rail- 
road accounts,  and  agreeing  upon  a  code  of  rules  under  which  they  should  in 
future  be  kept  as  nearly  as  possible  in  a  uniform  manner.  The  meeting  was  very 
generally  attended,  and  the  result  was  the  preparation  of  the  form  and  the  rules 
spoken  of  above.  The  rules  being  prepared,  a  conference  was  arranged  by  the 
Board,  of  the  Railroad  Commissioners,  or  those  having  control  of  the  railroad 
returns  in  the  New  England  States  and  New  York,  which  was  held  in  Boston 
September  6th.  At  this  conference,  the  whole  subject  of  inter-state  railroad 
accounts  and  returns  was  discussed,  and  it  was  finally  agreed  to  unite  in  recom- 
mending for  general  adoption  in  the  States  represented,  except  Rhode  Island,  a 
similar  form  and  rules.  A  memorial  to  this  effect  was  prepared  for  the  legisla- 
tures of  the  various  States,  asking  for  legislation  by  which  the  system  should  be 
introduced,  and  sent  with  a  copy  of  the  form  and  rules,  and  signed  by  the  com- 
missioners for  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut, 
and  the  State  engineers  of  New  York. 

1876,  OCTOBER  4.  —  The  librarians  of  the  country  met  in  Phil- 
adelphia to  consult  upon  bibliographical  science,  and  formed  an 
association  to  be  known  as  the  American  Library  Association. 

Justin  Winsor,  of  Boston,  was  elected  president,  and  Melvil  Dewey,  of  Am- 
herst,  Massachusetts,  secretary. 

1876,  OCTOBER  17.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation 
warning  the  "  rifle  clubs  "  in  South  Carolina  to  disperse  within 
three  days. 

On  the  same  day,  the  Secretary  of  War  issued  an  order  to  General  Sherman 
to  order  "  all  the  available  force  in  the  military  division  of  the  Atlantic  to  report 
to  General  Ruger,  commanding  at  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  and  instruct  that 
officer  to  station  his  troops  in  such  localities  that  they  may  be  most  speedily  and 
effectually  used  in  case  of  resistance  to  the  authority  of  the  United  States." 

1876,  OCTOBER  25.  —  The  Continental  Life  Insurance  Company 
of  New  York  suspended. 

In  the  investigation  of  its  condition,  the  facts  were  brought  to  light  that  it  had 
instituted  a  new  system  by  which  its  policy-holders  were  swindled,  agents  being 
sent  through  the  country  by  its  president  to  spread  the  report  of  its  insolvency, 


704 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1876. 


and  by  appeals  to  the  fears  of  the  policy-holders,  induce  them  to  part  with  their 
policies. 

1876  OCTOBER.  —  A  convention  of  American  bankers  was  held 
in  Philadelphia,  and  an  association  organized  for  their  mutual 
benefit. 

Mr.  Charles  B.  Hall,  of  Boston,  was  elected  president,  and  J.  D.  Hays  sec- 
retary, with  a  list  of  vice-presidents  from  the  various  States,  and  an  executive 
council. 

1876,  OCTOBER.  —  The  American  Fish  Culturists'  Association 
held  a  convention  in  Philadelphia. 

1876,  NOVEMBER  1.  —  The  report  of  the  comptroller  of  the 
currency  for  1876  gave  the  following  figures  of  the  currency:  — 


Demand 

Notes. 


Fractional 
Currency. 


National  Bank 

Notes  and  Gold 

Hanks. 


Legal  Tenders.  Notes.  Currency.  Total.  Banks.  Total. 

$367,535,716    $65,692     $28,555,478     $396,156,886     $322,841,308     $718,990,194 

The  same  source  gives  the  following  statement  of  the  national  banks :  — 

Banks  in  operation,  2,089.  Minions. 

Loans,      $931.3 

Bonds  for  circulation,  ....  337.2 

Other  United  States  bonds,    .  47.8 

Stocks,  &c., 34.4 

Due  from  other  banks,    .   .   .  146.9 

Real  estate, 43. 1 

Specie, 21.4 

Legal-tender  notes, 84.2 

National  bank  notes,    ....  15.9 

Clearing-house  exchanges,     .  100.0 

U.  S.  certificates  of  deposit,  .  29.2 

Due  from  U.  S.  treasury,    .   .  16.7 

Other  resources, 19.1 


Total, $1,827.2 


Millions. 

Capital  stock, $499.8 

Surplus, 

Profits  (undivided),      .   .   . 

Circulation, 

Deposits, 

Due  other  banks, 

Other  liabilities, 


132.2 

46.4 

292.2 

666.2 

179.8 

10.6 


Total, $1,827.2 

The  national  banks  seeking  to  influence  Congress  to  lessen  their  taxation,  it 
•was  testified  before  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Hays,  of 
Detroit,  that  forty-nine  national  banks,  with  a  capital  of  over  ten  millions,  had 
failed  during  the  year ;  that  two  hundred  and  one,  with  a  capital  of  nearly  twenty- 
eight  millions,  had  gone  into  voluntary  liquidation ;  and  that  the  propositions  at 
that  time  being  considered  in  New  York  alone  for  the  reduction  of  their  capital 
by  other  national  banks,  amounted  to  twelve  and  one  half  millions,  or  about 
twelve  per  cent,  of  their  capital.  Before  the  same  committee,  Mr.  Coe,  the  pres- 
ident of  a  New  York  bank,  testified :  "  As  for  the  dividends  of  the  banks  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  one  half  of  them  have  not  for  the  last  two  years  earned  their 
dividends,  and  for  the  last  year  not  one  third  of  them."  And  again  :  "  I  say  that 
our  institutions  did  not  earn  the  dividends  which  they  have  declared,  but  they 
have  paid  them  out  of  their  reserves,  because  they  could  not  help  responding  to 
the  agonies  of  their  stockholders  and  the  necessities  of  the  case.  I  tell  you  that 
on  every  hand  the  fabric  is  falling  into  decay.  The  whole  thing  is  going  to  de- 
struction." The  contraction  of  the  currency  having  ruined  the  customers  of  the 
banks,  the  banks  themselves,  despite  their  valuable  monopoly,  and  aids  from 
national  legislation,  must  suffer  in  common  with  them. 


187G.]  AXNALS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  705 

1876,  NOVEMBER  4.  —  The  President  issued  an  order  stationing 
troops  at  Petersburg,  Virginia. 

1876,  NOVEMBER  16.  —  A  decisive  battle  in  Mexico,  on  the  line 
of  the  Yera  Cruz  and  Mexico  Railway,  was  fought  between  the 
supporters  of  the  government  and  the  revolutionists. 

President  Lerdo  was  defeated,  and  fled.  The  revolutionists  were  commanded 
by  Generals  Diaz  and  Gonzalez. 

1876,  NOVEMBER  26.  —  The  President  issued  an  order  to  the 
Secretary  of  War  to  sustain  Governor  Chamberlain  in  South 
Carolina. 

The  order  was  dated  at  the  Executive  Mansion,  and  read  as  follows  :  — 
"  Hon.  J.  D.  Cameron,  Secretary  of  War.  Sir :  D.  H.  Chamberlain  is  now 
governor  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina  beyond  any  controversy,  and  remains  so 
until  a  new  governor  shall  be  duly  and  legally  inaugurated.  Under  the  Constitu- 
tion, the  government  has  been  called  upon  to  aid  with  the  military  and  naval 
forces  of  the  United  States  to  maintain  a  republican  government  in  the  State 
against  resistance  too  formidable  to  be  overcome  by  State  authorities.  You  are 
directed,  therefore,  to  sustain  Governor  Chamberlain  in  his  authority  against 
domestic  violence  until  otherwise  directed.  U.  S.  Grant,  President" 

There  was  a  dispute  in  South  Carolina  concerning  the  result  of  the  election  of 
governor.  The  supreme  court  of  the  State  had  committed  the  State  Board  of 
canvassers  to  jail  for  contempt,  and  they  had  been  released  by  Judge  Bond,  a 
United  States  judge,  on  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus. 

1876,  NOVEMBER  28.  —  The  State  House  in  Columbia,  South 
Carolina,  was  occupied  by  Federal  troops. 

The  Democratic  members  of  the  legislature,  being  refused  admittance,  with- 
drew, making  a  protest,  which  was  read  in  the  presence  of  the  military  and  cit- 
izens, on  the  steps.  Their  protest  was  as  follows  :  "  We,  a  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  house  of  representatives  of  South  Carolina  elect,  protest  against  the 
refusal  to  admit  us  to  the  hall  of  representatives.  We  protest  against  the  military 
power  of  the  United  States  barring  the  passage  into  the  State  House  of  members 
elect  of  the  legislature.  We  protest  against  the  legality  of  the  proceeding,  and 
especially  against  the  army  of  the  United  States  being  placed,  for  the  purpose  of 
this  exclusion,  under  the  command  of  one  John  H.  Dennis,  a  partisan  of  Gov- 
ernor Chamberlain.  We  protest  against  the  said  Dennis's  instructions  to  the 
guard  to  admit  no  one  to  the  State  House  except  upon  his  own  pass,  or  the  pass  of 
A.  O.  Jones,  former  clerk  of  the  House,  who  may  thus  exclude  all  except  his 
own  partisans,  and  who,  by  this  Republican  programme,  is  to  organize  said  House. 
We  have  presented  ourselves  with  the  judgment  of  the  highest  court  of  South 
Carolina,  certified  to  by  its  clerk,  with  the  great  seal  of  the  court  attached,  as  to 
our  right  to  participate  in  the  organization  of  said  House.  We  are  refused,  by 
the  orders  of  said  Dennis,  admission  to  said  hall,  except  upon  his  pass,  the  pass 
of  said  Jones,  or  the  certificate  of  H.  E.  Hayne,  Secretary  of  State,  who  is  now 
under  condemnation  of  said  court  for  refusal  to  issue  certificates  in  accordance 
with  its  judgment  and  mandate.  Protesting  against  this  barefaced  usurpation, 
this  trampling  on  the  laws  and  constitution  of  this  State,  this  defiance  of  the 
highest  tribunal  of  the  State,  it  is  our  purpose  to  offer  no  resistance  to  this  armed 
intervention,  but  to  make  our  solemn  appeal  to  the  American  people,  without  dis~ 

45 


706  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1876. 

tinction  of  party ;  our  veneration  for  law,  our  respect  for  the  supreme  court,  and 
the  usages  of  all  legislative  assemblages,  forbid  our  participation  in  such  unpre- 
cedented and  revolutionary  proceedings." 

(Signed  by  all  the  sixty-four  Democratic  members.) 

The  assemblage  then  dispersed.  The  Republicans  then  organized  the  House, 
fifty-nine  members  being  present.  The  sixty-four  Democrats  and  two  Repub- 
licans then  met  in  Carolina  Hall  and  organized.  The  Democrats  of  the  senate 
also  protested  against  the  action  of  the  Republican  house  for  "  having  organized 
without  a  constitutional  quorum,  there  being  but  fifty-eight  members  present,  as 
shown  by  its  own  journal,  whereas  a  majority  of  the  entire  representation  is 
requisite  to  a  quorum,  to  wit,  sixty-three  members."  The  troops  were  withdrawn 
from  the  State  House  December  5.  Governor  Chamberlain  was  inaugurated,  De- 
cember 7,  by  the  Republicans,  and  Governor  Wade  Hampton  on  the  14th  of 
December. 

1876,  NOVEMBER  30.  —  The  following  was  the  statement  of  the 
public  debt :  — 

Debt  bearing  interest  in  coin,  {  Bonds  at  6  per  cent., §984,999,65000 

(  Bonds  at  5  per  cent.,  ....  712,320,450  00 
Debt  bearing  interest  in  lawful  money,  navy  pension  fund  3 

per  cents., 14,000,000  00 

Debt  on  which  interest  has  ceased, 2,291,700  26 

f  Demand  notes  and  legal  tenders,    .  366,976,60750 

Debt  bearing  no  interest,  J  Certificates  of  deP°s»% 40,725,000  00 

I  Fractional  currency, 27,408,508  98 

t  Coin  certificates, 37,413,600  00 

Total  principal $2,186,135,516  74 

Interest  accrued  and  unpaid, 35,550,269  15 


Total  debt, $2,221,685,78589 

n    .   .     .  C  Coin, $79,881,471  24 

Cash  m  treasury,  <  ~ 

r'  £  Currency, 11,743,215  23 

Special  deposit  for  redemption  of  certificates 
of  deposit, 40,725,000  00 

$132,349,686  47 

1876,  DECEMBER  5.  —  The  President  submitted  his  annual 
address  to  Congress. 

It  ended  by  suggesting  that  "  the  attention  of  Congress  cannot  be  too  earnestly 
called  to  the  necessity  of  throwing  some  greater  safeguard  over  the  method  of 
choosing  and  declaring  the  election  of  a  President.  Under  the  present  system 
there  seems  to  be  no  remedy  provided  for  contesting  the  election  in  any  one  State. 
The  remedy  is  partially,  no  doubt,  in  the  enlightenment  of  electors.  The  com- 
pulsory support  of  the  free  schools,  and  the  disfranchisement  of  all  who  cannot 
read  and  write  the  English  language  after  a  fixed  probation,  would  meet  my 
hearty  approval.  I  would  not  make  this  apply,  however,  to  those  already  voters, 
but  I  would  to  all  becoming  so  after  the  expiration  of  the  probation  fixed  upon." 

1876,  DECEMBER  5.  —  The  Brooklyn  Theatre,  in  Brooklyn, 
New  York,  was  burned  during  the  performance. 


1876.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

The  theatre  was  crowded.  Two  hundred  and  eighty-fire  bodies  were  taken 
from  the  ruins,  and  it  is  supposed  that  many  others  were  consumed  so  entirely 
that  no  remains  of  them  could  be  found. 

1876,  DECEMBER  6.  —  The  body  of  Baron  de  Palm  was  cre- 
mated at  Washington,  Pennsylvania. 

A  furnace  had  been  built  for  the  purpose,  the  deceased  having  left  his  body 
thus  to  be  disposed  of. 

1876.  —  THE  report  of  the  commercial  failures  for  this  year 
gave  the  number  of  failures  in  the  United  States  as  9,092,  with 
liabilities  amounting  to  $191,117,786 ;  and  in  Canada  at  1,728, 
with  liabilities  amounting  to  $25,517,991. 

They  were  thus  classified : 

No.  in          No.  of      Percentage    Amount  of 
business.      failures,     of  failures,      liabilities. 

New  England  States,    77,559  1,314  1  in  59  $37,657,062 

Middle  States,    .     .     165,184  2,909  1  in  57  72,244,681 

Western  States,       .     225,309  3,139  1  in  72  62,870,541 

Southern  States,      .       87,140  1,361  1  in  64  23,083,266 

Pacific  States,     .     .      22,313  369  1  in  60  6,262,236 

Canada,     ....       54,000  1,728  1  in  32  25,517,991 

1876.  —  DURING  this  year  American  railways  were  foreclosed 
under  mortgages  reaching  a  total  of  $900,000,000. 

This  estimate  is  made  by  the  Railway  Age,  and  includes  the  stock,  bonds,  and 
other  evidences  of  railway  indebtedness. 

1876.  —  THE  Bureau  of  Education  published  a  special  report 
upon  the  public  libraries  of  the  United  States. 

The  report  was  in  two  parts,  the  first  of  over  twelve  hundred  pages ;  and  the 
second,  consisting  of  eighty-nine  pages,  consisted  of  rules  for  a  printed  dictionary 
catalogue.  In  this  report,  for  the  first  time,  we  have  the  information  collected 
of  the  public  libraries  of  the  country,  and  learn  that  in  1875  the  public  libraries 
of  the  United  States  numbered  3,682,  with  collections  aggregating  12,276,964  vol- 
umes. These  libraries  are  classified  under  the  heads  of  Academy  and  School,  Col- 
lege, Society,  Law,  Medical,  Theological,  Scientific,  Historical,  Public,  Mercantile, 
Social,  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  State  and  Territory,  Garrison,  Asylum, 
Reformatory,  and  Miscellaneous,  no  collection  containing  less  than  three  hundred 
volumes  appearing  in  the  list.  From  the  facts  it  has  been  able  to  gather,  the 
bureau  gives  the  following  as  the  private  benefactions  to  libraries  in  the  United 
States  :  — California,  $1,022,000;  Connecticut,  $773,607;  Delaware,  $17,600;  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  $25,000;  Georgia,  $63,500;  Illinois,  $2,644,059;  Indiana, 
$150,000;  Iowa,  $13,850;  Kansas,  $500;  Louisiana,  $15,000;  Maine,  $135,000; 
Maryland,  $1,426,500;  Massachusetts,  $2,903,406;  Minnesota,  $15,300;  Mis- 
souri, $194,637;  Nebraska,  $1,100;  New  Hampshire,  $58,379;  New  Jersey, 
$416,750;  New  York,  $2,942,272;  Ohio,  $197,500;  Oregon,  $250;  Pennsylvania, 
$1,448,473;  Rhode  Island,  $294,781;  South  Carolina,  $35,000;  Tennessee,  $450; 
Texas,  $18,000;  Vermont,  $78,308;  Virginia,  $26,000;  Wisconsin,  $6,500. 
This  makes  a  total  of  $14,920,657,  of  which  the  report  says  :  "  It  is  not  unsafe  to 
estimate  that  the  sum  above  reported  does  not  represent  more  than  about  one 
half  the  amount  received  by  the  public  libraries  of  the  United  States  from  private 


708  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1877. 

benefactions  of  individuals,  and  that  the,  real  amount  is  nearer  $30,000,000  than 
$15,000,000;  and  this  does  not  include  the  books  contributed  from  time  to  time, 
the  number  of  which,  in  the  present  state  of  library  statistics,  it  is  simply  useless 
to  attempt  to  ascertain  or  estimate." 

1877,  JANUARY  1.  —  A  Republican  and  a  Democratic  legislature 
met  at  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 

The  Republican  legislature  met  at  the  State  House,  and  consisted  of  eight  sen- 
ators holding  over,  and  eleven  returned  by  the  board;  the  house  consisted  of  sixty- 
eight  members  returned  by  the  board,  of  whom,  the  Democrats  claimed,  twenty- 
two  were  not  elected.  The  Democratic  legislature  consisted  of  nine  senators 
holding  over,  and  eight  returned  by  the  board,  and  four  counted  out  by  the  board 
but  claiming  they  were  elected.  The  house  consisted  of  forty  members  returned 
by  the  board,  and  twenty-two  counted  out  but  claiming  they  were  elected.  The 
Democrats  had  been  refused  admission  to  the  State  House. 

1877,  JANUARY  4.  —  Cornelius  Vanderbilt  died  at  New  York. 

Within  a  year,  William  B.  Astor,  A.  T.  Stewart,  and  Cornelius  Vandcrbilt, 
said  to  be  the  three  richest  men  in  the  country,  each  of  them  possessing  upwards 
of  a  hundred  millions  of  dollars,  and  all  belonging  to  New  York,  died.  They 
represented  the  three  chief  means  by  which  the  increasing  wealth  of  the  commu- 
nity is  diverted  to  individual  possession.  — Astor's  arising  from  the  increased  value 
of  real  estate,  Stewart's  from  the  trade  made  possible  by  the  increased  production 
of  modern  times,  and  Vanderbilt's  from  his  manipulation  of  railroads. 

1877,  JANUARY  8.  —  At  the  State  House  in  New  Orleans,  Louis- 
iana, Stephen  B.  Packard  was  inaugurated  as  governor,  and  at 
St.  Patrick's  Hall,  opposite  Lafayette  Square  and  the  City  Hall, 
Frank  T.  Nicholls  was  also  inaugurated  governor. 

The  first-named  was  the  Republican,  and  the  second  the  Democratic  candidate. 

1877,  JANUARY  14.  —  The  President  telegraphed  to  General 
Augur,  in  command  at  New  Orleans,  concerning  the  course  to 
be  pursued  by  the  government  in  the  dispute  between  the  rival 
governors. 

He  said:  "It  has  been  the  policy  of  the  administration  to  take  no  part  in  the 
settlement  of  the  question  of  the  rightful  government  in  the  State  of  Louisiana, 
at  least  not  until  the  Congressional  committees  now  there  have  made  their  report. 
But  it  is  not  proper  to  sit  quietly  by  and  see  the  state  government  gradually  taken 
possession  of  by  one  of  the  claimants  for  gubernatorial  honors  by  illegal  means. 
The  supreme  court  set  up  by  Mr.  Nicholls  can  receive  no  more  recognition  than 
any  other  equal  number  of  lawyers  convened  on  the  call  of  any  other  citizen  of 
the  State.  A  returning  board  existing  in  accordance  with  law,  and  having  judicial 
as  well  as  ministerial  powers  over  the  count  of  the  votes,  and  in  declaring  the 
result  of  the  late  election,  have  given  certificates  of  election  to  the  legislature  of 
the  State,  a  legal  quorum  of  which  house,  holding  such  certificates,  met  and  de- 
clared Mr.  Packard  governor.  Should  there  be  a  necessity  for  the  recognition 
of  either,  it  must  be  Mr.  Packard.  You  may  furnish  a  copy  of  this  to  Mr.  Pack- 
ard and  to  Mr.  Nicholls.  U.  S.  GRANT,  President." 

1877,  JANUARY  22. —  The  President  returned  an  answer  to 


1877.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  709 

the  House  in  reply  to  a  resolution  asking  information  concerning 
the  use  of  the  troops  in  the  Southern  States. 

It  stated  that  the  evidence  afforded  him  had  "  left  no  doubt  whatever  in  any 
mind  that  intimidation  had  been  used,  and  actual  violence  to  an  extent  requiring 
the  aid  of  the  United  States,  where  it  was  practicable  to  furnish  such  aid,  in  South 
Carolina  and  Florida,  and  in  Louisiana,  as  well  as  in  Mississippi,  Alabama,  and 
Georgia.  The  troops  of  the  United  States  have  been  but  sparingly  used,  and  in 
no  case  so  as  to  interfere  with  the  full  exercise  of  the  rights  of  suffrage.  Very 
few  troops  were  available  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  or  suppressing  the  violence 
and  intimidation  in  the  States  above  named.  In  no  case  except  that  of  South 
Carolina  has  the  number  of  soldiers  in  any  State  increased  in  anticipation  of  the 
election,  saving  that  twenty-four  men  and  an  officer  were  sent  from  Fort  Foote  to 
Petersburg,  Virginia,  where  disturbances  were  threatened  prior  to  the  election. 
No  troops  were  stationed  at  the  voting-places.  In  Florida  and  Louisiana,  respec- 
tively, the  small  number  of  soldiers  in  the  said  States  were  stationed  at  such  points 
in  each  State  as  were  most  threatened  with  violence,  where  they  might  be  avail- 
able as  a  posse  for  the  officer  whose  duty  it  was  to  preserve  the  peace  and  prevent 
intimidation  or  violence.  Such  a  disposition  of  the  troops  seemed  to  me  reason- 
able and  justified  by  law  and  precedent,  while  its  omission  would  have  been  incon- 
sistent with  the  constitutional  duty  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  "to  take 
care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed." 

1877,  JANUARY  29.  —  The  act  of  Congress  providing  for  a 
commission  to  decide  all  questions  arising  from  the  counting  of 
the  Presidential  vote  was  approved. 

It  was  entitled,  "  An  Act  to  provide  for  and  regulate  the  counting  of  votes  for 
President  and  Vice-President,  and  the  decision  of  questions  arising  thereon,  for 
the  term  commencing  March  fourth,  Anno  Domini  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy- 
seven;"  and  provided  that  the  Senate  and  House  should  meet  together  in  the  hall 
of  the  House,  at  one  p.  M.,  on  the  first  Thursday  of  February,  1877,  the  president 
of  the  Senate  presiding,  who  should  open  the  returns  in  alphabetical  order,  and 
hand  them  to  the  previously  appointed  tellers  to  count.  Objections  to  the  counting 
the  returns  to  be  made  in  writing ;  and  when  such  objections  were  made,  the  two 
houses  to  separate,  consider  them,  and  reuniting,  to  decide.  Where  two  returns 
were  received  from  any  State,  they  should  be  opened  as  before,  and  submitted  to 
the  decision  of  a  commission  to  be  appointed  as  follows  :  Five  members,  elected 
viva  voce,  from  each  house,  and  four  members  of  the  Supreme  Court,  who  should 
elect  another  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  making  together  fifteen  members, 
who  should  decide  in  writing  concerning  the  questions  before  them.  The  act  also 
provided  that  nothing  in  it  should  affect  or  impair  the  right  existing  under  the 
Constitution  and  laws  to  question  by  proceedings  in  the  courts  "the  right  or  title 
of  the  person  who  shall  be  declared  elected,  or  who  shall  claim  to  be  President  or 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  if  any  such  right  exists."  The  act  was 
passed  by  the  Senate  January  25,  and  by  the  House  January  26.  The  Commis- 
sion as  organized  consisted  of  the  following  members  : 

Of  the  Supreme  Court :  Nathan  Clifford,  of  the  First  Circuit,  William  Strong, 
of  the  Third  Circuit,  Samuel  F.  Miller,  of  the  Eighth  Circuit,  Stephen  J.  Field, 
of  the  Ninth  Circuit,  —  who  elected  Joseph  P.  Bradley,  of  the  Fifth  Circuit. 
Senators  :  George  F.  Edmunds,  Oliver  P.  Morton,  Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen, 
Allen  G.  Thurman,  Thomas  F.  Bayard.  Representatives  :  Henry  B.  Payne,  Eppa 
Hunton,  Josiah  G.  Abbot,  James  A.  Garfield,  George  F.  Hoar. 


710  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1877. 

The  Commission  organized  and  adopted  its  rules  on  January  31,  and  February  1  the 
two  houses  met  and  proceeded  to  count  the  returns.  The  votes  of  Alabama.  Arkan- 
sas, California,  Colorado,  Connecticut,  and  Delaware  were  received  without  objec- 
tion. From  Florida  three  certificates  of  returns  were  received,  and  eacli  objected 
to.  The  Commission  decided  that  it  was  "not  competent  under  the  Constitution  and 
the  law,"  as  it  existed  at  the  date  of  the  passage  of  the  act,  "  to  go  into  evidence 
dliunde  on  the  papers  opened  in  the  presence  of  the  two  houses,  to  prove  that  other 
persons  than  those  regularly  certified  to  by  the  governor  of  the  State  of  Florida," 
and  therefore  decided  and  reported  in  favor  of  the  first  returns,  those  in  favor  of 
the  electors  of  the  Republican  party.  On  February  10  the  decision  was  reported 
to  the  two  houses  meeting  together,  when,  objection  being  made  to  it  by  six  sen- 
ators and  twelve  representatives,  the  two  houses  separated,  and  the  Senate  agreed 
to  the  decision  as  its  judgment ;  the  House,  on  the  12th,  disagreed  to  it  by  a  vote 
of  168  to  103,  19  not  voting.  The  same  day  the  two  houses  met  again,  and  the 
decision  was  entered  under  the  terms  of  the  act,  which  provided  that  when  the 
decision  of  the  Commission  was  made,  ''the  two  houses  shall  again  meet,  and 
such  decision  shall  be  read  and  entered  in  the  journal  of  each  house,  and  the 
counting  of  the  votes  shall  proceed  in  conformity  therewith  unless,  upon  objection 
being  made  thereto  in  writing,  by  at  least  five  senators  and  five  members  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  the  two  houses  shall  separately  concur  in  ordering  other- 
wise, in  which  case  such  concurrent  order  shall  govern."  The  counting  being  pro- 
ceeded with,  the  votes  of  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  and  Kentucky 
were  counted.  From  Louisiana  two  certificates  were  presented,  objections  to  each 
of  which  were  offered,  and,  the  papers  being  presented  to  the  Commission,  the  argu- 
ment upon  them  began  the  13th,  and  lasted  until  the  16th,  the  Commission  refusing, 
as  before,  by  a  vote  of  8  to  7,  to  receive  testimony  as  to  the  fraudulent  character  of 
the  certificates,  and  deciding  in  favor  of  the  returns  for  the  Republican  electors,  on 
the  same  grounds  as  before.  On  the  19th  the  two  houses  met  again  together,  and, 
the  decision  being  presented,  separate  objections  were  made  to  it  by  18  senators 
and  148  representatives ;  by  7  senators  and  6  representatives,  and  by  5  senators 
and  7  representatives,  and  the  two  houses  separated.  The  Senate,  by  a  vote  of 
41  to  28,  accepted  the  decision  of  the  Commission.  On  the  20th,  the  two  houses 
met  again  together,  and  the  count  was  resumed.  The  votes  of  Maine,  Maryland, 
and  Massachusetts  were  counted,  and  that  of  Michigan  was  objected  to  by  4  sen- 
ators and  9  representatives.  The  houses  having  separated,  the  objections  made 
to  the  eligibility  of  the  electors  were  not  sustained  in  either  the  Senate  or  the 
House,  and  the  same  day,  both  houses  reuniting,  the  vote  of  Michigan  was  counted. 
The  votes  of  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  Nebraska  were  then  counted, 
and  on  that  of  Nevada  being  reached,  objection  was  made  to  its  reception  by  3 
senators  and  7  representatives,  on  the  ground  that  one  of  the  electors  was 
ineligible,  as  being  a  United  States  oflicer.  The  two  houses  then  separated, 
and  on  the  20th  the  Senate  voted  to  count  the  vote,  and  the  House  did  the 
same  on  the  21st;  which  was  done  on  the  same  day,  when  the  houses  reunited 
and  proceeded  to  count  the  votes  of  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
North  Carolina,  and  Ohio.  On  the  presentation  of  the  vote  of  Oregon,  objection 
was  made  to  the  reception  of  either  of  the  certificates,  by  both  senators  and  rep- 
resentatives, and  the  matter  was  referred  to  the  Commission.  On  the  22d  and 
23d  the  case  was  argued,  and  decided  by  the  Commission  by  the  same  vote  of 
8  to  7.  On  the  24th  both  houses  again  met,  and  on  presentation  of  the  decision, 
objections  against  it  were  made  by  6  senators  and  8  representatives;  and  on 
the  same  day  the  Senate  accepted  the  decision,  and  the  House,  by  a  vote  of  lol  to 


1877.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  711 

106  (33  members  not  voting),  voted  that  the  vote  given  by  J.  W.  Watts,  one  of 
the  electors  of  Oregon,  should  not  be  counted.  On  the  meeting  of  the  two 
houses,  the  vote  of  Oregon  was  counted  in  accordance  with  the  decision.  The 
vote  of  Pennsylvania,  on  being  offered,  was  objected  to  by  3  senators  and  10 
representatives,  on  the  ground  of  the  ineligibility  of  one  of  the  electors;  and  the 
two  houses  separated,  the  Senate  voting  to  receive  the  vote,  and  the  House  to  not 
receive  it.  On  the  meeting  of  the  two  houses,  the  vote  of  Pennsylvania  was 
received  and  counted  for  the  Republican  candidates.  On  presentation  of  the  vote 
of  Rhode  Island,  objection  was  made  by  2  senators  and  15  representatives,  on 
the  ground  of  the  illegal  constitution  of  the  electors.  The  two  houses  separated, 
and  the  Senate  voted  to  receive  the  votes,  as  did  the  House  also ;  and  on  reassem- 
bling, the  vote  of  Rhode  Island  was  counted  for  the  Republicans. 

When  the  vote  of  South  Carolina  was  presented,  objection  was  made  to  the 
reception  of  either  of  the  two  certificates  presented,  by  both  senators  and  repre- 
sentatives, and  the  documents  were  referred  to  the  Commission.  On  the  27th  the 
Commission  decided,  by  a  vote  of  8  to  7,  that  the  Republican  electors  were  the 
lawfully  appointed  electors,  on  the  grounds  that  the  failure  of  the  legislature  to 
provide  a  system  of  registration  did  not  render  all  elections  nugatory  held  under 
the  laws,  though  "it  may  be  the  duty  of  the  legislature  to  enact  such  a  law;  " 
that  the  Commission  must  take  notice  that  there  is  a  government  in  South  Caro- 
lina, republican  in  form,  since  its  constitution  provides  for  such  a  government ; 
that,  as  far  as  the  Commission  can  take  notice  of  the  presence  of  United  States 
soldiers  in  the  State  during  the  election,  it  appears  that  they  were  placed  there  by 
the  President  of  the  United  States ;  that  the  Commission  had  no  power,  as  none 
existed  in  the  two  houses  of  Congress,  "to  inquire  into  circumstances  under 
which  the  primary  vote  for  electors  was  given."  On  the  28th  the  decision  was  pre- 
sented to  the  two  houses  in  joint  meeting,  and  objected  to  by  both  senators  and 
representatives,  upon  eight  specified  grounds.  The  houses  having  separated,  the 
Senate  agreed  that  the  decision  stand  as  its  judgment,  and  the  House  voted  that 
the  objections  be  sustained  and  the  decision  be  not  concurred  in.  The  two  houses 
then  reuniting,  the  vote  of  South  Carolina  was  counted  in  accordance  with  the 
decision  for  the  Republicans,  and  the  counting  continued.  The  votes  of  Tennessee 
and  Texas  were  then  counted,  and  the  certificate  from  Vermont  was  presented. 
The  question  being  then  asked  whether  any  other  certificate  had  been  received, 
the  presiding  officer  replied  that  none  had  been.  The  member  from  New  York, 
then,  upon  permission,  produced  a  package  which  had  been  sent  to  him,  purport- 
ing to  be  the  returns  from  the  State.  Objections  being  made  to  its  reception,  the 
houses  separated,  and  the  Senate  voted  that  the  certificate  from  Vermont  be 
counted,  the  objections  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  March  1,  the  House, 
voted  that  the  package  purporting  to  be  the  certificate  of  the  State  of  Vermont 
be  opened  by  the  president  of  the  Senate,  and  that  the  proceedings  thereafter  be 
held  according  to  law,  and  that  the  vote  of  the  elector  claiming  to  be  such  be  not 
counted.  The  two  houses  again  meeting,  the  vote  of  Vermont  was  counted  for 
the  Republicans ;  and  the  votes  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  were  then  counted. 

On  the  presentation  of  the  certificate  of  the  vote  of  Wisconsin,  objection  was 
made  to  its  reception  by  senators  and  representatives,  on  the  ground  of  the 
ineligibility  of  one  of  the  electors,  he  being  an  officer  of  the  United  States. 
The  houses  separating,  the  Senate  voted  to  count  the  vote,  and  the  House  that 
the  vote  be  not  counted.  On  the  reassembling  of  the  two  houses,  the  vote  of 
Wisconsin  was  counted  for  the  Republicans ;  and  on  March  2,  at  4  A.  M.,  the 
result  of  the  election  was  declared. 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1877. 

1877,  FEBRUARY  7.  —  By  unanimous  consent  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  petitions  in  favor  of  woman  suffrage  were  pre- 
sented in  the  House  by  twenty-five  representatives,  from  twenty- 
two  different  States. 

1877,  FEBRUARY  8.  —  By  direction  of  President  Grant,  the 
prosecution  in  the  case  of  the  United  States  vs.  General  Belknap, 
in  the  District  of  Columbia,  was  dismissed. 

1877  FEBRUARY  12.  —  The  first  public  exhibition  of  the  tele- 
phone was  given  in  a  lecture  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  by  Profes- 
sor Bell,  who  first  suggested  it. 

Messages  were  sent  to  the  hall  from  Boston,  eighteen  miles  distant,  and  were 
distinctly  heard.  The  results  of  the  experiments  were  telephoned  to  the  Boston 
Globe.  The  instrument  is  simple  and  inexpensive.  It  consists  in  attaching  to  the 
terminals  of  the  ordinary  telegraph  wires  powerful  compound  magnets,  with  coils 
of  wire  connected.  In  front  of  the  poles,  surrounded  by  these  coils  of  wires,  is 
placed  a  diaphragm  of  iron.  A  mouthpiece  to  converge  the  sound  on  this  dia- 
phragm completes  the  arrangement.  When  the  voice  causes  the  diaphragm  to 
vibrate,  closing  and  breaking  the  circuit,  electrical  undulations  are  induced  in  the 
coils  similar  to  those  produced  in  the  air  by  the  voice.  These  induced  undulations 
travel  through  the  wire,  and  passing  through  the  coils  of  an  instrument  of  pre- 
cisely similar  construction,  at  the  other  end  of  the  wire,  are  again  transmuted 
into  air  undulations  by  the  diaphragm  of  the  second  instrument. 

1877,  MARCH  1.  —  The  Supreme  Court  rendered  decisions  in 
several  railroad  cases  in  which  the  questions  at  issue  were  con- 
cerning the  authority  of  the  state  legislature  to  fix  the  maximum 
rate  of  fare  and  freight.  The  decisions  affirmed  the  right  of  the 
States  to  control  the  railroads. 

The  first  case  was  that  of  Ira  T.  Munn  and  George  L.  Scott,  plaintiffs  in 
error,  vs.  The  People  of  Illinois,  and  was,  whether  the  legislature  could  fix  the 
maximum  of  charges  for  the  storage  of  grain.  The  second  case  was  Peck  et  al. 
rs.  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  Company  et  al.,  appealed  from  the  court 
in  Wisconsin.  The  decision  was  that  it  is  competent  for  the  State  to  regulate  the 
fares.  The  third  case  was  that  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy  Railroad 
Company  vs.  Attorney-General  and  State  Treasurer  of  Iowa.  The  decision  was, 
that  railroads  are  subject  to  legislative  control  as  to  their  rates  of  fare  and  freight, 
unless  protected  by  their  charters.  The  fourth  case  was  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee, 
and  St.  Paul  Railroad  Company  vs.  Ackley  et  al.,  appealed  from  Wisconsin.  The 
decision  was  that  the  maximum  freight  fixed  by  the  statute  of  the  State  is  the  limit 
for  the  recovery  for  transportation  actually  performed.  The  fifth  case  was  Stowe 
rs.  The  State  of  Wisconsin.  The  decision  was  that  the  acceptance  of  the  charter 
after  the  organization  of  the  State  made  it  a  contract  with  the  State.  The  sixth 
case  was  Winona  and  St.  Peter  Railroad  Company  vs.  Blake  et  al.,  appealed  from 
Minnesota.  The  decision  was  the  same.  Chief  Justice  Waite  read  the  de- 
cisions. 

1877,  MARCH  2.  —  A  Congressional  commission,  appointed  to 
consider  the  advisability  of  preserving  the  double  standard  of 
gold  and  silver  in  our  metallic  coinage  and  circulation,  reported. 


1877.]  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  713 

The  majority  of  the  commission  recommended  "the  restoration  and  the  unre- 
stricted coinage  of  both  metals  of  the  double  standard,  but  are  unable  to  agree 
upon  the  best  legal  relation  of  the  two  metals."  "  Finally,  the  commission  be- 
lieve that  the  fact  that  Germany  and  the  Scandinavian  states  have  adopted  the 
single  gold  standard,  and  that  some  other  European  nations  may  possibly  adopt  it, 
instead  of  being  reasons  for  perseverance  in  the  attempt  to  establish  it  in  the 
United  States,  are  precisely  the  facts  which  make  such  an  attempt  entirely  im- 
practicable, and  which  would  make  the  success  of  such  an  attempt  more  over- 
whelmingly ruinous." 

1869-1877.  —  FIFTEENTH  administration. 

President,  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  of  Illinois,  1869. 

(  Schuyler  Colfax,  of  Indiana,  1869. 
Vice-Presidents  \  Henry  Wilson,  of  Massachusetts,  1873. 

[Thomas  W.  Ferry,  of  Mich.  (Pres.  of  Senate),  1875. 
Secretary  of  State,  Hamilton  Fish,  of  New  York,  1869. 

r  George  S.  Boutwell,  of  Massachusetts,  18G9. 

William  A.  Richardson,  of  Massachusetts,  1873. 
Secretaries  of  Treasury,     Benjamin  H  Bristow>  of  Kentucky>  1874> 

I  Lot  M.  Morrill,  of  Maine,  1876. 

r  William  W.  Belknap,  of  Iowa,  1869. 
Secretaries  of  War,         j  Alphonso  Taft,  of  Ohio,  1876. 

I J.  Donald  Cameron,  of  Pennsylvania,  1876. 
Secretary  of  Navy,  George  M.  Robeson,  of  New  Jersey,  1869. 

(-Jacob  D.  Cox,  of  Ohio,  1869. 
Secretaries  of  Interior,   \  Columbus  Delano,  of  Ohio,  1870. 

I  Zachariah  Chandler,  of  Michigan,  1875. 
E.  Rockwell  Hoar,  of  Massachusetts,  1869. 
Amos  T.  Akerman,  of  Georgia,  1870. 


Attorneys-General , 


George  H.  Williams,  of  Oregon,  1871. 


Edwards  Pierrepont,  of  New  York,  1875. 

.  Alphonso  Taft,  of  Ohio,  1876. 

(  John  A.  J.  Creswell,  of  Maryland,  1869. 
Postmasters-General,       J  Marshall  Jewell,  of  Connecticut,  1874. 

[  William  A.  Tyner,  of  Indiana,  1876. 

f  James  G.  Elaine,  of  Maine,  1869. 
Speakers  of  the  House,  J  Michael  C.  Kerr,  of  Indiana,  1875. 

[  Samuel  J.  Randall,  of  Pennsylvania,  1876. 

1877,  MARCH  5.  —  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  of  Ohio,  was  inaugu- 
rated President,  and  William  A.  Wheeler,  of  New  York,  Vice- 
President,  of  the  United  States. 

The  4th  being  Sunday,  the  public  ceremonies  were  postponed  until  this  day. 
He  had  previously  taken  the  oath  privately.  In  his  inaugural  he  spoke  thus  of 
the  difficulties  in  the  Southern  States : 

"The  evils  which  afflict  the  Southern  States  can  only  be  removed  or  remedied 
by  the  united  and  harmonious  efforts  of  both  races  actuated  by  motives  of  mutual 
sympathy  and  regard ;  and,  while  in  duty  bound,  and  fully  determined  to  protect 
the  rights  of  all  by  every  constitutional  means  at  disposal  of  my  administration, 
I  am  sincerely  anxious  to  use  every  legitimate  influence  in  favor  of  honest  and 
efficient  local  self-government  as  the  true  resource  of  those  States  for  the  promo- 


714  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  [1877. 

tion  of  the  contentment  and  prosperity  of  their  citizens.  .  .  .  But  at  the  basis  of 
all  prosperity,  for  that  as  well  as  for  every  other  part  of  the  country,  lies  the  im- 
provement of  the  intellectual  and  moral  condition  of  the  people.  Universal  suf- 
frage should  rest  upon  universal  education.  To  this  end  liberal  and  permanent 
provision  should  be  made  for  the  support  of  free  schools  by  the  State  govern- 
ments, and,  if  need  be,  supplemented  by  legitimate  aid  from  national  authority. 
Let  me  assure  my  countrymen  of  the  Southern  States  that  it  is  my  earnest  desire 
to  regard  and  promote  their  truest  interests  —  the  interests  of  the  white  and  of  the 
colored  people  both  and  equally,  and  to  put  forth  my  best  efforts  in  behalf  of  a 
civil  policy  which  will  forever  wipe  out,  in  our  political  affairs,  the  color  line  and 
the  distinction  between  north  and  south,  to  the  end  that  we  may  have  not  merely 
a  united  north  or  a  united  south,  but  a  united  country." 

Concerning  civil-service  reform,  he  said :  "  I  ask  the  attention  of  the  public  to 
the  paramount  necessity  of  reform  in  our  civil  service,  a  reform  not  merely  as  to 
certain  abuses  and  practices  of  so-called  official  patronage  which  have  come  to 
have  the  sanction  of  usage  in  the  several  departments  of  our  government,  but  a 
change  in  the  system  of  appointment  itself;  a  reform  that  shall  be  thorough,  rad- 
ical, and  complete ;  a  return  to  the  principles  and  practices  of  the  founders  of  the 
government.  They  neither  expected  nor  desired  from  public  officers  any  partisan 
services.  They  meant  that  public  officers  should  owe  their  whole  service  to  the 
government  and  to  the  people.  They  meant  that  the  officer  should  be  secure  in 
his  tenure  as  long  as  his  personal  character  remained  untarnished  and  the  per- 
formance of  his  duties  satisfactory.  They  held  that  appointments  to  office  were 
not  to  be  made  nor  expected  merely  as  rewards  for  partisan  services,  nor  merely 
in  the  nomination  of  members  of  Congress  as  being  entitled  in  any  respect  to^the 
control  of  such  appointments." 

Concerning  the  settlement  of  national  disputes  by  arbitration,  he  alluded  to  that 
of  the  Alabama  claims,  and  promised  to  attempt  the  same  should  the  occasion 
arrive. 

1877.  —  SIXTEENTH  administration. 

President,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  of  Ohio. 
Vice-PresJdent,  William  A.  Wheeler,  of  New  York. 
Secretary  of  State,  William  M.  Evarts,  of  New  York. 
Secretary  of  Treasury,  John  Sherman,  of  Ohio. 
Secretary  of  War,  George  W.  McCrary,  of  Iowa. 
Secretary  of  Navy,  Richard  M.  Thompson,  of  Indiana. 
Secretary  of  Interior,  Carl  Schurz,  of  Missouri. 
Postmaster-General,  David  M.  Key,  of  Tennessee. 
Attorney-General,  Charles  Devens,  of  Massachusetts. 


APPENDIX. 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 
JULY  4iH,  1776. 

A  DECLARATION  BY  THE  REPRESENTATIVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 
IN  [general]  CONGRESS  ASSEMBLED.* 

WHEN,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for 
one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected 
them  with  another,  and  to  assume,  among  the  powers  of  the  earth, 
the  separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of 
nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of  man- 
kind, requires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel  them 
to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident :  that  all  men  are  created 
equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  [inherent  and~]  certain 
unalienable  rights ;  that  among  these  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pur- 
suit of  happiness ;  that  to  secure  these  rights,  governments  are  in- 
stituted among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of 
the  governed;  that  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes 
destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or 
abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a  new  government,  laying  its  founda- 
tion on  such  principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form, 
as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happi- 
ness. Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate,  that  governments  long  estab- 
lished should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient  causes ;  and 
accordingly  all  experience  hath  shown,  that  mankind  are  more  dis- 
posed to  suffer  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves, 
by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But  when 
a  long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpations  [begun  at  a  distinguished 
period  and  ]  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  design 
to  reduce  them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is 
their  duty,  to  throw  off  such  government,  and  to  provide  new 
guards  for  their  future  security.  Such  has  been  the  patient  suffer- 
ance of  these  colonies ;  and  such  is  now  the  necessity  which  con- 

*This  is  a  copy  of  the  original  draft  of  Jefferson,  as  reported  to  congress.  The  parts 
struck  out  by  congress  are  printed  in  italics,  and  inclosed  in  brackets ;  and  the  parts  added 
are  placed  in  the  margin,  or  in  a  concurrent  column. 

715 


716 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


alter          strains  them  to   [expunge]  their  former  systems  of  government. 
The  history  of  the  present  king  of  Great  Britain,  is  a  history  of 
repeated       [unremitting]  injuries  and  usurpations,  {among  which  appears 
no  solitary  fact  to  contradict  the  uniform  tenor  of  the  rest,  but  all 
all  having     have]  in  direct  object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyranny 
over  these   states.     To  prove  this,  let  facts   be   submitted  to   a 
candid  world,  [for  the  truth  of  which  we  pledge  a  faith  yet  un- 
sullied by  falsehood.] 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome,  and 
necessary  for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  governors  to  pass  laws  of  immediate  and 
pressing  importance,  unles.8  suspended  in  their  operation,  till  his 
assent  should  be  obtained ;  and  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly 
neglected  to  attend  to  them. 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accommodation  of 
large  districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the 
right  of  representation  in  the  legislature,  a  right  inestimable  to 
them,  and  formidable  to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual,  un- 
comfortable, and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  public 
records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing  them  into  compliance 
with  his  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly  [and  con- 
tinually'] for  opposing,  with  manly  firmness,  his  invasions  on  the 
rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolutions,  to 
cause  others  to  be  elected,  whereby  the  legislative  powers,  in- 
capable of  annihilation,  have  returned  to  the  people  at  large  for 
their  exercise,  the  state  remaining,  in  the  mean  time,  exposed  to 
all  the  dangers  of  invasion  from  without,  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  states ; 
for  that  purpose  obstructing  the  laws  for  naturalization  of  foreign- 
ers, refusing  to  pass  others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither, 
and  raising  the  conditions  of  new  appropriations  of  lands. 

obstructed         He  has  [suffered]  the  administration  of  justice,  [totally  to  cease 
by  in  some  of  these  states,]  refusing  his  assent  to  laws  for  establish- 

ing judiciary  powers. 

He  has  made  [our]  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone  for  the 
tenure  of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  their 
salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  [by  a  self-assumed 
power]  and  sent  hither  swarms  of  new  officers,  to  harass  our  peo- 
ple, and  eat  out  their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us  in  times  of  peace,  standing  armies  [and 
ships  of  war]  without  the  consent  of  our  legislatures. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of,  and  supe- 
rior to,  the  civil  power. 

He  has  combined  with  others,  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction  for- 
eign to  our  constitutions,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws,  giving 
his  assent  to  their  acts  of  pretended  legislation,  for  quartering 
large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us ;  for  protecting  them  by  a 
mock  trial  from  punishment  for  any  murders  which  they  should 


DECLARATION    OF   INDEPENDENCE. 

commit  on  the  inhabitants  of  these   states ;   for   cutting  off  our 
trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world ;  for  imposing  taxes  on  us  without 
our  consent ;  for  depriving  us  [    ]  of  the  benefits  of  trial  by  jury ;   in  many  cases 
for  transporting  us  beyond  seas,  to  be  tried  for  pretended  offenses ; 
for  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws,  in  a  neighboring 
province ;  establishing  therein  an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarg- 
ing its  boundaries,  so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  in- 
strument for  introducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  [states  ;]       colonies 
for  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most  valuable  laws, 
and  altering  fundamentally  the  forms  of  our  governments ;  for  sus- 
pending our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves  invested  by  declaring 
with  power  to  legislate  for  us,  in  all  cases  whatsoever.  us  out  of  his 

He  has  abdicated  government  here,  [withdrawing  his  governors,   protection, and 
and  declaring  us  out  of  his  allegiance  and  protection.]  waging  war 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt  our  towns,    against  us 
and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is  at  this  time  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  merce- 
naries, to  complete  the  works  of  death,  desolation,  and  tyranny, 
already  begun  with  circumstances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy,  [     ]  un-   scarcely  par- 
worthy  the  head  of  a  civilized  nation.  alleled  in  the 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens  taken  captive  on  the  high  most  barbar- 
seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their  country,  to  become  the   execu-   ous  ages,  and 
tioners  of  their  friends  and  brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  totally 
hands. 

He  has  [     ]  endeavored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  fron-   excited  domes- 
tiers,  the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose  known  rule  of  warfare,   tic  insurrcc- 
is  an  undistinguished  destruction  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  conditions  tions  among 
{of  existence.]  us,  and  has 

\_IIe  has  incited  treasonable  insurrections  of  our  fellow-citizens, 
with  the  allurements  of  forfeiture,  and  confiscation  of  our  property. 

He  has  waged  cruel  war  against  human  nature  itself,  violating 
its  most  sacred  rights  of  life  and  liberty,  in  the  persons  of  a  dis- 
tant people,  who  never  offended  him,  captivating  and  carrying 
them  into  slavery  in  another  hemisphere,  or  to  incur  miserable 
death  in  their  transportation  thither.  This  piratical  warfare,  the 
opprobrium  of  infidel  powers,  is  the  warfare  of  the  Christian  king 
of  Great  Britain.  Determined  to  keep  open  a  market,  where  men 
should  be  bought  and  sold,  he  has  prostituted  his  negative  for  sup- 
pressing every  legislative  attempt  to  prohibit  or  to  restrain  this  exe- 
crable commerce.  And  that  this  assemblage  of  horrors  might  want 
no  fact  of  distinguished  die,  he  is  now  exciting  those  very  people 
to  rise  in  arms  among  us,  and  to  purchase  that  liberty  of  which  he 
has  deprived  them,  by  murdering  the  people  on  whom  he  also 
obtruded  them  :  thus  paying  off  former  crimes  committed  against 
the  liberties  of  one  people,  with  crimes  which  he  urges  them  to  com- 
mit against  the  lives  of  another.  ] 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions,  we  have  petitioned  for  re- 
dress, in  the  most  humble  terms ;  our  repeated  petitions  have  been 
answered  only  by  repeated  injuries. 

A  prince  whose  character  is  thus  marked  by  every  act  which 
may  define  a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  [  ]  people,  [who  free 

mean  to  be  free.     Future  ages  will  scarcely  believe,  that  the  hardi- 


718 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


an  unwarrant- 
able 

us 


have 

and  we  have 
conjured 
them  by 

would  inevi- 
tably 


We  must 
therefore 


and  hold  them 
as  we  hold  the 
rest  of  man- 
kind, enemies 
in  war,  in 
peace  friends. 


ness  of  one  man  adventured,  within  the  short  compass  of  twelve 
years  only,  to  lay  a  foundation  so  broad  and  so  undisguised  for 
tyranny,  over  a  people  fostered  and  fixed  in  principles  of  free- 
dom.] 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attentions  to  our  British  brethren. 
We  have  warned  them  from  time  to  time  of  attempts  by  their 
legislature,  to  extend  [a]  jurisdiction  over  [these  our  states.'] 
We  have  reminded  them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration  and 
settlement  here,  [no  one  of  which  could  warrant  so  strange  a  pre- 
tension :  that  these  were  effected  at  the  expense  of  our  own  blood  and 
treasure,  unassisted  by  the  wealth  or  the  strength  of  Great  Britain  : 
that  in  constituting  indeed  our  several  forms  of  government,  we 
had  adopted  one  common  Icing,  thereby  laying  a  foundation  for 
perpetual  league  and  amity  with  them,  but  that  submission  to  their 
parliament,  was  no  part  of  our  constitution,  nor  ever  in  idea,  if 
history  may  be  credited,  and]  we  [  ]  appealed  to  their  native 
justice  and  magnanimity,  [as  well  as  to]  the  ties  of  our  com- 
mon kindred  to  disavow  these  usurpations  which  [were  likely 
to]  interrupt  our  connection  and  correspondence.  They  too  have 
been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  of  consanguinity,  [and  when 
occasions  have  been  given  them,  by  the  regular  course  of  their 
laws,  of  removing  from  their  councils  the  disturbers  of  our  har- 
mony, they  have  by  their  free  election  reestablished  them  in 
power.  At  this  very  time,  too,  they  are  permitting  their  chief 
magistrate  to  send  over  not  only  soldiers  of  our  common  blood, 
but  Scotch  and  foreign  mercenaries,  to  invade  and  destroy  us. 
These  facts  have  given  the  last  stab  to  agonizing  affection,  and 
manly  spirit  bids  us  to  renounce  forever  these  unfeeling  brethren. 
We  must  endeavor  to  forget  our  former  love  for  them,  and  hold 
them  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind,  enemies  in  war,  in  peace 
friends.  We  might  have  been  a  free  and  a  great  people  to- 
gether; but  a  communication  of  grandeur  and  of  freedom,  it 
seems,  is  below  their  dignity.  Be  it  so,  since  they  will  have  it. 
The  road  to  happiness  and  to  glory  is  open  to  us  too.  We  will 
tread  it  apart  from  them,  and]  acquiesce  in  the  necessity  which 
denounces  our  [eternal]  separation  [  ]  ! 


We  therefore,  the  representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  in  gen- 
eral congress  assembled,  appealing  to 
the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  world  for  the 
rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do  in  the 
name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good 
people  of  these  colonies,  solemnly  pub- 
lish and  declare,  that  these  united  colo- 
nies are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free 
and  independent  states;  that  they  are 
absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the 
British  crown,  and  that  all  political 
connection  between  them  and  the  state 


We  therefore,  the  representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  in  gen- 
eral congress  assembled,  do  in  the 
name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good 
people  of  these  [states  reject  and  re- 
nounce all  allegiance  and  subjection  to 
the  kings  of  Great  Britain,  and  all 
others,  who  may  hereafter  claim  by, 
through,  or  under  them;  we  utterly 
dissolve  all  political  connection  which 
may  heretofore  have  subsisted  between 
us  and  the  people  or  parliament  of  Great 
Britain  ;  and  finally  we  do  assert  and 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


719 


of  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be, 
totally  dissolved ;  and  that,  as  free  and 
independent  states,  they  have  full  power 
to  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract 
alliances,  establish  commerce,  and  to 
do  all  other  acts  and  things,  which  in- 
dependent states  may  of  right  do. 

And  for  the  support  of  this  declara- 
tion, with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protec- 
tion of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually 
pledge  to  each  other  our  lives,  our  for- 
tunes, and  our  sacred  honor. 


declare  these  colonies  to  be  free  and  inde- 
pendent states']  and  that,  as  free  and  inde- 
pendent states,  they  have  full  power  to 
levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alli- 
ances, establish  commerce,  and  to  do  all 
other  acts  and  things  which  independent 
states  may  of  right  do.  And  for  the 
support  of  this  declaration,  we  mutually 
pledge  to  each  other  our  lives,  our  for- 
tunes, and  our  sacred  honor. 


The  foregoing  declaration  was,  by  order  of  congress,  engrossed  and  signed  by 
the  following  members : 

JOHN  HANCOCK. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Josiah  Bartlett,  William  Whipple,  Mat- 
thew Thornton. 

MASSACHUSETTS  BAY. 
Samuel   Adams,  John   Adams,  Robert 
Treat  Paine,  Elbridge  Gerry. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 
Stephen  Hopkins,  William  Ellery. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Roger  Sherman,  Samuel  Huntington, 
William  Williams,  Oliver  Wolcott. 

NEW  YORK. 

William  Floyd,  Philip  Livingston, 
Francis  Lewis,  Lewis  Morris. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Richard  Stockton,  John  Witherspoon, 
Francis  Hopkinson,  John  Hart,  Abra- 
ham Clark. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Robert  Morris,  Benjamin  Rush,  Benja- 
min Franklin,  John  Morton,  George 
Clymer,  James  Smith,  George  Taylor, 
James  Wilson,  George  Ross. 


DELAWARE. 

Caasar  Rodney,  George  Read,  Thomas 
M'Kean. 

MARYLAND. 

Samuel  Chase,  William  Paca,  Thomas 
Stone,  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrollton. 

VIRGINIA. 

George  Wythe,  Richard  Henry  Lee, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Benjamin  Harri- 
son, Thomas  Nelson,  Jr.,  Francis 
Lightfoot  Lee,  Carter  Braxton. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hewes,  John 
Penn. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Edward  Rutledge,  Thomas  Heyward, 
Jr.,  Thomas  Lynch,  Jr.,  Arthur 
Middleton. 

GEORGIA. 

Button  Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hall,  George 
Walton. 


720 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ARTICLES   OF   CONFEDERATION. 


TO     ALL    TO     WHOM     THESE    PRESENTS     SHALL     COME,  WE,     THE     UNDERSIGNED, 

DELEGATES  OF  THE  STATES  AFFIXED  TO  OUR  NAMES,  SEND  GREETING. 

WHEREAS,  the  delegates  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  congress  assembled 
did,  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  November,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  seventy-seven,  and  in  the  second  year  of  the  independence 
of  America,  agree  to  certain  articles  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union  be- 
tween the  states  of  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts  Bay,  Rhode  Island  and  Prov- 
idence Plantations,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  in  the 
words  following,  viz. : 

Articles  of  Confederation  and  perpetual  Union  between  the  States  of  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts  Say,  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia. 

ARTICLE  1.  The  style  of  this  confederacy  shall  be,  "  the  United  States  of 
America." 

ART.  2.  Each  state  retains  its  sovereignty,  freedom  and  independence,  and 
every  powor,  jurisdiction,  and  right,  which  is  not  by  tliis  confederation  expressly 
delegated  to  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled. 

ART.  3.  The  said  states  hereby  severally  enter  into  a  firm  league  of  friendship 
with  each  other  for  their  common  defense,  the  security  of  their  liberties,  and  their 
mutual  and  general  welfare ;  binding  themselves  to  assist  each  other  against  all 
force  offered  to,  or  attacks  made  upon  them,  or  any  of  them,  on  account  of  reli- 
gion, sovereignty,  trade,  or  any  other  pretence  whatever. 

ART.  4.  The  better  to  secure  and  perpetuate  mutual  friendship,  and  intercourse 
among  the  people  of  the  different  states  in  this  union,  the  free  inhabitants  of  each 
of  these  states,  paupers,  vagabonds,  and  fugitives  from  justice,  excepted,  shall 
be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of  free  citizens  in  the  several  states ; 
and  the  people  of  each  state  shall  have  free  ingress  and  regress  to  and  from  any 
other  state,  and  shall  enjoy  therein  all  the  privileges  of  trade  and  commerce,  sub- 
ject to  the  same  duties,  impositions,  and  restrictions,  as  the  inhabitants  thereof 
respectively,  provided  that  such  restrictions  shall  not  extend  so  far  as  to  prevent 
the  removal  of  property  imported  into  any  state  to  any  other  state,  of  which  the 
owner  is  an  inhabitant ;  provided  also,  that  no  imposition,  duties,  or  restriction, 
shall  be  laid  by  any  state  on  the  property  of  the  United  States  or  either  of  them. 

If  any  person  guilty  of  or  charged  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  high  misde- 
meanor, in  any  state,  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  any  of  the  United 
States,  he  shall,  upon  demand  of  the  governor  or  executive  power  of  the  state 
from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up  and  removed  to  the  state  having  jurisdiction 
of  his  offense. 


AKTICLES   OF   CONFEDERATION.  721 

Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  of  these  states  to  the  records,  acts, 
and  judicial  proceedings  of  the  courts  and  magistrates  of  every  other  state. 

ART.  5.  For  the  more  convenient  management  of  the  general  interests  of  the 
United  States,  delegates  shall  be  annually  appointed  in  such  manner  as  the  legis- 
lature of  each  state  shall  direct  to  meet  in  congress  on  the  first  Monday  in 
November,  in  every  year,  with  a  power  reserved  to  each  state  to  recall  its  del- 
egates, or  any  of  them,  at  any  time  within  the  year,  and  to  send  others  in  their 
etead  for  the  remainder  of  the  year. 

No  state  shall  be  represented  in  congress  by  less  than  two,  nor  by  more  than 
seven  members ;  and  no  person  shall  be  capable  of  being  a  delegate  for  more  than 
three  years  in  any  term  of  six  years ;  nor  shall  any  person,  being  a  delegate,  be 
capable  of  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States,  for  which  he,  or  another 
for  his  benefit,  receives  any  salary,  fees,  or  emoluments  of  any  kind. 

Each  state  shall  maintain  its  own  delegates  in  a  meeting  of  the  states,  and  while 
they  act  as  members  of  the  comnu'ttee  of  the  states. 

In  determining  questions  in  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  each  state 
shall  have  one  vote. 

Freedom  of  speech  and  debate  in  congress  shall  not  be  impeached  or  questioned 
in  any  court  or  place  out  of  congress ;  and  the  members  of  congress  shall  be  pro- 
tected in  their  persons  from  arrests  and  imprisonments,  during  the  time  of  their 
going  to  and  from  and  attendance  on  congress,  except  for  treason,  felony,  or 
breach  of  the  peace. 

ART.  6.  No  state  without  the  consent  of  the  United  States  in  congress  assem- 
bled, shall  send  any  embassy  to,  or  receive  any  embassy  from,  or  enter  into  any 
conference,  agreement,  alliance,  or  treaty,  with  any  king,  prince,  or  state ;  nor 
shall  any  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  the  United  States,  or 
any  of  them,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office  or  title  of  any  kind  what- 
ever, from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state ;  nor  shall  the  United  States  in  con- 
gress assembled,  or  any  of  them,  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

No  two  or  more  states  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  confederation,  or  alliance 
whatever,  between  them,  without  the  consent  of  the  United  States  in  congress 
assembled,  specifying  accurately  the  purposes  for  which  the  same  is  to  be  entered 
into  and  how  long  it  shall  continue. 

No  state  shall  lay  any  imposts  or  duties  which  may  interfere  with  any  stipula- 
tions in  treaties  entered  into  by  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  with  any 
king,  prince,  or  state,  in  pursuance  of  any  treaties  already  proposed  by  congress 
to  the  courts  of  France  and  Spain. 

No  vessel-of-war  shall  be  kept  up  in  time  of  peace  by  any  state,  except  such 
number  only  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary  by  the  United  States  in  congress  as- 
sembled for  the  defense  of  such  state  or  its  trade ;  nor  shall  any  body  of  forces  be 
kept  up  by  any  state  in  time  of  peace,  except  such  number  only  as  in  the  judg- 
ment of  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  shall  be  deemed  requisite  to 
garrison  the  forts  necessary  for  the  defense  of  such  state ;  but  every  state  shall 
always  keep  up  a  well-regulated  and  disciplined  militia,  sufficiently  armed  and 
accoutred,  and  shall  provide  and  have  constantly  ready  for  use,  in  public  stores,  a 
due  number  of  field-pieces  and  tents,  and  a  proper  quantity  of  arms,  ammunition; 
and  camp  equipage. 

No  state  shall  engage  in  any  war  without  the  consent  of  the  United  States  in 
congress  assembled,  unless  such  state  be  actually  invaded  by  enemies  or  shall 
have  received  certain  advice  of  a  resolution  being  formed  by  some  nation  of  In- 
dians to  invade  such  state,  and  the  danger  is  so  imminent  as  not  to  admit  of  tn 
delay  till  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled  can  be  consulted ;  nor  shall  any- 
state  grant  commissions  to  any  ships  or  vessels-of-war,  not  letters  of  marque  or 

46 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

reprisal,  except  it  be  after  a  declaration  of  war  by  the  United  States  in  confess 
assembled,  and  then  only  against  the  kingdom  »or  state,  and  the  subjects  thereof, 
against  which  war  has  been  so  declared,  and  under  such  regulations  as  shall  be 
established  by  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  unless  such  state  be  in- 
fested by  pirates,  in  which  case  vessels-of-war  may  be  fitted  out  for  that  occasion, 
and  kept  so  long  as  the  danger  shall  continue,  or  until  the  United  States  in  con- 
gress assembled  shall  determine  otherwise. 

ART.  7.  When  land  forces  are  raised  by  any  state  for  the  common  defense,  all 
officers  of  or  under  the  rank  of  colonel,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  legislature  of 
each  state  respectively,  by  whom  such  forces  shall  be  raised,  or  in  such  manner 
as  such  state  shall  direct,  and  all  vacancies  shall  be  filled  up  by  the  state  wliich 
first  made  the  appointment. 

ART.  8.  All  charges  of  war,  and  all  other  expenses  that  shall  be  incurred  for 
the  common  defense  or  general  welfare,  and  allowed  by  the  United  States  in  con- 
gress assembled,  shall  be  defrayed  out  of  a  common  treasury,  which  shall  be 
supplied  by  the  several  states  in  proportion  to  the  value  of  all  land  within  each 
state  granted  to  or  surveyed  for  any  person,  as  such  land  and  the  buildings  and 
improvements  thereon  shall  be  estimated  according  to  such  mode  as  the  United 
States  in  congress  assembled  shall  from  time  to  time  direct  and  appoint. 

The  taxes  for  paying  that  proportibn  shall  be  laid  and  levied  by  the  authority 
and  direction  of  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states,  within  the  time  agreed  upon 
by  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled. 

ART.  9.  The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  have  the  sole  and  ex- 
clusive right  and  power  of  determining  on  peace  or  war,  except  in  the  cases 
mentioned  in  the  sixth  article  —  of  sending  and  receiving  ambassadors  —  entering 
into  treaties  and  alliances ;  provided,  that  no  treaty  of  commerce  shall  be  made 
whereby  the  legislative  power  of  the  respective  states  shall  be  restrained  from 
imposing  such  imposts  and  duties  on  foreigners  as  their  own  people  are  subjected 
to,  or  from  prohibiting  the  exportation  or  importation  of  any  species  of  goods  or 
commodities  whatsoever  —  of  establishing  rules  for  deciding  in  all  cases,  what 
captures  on  land  or  water  shall  be  legal,  and  in  what  manner  prizes  taken  by  land 
or  naval  forces  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  shall  be  divided  or  appropri- 
ated —  of  granting  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  in  times  of  peace  —  appointing 
conrta  for  the  trial  of  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high  seas,  and  estab- 
lishing courts  for  receiving  and  determining  finally  appeals  in  all  cases  of  cap- 
tures :  provided,  that  no  member  of  congress  shall  be  appointed  a  judge  of  any  of 
the  said  courts. 

The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  also  be  the  last  resort  on  appeal 
in  all  disputes  and  differences  now  subsisting  or  that  hereafter  may  arise  between 
two  or  more  states  concerning  boundary,  jurisdiction,  or  any  other  cause  what- 
ever; which  authority  shall  always  be  exercised  in  the  manner  following:  when- 
ever the  legislative  or  executive  authority  or  lawful  agent  of  any  state  in  contro- 
versy with  .another  shall  present  a  petition  to  congress,  stating  the  matter  in 
question,  and  praying  for  a  hearing,  notice  thereof  shall  be  given  by  order  of 
congress  to  the  legislative  or  executive  authority  of  the  other  state  in  controversy, 
and  a  day  assigned  for  the  appearance  of  the  parties,  by  their  lawful  agents,  who 
shall  then  be  directed  to  appoint  by  joint  consent  commissioners  or  judges  to 
constitute  a  court  for  hearing  and  determining  the  matter  in  question  ;  but  if  they 
cannot  agree,  congress  shall  name  three  persons  out  of  each  of  the  United  States, 
and  from  the  list  of  such  persons  each  party  shall  alternately  strike  out  one.  the 
petitioners  beginning  until  the  number  shall  be  reduced  to  thirteen ;  and  from 
that  number  not  less  than  seven  nor  more  than  nine  names,  as  congress  shall 
direct,  shall,  in  the  presence  of  congress,  be  drawn  out  by  lot ;  and  the  persong 


ARTICLES   OF   CONFEDERATION.  723 

whose  names  shall  be  so  drawn,  or  any  five  of  them,  shall  be  commissioners  or 
judges,  to  hear  and  finally  determine  the  controversy,  so  always  as  a  major  part 
of  the  judges,  who  shall  hear  the  cause,  shall  agree  in  the  determination :  and  if 
either  party  shall  neglect  to  attend  at  the  day  appointed,  without  showing  reasons 
which  congress  shall  judge  sufficient,  or  being  present  shall  refuse  to  strike,  the 
congress  shall  proceed  to  nominate  three  persons  out  of  each  state,  and  the  sec- 
retary of  congress  shall  strike  in  behalf  of  such  party  absent  or  refusing ;  and  the 
judgment  and  sentence  of  the  court  to  be  appointed  in  the  manner  before  pre- 
scribed, shall  be  final  and  conclusive ;  and  if  any  of  the  parties  shall  refuse  to 
submit  to  the  authority  of  such  court,  or  to  appear,  or  defend  the  claim  or  cause, 
the  court  shall  nevertheless  proceed  to  pronounce  sentence  or  judgment,  which 
shall  in  like  manner  be  final  and  decisive,  the  judgment  or  sentence  and  other 
proceedings,  being  in  either  case  transmitted  to  congress,  and  lodged  among  the 
acts  of  congress  for  the  security  of  the  parties  concerned :  provided,  that  every 
commissioner,  before  he  sits  in  judgment,  shall  take  an  oath,  to  be  administered 
by  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  or  superior  court  of  the  state,  where  the 
cause  shall  be  tried,  "  well  and  truly  to  hear  and  determine  the  matter  in  question, 
according  to  the  best  of  his  judgment,  without  favor,  affection,  or  hope  of 
reward  :  "  provided  also,  that  no  state  shall  be  deprived  of  territory  for  the  ben- 
efit of  the  United  States. 

All  controversies  concerning  the  private  right  of  soil,  claimed  under  different 
grants  of  two  or  more  states,  whose  jurisdiction  as  they  may  respect  such  lands 
and  the  states  which  passed  such  grants  are  adjusted,  the  said  grants  or  either  of 
them  being  at  the  same  time  claimed  to  have  originated  antecedent  to  such  settle- 
ment of  jurisdiction,  shall,  on  the  petition  of  either  party  to  the  congress  of  the 
United  States,  be  finally  determined,  as  near  as  may  be,  in  the  same  manner  as 
is  before  prescribed  for  deciding  disputes  respecting  territorial  jurisdiction  be- 
tween different  states. 

The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  also  have  the  sole  and  exclusive 
right  and  power  of  regulating  the  alloy  and  value  of  coin  struck  by  their  own 
authority,  or  by  that  of  the  respective  states  —  fixing  the  standard  of  weights  and 
measures  throughout  the  United  States  —  regulating  the  trade  and  managing  all 
affairs  with  the  Indians  not  members  of  any  of  the  states ;  provided  that  the 
legislative  right  of  any  state  within  its  own  limits  be  not  infringed  or  violated  — — 
establishing  and  regulating  post-offices  from  one  state  to  another  throughout  all  the 
United  States,  and  exacting  such  postage  on  the  papers  passing  through  the  same, 
as  may  be  requisite  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  said  office  —  appointing  all 
officers  of  the  land  forces  in  the  service  of  the  TJnited  States  excepting  regi- 
mental officers  —  appointing  all  the  officers  of  the  naval  forces,  and  commission- 
ing all  officers  whatever  in  the  service  of  the  United  States — making  rules  for 
the  government  and  regulation  of  the  said  land  and  naval  forces,  and  directing 
their  operations. 

The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  have  authority  to  appoint  a  com-- 
mittee  to  sit  in  the  recess  of  congress,  to  be  denominated  "  a  committee  of  the 
states,"  and  to  consist  of  one  delegate  from  each  state ;  and  to  appoint  such  other 
committees  and  civil  officers  as  may  be  necessary  for  managing  the  general  affairs 
of  the  United  States,  under  their  direction  —  to  appoint  one  of  their  number  to 
preside,  provided  that  no  person  be  allowed  to  serve  in  the  office  of  president  more 
than  one  year  in  any  term  of  three  years  —  to  ascertain  the  necessary  sums  of 
money  to  be  raised  for  the  service  of  the  United  States,  and  to  appropriate  and 
apply  the  same  for  defraying  the  public  expenses  —  to  borrow  money  or  emit  bills 
on  the  credit  of  the  United  States,  transmitting  every  half  year  to  the  respective 
states  an  account  of  the  sums  of  money  so  borrowed  or  emitted — to  build  and 


724  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

equip  a  navy — to  agree  upon  the  number  of  land  forces,  and  to  make  requisi- 
tions from  each  state  for  its  quota,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  white  inhabi- 
tants in  such  states ;  which  requisition  shall  be  binding,  and  thereupon  the  legis- 
lature of  each  state  shall  appoint  the  regimental  officers,  raise  the  men,  and  clothe, 
arm,  and  equip  them,  in  a  soldier-like  manner,  at  the  expense  of  the  United 
States;  and  the  officers  and  men  so  clothed,  armed,  and  equipped,  shall  march  to 
the  place  appointed,  and  within  the  time  agreed  on  by  the  United  States  in  con- 
gress assembled :  but  if  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  shall,  on  con- 
sideration of  circumstances,  judge  proper  that  any  state  should  not  raise  men  or 
should  raise  a  smaller  number  than  its  quota,  and  that  any  other  state  should  raise 
a  greater  number  of  men  than  the  quota  thereof,  such  extra  number  shall  be 
raised,  officered,  clothed,  armed,  and  equipped,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  quota 
of  such  state,  unless  the  legislature  of  such  state  shall  judge  that  such  extra 
number  can  not  safely  be  spared  out  of  the  same ;  in  which  case  they  shall  raise, 
officer,  clothe,  arm,  and  equip,  as  many  of  such  extra  number  as  they  judge  can 
be  safely  spared.  And  the  officers  and  men  so  clothed,  armed,  and  equipped, 
shall  march  to  the  place  appointed,  and  within  the  time  agreed  on  by  the  United 
States  in  congress  assembled. 

The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  never  engage  in  a  war,  nor  grant 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  in  time  of  peace,  nor  enter  into  any  treaties  or  alli- 
ances, nor  coin  money,  nor  regulate  the  value  thereof,  nor  ascertain  the  sums  and 
expenses  necessary  for  the  defense  and  welfare  of  the  United  States  or  any  of 
them,  nor  emit  bills,  nor  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States,  nor  ap- 
propriate money,  nor  agree  upon  the  number  of  vessels-of-war  to  be  built  or 
purchased,  or  the  number  of  land  or  sea  forces  to  be  raised,  nor  appoint  a  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  army  or  navy,  unless  nine  states  assent  to  the  same ;  nor 
shall  a  question  on  any  other  point,  except  for  adjourning  from  day  to  day,  be 
determined,  unless  by  the  votes  of  a  majority  of  the  United  States  in  congress 
assembled. 

The  congress  of  the  United  States  shall  have  power  to  adjourn  to  any  time 
within  the  year,  and  to  any  place  within  the  United  States,  so  that  no  period  of 
adjournment  be  for  a  longer  duration  than  the  space  of  six  months ;  and  shall 
publish  the  journal  of  their  proceedings  monthly,  except  such  parts  thereof  re- 
lating to  treaties,  alliances,  or  military  operations,  as  in  their  judgment  require 
secrecy ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  delegates  of  each  state  on  any  question 
shall  be  entered  on  the  journal,  when  it  is  desired  by  any  delegate ;  and  the  dele- 
gates of  a  state,  or  any  of  them,  at  his  or  their  request,  shall  be  furnished  with  a 
transcript  of  the  said  journal,  except  such  parts  as  are  above  excepted,  to  lay 
before  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states. 

ART.  10.  The  committee  of  the  states,  or  any  nine  of  them,  shall  be  author- 
ized to  execute,  in  the  recess  of  congress,  such  of  the  powers  of  congress  as  the 
United  States  in  congress  assembled,  by  the  consent  of  nine  states,  shall  from 
time  to  time,  think  expedient  to  vest  them  with;  provided  that  no  power  be  dele- 
gated to  the  said  committee,  for  the  exercise  of  which,  by  the  articles  of  confeder- 
ation, the  voice  of  nine  states  in  the  congress  of  the  United  States  assembled  is 
requisite. 

ART.  11.  Canada,  acceding  to  this  confederation,  and  joining  in  the  measures 
of  the  United  States,  shall  be  admitted  into,  and  entitled  to,  all  the  advantages  of 
this  Union ;  but  no  other  colony  shall  be  admitted  into  the  same  unless  such  ad- 
mission be  agreed  to  by  nine  states. 

ART.  12.  All  bills  of  credit  emitted,  moneys  borrowed,  and  debts  contracted, 
by  or  under  the  authority  of  congress,  before  the  assembling  of  the  United  States, 
in  pursuance  of  the  present  confederation,  shall  be  deemed  and  considered  as  a 


ARTICLES   OF  CONFEDERATION. 


725 


charge  against  the  United  States,  for  payment  and  satisfaction  whereof  the  said 
United  States  and  the  public  faith  are  hereby  solemnly  pledged. 

ART.  13.  Every  state  shall  abide  by  the  decision  of  the  United  States  in  con- 
gress assembled,  on  all  questions  which,  by  this  confederation,  are  submitted  to 
them.  And  the  articles  of  this  confederation  shall  be  inviolably  observed  by 
every  state,  and  the  union  shall  be  perpetual ;  nor  shall  any  alteration  at  any 
time  hereafter  be  made  in  any  of  them,  unless  such  alteration  be  agreed  to  in  a 
congress  of  the  United  States,  and  be  afterwards  confirmed  by  the  legislature  of 
every  state. 

And  whereas  it  has  pleased  the  great  Governor  of  the  world  to  incline  the 
hearts  of  the  legislatures  we  respectively  represent  in  congress,  to  approve  of  and 
to  authorize  us  to  ratify  the  said  articles  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union  : 
know  ye,  that  we,  the  undersigned  delegates,  by  virtue  of  the  power  and  authority 
to  us  given  for  that  purpose,  do,  by  these  presents,  in  the  name  and  in  behalf  of 
our  respective  constituents,  fully  and  entirely  ratify  and  confirm  each  and  every 
of  the  said  articles  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union,  and  all  and  singular  the 
matters  and  things  therein  contained ;  and  we  do  further  solemnly  plight  and  en- 
gage the  faith  of  our  respective  constituents,  that  they  shall  abide  by  the  deter- 
minations of  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  on  all  questions  which,  by 
the  said  confederation,  are  submitted  to  them ;  and  that  the  articles  thereof  shall 
be  inviolably  observed  by  the  states  we  respectively  represent ;  and  that  the  union 
be  perpetual. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands,  in  congress.  Done  at 
Philadelphia,  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  the  ninth  day  of  July,  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-eight,  and  in  the  third 
year  of  the  independence  of  America. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
Josiah  Bartlett,  John  Wentworth,  Jr. 

MASSACHUSETTS  BAY. 
John    Hancock,    Samuel    Adams,   El- 
bridge  Gerry,  Francis  Dana,  James 
Lovell,  Samuel  Holten. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

William  Ellery,  Henry  Marchant,  John 
Collins. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Roger  Sherman,  Samuel  Huntington, 
Oliver  Wolcott,  Titus  Hosnier,  An- 
drew Adams. 

NEW  YORK. 

James  Duane,  Francis  Lewis,  William 
Duer,  Gouverneur  Morris. 

NEW  JERSEY. 
John  Witherspoon,  Nath.  Scudder. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Robert  Morris,  Daniel  Roberdeau,  Jon- 
athan Bayard  Smith,  William  Clin- 
gan,  Joseph  Reed. 


DELAWARE. 

Thomas  M'Kean,  John  Dickinson, 
Nicholas  Van  Dyke. 

MARYLAND. 
John  Hanson,  Daniel  Carroll. 

VIRGINIA. 

Richard  Henry  Lee,  John  Banister, 
Thomas  Adams,  John  Harvie,  Fran- 
cis Lightfoot  Lee. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

John  Penn,  Constable  Harnett,  John 
Williams. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Henry  Laurens,  William  Henry  Dray- 
ton,  John  Matthews,  Richard  Hudson, 
Thomas  Heyward,  Jr. 

GEORGIA. 

John  Walton,  Edward  Telfair,  Edward 
Langworthy. 


706  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES   OF 
AMERICA. 


WE,  the  People  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  union, 
establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common  defense, 
promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and 
our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the  United  States  of 
America. 

ARTICLE   I. 

SECTION  1.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  congress 
of  the  United  States,  wliich  shall  consist  of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives. 

SEC.  2.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members  chosen 
every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  states ;  and  the  electors  in  each 
state  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous 
branch  of  the  state  legislature. 

No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of 
twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who 
shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  states 
which  may  be  included  within  this  union,  according  to  their  respective  numbers, 
which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons,  in- 
cluding those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not 
taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons.  The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made 
within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  congress  of  the  United  States, 
and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by 
law  direct.  The  number  of  representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty 
thousand,  but  each  state  shall  have  at  least  one  representative ;  and  until  such 
enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  state  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to 
choose  three ;  Massachusetts  eight ;  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations  one ; 
Connecticut  five ;  New  York  six ;  New  Jersey  four ;  Pennsylvania  eight ;  Dela- 
ware one;  Maryland  six;  Virginia  ten;  North  Carolina  five;  South  Carolina 
five ;  and  Georgia  three. 

When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  state,  the  executive 
authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

The  house  of  representatives  shall  choose  their  speaker  and  other  officers,  and 
shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

SEC.  3.  The  senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two  senators 
from  each  state,  chosen  by  the  legislature  thereof,  for  six  years  ;  and  each  senator 
shall  have  one  vote. 

Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the  first  election, 
they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes.  The  seats  of  the 
senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year, 
of  the  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the  third  class  at 
the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every  second 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  727 

year ;  and  if  vacancies  happen,  by  resignation  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of 
the  legislature  of  any  state,  the  executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  appoint- 
ments until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  va- 
cancies. 

No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of  thirty  years, 
and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when 
elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

The  vice-president  of  the  United  States  shall  be  president  of  the  senate,  but 
shall  have  no  vote  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

The  senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  president  pro  tempore  in 
the  absence  of  the  vice-president,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

The  senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments.  When  sitting 
for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation.  "When  the  president  of  the 
United  States  is  tried,  the  chief  justice  shall  preside ;  and  no  person  shall  be  con- 
victed without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 

Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  to  removal 
from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor,  trust  or  profit 
under  the  United  States ;  but  the  party  convicted  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  and 
subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

SEC.  4.  The  times,  places  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  senators  and 
representatives  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  state  by  the  legislature  thereof;  but 
the  congress  may  at  any  time  by  law  make  or  alter  such  regulations,  except  as  to 
the  place  of  choosing  senators. 

The  congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year ;  and  such  meeting 
shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  dif- 
ferent day. 

SEC.  5.  Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns  and  qualifica- 
tions of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do 
business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  author- 
ized to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such  manner  and  under  such 
penalties  as  each  house  may  provide. 

Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish  its  members  for 
disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member. 

Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from  time  to  time  pub- 
lish the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  require  secrecy ;  and 
the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  house  on  any  question,  shall,  at  the 
desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  congress,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  Other  place  than  that  in  which 
the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 

SEC.  6.  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation  for 
their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  United 
States.  They  shall,  in  all  cases  except  treason,  felony,  and  breach  of  the  peace, 
be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective 
houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same;  and  for  any  speech  or  de- 
bate in  either  house  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was  elected,  be 
appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  which  shall 
have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during 
such  time ;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  shall  be  a 
member  of  either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 


728  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

SEC.  7.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives ;  but  the  senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments  as  on  other  bills. 
Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  house  of  representatives  and  the  senate, 
shall,  before  it  becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  president  of  the  United  States ; 
if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it ;  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it  with  his  objections,  to 
that  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated ;  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at 
large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If,  after  such  reconsidera- 
tion, two-thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together 
with  the  objections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered ; 
and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  cases, 
the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of 
the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each 
house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  president  within  ten 
days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall 
be  a  law  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  congress,  by  their  ad- 
journment, prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the  senate  and 
house  of  representatives  may  be  necessary,  (except  on  a  question  of  adjourn- 
ment,) shall  be  presented  to  the  president  of  the  United  States;  and  before  the 
same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him ;  or  being  disapproved  by  him, 
shall  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

SEC.  8.     The  congress  shall  have  power : 

To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises ;  to  pay  the  debts,  and 
provide  for  the  common  defense  and  general  welfare  of  the  United  States  ;  but  all 
duties,  imposts  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States. 

To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States. 

To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several  states,  and 
with  the  Indian  tribes. 

To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws  on  the  subject 
of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States. 

To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin,  and  fix  the 
standard, of  weights  and  measures. 

To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities  and  current 
coin  of  the  United  States. 

To  establish  post-offices  and  post-roads. 

To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing  for  limited 
times,  to  authors  and  inventors,  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective  writings 
and  discoveries. 

To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme  court;  to  define  and  punish 
piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high  seas,  and  offenses  against  the  law  of 
nations. 

To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make  rules  concern- 
ing captures  on  land  and  water. 

To  raise  and  support  armies ;  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to  that  use  shall 
be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years. 

To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy. 

To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and  naval  forces. 

To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  the  Union,  sup- 
press insurrections,  and  repel  invasion. 

To  provide  for  organizing,  arming  and  disciplining  the  militia,  and  for  govern- 
ing such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States ; 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.       729 

reserving  to  the  states  respectively  the  appointment  of  the  officers  and  the  author- 
ity of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  congress. 

To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  over  such  district  (not 
exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular  states,  and  the 
acceptance  of  congress,  become  the  seat  of  government  of  the  United  States ; 
and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased,  by  the  consent  of  the 
legislature  of  the  state  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  mag- 
azines, arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  buildings ;  and 

To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying  into  execu- 
tion the  foregoing  powers  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this  constitution  in  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 

SEC.  9.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  of  the  states 
now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  congress 
prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight ;  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be 
imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person. 

The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  when, 
in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

No  bill  of  attainder,  or  ex  post  facto  law,  shall  be  passed. 

No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  proportion  to  the  cen- 
sus or  enumeration  herein  before  directed  to  be  taken. 

No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  any  articles  exported  from  any  state.  No  pref- 
erence shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of 
one  state  over  those  of  another ;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to  or  from  one  state,  be 
obliged  to  enter,  clear  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in  consequence  of  appropria- 
tions made  by  law ;  and  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and 
expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 

No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States ;  and  no  person  hold- 
ing any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  con- 
gress, accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title  of  any  kind  whatever, 
from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  State. 

SEC.  10.  No  state  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance  or  confederation ;  grant 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal ;  coin  money ;  emit  bills  of  credit ;  make  anything 
but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts  ;  pass  any  bill  of  attainder, 
ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts ;  or  grant  any  title 
of  nobility. 

No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  congress,  lay  any  imposts  or  duties 
on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing  its 
inspection  laws ;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts  laid  by  any  state 
on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States ; 
and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  the  congress.  No 
state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  congress,  lay  any  duty  of  tonnage,  keep 
troops  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with 
another  state,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded, 
or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

ARTICLE  II. 

SEC.  1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four  years ;  and, 
together  with  the  Vice-President  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be  elected  as  follows  : 

Each  state  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  thereof  may  direct, 
a  number  of  electors  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators  and  representatives 


r-^o  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

I   U\J 

to  which  the  state  may  be  entitled  in  the  congress  ;  but  no  senator  or  representa- 
tive, or  person  holding  an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States,  shall 
be  appointed  an  elector. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  two 
persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  state  with 
themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all  the  persons  voted  for,  and  of  the 
number  of  votes  for  each ;  which  list  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit 
sealed  to  the  seat  of  government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  president 
of  the  senate.  The  president  of  the  senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  senate 
and  house  of  representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be 
counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President, 
if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed ;  and  if 
there  be  more  than  one  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal  number  of 
votes,  then  the  house  of  representatives  shall  immediately  choose,  by  ballot,  one 
of  them  for  president ;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then,  from  the  five  high- 
est on  the  list,  the  said  house  shall,  in  like  manner,  choose  the  president.  But  in 
choosing  the  president,  the  vote  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the  representation  from 
each  state  having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member 
or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  states,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  states  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  a  president,  the  person 
having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors  shall  be  the  vice-president. 
But  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more  who  have  equal  votes,  the  senate  shall 
choose  from  them,  by  ballot,  the  vice-president. 

The  congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors,  and  the  day  on 
which  they  shall  give  their  votes,  which  day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the 
United  States. 

No  person,  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  at 
the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  pres- 
ident; neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  age  of  thirty- five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident  within 
the  United  States. 

In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  president  from  office,  or  of  his  death,  resignation, 
or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall 
devolve  on  the  vice-president ;  and  the  congress  may,  by  law,  provide  for  the 
case  of  removal,  death,  resignation  or  inability,  both  of  the  president  and  vice- 
president,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  president;  and  such  officer 
shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a  president  shall  be 
elected. 

The  president  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a  compensation, 
which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for  which  he 
shall  have  been  elected ;  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  period  any  other 
emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the  following  oath 
or  affirmation  : 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the  office  of  pres- 
ident of  the  United  States ;  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect 
and  defend  the  constitution  of  the  United  States." 

SEC.  2.  The  president  shall  be  commander -in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of  the 
United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  states,  when  called  into  the  actual 
service  of  the  United  States.  He  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the 
principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon  any  subject  relating 
to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices  ;  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  731 

and  pardons  for  offenses  against  the  United  States,  except  in  cases  of  impeach- 
ment. 

He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  to  make 
treaties"  provided  two-thirds  of  the  senators  present  concur ;  and  he  shall  nom- 
inate, and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  shall  appoint  ambas- 
sadors, other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  all 
other  officers  of  the  United  States  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise 
provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  law.  But  the  congress  may,  by 
law,  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior  officers  as  they  think  proper,  in  the 
president  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  departments. 

The  president  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may  happen  during 
the  recess  of  the  senate,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the  end 
of  their  next  session. 

SEC.  3.  He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  congress  information  of  the 
state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he 
shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  con- 
vene both  houses,  or  either  of  them ;  and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  them, 
with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he 
shall  think  proper.  He  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers. 
He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed ;  and  shall  commission  all 
the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

SEC.  4.  The  president,  vice-president,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  conviction  of  trea- 
son, bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE   III. 

SEC.  1.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme 
court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  congress  may,  from  time  to  time,  ordain 
and  establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the  supreme  and  inferior  courts,  shall  hold 
their  offices  during  good  behavior ;  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their 
services  a  compensation,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance 
in  office. 

SEC.  2.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law  and  equity  arising 
under  this  constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties  made,  or  which 
shall  be  made,  under  their  authority ;  to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other 
public  ministers  and  consuls ;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction  ; 
to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party;  to  controversies 
between  two  or  more  states ;  between  a  state  and  citizens  of  another  state,  be- 
tween citizens  of  different  states,  between  citizens  of  the  same  state  claiming 
lands  under  grants  of  different  states,  and  between  a  state,  or  the  citizens  there- 
of, and  foreign  states,  citizens  or  subjects. 

In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  and 
those  in  which  a  state  shall  be  a  party,  the  supreme  court  shall  have  original  ju- 
risdiction. In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the  supreme  court  shall  have 
appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions  and  under 
such  regulations  as  the  congress  shall  make. 

The  trial  of  ail  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be  by  jury,  and 
such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  state  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have  been  com- 
mitted ;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  state,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  place 
or  places  as  the  congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

SEC.  3.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist,  only  in  levying  war 
against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort.  No 


732 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to 
the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

The  congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason ;  but  no 
attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture,  except  during 
the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

SEC.  1.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  state  to  the  public  acts, 
records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  state ;  and  the  congress  may,  by 
general  laws,  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records,  and  proceedings 
shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

SEC.  2.  The  citizens  of  each  state  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  im- 
munities of  citizens  in  the  several  states. 

A  person  charged  in  any  state  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  crime,  who  shall 
flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  state,  shall,  on  demand  of  the  executive 
authority  of  the  state  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the 
state  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  state  under  the  laws  thereof,  escap- 
ing into  another,  shall  in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation  therein,  be  dis- 
charged from  such  service  or  labor ;  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the 
party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

SEC.  3.  New  states  may  be  admitted  by  the  congress  into  this  Union ;  but  no 
new  state  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  state, 
nor  any  state  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  states  or  parts  of  states, 
without  the  consent  of  the  legislatures  of  the  states  concerned,  as  well  as  of  the 
congress. 

The  congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of,  and  make  all  needful  rules  and 
regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the  United 
States ;  and  nothing  in  this  constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice  any 
claim  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  state. 

SEC.  4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  state  in  this  Union  a 
republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  invasion; 
and,  on  application  of  the  legislature,  or  of  the  executive  (when  the  legislature 
cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  violence. 

ARTICLE  V. 

The  congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses  shall  deem  it  necessary, 
shall  propose  amendments  to  this  constitution;  or,  on  the  application  of  the 
legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  states,  shall  call  a  convention  for  pro- 
posing amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses as  part  of  this  constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  three- 
fourths  of  the  several  states,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof,  as  the 
one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  congress ;  provided 
that  no  amendmefat  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eight,  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the 
ninth  section  of  the  first  article ;  and  that  no  state,  without  its  consent,  shall  be 
deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  senate. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered  into  before  the  adoption  of  this 
constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this  constitution,  as 
under  the  confedcrj^tion. 

This  constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall  be  made  in 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


733 


pursuance  thereof,  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the 
authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land ;  and  the 
judges  in  every  state  shall  be  bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  constitution  or  laws 
of  any  state  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

The  senators  and  representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the  members  of  the 
several  state  legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both  of  the 
United  States  and  of  the  several  states,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to 
support  this  constitution ;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualifi- 
cation to  any  office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  states  shall  be  sufficient  for  the 
establishment  of  this  constitution  between  the  states  so  ratifying  the  same. 

Done  in  convention  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  states  present,  the  seven- 
teenth day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  eighty-seven,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
the  twelfth.  In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON, 
President,  and  Deputy  from  Virginia. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
John  Langdon,  Nicholas  Oilman. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
Nathaniel  Gorham,  Rufus  King. 

CONNECTICUT. 

William  Samuel  Johnson,  Roger  Sher- 
man. 

NEW  YORK. 
Alexander  Hamilton. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

William  Livingston,  David  Brearley, 
William  Paterson,  Jonathan  Dayton. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Thomas  Mifflin, 
Robert  Morris,  George  Clymer, 
Thomas  Fitzsimons,  Jared  Ingersoll, 
James  Wilson,  Gouverneur  Morris. 


DELAWARE. 

George  Reed,  Gunning  Bedford,  Jr., 
John  Dickinson,  Richard  Bassett, 
Jacob  Broom. 

MARYLAND. 

James  M'Henry,  Daniel  of  St.  Tho. 
Jenifer,  Daniel  Carroll. 

VIRGINIA. 
John  Blair,  James  Madison,  Jr. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

William  Blount,  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight, 
Hugh  Williamson. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

John  Rutledge,  Charles  C.  Pinckney, 
Charles  Pinckney,  Pierce  Butler. 

GEORGIA. 
William  Few,  Abraham  Baldwin. 


Attest : 


WILLIAM  JACKSON,    Secretary. 


734  ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


[The  following  amendments  were  proposed  at  the  first  session  of  the  first  con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  which  was  begun  and  held  at  the  city  of  New  York, 
on  the  4th  of  March,  1789,  and  were  adopted  by  the  requisite  number  of  states. 
Laws  of  the  U.  S.,  vol.  i.  page  82.] 

[The  following  preamble  and  resolution  preceded  the  original  proposition  of  the 
amendments,  and  as  they  have  been  supposed  by  a  high  equity  judge  (8th  Wen- 
dell's Reports,  p.  100)  to  have  an  important  bearing  on  the  construction  of  those 
amendments,  they  are  here  inserted.  They  will  be  found  in  the  journals  of  the 
first  session  of  the  first  congress. 

CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Begun  and  held  at  the  city  of  New   York,  on  Wednesday,  the  4th  day  of 

March,  1789. 

The  conventions  of  a  number  of  the  states  having,  at  the  time  of  their  adopting 
the  constitution,  expressed  a  desire,  in  order  to  prevent  misconstruction  or  abuse 
of  its  powers,  that  further  declaratory  and  restrictive  clauses  should  be  added, 
and  as  extending  the  ground  of  public  confidence  in  the  government  will  best  in- 
sure the  beneficent  ends  of  its  institution : 

Resolved,  By  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  in  congress  assembled,  two-thirds  of  both  houses  concurring,  that  the 
following  articles  be  proposed  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states,  as  amend- 
ments to  the  constitution  of  the  United  States ;  all  or  any  of  which  articles,  when 
ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the  said  legislatures,  to  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses, as  part  of  the  said  constitution,  namely :] 

ARTICLE  I. 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion,  or  prohib- 
iting the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech  or  of  the 
press ;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition  the  gov- 
ernment for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

ARTICLE  II. 

A  well  regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  state,  the 
right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

ARTICLE  III. 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers  and 
effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated ;  and  no 
warrants  shall  issue  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation, 
and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to 
be  seized. 


AMENDMENTS   TO   THE   CONSTITUTION.  735 

ARTICLE  V. 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise  infamous  crime, 
unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in 
the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  service  in  time  of  war 
or  public  danger ;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offense  to  be 
twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  he  be  compelled,  in  any  criminal 
case,  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty  or  property, 
without  due  process  of  law ;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use, 
without  just  compensation. 

ARTICLE   VI. 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and 
public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  state  and  district  wherein  the  crime  shall 
have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously  ascertained  by 
law ;  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  con- 
fronted with  the  witnesses  against  him ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining 
witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defense. 

ARTICLE   VII. 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed  twenty 
dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved ;  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury 
shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United  States,  than  according 
to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE   VIII. 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and 
unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE   IX. 

The  enumeration  in  the  constitution  of  certain  rights,  shall  not  be  construed  to 
deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  X. 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  constitution,  nor  prohib- 
ited by  it  to  the  states,  are  reserved  to  the  states  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 

[The  following  amendment  was  proposed  at  the  second  session  of  the  third  con- 
gress. It  is  printed  in  the  Laws  of  the  United  States,  vol.  i.  p.  73,  as  article  11, 
and  was  adopted  in  1798.] 

ARTICLE  XL 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend  to  any 
suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United  States 
by  citizens  of  another  state,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  foreign  state. 

[The  three  following  sections  were  proposed  as  amendments  at  the  first  session 
of  the  eighth  congress.  They  are  printed  in  the  Laws  of  the  United  States  as 
article  12,  and  were  adopted  in  180-t.] 

ARTICLE  XII. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  presi- 
dent and  vice-president,  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the 
same  state  with  themselves.  They  shall  name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted 
for  as  president,  and  in  distinct  ballots,  the  person  voted  for  as  vice-president; 
and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  president,  and  of  all 


73G  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

persons  voted  for  as  vice-president,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each ;  which 
lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  president  of  the  senate.  The  president  of  the 
senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  open 
all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having  the 
greatest  number  of  votes  for  president  shall  be  the  president,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed ;  and  if  no  person  have  such 
majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three, 
on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  president,  the  house  of  representatives  shall 
choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  president.  But,  in  choosing  the  president,  the 
votes  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the  representation  from  each  state  having  one  vote ; 
a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds 
of  the  states,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  states  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And 
if  the  house  of  representatives  shall  not  choose  a  president  whenever  the  right 
of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following, 
then  the  vice-president  shall  act  as  president,  as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other 
constitutional  disability  of  the  president. 

The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  vice-president  shall  be  the 
vice-president,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors 
appointed ;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majorny,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers 
on  the  list,  the  senate  shall  choose  the  vice-president.  A  quorum  for  the  purpose 
shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  senators,  and  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 

But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  president,  shall  be 
eligible  to  that  of  vice-president  of  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 
[Adopted  in  1865.] 

Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime, 
whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  the  United 
States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 
Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

[Adopted  in  1868.] 

SEC.  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject  to 
the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  state  wherein 
they  reside.  No  state  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the 
privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  nor  shall  any  state  de- 
prive any  person  of  life,  liberty  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law,  nor 
deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

SEC.  2.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  states  ac- 
cording to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  persons  in 
each  state,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right  to  vote  at  any  elec- 
tion for  the  choice  of  electors  for  president  and  vice-president  of  the  United 
States,  representatives  in  Congress,  the  executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a  state, 
or  the  members  of  the  legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhabitants 
of  such  state,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  the 
basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the  proportion  which  the 
number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens 
twenty-one  years  of  age  in  such  state. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE   CONSTITUTION.  737 

SEC.  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  or  representative  in  Congress,  or  elector 
of  president  and  vice-president,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under  the 
United  States,  or  under  any  state,  who  having  previously  taken  an  oath  as  a  mem- 
ber of  congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  state 
legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  state,  to  support  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion 
against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof;  but  congress 
may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  house,  remove  such  disability. 

SEC.  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  authorized  by 
law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for  services  in 
suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned.  But  neither  the 
United  States  nor  any  state  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in 
aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the 
loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave ;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations  and  claims 
shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

SEC.  5.  The  congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legislation, 
the  provisions  of  this  article. 

ARTICLE  XV. 
[Adopted  in  1870.] 

SEC.  1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied 
or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  state  on  account  of  race,  color,  or 
previous  condition  of  servitude. 

SEC.  2.  The  congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 


47 


738 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  AND  TOWNS  IN  THE  UNITED 
STATES,  BRITISH  POSSESSIONS,  AND  MEXICO  OF 
OVER  EIGHT  THOUSAND  POPULATION. 

[From  the  Census  of  1870.    Capitals  in  Italics.] 


MAINE. 

Augusta, 7,808 

Portland, 31,413 

Barigor, 18,289 

Lewiston,      13,600 

Biddeford, 10,282 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Concord, 12,241 

Manchester, 23,530 

Nashua, 10,543 

Dover, 9,294 

Portsmouth, 9,211 

VERMONT. 

Montpelier, 3,023 

Burlington, 14,387 

Rutland, 9,834 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Boston, 250,526 

"Worcester, 41,105 

Lowell,      40,928 

Cambridge, 39,634 

Lawrence, 28,921 

Charlestown, 28,323 

Lynn, '.....  28,233 

Fall  River, 26,766 

Springfield,      26,703 

Salem, 24,117 

New  Bedford, 21,320 

Taunton 18,629 

Chelsea, 18,547 

Gloucester, 15,389 

Somerville, 14,685 

Haverhill, 13,092 

Newton, 12,825 

Newburyport, 12,595 

•Mams,      12,090 

Fitchburg, 11,260 

Pittsfield,      11,112 

Holyoke, 10^733 

Northampton, 10,160 

Milford, 9)890 

CUeopee, 9)607 

Abiugton 9)308 

WaUhani, 9)065 

Wey  mouth, 9.0  JQ 

WestRoxbury, 8,683 

Wob,urn' 8,560 

Martborough, 8,474 

North  Bridgewater, 8^007 


RHODE  ISLAND. 

Providence, 68,904 

Newport, 12,521 

North  Providence, 20,495 

Woonsocket, 11,527 

Warwick, 10,453 

CONNECTICUT. 

Hartford, 37,180 

New  Haven, 50,840 

Bridgeport, 18,969 

Norwich, 16,653 

Norwalk, 12,119 

Middletown, 11,126 

Waterbury, 10,826 

Meriden, 10,495 

Stamford,      9,714 

New  London, 9,576 

New  Britain, 9,480 

Danbury,      8,753 

Derby, 8,020 

NEW  YORK. 

Albany, 76.216 

New  York, 942,292 

Brooklyn,     . 396,099 

Buffalo, 117,715 

Rochester, 62,385 

Troy, 46.465 

Syracuse, 43,051 

Utica, 28,804 

Watervliet, 22,609 

Oswego, 20,910 

Newtown, 20,274 

Poughkeepsie, 20,080 

Morrisania, 19,610 

Auburn, 17,225 

Newburg, 17,014 

Elmira, 15,863 

Colioes 15,357 

Flushing, 14,650 

Hempstead, 13,999 

Yonkers, 12,733 

Binghampton, 12,692 

Lockport,      12,426 

Johnstown,  . 12,273 

Fishkill, 11,752 

Cortland, 11,694 

Schenectady, 11,026 

Rome, 11,000 

Greenburg, 10,790 

Huntington, 10,704 

West  Troy, 10,693 


POPULATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES. 


739 


.     10,595 

MARYLAND. 
Annapolis,   ... 

5,744 
267,354 
8,526 
8,056 

109,199 
11,384 

51,038 
19,229 
18,950 
13,570 
10,492 
10,306 
8,071 

3,162 
19,280 

7,790 
13,446 

9,298 
48,956 

21,789 
28,235 
15,389 
10,810 

2,023 

10,588 
32,034 

4,234 
12,443 
9,057 

191,418 

4,428 
13,818 
12,256 
9,716 
9,382 

12,380 

.     10,455 

.     10,159 

Baltimore,    ...       .       .    . 

.     10,114 

Frederick, 

.     10,107 

Cumberland,    .   .       . 

Ogdensburg,    ....... 

.     10,076 

DISTRICT  OP  COLUMBIA. 

9,816 

.       9,800 

Castleton,     

.       9,504 

Wallkill,  

9,477 

VIRGINIA. 
Norfolk,    

Oswe^o,    ......... 

9  442 

Deer  Park,  
West  Farms,    
Watcrtown,  

.       9,387 
.       9,372 
.      9,336 

Seneca,     
Hudson,    
Saratoga  Springs,  

.       9,188 
.       8,615 
.       8,537 

8111 

Alexandria,  
Dan  River,  

83S7 

Beverly  Manor,  

8,151 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 
Chorleston-)  ......... 

NEW  JERSEY. 
Trenton^    ....    

.     22,874 

Wheeling,    

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

.  105,059 

Jersey  City,     

.     82,546 

.     33,679 

Elizabeth,     

.     20,832 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

.     20,297 

Camden,    

.     20,045 

New  Brunswick,     

.     15,058 

Orange,     

9,348 
8,038 

GEORGIA. 
Ailnntn,    .......... 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

OQ    M)A 

Augusta,  

R7A.  f»OO 

Pittsburg,     ........ 

.     86,076 

FLORIDA. 

Alleghany,    ........ 

.     53,180 

QK  nqo 

.     33,930 

ALABAMA. 

Lancaster,    ........ 

.     20,233 

Erie  City,      

.     19,646 
i<?  rvin 

.     13,884 

MISSISSIPPI.  . 
Jackson,    

Pottsville,     
York,     

.     12,384 
.     11,003 

Easton,     
Norristown,      

.      10,987 
.     10,753 
.     10,610 

Natchez,   
LOUISIANA. 

.     10,174 

East  Birmingham,  

9,488 
9,485 

TEXAS. 
Galveston,    .   .   

Mahanoy,      
Titusville,     

9,400 
8,G39 

8£fiQ 

DELAWARE. 

8,436 
1,906 

ARKANSAS. 
Little  Rock,  

30,841 

740 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TENNESSEE. 

Nashville, 25,865 

Memphis,      40,226 

Knoxville, 8,682 

KENTUCKY. 

Frankfort, 5,396 

Louisville, 100,753 

Covington, 24,505 

Newport, 15,087 

Lexington, 14,801 

OHIO. 

Columbus,    .........  31,274 

Cincinnati,   . 216,239 

Cleveland,    .   .   .".'.   ...   .   .  92,829 

Toledo 31,584 

Dayton 30,473 

Sandusky, 13,000 

Springfield, 12,652 

Hamilton, 11,081 

Portsmouth, .  10,592 

Zanesville, 10,011 

Akron, 10,006 

Chillicothe, 8,920 

Canton, 8,660 

Steubenville,   . 8,107 

Youngstown, 8,075 

Mansfield, 8,029 

MICHIGAN. 

Lansing, 5,241 

Detroit, 79,577 

Grand  Rapids,     •.  16,507 

Jackson,   .   .   .   . 11,447 

EastSaginaw,     ......   .  11,350 

Kalamazoo, 9,181 

Adrian 8,438 

INDIANA. 

Indianapolis, 48,244 

Evansville, 21,830 

Fort  Wayne,    . 17,718 

Terre  Haute, 16,103 

New  Albany, 15,396 

Lafayette, 13.506 

Logansport, 12,191 

Madison, 10,709 

Richmond, 9,445 

ILLINOIS. 

Springfield, 17,364 

Chicago, 298,977 

Quincy, 24,052 

Peoria, 22,849 

Bloomington, 14,590 

£"?!»•,  ..........  11,162 

Rockford, 11,049 

Galesburg, 10,158 

Jacksonville, 9,203 

^V?"'    : 8,665 

Belleville, 8>146 


WISCONSIN. 

Madison,  ..........  9,176 

Milwaukee,      ........  71,440 

Fond  du  Lac,  ........  12,764 

Oshkosh,  ..........  12,663 

Racine,      ..........  9,880 

Janesville  ..........  8,789 

IOWA. 

Des  Moines,      ........  12,035 

Davenport,  .........  20,038 

Dubuque,     .....   ....  18,434 

Burlington,  .........  14,930 

Keokuk,    ..........  12,766 

Council  Bluffs,    .......  10,020 

MISSOURI. 

Jefferson  City,     .......  4,420 

St.  Louis,     .........  310,804 

Kansas  City,    ........  32,260 

St.  Joseph,  .........  19,565 

Hannibal,     .........  10,125 

KANSAS. 

Topeka,     ..........  5,790 

Leavenworth,  ........  17,873 

Lawrence,    .........  8,320 

MINNESOTA. 

St.  Paul  ...........  20,030 

Minneapolis,    ........  13,066 

CALIFORNIA. 

Sacramento,     ........  16,283 

San  Francisco,    .    ......  149,473 

Oakland,    ..........  10,500 

Stockton,      .........  10,066 

San  Jose,      .........  9,089 

OREGON. 

Salem,  ...........  1,139 

Portland,  ..........  8,293 

NEVADA. 

Carson  City  .........  3,042 

NEBRASKA. 

Lincoln,    ..........  2,441 

Omaha,      ..........  16,083 

ARIZONA. 

Tucson,     .   .    ........  3,224 

COLORADO. 

Denver,     ....    ......  4,759 


Yankton, 


DAKOTA. 


737 


IDAHO. 
Boisee  City,     ........          995 


FARM  LAND  IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


741 


MONTANA. 
Virginia  City,    .... 


867 


NEW  MEXICO. 
Santa  Fe, 4,765 

UTAH. 

Salt  Lake  City, 12,854 

WASHINGTON. 
Olympia, 1,203 

WYOMING. 
Cheyenne, 1,450 

BRITISH  AMERICA. 

Montreal,  Quebec, 102,000 

Quebec,  Quebec, 62,000 


Toronto,  Ontario, 45,000 

St.  Johns,  New  Brunswick,     .  37,000 

Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,    ....  28,000 

Hamilton,  Ontario, 20,000 

Ottawa,  Ontario, 15,000 

Kingston,  Ontario,     ...'..  14,000 

MEXICO. 

Mexico, 205,000 

Puebla,      75,000 

Guadalaxara, 70,000 

Guanaxuato, 63,000 

Queretaro, 48,000 

Matamoras,      41,000 

San  Luis  Potosi, 34,000 

Colima,      31,000 

Morelia, 25,000 

Merida, 24,000 


FARM  LAND   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

[From  the  Census  of  1870.] 


STATES. 

Acres  im- 
proved. 

Acres  un- 
improved. 

STATES. 

Acres  im- 
proved. 

Acres  un- 
improved. 

ALABAMA   

5,062,204 
14,585 
1,859,821 
6,218,133 
95,51)4 
1,640,752 
42,645 
698,115 
8,266 
736,172 
6,831,856 
20,603 
19,329,952 
10,104,279 
9,396,467 
1,971,003 
8,103,850 
2,045,640 
2,917,793 
2,914,007 
1,736,221 
5,096,939 
2,322,102 
4,209,146 
9,130,615 

9,898,974 
7,222 
5,737,475 
5,208,972 
224,752 
717,604 
259,731 
354,207 
3,411 
1,637,369 
16,816,085 
50,536 
6,552,909 
8,015,369 
6,145,326 
3,685,876 
10,556,256 
4,980,177 
2,920,265 
1,598,572 
994,062 
4,922,203 
4,161,726 
8,911,967 
12,576,605 

MONTANA.  .... 

84,674 
647,031 
92,644 
2,334.487 
1,976,474 
143,007 
15,627,206 
5,258,742 
14,469,133 
1,116,290 
11,515,965 
289,030 
3,010,539 
6,843,278 
2,964,836 
118,755 
3,073,257 
8,165,040 
192,016 
2,580,254 
5,899,343 
338 

54,863 
1,426,750 
115,866 
1,271,507 
1,013,037 
690,542 
6,563,604 
14,576,668 
7,243,287 
1,272,962 
6,478,235 
213,278 
9,094,741 
12,737,936 
15,431,687 
29,606 
1,455,547 
9,980,871 
457,123 
5,948,140 
5,815,978 
4,003 

AlilZONA       ..... 

NEBRASKA.    .  .  . 
NEVADA.  ..... 

ARKANSAS  
CALIFORNIA  
COLORADO  
CONNECTICUT.  .  .  . 

D  \KOTA    ...... 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
NEW  JERSEY.    .  . 
NEW  MEXICO.  .  . 
NEW  YORK.   .  .  . 
NORTH  CAROLINA. 
OHIO  

DELAWARE  

DIST.  OF  COLUMBIA. 
FLORIDA  

ORKGON  

GEORGIA     ..... 

PENNSYLVANIA.  . 
RHODE  ISLAND.   . 
SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
TENNESSEE.  .  .  . 
TEXAS  

IDAHO  

INDIANA.    ..... 

IOWA  

KENTUCKY  

VERMONT  

LOUISIANA.    .... 
MAINE  

MARYLAND  

VIRGINIA  

WASHINGTON.  .  . 
WEST  VIRGINIA.  . 
WISCONSIN.    .  .  . 
WYOMING.  .... 

MASSACHUSETTS.   . 
MICHIGAN  

MISSISSIPPI  

188,921,099 

218,813,942 

742 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


STATES    AND 


TERRITORIES    IN    THE    UNITED 
STATES,    1877. 


.     STATES. 

Capitol*. 

Square 
Miles. 

Population, 
1870. 

Inhabitants 
to  square 
mile. 

Montgomery  .  .  . 

50,722 

996,992 

W>£ 

Little  Rock  .... 

52,198 

484,471 

9 

Sacramento  .... 

158,933 
140  043 

560,247 
39  ^64 

3^ 

6.    Connecticut  

Hartford  

4,674 
2,120 

537,45  i 
125,015 

115 
59 

7.    Florida  

Tallahassee  .... 

59,268 

187,748 

3 

9O^ 

£    Georgia     

Springfield   .... 

55,405 

2,539,891 

4'i 

Indianapolis     .  .  . 

33,809 

1,680,637 

50 

11.    Iowa   

DCS  Moines  .... 

55,045 
81,318 

1,191,792 
364,399 

sax 

4,Li 

13.    Kentucky  
14.    Louisiana  

Frankfort  
New  Orleans   .  .  . 

37,680 
46,431 
30,000 

1,321,011 
726,915 
626,915 

35 

15>£ 
21 

Annapolis     .... 

9,356 

780,894 

83 

7,800 

1,457,351 

187 

56,243 

1,184,059 

21 

St.  Paul  

83,531 

439,706 

5# 

47,150 

827,922 

i?S 

21.    Missouri    

Jeflerson  City  .  .  . 

67,380 
75,995 

1,721,295 
122,993 

25>i 
1% 

Carson  City     .  .  . 

112,090 

42,491 

K 

9,280 

318,300 

34 

8,320 

906,096 

109 

26     New  York    ........ 

47,156 

4,382,759 

93 

45,000 

1,071,301 

24 

Columbus     .... 

39,964 

2,005,200 

66K 

29.    Oregon  

95,248 

90,923 

\ 

Harrisburg  .... 

46,000 

3,521,791 

76>£ 

I  Providence     and 

1,306 

217,353 

106 

{     Newport    .  .  . 

24,500 

705,606 

29 

33     Tennessee    ....... 

45,000 

1,258,520 

27'£ 

237,321 

818,579 

3>£ 

Montpelier  .... 

9,056 

330,551 

36>i 

30.    Virginia    
37     West  Virginia    ....... 

Richmond    .... 
Charleston    .... 

41,352 
20,000 

1,225,163 
442,014 

29>i 
22 

38.    Wisconsin    ....... 

53,924 

1,054,670 

lf# 

TERRITORIES. 
1.    Arizona    ........ 

113,916 

9,658 

YW 

2.    Dakota  
3.    District  of  Columbia  .  . 
4     Idaho  

Yauktou    
Washington    .  .  . 

142,713 
60 
90,932 

14,181 
131,700 
14,999 

Mo 
2,195 

y« 

143,775 

20,595 

122  000 

91,874 

X 

7.    Utah   
8.    Washin°rton    ...... 

Salt  Lake  City    .  . 

88,057 
6r)  994 

86,786 
23,1)55 

>i 

'.'.    Wyoming    
10.    Indian    ......... 

Cheyenne  

97,884 
68  901 

9,118 
17,000 

Mi 

Sitka   

5(>7,000 

54,000 

3,555,146 

38,555,983 

POPULATION   OF   COUNTIES. 


743 


POPULATION    OF    THE    COUNTIES    IN    THE 
UNITED    STATES. 

(CENSUS  OF  1870.) 


EASTERN     STATES. 


MAINE. 

1.  Androseoggin    .  . 
2.  Aroostook  .  .  .  . 
3.  Cumberland    .   .   . 

35,866 
29,609 
82,021 
18,807 
36,459 
53,203 
30,823 
25,597 
33.488 
75,150 
14,403 
18,803 
34,611 

10   Sullivan   .... 

.    18,058 

8.  Hampshire  .... 
9.  Middlesex   .  .  .  . 
10.  Nantucket   .  .  .  . 
11    Norfolk    

44,388 
274,353 
4,123 
89,443 
65,305 
270,802 
192,716 

Total    .... 

.  318,300 

VERMONT. 

12.  Plymouth    .  .  .  . 
13.  Suffolk  

0.  Keunebec    .  .  .  . 

2.  Bennington    .  . 
3.  Caledonia     .  .  . 
4.  Chittenden  .  .  . 

.    23,484 
.    21,325 
.    22,247 
.    36,480 

14.  Worcester   .  .  .  . 

Total  1, 

RHODE  ISLAND 
1.  Bristol  

457,351 

9,421 

18,595 
20,050 
149,190 
20,097 

9.  Oxford  

10.  Penobscot    .  .  .  . 
11.  Piscataquis  .   .   .   . 
12.  Sagadahocj.  .  .  . 

.    30,291 

7.  Grand  Isle  .  .  . 

.     4,082 
.    12,448 
23  090 

2.  Kent  

14.  Waldo  
15.  Washington   .  .  . 
16.  York  .  '.  

34,522 
43,343 
00,174 

11.  Rutland    .... 

.    21,035 
.    40,051 
26  508 

4.  Providence  .... 
5.  Washington   .  .  . 

Total    

626,915 

E. 

17,681 
17,332 
27,265 
14,932 
39,103 
64,238 
42,151 
47,297 
30,243 

M. 

133,052 
40,814 
44,103 
43,909 
59,550 
59,327 
35,281 
40,56  i 
47,947 
47,044 
25,173 
42,972 
74,041 
173,m>9 
29,042 
30,271 
27,064 
31,606 
31,832 
2,960 
39,927 
65,415 
419,921 
28,099 
38,309 
43,522 
117,868 
34,457 

13.  Windham    .  .  . 

.    26,036 

Total     

CONNECTICUT. 
1.  Fairfield    

217,353 

95,276 
109,007 
48,727 
36,0i)9 
121,257 
60,570 
22,000 
38,518 

NEW  HAMPSHIR 

Total     .... 

.  33n.f>51 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

1.  Barnstable  ....    32.774 
2.  Berkshire     ....    64,827 
3    Bristol  -  if».88fi 

2   Carroll  

3.  Litchfield     .... 
4.  Middlesex  .... 
5.  New  Haven    .  .  . 
6.  New  London  .  .  . 
7.  Tolland     

3   Cheshire  

4.  Coos  
5    Grafton    

6.  Hillsborough    .  . 
7.  Merrimac    .  .  .   . 
8.  Rockingham  .  .  . 

3,787 

.  200  843 

39  «QS 

7.  Hampden     ....    78,409 

IDDLE    STA.TE 

29.  New  York    ....  942,292 
30.  Niagara    50,437 
31    Oneida                        nnnna 

Total    

s. 

59.  Wyoming    .  .  .  . 
60.  Yates    

537,454 

29,1C4 

19,595 

NEW  YORK. 

2.  Alleghany  .  .  .  . 

32.  Onondaga    .  .  . 
33    Ontario     .... 

.  104,183 
.    45  108 

Total  4 

,382,759 

14,033 
30,122 
53,039 
46,193 
8,349 
34,665 
143,Kt9 
21,562 
129,007 
36,903 
46,386 
45,029 
40,195 
43,137 
13,6J8 
46,416 
23,940 
23,510 
23.168 
41,859 
34,336 

NEW  JERSEY. 
1.  Atlantic   

4.  Cattaraugus    .  .  . 

34.  Orange  
35    Orleans     .... 

.    80,902 
.    27,689 

6.  Chautauqua    .  .  . 
7.  Chemung     .  .  .  . 
8.  Cheiiango    .  .  .  . 

36.  Oswego    .... 
37.  Otse^o  

.    77,941 
.    48,967 

2.  Bergen  ...... 

38.  Putnam    .... 

.    15,420 
.    73  803 

3.  Burlington  .  .  .  . 

10.  Columbia  

40.  Kensselaer  .  .  . 
41.  Kichmond    .   .   . 
42.  Rockland  .... 
43.  St.  Lawrence  .  . 
44.  Saratoga  .... 
45.  Schenectady   .  . 
4().  Schoharie    .  .  . 
47.  Schuyler  .... 
48.  Seneca  
40.  Steuben    .... 
50.  Suffolk  
51.  Sullivan   .... 
52.  Tioga    ..... 
53.  Tompkins   .  .  . 
54.  Ulster   ..... 

.    «),549 
.    33,029 
.    25,213 
.    84,826 
.    51,529 
.    21,347 
.    33,340 
.    18,989 
.    27,823 
.    67,717 
.    46,924 
.    34,550 
.    30,572 
.    33,178 
.    84,826 

5.  Cape  May    .  .  .   . 
6.  Cumberland    .  .  . 
7.  Essex    
8.  Gloucester  .  .  .  . 
9.  Hudson    
10.  Hunterdon  .  .  .  . 

11.  Cortland  .  .  .  .  . 

12.  Delaware  
13.  Dutchess  ..'... 

14.  Erie    
15.  Essex    

17    Fulton  

12.  Middlesex  .  .  .  . 
13.  M  onmouth  .   .   .  . 
14.  Morris  

19.  Greene  
20.  Hamilton     .  .  .  . 
21.  Herkimer     .  .  .  . 
22.  Jefferson  

17    Salem    ...... 

23.  Kings    ...... 

18.  Somerset.  .  .  .  . 

24.  Lewis    ...... 
25.  Livingston  .   .   .   . 
26.  Madison  

.    22,592 

20.  Union    

56.  Washington    .  . 

.    49,508 
47  710 

28.  Montgomery  .  .  . 

58.  Westchester  . 

.  131,348 

Total     . 

900,090 

744 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

1.  Adams  30,315 
2.  Alleghany  ....  262,204 
3.  Armstrong  ....    43,382 
4.  Beaver  30,148 
6.  Bedford    29035 
6.  Berks     108,701 
7.  Blair  .......    38,051 
8.  Bradford  53,204 
U.  Bucks    64,336 
10.  Butler   36,510 
11    Cambria                     aii  -aw 

25.  Erie   

.    65.973 

51.  Pik«    
52.  Potter   .  .  .  .  . 

.     8,436 
.    11  "05 

27.  Forest   
28.  Franklin  .   .  .   . 
2V.  Fultou   
30.  Greene  
31.  Hunlington     .  . 
3'.'.  Indiana     .... 
33.  Jefferson  .... 

.     4,010 
.    45,365 

.      9,:;00 

!    31,251 
.    26,138 
.    21,656 
.    17,390 

03.  Schuylkill    .  .  . 
54.  Snyder  
55.  Somerset  .  .  .  . 
50.  Sullivan    .  .  .  . 
57.  SuHquehanna  .   . 
58.  Tioga     
59.  Union    
60.  Venango  .  .  .  . 

.  110,428 
.    15,0  0 
.    28,226 
.      0,191 
.    37,523 
.    35,097 
.    15,565 
.    47  9  '5 

35.  Lancaster     ... 
36.  Lawrence    .  .  . 

.  121,310 
.    27,298 
.    34,096 

61.  Warren     .  .  .  . 
<>.'.  Washington   .  . 
63.  Wayne  
64.  Westmoreland  . 
65.  Wyoming    .  .  . 
66.  York  

.    23,807 
.    48,483 
.    33,188 
.    58,720 
.    14,5>5 
.    76,134 

1-j.  Cameron  .... 

.     4,273 
.    28  144 

38.  Lehigh  

.    56,7'.>6 
.  160,755 

.    34  418 

40.  Lycoming    .  .  . 
41    McKean   .... 

.    47,020 
.     8,825 

15.  Chester    .... 
16.  Clarion  
17.  Clearrteld     .  .  . 

.    77,805 
.    26,537 
.    25,741 
.    23,211 

Xotal  

3,521,791 

.    20804 

42.  Mercer  
4't    Mifflin   

.    49,977 
.    17508 

DELAWARE 
1.  Kent  

44.  Monroe     .... 
45.  Montgomery  .  . 

.    18,362 
.    81,612 
.    15,344 

.    28,766 

63  832 

21.  Cumberland    .  . 
22.  Dauphinj  .... 
23.  Delaware  .... 
24   Elk               ... 

.    43,912 
.    60,740 
.    39,403 

.     8,488 

47.  Northampton     . 
48.  Northumberland 

.    61,4:52 
.    41,444 
25  447 

2.  Newcastle   .  .  . 
3.  Sussex  

Total     .... 

.    83,515 
.    31,696 

50.  Philadelphia  .  . 

7THER3ST     S 

24.  Culpepper    .  .  . 
25.  Cumberland    .   . 
26.  Dinwiddie    .  .  . 
2:.  Elizabeth  City    . 
28.  Essex    

.  674,022 

5T.A.T 

.    12,227 
.      8,142 
.    30,702 
.     8,303 
.       9,927 

.  125,015 

MARYLAND. 

1.  Alleghany   .  .  . 
2.  Auuc  Arundel   . 
3.  Baltimore    .  .  . 
4.  Calvert  

SOI 

.    38,536 
.    24,457 

'.     9',865 

"FT*  Q 

75.  Princess  Anne  . 
76.  Prince  William  . 
77.  Pulaski  
78.  Rappahannock  . 
79.  Richmond   ... 

.     8,273 
.      7,504 
.     6,538 
.     8,261 
.      6,503 

6.  Caroline   .... 
7.  Cecil  

.    12,101 
.    28,619 
.    25,874 

30.  Fnuquier  .... 
31.  Floyd    

.    19,690 
.      9,824 

81.  Roekbridge.  .  . 
82.  Rockingham  .  . 

.    10,058 
.    23,608 

9.  Dorchester  .  .  . 
10.  Frederick    .  .  . 

.    19,458 
.   47,572 

33.  Franklin  .... 
34.  Frederick     .  .  . 
35.  Giles  
30.  Gloucester  .  .  . 
37.  Goochland  .  .  . 

.    18,264 
.    16,596 
.     5,875 
.    10,211 
.    10,313 

84.  Scott  
85.  Shenandoah    .   . 
80.  Smyth   

.    13,036 
.    14,93-5 
.      8,898 

.    14,150 

87.  Southampton  .  . 
88.  Spottgylvauia     . 

.    12,2^-5 

.    11,728 

13.  Kent  

.    17,102 

14.  Montgomery  .  . 
15.  Prince  George   . 
10.  Queen  Anne    .  . 
17.  St.  Mary's  .  .  . 

.    20,503 
.    21,138 

.    10,171 

!    18^190 

.      4,634 

90.  Surrey  

.     5,585 

40.  Greenville   .  .  . 
41    Halifax     .  .  .  . 

.      6.362 

.    27,828 

.      7  8£5 

92   Tazewell  .... 

.    10,791 

.    10,455 
66  179 

93.  Warren     .... 
94    Warwick          . 

.     5,716 
1  672 

19.  Talbot   
20.  Washington   .  . 
21.  Wicomico    .  .  . 
22.  Worcester   .  .  . 

.    16,137 
.    34,712 
.    15,802 
.    10,419 

45.  Highland  .... 

,    12,303 
.     4,151 

95.  Washington    .  . 
96.  Westmoreland  . 
97.  Wise      

.    16,816 
.     7,862 
.     4,785 

46.  Isle  of  Wight    . 
4".  James  City  .  .  . 
48.  King  and  Queen 
49.  King  George  .  . 
50.  King  William    . 
51.  Lancaster    .  .  . 

.      e,320 
.     4,425 
.      9,709 
.      5.742 
.      7,515 
.      5,355 
.    13,268 

98.  Wythe  

.    11,011 

Total     .... 

VIRGINIA. 

1.  Accomack    .  .  . 
2.  Albcmarle  .  .  . 
3.  Alexandria  .  .  . 
4.  Alleghauy  .  .  . 
5.  Amelia  ..... 

.  780.S94 

.    20,409 
.    27,514 
.    16,755 
.     3,074 

.      9  f  78 

Total  

1,225,163 

IA. 
.    10  312 

WEST  VIRGIN 

.    20929 

.    16  33-> 

55.  Lunenberg  ... 
50.  Madison  .... 
57.  Matthews    .   .   . 
58.  Mecklenburg  .  . 
59.  Middlesex    .   .   . 
60.  Montgomery  .  . 
61.  Nansemoud    .  . 

.    10,403 
.      8.070 
.      6,200 
.    21,318 
.     4,981 
.    12,556 
.    11.576 
11  898 

2    Berkeley  .  .  .  . 

.    14,900 

3    Boone    

.     4  553 

.     6,480 

7.  Appomattox  .  . 
8.  Augusta   .... 

.    28*763 

5    Brooke  

.     5,464 

6.  Cabell    

.      6,429 
.      2  939 

9.  Bath  

10.  Bedford    .... 

g    Clay    

.     2  196 

11.  Bland    

9.  Doddridge  .  .  . 
10   Fayette     .... 

.      7,076 
.      6647 

12.  Botetourt  .... 

63.  New  Kent   ... 
64.  Norfolk  
05.  Northampton     . 
60.  Northumberland 
67.  Nottoway     .   .   . 
68.  Orange  
69.  Page  
70.  Patrick  
71.  Pittsylvauia    .   . 
72.  Pownatan    .  .  . 
73.  Prince  Edward  . 
74.  Prince  George    . 

.     4,381 
.    40,702 
.     8,046 
.     6,803 
.      9,291 
.    10,396 
.     8,402 
.    10.101 
.    31.343 
.      7,007 
.    12,004 
.      7,820 

13.  Brunswick  .  .  . 
14.  Buchanan    .  .  . 
15.  Buckingham  .  . 
16.  Campbell  .... 

.    13,4-7 
.     3,777 
.    13,371 
.    28384 

11.  Gilmer  
12.  Grant    

.     4,338 
.     4,407 

13.  Greenbrier  .  .  . 
14.  Hampshire      .  . 

.    11,417 
.     7,643 
.     4  363 

17.  Caroline   .... 
18.  Carroll  

.    15,128 

16.  Hardy    
17.  Harrison  .  .  .  . 

.     5,518 
.    16,714 
10  300 

19.  Chnrlcs  City   .   . 
20.  Charlotte  .... 

.     4,975 

21.  Chesterfield    .  . 
22.  Clarke   

.    18,470 

19.  Jefferson  .  .  .  « 

.    13,219 

23.  Craig  

.     2,»42 

21.  Lewis    

.    10,175 

POPULATION   OF   COUNTIES. 


745 


22.  Lincoln    .  .  . 

.  .     5,053 
.   .     5  124 

45.  Iredell  .  .  .  . 

.  .    16,931 
6  68'} 

31.  York  
Total  

24.286 

705,006 

5,086 
6,843 
10,618 
4,973 
lli,5(« 
4,518 
21,255 
8,342 
5,252 
5,610 
17,679 
6,941 
5,503 
4,615 
9,176 
11,782 
4,409 
1,897 
41,279 
6,059 
6,902 
10,399 
12,941 
5,493 
5,477 
3,945 
13,814 
3,192 
1,054 
13,529 
15,875 
7,557 
3,033 
4,369 
15,183 
10,014 
9,790 
11/17 
0,998 
1,978 
4,214 
9,249 
0,134 
5,429 
8,221 
17,230 
7,983 
7,893 
33,446 
0,044 
2,736 
5,376 
9,208 
12,454 
12,431 
6,322 
9,007 
11,317 
4,004 
13,284 
6,783 
7,866 
10,102 
20,406 
1,837 
11,181 
10,439 
12,190 
2,1)64 
9,436 
7,834 
9,507 
7,688 
5,413 
8,321 

25.  Marshall  .  .  . 

.   .    14  941 

48.  Jones  

.   .      5,002 

GEORGIA. 

20.  Mason    .... 
27.  McDowell    .  . 
28    Mercer  .... 

.   .    15,'J78 
.   .      1,952 
.  .      7  OC4 

49.  Lenoir   .  .  .  . 
50.  Lincoln  .  .  .  . 

.   .    10,4:34 
.   .     9,573 

.   .      6  615 

29.   Mineral     .   .   . 
30.  Monongahela  . 
31.  Monroe    ... 

.  .     6.332 
.  .    13,547 
.   .    11,124 

52.  Madison   .  .  . 
53.  McDowell    .  . 

.  .     8,192 
.  .      7,592 
.   .     9  647 

2.  Baker  
3.  Baldwin    

32.  Morgan     ... 

.  .     4  315 

55.  Mecklenburg  . 
56.  Mitchell    .  .  . 

.  .    24,299 
.  .     4  705 

33    Nicholas   ... 

.   .      4,458 

6    Berrien     .  .  .  .  . 

34    Ohio  

.   .    28  831 

57.  Montgomery  . 
58.  Moore   .  .  .  . 

.   .      7,487 
.  .    12  040 

7    Bibb                    . 

35.  Peudleton    .   . 
30.  Pleasants     .  . 
37.  Pocahontaa  .  . 

.   .      6,455 
.   .     3,012 
.   .     4,069 
.  .    14555 

8.  Brooks      

59   Nash      .  .  .  . 

9.  Bryan    ...... 

60.  New  Hanover 
61.  Northampton 
62.  Onslow     .  .  . 

.  .    27,978 
.  .    14,749 
.  .     7,569 

10.  Bullock    

11.  Burke    
12.  Butts  ....       .  . 

.   .      3,073 

63.  Orange  .   .   .  . 

.   .    17,507 

13.  Calhoun   

41.  Randolph     .   . 

.  .     5,563 

64.  Pasquotank     . 
65.  Perquimans     . 

.  .     8,131 
.  .      7,945 

14.  Camden    ..... 

15.  Campbell  

43.  Koane    .... 

.  .      7,232 
.  .      9,367 

16.  Carroll  

67.  Pitt     
68.  Polk   

.   .    17,276 
.  .     4,319 

.   .      1,907 

18.  Charlton  

46.  Tyler  

.   .      7,832 

69.  Randolph  .  .  . 

.   .    17  551 

19.  Chatham      .... 
20.  Chattahoochee  .  . 
21.  Chattooga    .... 
22.  Cherokee  

.   .     8  023 

70.  Richmond    .  . 
71.  Robeson   .  .  . 
72.  Rockingham  . 
73.  Rowan      .  .  . 
74.  Rutherford  .  . 
75.  Sampson  .  .   . 
76.  Stanley  .... 

.  .    12,882 
.   .    16,202 
.  .    15,708 
.  .    16,810 
.   .    13,121 
.   .    16,436 
.   .     8  315 

48.  Wayne  .... 

.  .     7,852 
.  .      1,730 

50.  Wetzel  .... 

.   .     8,595 

23.  Clark  

24   Clay    

52    Wood    .... 

.   .    19  000 

25.  Clayton  
20    Clinch       ... 

.   .   .    3,171 

Total  .... 

77    Stokes  .  . 

.   .    11  208 

27   Cobb 

.  442.014 

78.  Surry     .... 

.   .    11,252 

28    Coffee       .          .  . 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

I.  Alaraance    ....    11,874 
2.  Alexander  ....     0,808 
3.  Alleghany   ....     3,091 
4   Alison    1'2.4','S 

79.  Transylvania  . 
80.  Tyrrell      .  .  . 
81.  Union    .... 

.   .      3,536 
.  .     4,173 
.   .    12  217 

29.  Colquitt    

30.  Columbia  

82.  Wake     .... 

.  .    35,617 

32.  Crawford  

83.  Warren     ... 
84.  Washington   . 

.  .    17,708 
.  .     6.516 

33.  Dade  
34.  Dawson    

.  .     9,573 

86.  Wayne*  .... 

.   .    18,144 

36.  DeKalb     

6    Beaufort  ... 

.   .    13,011 

87.  Wilkes  .... 

.   .    15539 

37.  Dooly    

7.  Bertie    .... 

.   .    12,950 

88.  Wilson  .... 
89.  Yadkin  .... 

.  .    12,258 
.   .    10,697 

38.  Dougherty  .... 
39.  Early  

8   Bladen  .... 

.   .    12  831 

9.  Brunswick  .  . 
10.  Buncombe   .  . 
11    Burke     .... 

.   .     7,754 
.   .    15,412 

.   .     9,777 

90.  Yancey  .... 

.   .     5,909 

40.  Echols  

Total.  .  .  . 

SOUT&  CARO 

1.  Abbeville    .  . 
2.  Anderson     .  . 
3.  Bardwell  .  .  . 

41.  Effingham    .... 
42.  Elbert    

.  1,071,361 

LIXA. 

.   .    31,129 

.   .    24,049 
.   .    35,724 
.  .    34  359 

.   .    11,954 

13   Caldwell  .  .  . 

.   .     8  470 

14.  Caraden   .  .  . 

.   .      5,301 

46.  Floyd     
47    Forsyth    ..... 

.   .    10,984 

48.  Franklin  
49    Fulton  

18    Chatham  ... 

.  .    19  7->3 

J9    Cherokee  ... 

.  .     8  080 

5.  Charleston  .  . 
6.  Chester    ... 

.  .    88,863 
.  .    18  805 

51.  Glasscock    .... 
52    Glynn   

21    Clay    ..... 

.  .     2  461 

7.  Chesterfield    . 
8.  Clarendon   .  . 
9.  Colleton   ... 

.  .    10,584 
.   .    14,038 
.   .    25,410 

22.  Cleveland    .  . 
23.  Columbus    .  . 
24   Craven  .... 

.   .    12,696 
.  .     8,474 
.   .    26,510 

54.  Greene  

10.  Darlington  .  . 
11.  Edgefield  .  .  . 

.  .    26,243 
.   .    42,486 

25.  Cumberland   . 

.  .    17,035 
.  .     5,131 

56.  Habersham  .... 
57.  Hall    

27.  Dare   

.  .     2,778 
.  .    17  414 

13.  Georgetown   . 
14.  Greenville   .  . 
15    Horry   .  . 

.  .    16,161 
.  .    22,262 
.  .    10  7^1 

59.   11  anil  sun      .... 

29   Davie  ..... 

.   .     9,020 

30    Duplin  .... 

.  .    15.542 

16.  Kershaw  .  .  . 

.   .    11,754 
.  .    12,087 

61.  Hart   
62.  Heard    

31.  Edgecombe  .  . 
32.  Forsyth    .  .  . 

.   .    22,970 
.  .    13,050 

.   .    22  536 

19.  Lexington   .  . 
20   Marion      .       . 

.   .    12,988 
22  160 

64.  Houston  

34   Gaston  .... 

.   .    12  602 

65    Irwin  

21.  Marlborough  . 
22.  Newberry    .  . 
23   Oconee  .... 

.  .    11,814 
.  .    20,775 
.       10  536 

66.  Jackson    ..... 

.  .    24  831 

68.  Jefferson  

38    Guilford  ... 

.  .    21  736 

24.  Orangeburg    . 
25   Pickens     ... 

.  .    16,865 
.   i    10  269 

39   Halifax     .  .  . 

.   .    20,408 

70.  Jones     
71.  Laurens   ..... 

26   Richland  .  .  . 

.  .    23  025 

41.  Haywood     .  • 
42.  Henderson  .  . 
43.  Hertford  .  .  . 

.  .      7,921 
.  .     7,706 
.  .     9,273 

27.  Spartanburg   . 
28.  Sumter  .... 

.  .    25,784 
.   .    25  208 

72.  Lee  

29.  Union    .... 

.   .    19,248 

44.  Hvde  .  . 

.      6,445 

30.  Williamsbur-r 

.    15.489 

746 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


70.  Lumpkin    .  .  . 

.     5,1151 
.    11.45S 
.     5,227 
.      8,000 
.      4,491 
.    13,750 
3  091 

20.  Leon  
21.  Levy  ...... 
L'2.  Liberty  
23.  Madison  .... 

.    15,230 
.      2,018 
.      1,050 
.    11,121 
.      1,931 

57.  Shelby  
58.  Sumter  
5'J.  Talludega  .... 
60.  Tallapoosa  .   .   . 

.    12,713 
.   24,io9 

.     1>,I;-J) 
.     10,!HiO 

78.  Madicon     .   .   . 
r.i.   Marion    .  .  .  . 
M).  Mclntosh  .  .  . 
81.  Moriwether  .  . 

25.  Marion  

.    10,804 
.     5,057 

02.  Walker  
ii3.  Washington    .  . 
04.  Wilcox  

.      6,iV40 
.      3,910 

.    2f,:;<-7 

st.  Milton     .  .  .  . 

.      4,284 
ft  1133 

27.   Nassau  

.     4,247 
.      2,195 

85.  Monroe  .... 
8fl.  Montgomery    . 
87.  Morgan  .... 

.    17,213 
.      3,5*5 
.    10,696 
6  500 

29.  Polk   

.     3,169 
.     3,821 

Total  

.  990  'J9> 

31.  Sant;i  Rosa  .   .   . 

.      3,312 
:     2,618 

MISSISSIPPI 
1.  Adams  ..... 

.    10084 

89.  Musoogee  .  .  . 
'.«'.  Newton  .... 
91.  Oglethorpe  .  . 
icj.  PuiiMing    .  .  . 
93.  Pickeus  .... 
14    Pierce  

.    10,6*53 
.    14,C.I5 
.    11,782 

.    7,039 

.     5,317 

.     2,778 

33.  Sumter  
34.  Suwanee  .... 
35.  Taylor  
36.  Volusia     .... 

.      2,952 
.     3,556 
.      1,453 
.      1,723 
.     2,506 

2.  Alcorn  
3.  Atnite    

.    10,431 

.    If'  "73 

4.  Attala   

.    14  776 

38.  Walton  
39.  Washington  .  . 

.     3,041 
.      2,302 

5.  Bolivar  
6.  Calhoun   ..... 
7.  Carroll  

.      9.732 
.    10,561 
.    21,047 

85.  Pike  
96    Polk     

.    10,905 

.      7,822 

97.  Pulnxki    .... 

.    11,940 
.    10  461 

Total   .... 

ALABAMA. 

1.  Autauga  .  .  .  . 
2    Baker    

.    187,748 

.    11,623 
.     6  194 

8.  Chickasaw   .  .  . 
9.  Choctaw  .... 

.     I'.t.V.M 
.     ID  'IV) 

'.f.i.  Quit  man     .  .  . 

.     4,150 
.     3  256 

10.  Claiborne  .... 

.     13,38fi 

11.  Clark  

.      7,505 

101.  Randolph  .  .  . 
1"2.  Kichmond     .  . 
103.  Schley  

.    10,561 
.    25,724 
.     5,129 
9  175 

.      7  144 

13.  Copiah  

.    20,608 

3.  Baldwin   .... 

.      6,004 
.    29  309 

14.  Covington   .  .  . 
15.  De  Soto    .... 

.     4.753 

.    3''  fr>l 

103.  Spaulding  .  .  . 
1<)6.  Stewart  .... 
107    Sumter    .... 

.    1(1,205 
.    14,204 
.    l(i  559 

5    Bibb   

.      7,469 

16.  Franklin  .... 

T  4'  IS 

6.  Blount  
7    Bullock     .  .  .  . 

.     9,945 
.    24  474 

"  ii  ;s 

18.  Grenada   .... 
19.  Hancock  .... 

.    10,571 
.      4  239 

1'S   Talbot  

.    11  913 

8    Butler   

.    14,981 

low.  Taliaferro  .  .  . 
110    Tatnall    .... 

.     4,790 
.     4,860 

9.  Calhoun    .... 

.    13,980 

20.  Harrison  .... 
21.  Hinds    

.      5,795 
.    30,488 

10.  Chambers    .  .  . 
1  1  .  Cherokee  .... 
12    Choctaw  .... 

.    17,562 
.    11,132 
.    12  676 

111.  Tiiylor     .   .  .  . 

114)    Ti'lfair     .   .  .   . 

.     7,143 
.     3  245 

22.  Holmes    .... 
23.  Issnquena    .  .  . 
24.  Itawamba    .  .  . 

.    19,370 

.     6,887 

.    r.M2 

113    Terrell    .  .   .  . 

.     9,053 

13   Clarke   

.    14,663 

.    14,523 

14    Clay  

.     9,560 

.     2  780 

15   Clebern    .... 

8  017 

26.  Janper   

.    10,884 

110.  Tronp  
117    fviir"rs   .... 

.    17,032 
.     8,545 

16.  Coffee    
17    Colbert     .... 

.     6,171 
12  537 

27.  Jefferson  .... 

.    13,848 

28  Jones  

.      3,313 

.     5,207 

18.  Conecuh  .... 
19.  Coosa    
20.  Covington  .   .  . 
21.  Crenshaw    .  .  . 
f>    Dale   .          . 

.     9,574 
.    11,945 
.     4,868 
.    11,156 
11  3''5 

29.  Kemper     .... 
30    Lafayette  .... 

.    12,'X'O 

1>  M/* 

II1)    I'pson  ..... 

.     9  430 

I'M.  Walker    .... 
121.  Walton    .... 

.      9,925 
.    11,038 

31.  Lauderdale  ... 
32.  Lawrence  .... 
33    Leake    ..... 

.     13,402 
.      6,720 
.     8  496 

!'*•'    Ware    

.      2  286 

123.  Warren  .... 
1.4.  Washington  .  . 
125.  Wayne    .... 
126.  Webster  .... 
1"7.  White  

.    10,545 
.    15,842 
.     2,177 
.     4,077 
.     4,)>06 

23.  Dallas    
24.  De  Kalb    ,  .  .  . 

.    40,705 

.      7  120 

34.  Lee     

.     15,955 

25.  Elmore  
26.  Escambia.  .  .  . 
27.  Etowah     .... 
28.  Fayette  

.    14,477 
.     4,041 
.    10,109 

.      7  136 

36.  Lowiides     .  .  . 
37.  Madison  .... 
38    Marion     .... 

.    30.502 

.    2H.H4S 
4''11 

12*.  \Vliitefield  .  .  . 
129.  Wilcox    .... 
130.  Wilkes    .... 
131.  Wilkinson.  .  . 
132.  Worth     .... 

Total  

FLORIDA. 

1.  Alachua   .  .  .  . 
2.  linker     
3.  Uradford  .  .  .  . 
4.  Brevard     .   .   .   . 

.    10,117 
.     2,439 
.    Il,79i5 
.     9,383 
.     3,778 

1,184,109 

.    17,328 
.     1,325 

.    :;,<i7i 

.      1  916 

.    29,410 

29.  Franklin  .  .  .  . 
30.  Geneva  
31.  Green    

.     8,006 
.     2,959 
.    18,399 

40.  Monroe     .  .   .   . 

.    '>',031 

41.  Neshoba  .  .  .  . 

.      7,4:59 

.    10,067 

32.  Hale  
33.  Henry    

.    21,792 
.    14  191 

43    Noxubee  .... 

.    20,905 

44.  Oktibbeha    .  .  . 

.    14.V.H 
.    20  754 

34.  Jackson    .  .  .  . 

.    19,410 
.    12  345 

4"i.  Perry    

.     2  t>ti4 

3'>.  Laudordale  .  .  . 
37.  Lawrence     .  .  . 
38.  Lee     
39.  Limestone  .  .  . 
40.  Lnwndes  .... 
41.  Macou    
42.  Madison   .  .  .  . 

.    15,091 
.    10,658 
.    21,750 
.    15,017 
.    25,719 
.    17,727 
.    31,207 
26  151 

47    Pike   

.    11  303 

.    12,525 

49.  Prentiss    .... 
50    Rnnkin  

.      9,:;48 
.    1''  977 

51.  Scott  
52.  Simpson   .... 
53.  Smith    
54.  Sunflower    .   .   . 
55.  Tallahatcliie  .  . 

.      7,847 
.     5,718 
.      7,126 
.      5,015 
.      7,852 
20  727 

0.  Clay   

6  055 

8.  Dade  

45    Marshall 

9  871 

9.  Duval    ...... 

.    11,921 

4(1.  Mobile  

.    49,311 
14  ''14 

57.  Tisbemingo    .  . 

.      7,:.50 
.     5  358 

11.  Franklin   .  .   .   . 

48.  Montgomery  .  . 
4'.).  Morgan     .   .  .   . 
50.  Perry  
51.  Pickens     .  .  .  . 
5-j.  Pike   

.    43,704 
.    12,187 
.    24,975 
.    17,090 
.    17  4''3 

59.  Warren  
60.  Washington   .  . 

.    26.709 
.    14,569 
.      4,2(i6 

1'-'.  (iadsden   .  .  .  . 

9  802 

13.  Hamilton     .  .  . 
14.  Hcrnmido    .  .   . 
15.  Hillsborough     . 

.     5,749 
.     2,938 
.     3.216 

62.  Wilkinson  .  .  . 

.    12,:fo 
.     8,984 

55.  Randolph     .  .   . 
54.  Russell  
55.  St.  Clair   .  .  .  . 

.    12,006 
.    21,636 
.      9,300 

.     8,893 

64.  Yalabusha  .   .   . 
Co.  Yazoo    

Total  . 

.    13,254 
.    17.27J 

17.  Jackson    .... 
18.  Jefferson  .... 
19.  Lafayette  .... 

.     9,528 
.    l:i,::98 
.      1,783 

827,1-22 

poruLATioisr  OF  COUNTIES. 


747 


LOUISIANA. 

1.  Ascension   .  .  . 
2.  Assumption    .   . 
3.  Avoyelles    .  .  . 
4.  Baton  Rouge  E. 
5.  Baton  Rouge  W. 
6.  Bieuville  .... 

11,577 

12*926 
17,816 
5,114 
.    10,636 
.    12,675 

15.  Bowie    
16.  Brazoria  

4,684 
7,527 
9,205 
544 
8,072 
3,688 
6,572 
3,443 
*  
10,999 
1,503 
11,079 
*  

347 
14,013 
8,326 
5,283 
1,001 
* 

5,315 
4,124 
13,314 
8,875 
109 
7,251 
6,443 
1,083 
88 
*  

7,514 
3,071 
427 
1,801 
9,851 
13,207 
16,863 
7,114 
8,139 
309 
15,290 
3,506 
3,628 
8,951 
14,387 
13,218 
7,282 
733 
*  

1,460 
17,375 
13,241 

4,088 
6,786 
2,387 
7,453 
2,5*5 
12,051 
8,147 
10,2'Jl 
094 
2,278 
4,218 
1,906 
4,923 

1,705 
6,895 
1.530 
1,042 
72 
1,204 

88.  Lamar  
89.  Lampasas  .... 
90    La  Salle  

18.  Brown  ...... 
19.  Burleson  
20.  Burnet  

91.  Lavaca    
92.  Leon    
93.  Liberty   

21.  Caldwell  
23.  Callahan  

94.  Limestone     .  .  . 
95.  Live  Oak    .... 
96.  Llano  

10.  Caldwell  .... 

.      6,733 
.     4,820 

25.  Chambers    .... 
26.  Cherokee  
27.  Clay   

97.  McCulloch     .  .  . 
98.  McLennan     .  .  . 
99.  McMullen  .... 
100.  Madison  ;  .  .  .  . 

,      1,591 

13.  Catahoula    .   .   . 

.     8,475 

29.  Collin    

102.  Mason     

15.  Concordia    .  .  . 
16    De  Soto    .... 

.      9,977 
.    14  962 

30.  Colorado  
31.  Comal    

103.  Matagorda    .  .  . 
104.  Maverick   .... 

17.  Feliciana  E.     .    . 
18.  Feliciana  W.  .  . 
19.  Franklin  .... 
20.  Grant     ..... 

.    13,499 
.    10,499 
.      5,078 
.      4,517 

32.  Comanche    .... 

106    Menard   

34.  Cook;  
35.  Coryell  
36.  Dallas    

107.  Menora    
108.  Milam     
109.  Montague  .... 

22.  Ibcrville    .... 
23.  Jackson    .... 

.    12,347 
.      7,646 

37.  Davis     
38.  Dcmmit    
39.  Denton  
40.  DeWitt     

110.  Montgomery    .  . 
111.  Nacogdocb.es    .  . 
112.  Navarro  
113.  Newton  

24.  Jefferson  .... 

.    17,767 

26.  Lafourche    .  .  . 
27.  Livingston  .   .   . 
28.  Madison  .... 

.    14,719 
.     4,026 
.      8,600 

41.  Duval    
42    Eastland  

43.  Edwards  

116.  Panota    

29.  Morehouse  .  .  . 
30.  Natchitoches  .  . 
31.  Orleans     .... 

.      9,387 
.    18,265 
.  191,418 

45    El  Paso     

118.  Polk    

47.  Erath     

119.  Presidio  
120.  Red  River     .  .  . 

32.  Ouachita  .... 
33.  Plaquemines  .  . 
34.  Point  Coupee  .  . 
35,  Rapides    .... 

.    11,582 
.    10,552 
.    12,981 
.    18,015 

48.  Falls  

121.  Refugio  
122.  Robertson  .... 
123.  Runuells    .... 
124   Rusk    

50.  Fayette     
51    Fort  Bend       ... 

37.  Sabine  
38.  St.  Bernard.  .  . 
39.  St.  Charles  .  .  . 
40.  St.  Helena  .  .  . 
41.  St.  James    ... 
42.  St.  John  Baptist 
43.  St.  Landry  .  .  . 
44.  St.  Martin       .  . 
45    St.  Mary  .... 

.      5,110 
.      6,456 
.     3,353 
.     4,867 
.     5,423 
.    10,152 
.      6,762 
.    25,553 
.      9,370 
.    13.860 

52.  Freestone    .... 

126.  San  Augustine    . 
127.  San  Patricio  .  .  . 
128.  San  Saba    .... 
129.  Shackleford  .  .  . 
130    Shelby    

54.  Galveston    .... 

56    Goliad  

58.  Gray  son   
59    Grimes  
60.  Guadalupe  .... 
61.  Hamilton     .... 
62.  Hardcman  .... 
63.  Hardiu  

131.  Smith  

132.  Starr    ...... 
133.  Stephens    .... 
134.  Tarrant  
135.  Taylor    
136.  Throckmorton     . 
137.  Titus    ...... 
138.  Travis  

46.  St.  Tammany  .  . 
47.  Tangipahoa  ,    .   . 

.     5,586 
.      7,928 

49.  Terre  Bonne  .  . 

.     12,451 
11  685 

64.  Harris  

51.  Vermilion    .  .   . 
52.  Washington   .  . 
53.  Winn    

.      4,528 
.     3,330 
.      4,954 

66.  Haskell     
67    Hays  

139.  Trinity    
140    Tyler   

68.  Henderson  .... 

141.  Upshur  
14°   Uvalde 

Total  

.  720,915 

70.  Hill    

143.  Van  Zandt     ... 

TEXAS. 
1.  Anderson   V  .  . 

.      9,229 

145    Wralkcr   

146.  Washington  .  .  . 
147    Webb  

74.  Hunt.   

148.  Wharton    .... 
14')    Wichita  

3.  Archer  
4.  Atascosa  .  .  .  . 
5    Austin   .   .   .   .   . 

#  
!     2,'J15 
.    15,087 
649 

76.  Jackson    
7".  Jasper    
78.  Jefferson  ..... 

150.  AVilburger  .  .  .  . 
151.  Williamson  .  .  . 
152    Wilson    

.    !*>  290 

80.  Jones     

153.  Wise    

8    Baylor  

*— 

9.  Bee     

10.  Boll    ...   .   .   . 

.      1,082 
.      9,771 
.    10,043 

82.  Kaufman  
83.  Kendall     
84    Kerr   

155.  Young  ...... 
156.  Young  Territory  . 
157    Zapata     

12.  Bexar  District  . 
13    Blanco   .   .   .   .   . 

.      1,077 
.      1  187 

85.  Kimble  

Total.  , 

.     4.U81 

*  No  population. 


748 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


WESTERN"     STATES, 


OHIO. 

.  .   20,750 

78.  Trumbull     .  .  . 
7'J.  Tuscarawas     .  . 
80.  Union     
81.  Van  Wert    .  .  . 

.    38,(i59 
.    33,840 
.   18,730 
.    I5.S23 
.    15,027 

.    10,184 

64.  Massac  
65.  Menard     .... 

.      9,581 
.    11  ~.'!5 

'2.  Allen  

.  .   23,023 
21  933 

.    18,709 

4.  Ashtabula    .   . 
5.  Athens  .... 

.  .    32,517 
.  .    23,708 
20  041 

<>;.  Monroe     .... 
68.  Montgomery  .  . 

.     1'-','.)>'J 
.    25,314 
.    28,463 

b3.  Warren     .... 
84.  Washington    .  . 

.    26,089 
.    40,609 

.    39  714 

.   10,::85 

.  .    30.802 

86.  Williams  .... 

.    20,991 

71.  Ogle   

.    27,4112 
.    47  540 

39  912 

)0.  Carroll  .... 

.  .    14,491 

88.  Wyandot  .... 
Total  

.    18,553 

73.  Perry     ..... 

.    13,723 

11.  Champaign  .  . 
j.»    ciirk            .  . 

.  .    24,188 
.  .    3°,070 

2,605,260 
.    56,362 

75.  Pike   

.    30,768 
.    11,437 

34  268 

ILLINOIS. 

14    Clinton         .  . 

.  .    21  914 

77.  Pulaski  

.     8,752 

15.  Columbinna    . 
10.  Coshoctou   .  . 
17.  Crawford     .  . 
18.  Cuyahoga    .  . 
l'(    Darke     .... 

.  .    38,299 
.   .    23,600 
.  .    25,556 
.   .  132,010 
.  .    32  278 

.      6,280 

79.  Randolph    .  .  . 

.    20,859 

2.  Alexander   .  .  . 
3.  Bond  
4.  Boone    

.    10,504 
.    13.152 
.    12,M2 

81.  Hock  Island    .  . 
82.  St.  Clair    .... 
83.  Sabine    

.    29,783 
.    51,068 
.    12,714 

.  .    15  719 

25  175 

.    32,415 

84.  Sangamon    .  .  . 

.    46,352 
.    17,419 

22   Erie    

.  .    28,188 

7.  Calhoun   .... 
8.  Carroll  
9.  Case    
10.  Champaign  .  .  . 

.      6,562 
.    16,705 
.    11,580 
.    32,737 
.    20,363 

23   Fairfield   .  .  . 

.  .    31,138 

86.  Scott  
87.  Shelby  

.    10,530 
.    25  476 

24.  Faycttc  .... 

.  .    17,170 
.   .    63,019 

88.  Stark  
89.  Stephenson  ... 
yO.  Tazewell  .... 

.    10,751 
.    30,608 
.    27,903 

26    Fulton  .... 

.  .    17,789 

27   Gallia        .  .  . 

.   .    25,5-15 

.   .    14  190 

13.  Clay   
14.  Clinton  

.    15,875 
.    16,2*5 

91.  Union    

.    16,518 
.    30  388 

29.  Greene  .... 
30.  Guernsey  .  .  . 

.  .    28,038 
.  .    23,838 
.  .  260  370 

93.  Wabash    .... 

.      8,841 

94.  Warren     .... 

.    25,174 

32.  Hancock    .  .  . 
33    Hardin  .... 

.  .    23,847 
.  .    18,714 

17    Crawford  .... 

.    13  889 

95.  Washington    .  . 
yd.  Wayne  

.    17,599 
.    19,758 

18.  Cumberland    .  . 
19    De  Kalli   .... 

.  12,223 
.    23  -:>65 

.       18  682 

97    White    

.    16  846 

35.  Henry    .... 

;«i   Highland  .  .  . 

.  .    14,028 
.   .    29  133 

20.  De  Witt    .... 

.    14  768 

98.  Whitesides  .  .  . 
99.  Will    

.    27,503 
.    43,013 

37    Hockin<*   .   .  . 

.        17  925 

22    Du  Pa^e  .... 

.    16,085 

1(0.  Williamson  .  . 
101.  Winnebago    .  . 
102.  Woodford  .  .  . 

Total    .... 

KENTUCKY. 

1.  Adair  
2   Allen     

.    17,329 
.    29,301 
.    18,956 

38.  Holmes'.  ... 
39.  Huron   .... 

.   .    18,177 
.  .    28,532 
21  759 

23   Ed^ar    

.    21,450 

24.  Edwards  .... 
25.  Effingham    .  .  . 
26    Fayette  ..... 

.      7,565 
.    15,053 
.    19,638 

41    Jefferson  ... 

.   .    29  188 

2,539,891 

.    11,065 
.    10  296 

42.  Knox     .... 
43.  Lake  

.  .    26,333 
.  .    15  935 

27.  Ford  
28    Franklin  .... 

.      9,103 
.    12  052 

44.  Lawrence     .  . 
45.  Licking    ... 
4fi.  Lo^an    .... 

.  .    31,380 
.  .    35,756 
.  .    23,028 

30.  Gallatin    .  .  .  . 

.    11,134 
.    20  277 

.   .    30  308 

14  938 

3.  Anderson     .  .  . 
4    Ballard  

.     5,449 
.    12,576 

48.  Lucas     .... 
49.  Madison   .  .  . 

.  .    46,722 
.  .    15  633 

33.  Hamilton     .  .  . 

.    13,014 
.    36  935 

.    17  780 

SO.  Mahoning    .  . 

.  .    31,001 

35.  Hardin  
36.  Henderson  .  .   . 
37.  Henry   
38.  Iroquois    .  .  .  . 

.     5,113 
.    12,582 
.    35,506 
.    27,782 
.    19  634 

6.  Bath  

.    10,145 
10  096 

52.  Medina  .  .  .   . 
63.  Meigs     .... 

.  .    20,092 
.   .    31  465 

8.  Bourbon   .  .  .  . 
9.  Boyd  
10    Boyle           .  . 

.    14,863 
.     8,573 
.     9,515 

.   .    17,254 

65.  Miami    .  .  .  . 

.   .    32,740 

.    11  "34 

.    11  409 

60.  Monroe     .  .  . 
67.  Montgomery  . 

.   .    25,779 
.  .    64,000 
.  .    20,363 

41.  Jefferson  .  .  .  . 
42.  Jersey   
43.  Jo  Daviess  .  .  . 

.    17,864 
..    15,054 
.    27,!-'JO 
.    11  248 

12    Brcathitt  .  .  .  . 

.     5  072 

13.  Breckenridge  .  . 
14    Bullitt   

.    13,440 

.      7  781 

15    Butler    

.      9,404 

CO.  Muskingum    . 
61.  Noble    .  .  .  . 

.  .    44,886 

16    Caldwell  .  .  .  . 

.    10,826 

46.  Kankakeo    .  .  . 
47.  Kendall    .  .  .  . 
48.  Knox     
49.  Lake  
60.  La  Salle    .  .  .  . 

.    24,352 
.    12,399 
.    39,522 
.    21,014 
.    60  702 

9  410 

62.  Ottawa  .... 
63.  Paulding  .  .  . 
64.  Perry     .  .  .  . 
65.  Pickaway     .  . 
66.  Pike   

.  .    13,364 
.  .     8,544 
.   .    18,453 
.  .    24,875 

18    Campbell  .... 

.    27,406 

19.  Carroll  

.     6,189 
.      7,509 

.     8,884 

51.  Lawrence    .  .  . 
52.  Lee  
53.  Livingston  .  .  . 

.    12,533 
.    27,171 
.    31,471 

22.  Christian  .  .  .  . 
23.  Clark  
°4    Clay                      . 

.    23,227 
.    10,882 
.     8  297 

68.  Prcblc  .... 

69.  Putnam    .  .  . 

25.  Clinton  
26.  Crittenden   .  .  . 
27.  Cumberland    .  . 
28.  Daviess  
29.  Edmonson  .  .  . 
30.  Elliott   
31.  Estill  

.      6,497 
.     9,381 
.      7,600 
.    20,714 
.      4,459 
.      4,433 
.      9,198 
.   2r..r>nfi 

70.  Kichlaud  .  .  . 
71.  Ross  

.   .    32,516 

55.  MeDonough    .   . 

.    26,509 

72.  Sandusky     .  . 
73.  Scioto    .... 

.   .    25,503 

57.  McLean     .  .  .  . 

.    53,988 
26  481 

59.  Macoupin     .  .  . 
60.  Madison   .  .  .  . 
61.  Marion  .   . 

.    32,726 
.    44,131 

.     9O  fi-w 

75.  Shelby  .  . 
76.  Stark.  . 

.   .    20,781 

POPULATION   OF  COUNTIES. 


749 


.34    Floyd  f  .  .   . 

.  .      7,877 

115   Woodford  .  .  . 

.      8,240 

.    14  884 

15  300 

7  605 

36    Fulton     .   •   • 

.   .     0  161 

Total  

1,321,011 

.      2  725 

37.  Gallatin      .  . 

.  .     5,074 

79.  Warren  

.    12,714 

38.  Garrard  .   .   . 

.   .    10,376 

80.  Washington    .  . 

.    16,317 

39.  Grant  *   ... 

.   .     9,529 

TENNESSEE. 

81.  Wayne  

.    10,209 

.   .    19  398 

.     8  704 

82    Wcaklcy  .... 

.    20,755 

.   .    11,580 

2.  Bedford    .... 

.    24,333 

83.  White    

.      9,375 

.  .     9,379 

3    Benton  

.     8  234 

84.  Williamson     .  . 

.    25,328 

.  .    11,403 

.     4,870 

80.  Wilson  ..... 

.    25,881 

6  591 

14  237 

45.  llardin    .  .  . 

.   .    15,705 

6.  Bradley     .... 

.    11,652 

Total  

1,258,520 

46.  Harlan     .   .   . 
47.  Harrison    .  • 
48.  Hart     .... 

.   .     4,415 
.   .    12,993 
.   .    13,687 

7.  Campbell  .... 
8.  Cannon     .... 

.     7,445 
.    10,502 
.    19,447 

MICHIGAN. 

.   .    18,457 

10.  Carter    

7  909 

1.  Alcona  ..... 

.         696 

.   .    11,066 

11.  Cheatham    ... 

.      0,678 

2.  Alcg'an  

.    32,105 

.  .     8,453 

12.  Claiborne  .... 

.     9,321 

3    Alpena  

.      2  756 

.  .    13,827 

13.  Cocke    

.    12,458 

4.  Antrim  

1,985 

.   .     4,547 

14    Coffee    

.    10  237 

5.  Barry     

.    22  199 

.  .  118,953 

3  461 

0.  Bay     

.    15  900 

.   .     8  638 

.    62  897 

.     2  184 

56.  John  Bell  .  . 

.  .     3,731 
.   .     7  494 

17.  Decatur     .... 
18    De  Kail)    .... 

.      7,772 
.    11  425 

8.  Barrien  

.    35,104 
.    26  226 

.  .    36096 

.     9  340 

10.  Calhoun    .... 

.    36,569 

59.  Knox  .... 

.  .     8294 

20    Dyer  

.    13,706 

11.  Cass    

.    21,094 

60.  La  Rue    .  .  . 

.  .     8,235 
.   .     6  016 

21.  Fayctte     .... 

.    26,145 

12.  Charlevoix  ... 
13    Cheboyan  ... 

.      1,724 
.     2,196 

62.  Lawrence  .  . 
63    Lee    

.  .     8,497 
.  .     3  055 

23.  Franklin  .... 
24    Gibson  

.    14,970 
.    25,666 

14.  Chippewa     .  .  . 
15.  Clare  

.      1,689 
366 

64    Letcher  ... 

.  .     4,608 

25.  Giles  

.    32,41.3 

20   Grainger  .  .  .  . 

.    12,421 

17.  Delta  

.     2,542 

.   .    10,947 

27.  Greene  

.    21,668 

.   .     8  900 

28   Grundy     .... 

.      3  250 

1  211 

68    Lofan  .... 

.   .    20,4'*9 

29    Hamilton  .... 

.    17,241 

20.  Genesee    .... 

.    33  900 

.   .     6  233 

30.  Hancock  .... 

7,148 

21.  Grand  Traverse 

.     4,443 

.   .    19  543 

.    18  074 

22   Gratiot  

.    11  810 

71    Ma^offin  ... 

.   .     4'684 

3''.  Hardin  

.    11,7(58 

23.  Hillsdale  .... 

.    .31,  (184 

72.  Marion    ... 
73    Marshall    .  . 

.   .    12,838 
.   .     9  455 

33.  Hawkins  .  .  .  . 

.    15,837 
.    25  094 

24.  Houghton    .  .  . 
25   Huron    .  .  .  .  . 

.    13,879 
.     9  049 

.   .    18,126 

35.  Henderson   .   .   . 

.    14,217 

26.  Ingham     .... 

.    25,2(i8 

75    McCracken    . 

.   .    13  988 

36    Henry   .  .  .  .  . 

.    20380 

.    27  681 

.   .      7,614 

.     9  856 

28.  losco  ...... 

.      .3,163 

77.  Meade  .... 

.  .     9,485 
.   .      1  986 

38.  Humphreys     .  . 

.     9,326 
.    12,583 

29.  Isabella     .  .  .  . 

.     4,113 
.    30  047 

.   .    13,144 

40.  Jefferson  .... 

.    19,476 

.    32,054 

80    Motcalfe  .   .  . 

.   .     7,934 

32.  Kalkaska  .... 

424 

.   .     9  231 

.    28,990 

33    Kent  

.    50  403 

.   .      7  557 

43.  Lake  

.     2,428 

34.  Keweenaw  .  .  . 

.     4,205 

83.  Mor<ran  .  .  . 

.  .     5,975 

44.  Lauderdale  ... 

.    10,838 

548 

84.  Mumenburg  . 

.  .    12,638 
.   .    14,804 

45.  Lawrence     .  .  . 
46.  Lewis    

.      7,601 
1,986 

36.  Lapeer  
37.  Leelenau  .  .  .  . 

.    21,345 
.     4,576 

86.  Nicholas     .  . 
87.  Ohio     .  .  .  . 
88    Old  hum  .  .  . 

.   .     9,129 
.  .    15,561 
.  .     9,027 

47.  Lincoln     .  .  .  . 
48.  McMinn    .  .  .  . 
49.  McNairy  .  .  .  . 

.    28,050 
.    13,969 
.    12-726 

.38.  Lenawee  .  .  .  . 
39.  Livingston  .  .  . 
40.  Mackinac  .  .  .  . 

.    45,595 
.    19,:$36 
.      1,716 

.   .    14,30') 

.     6,633 

.    27,616 

90.  Owslcy  .     .  . 

.   .     3,889 
.   .    14  030 

51.  Madison    .  .  .  . 

.    23,480 
6  841 

42.  Manitou    .  .  .   . 

891 
6  074 

90    Perry    .   .   ,   . 

.  .     4,'J74 

53.  Marshall  .  .  .  . 

.    16,207 

.    15  033 

93    Pike  

.  .     9,562 

54.  Maury   .   .  .   .   . 

.    36,289 

.     3,263 

94    Powell     .   .   . 

.  .      2,599 

.     4  511 

5  642 

95.  Pulaski    .  .  . 
96.  Robertson  .  . 

.   .    17,670 
.  .     5,399 

56.  Monroe     .  .  .  . 
57.  Montgomery  .  . 

.    12,589 
.    24,747 

47.  Menomonee    .  . 
48.  Midland    .  .  .  . 

.      1,791 
.     3,285 

97.  Rock  Castle  . 

.  .     7,145 

f;8.  Morgan     .  .  .  . 
59.  Obion    

.     2,969 
.    15,584 

49.  Missaukee   .  .  . 

130 
.    27,483 

.   .     5,809 

.    11,  'W 

.    13  629 

100    Scott    .  .  .  . 

.   .    11  607 

6  925 

jk 

101.  Shelby     .  .  . 
102.  Simpson     .  . 
103.  Spencer  .   .   . 
104.  Taylor     .  .  . 

.  .    15,733 
.   .     9,573 
.   .      5,95;i 

.   .      8,221) 

62.  Polk  
63.  Putnam     .  .  .  . 
64.  Rhca  

.      7,369 
.     8,098 
.     5,538 
.    15  022 

53.  Muskegon    .  .  . 
54.  Newaygo  .  .  .  . 
55.  Oakland    .  .  .  . 

.    14,894 
.      7,294 
.    40,807 
.      7,222 

105    Todd    .   .   .   . 

.   .    12,012 

.    16  166 

12 

IOC.  Trigg 
107.  Trimble  .  .  . 

.   .    13,686 

.  .    5,5r? 

67.  Rutherford  .  .  . 
68    Scott  

.    33,289 
.     4  054 

£8.  Ontonagon  .  .  . 

.     2,845 
2  093 

.   .    13,640 

.      2  3:{5 

00   Oscoda  

70 

109.  Warren  .  .  . 

.   .    21,742 

70    Serrier 

11  028 

* 

110.  Washington  . 

.   .    12,464 

71.  Shelby  
72    Smith    .  . 

.    76,378 
15  994 

62.  Ottawa  

.    26,651 
355 

112.  Webster  .   .   . 
113.  Whitley  .  .  . 

.   .    10,937 

.   .     8,278 

73.  Stewart     .  .  .  . 
74.  Sullivan    . 

.    12,029 
.    13,136 

64.  Roscommou    .  . 

!    39,097 

'  No  population. 


750 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


V  IV.  1 

.    21,514 

51.  Johnson    .  .  . 
52.  Knox   

.    24,043 
.    lo,y;4 

67.  Sanilae  

.    14,502 

C8.  Randolph    .  .  . 
69.  llipley   
70    Rush     

.    22,802 
.    20,977 
.    17,020 
.    25,322 
.      7,873 
.    21  892 

68.  Sclioolcraft  .  .  . 
69.  Shiawassce  .  .  . 
70.  St.  Josephs  .  .  . 

!    20,858 
.    26,275 
.    13.714 

54.  Lafayette  .   .   . 
55.  Lawrence    .   .   . 
50.  Lewis  

.      9,380 
.    22,023 
.    13,007 
.    15,114 

.    If)  ')00 

71.  St.  Joseph  .  .  . 
72.  Scott  
73    Shelby  

72.  Van  Burcn  .  .  . 
73.  Waahtenaw     .  . 
74.  Wayne  ..... 

.    28,829 
.    41,4:14 
.  119,038 
050 

.    17,998 

58    Linn     

.    15  <KX) 

75.  Stark  
76.  Steuben    .... 
77    Sullivan   .... 

.      3,888 
.    12,854 
.    18  453 

59.  Livingston    .  . 
60.  McDonald  .  .  . 
01.  Macon  

.    10,730 
.      5,220 
.    23,230 

1,184,059 
11  38° 

78.  Switzerland    .  . 

.    12,1:54 
.    33,515 

INDIANA. 

63    Maries     .... 

.     5  916 

80.  Tipton  

.    11,953 

04.  Marion    .... 

.    23,780 
.    11  557 

82.  Vanderburg    .  . 
83.  Vermilion    .  .  . 
84.  Vigo  

.    33,145 
.    10,840 
.    33,549 
.    21,305 

00.  Miller  

2   Allen     ..... 

.    43,494 

07.  Mississippi   .  . 
68.  Moniteau    .  .  . 

.     4,982 
.    11,375 
.    17,149 

3.  Bartholomew     . 

.    21,133 
5  615 

5.  Blackford     .  .  . 

.     6,272 
22  593 

86.  Warren     .... 

.    10,204 
.    17,053 

70.  Montgomery    . 
71.  Morgan  .... 
72.  New  Madrid     . 
73.  Newton  .... 

.    10,405 
.     8,434 
.     6,357 
.    12,821 

.     8,681 

88.  Washington    .  . 
89.  Wayne  
90.  Wells    

.    18,495 
.    34,048 
.    13,585 

8.  Carroll  
9   Cass       ..... 

.    16,152 
.    24  193 

74.  Noddaway     .  . 

.    14,751 

.      3,287 

10   Clark              .  • 

.    24  7/0 

91    White    

.    10  554 

11    Clay   

.    19084 

92   Whitby     .... 

.    14  399 

76.  Osage  
77    Ozark  ..... 

.    10,793 
.      3,363 

.    17  330 

Total.  .  .  . 
MISSOURI. 

.     9,851 

1,680,637 
.    11,448 

78.  Pemiscot    .  .  . 
79   Perry  ..... 

.     2,059 

.     9,877 

.    16,747 

.    24  116 

80    Pettis  

.    18  706 

.    19,053 

81    Phelps    .  .  .  . 

.    10,506 

17    De  KaH)   .... 

.    17,107 

.    19,030 

2.  Andrew    .  .  .  . 

.    15,137 
8  440 

83    Platte      .  .  .  . 

.    17  352 

19   Dubois  

.    12,597 

S4    Polk     

.    12,445 

20   Elkhart    .  .  .  . 

.    26  0°6 

1°  307 

85   Pulaski    .  .  .  . 

.     4,714 

21.  Fayette  
22.  Floyd    
23.  Fountain  .  .  .  . 
24   Franklin  .  .  .  . 

.    10,476 
.    23,300 
.    16,3S9 

5.  Barry    
6.  Barton  
7.  Bates  

.    10,373 
.     5,087 
.    15,960 
.    11  3'''> 

86.  Putnam      .  .  . 
87.  Rails    
88.  Randolph      .  . 
89    Ray      

.    11,217 
.    10,510 
.    15,908 
.    18,700 

25.  Fulton  
26.  Gibson  

.    12,726 
.    17,371 
.    18  487 

9.  Bellinger  «... 
10.  Boone    
11.  Buchanan    .  .  . 
1°    Butler   

.      8,102 
.    20,705 
.    35,109 
4,'*98 

90.  Reynolds    .  .  . 
91.  Ripley     .  .  .  . 
92.  St.  Charles    .  . 
93.  St.  Clair     .  .  . 
94.  St.  Francois     . 
95.  St.  Genevieve 
96.  St.  Louis    .  .  . 
97    Saline      .  .  .  . 

.     3,756 
.     3,175 
.    21,304 
.     6,742 
.     9,741 
.     8,384 
.351,189 
.    21  672 

.    19,514 

29.  Hamilton     .  .  . 

.    20,882 

10    Caldwell  .  .  .  . 

.    11  390 

.    19  ''02 

31.  Harrison  .... 
32.  Hendricks   .  .  . 
33.  Henry    

.    19,913 
.    20,277 
.    •>•>  986 

15.  Camden    .  .  .  . 
16.  Cape  Girardeau  . 
17.  Carroll  
18.  Carter    
19.  Cass    
20   Cedar     .  .  .  .  . 

.      6,108 
.    17,558 
.    17,440 
.      1,455 
.    19,296 
<>  474 

98.  Schuylcr    .  .  . 
99.  Scotland     .  .  . 
100    Scott    

.      8,820 
.    10,670 
.      7,317 

34   Howard   .... 

.    15  847 

35.  Huntington    .  . 

.    19,036 
.    18,974 

101.  Shannon    .  .  . 
102.  Shelby    .  .  .  . 
103.  Stoddard    .  .  . 

.      2,339 

.    10,119 
.     8,535 
.      3,253 

37.  Jasper  
38   Jay     

.     6,354 

.    15,000 

21.  Chariton  .  .  .  . 
22.  Christian  .  .  .  . 
23   Clark  

.    19,136 

.      6,707 
.    13  007 

39.  Jefferson  .... 

.    29,741 

40.  Jennings  .... 

.    16  218 

24.  Clay    
25.  Clinton  
26   Cole    

.    15:564 
.    14,f,<53 
.    10  °92 

105.  Sullivan  .... 
106.  Taney  
107    Texas  

.    11,907 
.     4,407 
.     9,618 

.    18366 

42.  Knox    

.    21,562 

43.  Kosciusko   .  .  . 
44.  La  Grange  .  .  . 
45.  Lake  

.   23,531 
.    14,148 

27.  Cooper  

.    °0  f)9^ 

.    11,247 

28.  Crawford  .  .  .  . 
29.  Dade  
30.  Dallas   

.      7,982 
.     8,083 
8  383 

109    Warren  .  .  .  . 

9,673 

110.  Washington  .  . 

.    11,719 
.      6,068 

46.  Laporte    .  .  .  . 
47.  Lawrence     .  .  . 
48.  Madison  .  .  .  . 
49.  Marion  
50.  Marshall  .  .  .  . 

.    27,062 
.    14,628 
.    22,770 
.    71,939 

31.  Davicss     .  .  .  . 
32.  De  Kalb    .  .  .  . 
33.  Dent  
34    Douglas 

.    14,410 
.     9,858 
.     6,357 
3  915 

112   Webster  .  .  .  . 

.    10,434 

113.  Worth     .  .  .  . 
114    Wright    .  .  .  . 

.     5,004 
.     5,684 

Total.  .  .  . 

ARKANSAS. 
1.  Arkansas  .  .  .  . 

.    11,103 

1,721,295 

.     8,208 
.     8,042 

52.  Miami   
53.  Monroe    .   .  .  . 
54.  Montgomery  .  . 
65.  Morgan    .  .  .  . 

.    21,052 
.    14,168 
.    23,765 
.    17,528 
.     5,829 

30.  Franklin  .  .  .  . 
37.  Gasconade  .  .  . 
38.  Gentry  .  .  .  .  . 

.    30,098 
.    10,093 
.    11  607 

39.  Green    

.    21,519 
.    10,567 

57.  Noble    .... 
68.  Ohio  

.    20,389 

41.  Harrison  .... 

.    14,035 
.    17,401 

3.  Benton  

.    13,831 
.      7,032 

6l!  Parke    .'  .'  .' 

.    13,497 
.    16,137 

43.  Hickory    .  .  .  . 
44.  Holt  
45.  Howard    .  .  .  . 
40.  Howcll  
47.  Iron    
48.  Jackson    .  .  .  . 
49.  Jasper  
59.  Jefferson  . 

.     6,452 
.    11,052 
.    17,233 
.     4,218 
.     6,278 
.    55,041 
.    14,928 
.     IS  :!,<-n 

5.  Bradley    .  .  .  . 
6.  Calhoun    .  .  .  . 
7.  Carroll  
8.  Chicot    
9.  Clark  
10.  Columbia  .  .  .  . 
11.  Conway    .  .  .  . 

.      S,C46 
.      3,853 
.     5,780 
.     7,214 
.    11,953 
.    11.397 
.      8,112 
4.A77 

62.  Perry    . 

63.  Pike^.  .  . 
64.  Porter   
65.  Posey    .  . 

.    13.779 
.    13,942 

66.  Pulaskl  .  . 

7.801 

*  No  population. 


POPULATION   OF   COUNTIES. 


751 


14.  Crittenden   .... 
15.  Cross  
10.  Dallas    
17    Desha    

3,831 
3,915 
5,707 
0,125 
9  900 
9,027 
4,*4:5 
3  l>43 

29.  La  Crosse    .   . 
30    La  Fayette  .   . 

.    .    20,297 
.    .    22,i>59 

47.  Ida  

226 
16,644 
22.019 
22,110 
17,839 
24,898 
19,731 
19,434 
3,351 
37,210 
28,852 
12,877 
10,388 
221 
13,884 
22,508 
24,436 
17,576 
8,718 
9,582 
3,654 
12,724 
5,934 
21,688 
715 
* 

9,975 
1-336 
2,190 
1,446 
27,857 
16,893 
15,581 
5,091 
1,411 
38,599 
2,540 
576 
11,651 
16,131 
6,989 
5,986 
17,672 
22,346 
17,980 
18,952 
11,287 
10,484 
1,562 
23,570 
6,172 
2,892 
2,392 

31.  M  an  i  to  woe.  . 
32.  Marathon    .  . 
3.'!.  Marquette    .   . 
34.  Milwaukee  .  . 

.   .    :!3,:!04 
.   .      5,885 
.  .      8,050 
.   .    89,930 
.   .    10,550 

49.  Jackson    

18.  Drew  
19.  Franklin  
20.  Fulton  
<jl    Grant    

51.  Jefferson  
52.  Johnson  

3ii.  Oconto  .... 
37.  Outagamie  .  . 

.   .      8,321 
.   .    18,430 
.   .    15,564 

54.  Keokuk    
55.  Kossuth   
56.  Lee     

22.  Greene  
23.  Hcmpstead  .... 
24.  Hot  Springs  .  .  . 
25.  Independence     .  . 
20.  Izard  
27.  Jackson    

7.5;3 
13,:«8 

5.S77 
14,500 
0,800 
7,2(58 
15  733 

39.  Pepiu     .... 
40.  Piorcc    .... 
41.  Polk  
42.  Portage    .   .  . 
43    Racine  .... 

.   .      4,<>59 
.   .      9,958 
.   .      3,422 
.   .    10,0:54 
.   .    26,740 

57.  Linn  

*  58.  Louisa  

59.  Lucas     ...... 

60.  Lyon  

29.  Johnson  ..... 
30.  Lafayette  

9,132 
»,139 
5,981 
3,230 
8,231 
3,979 
3,033 
8,330 
2,9S4 
4,374 
12,975 
2,685 
15,372 
3,788 
1,720 
3,376 
8,380 
5,004 
32,000 
7,400 
6,714 
3,911 
7,483 
5,014 
12,'.HW 
4,49> 
5,400 
10.571 
5,107 
17,200 
10,347 
6,891 
8,048 

14.  Kiohluud  .   .   . 
45.  Rock  
40.  St.  Croix  .  .  . 
47.  Sauk  
48.  Shawanoo    .  . 
49.  Sheboygan  .  . 
50.  Trempeleau    . 

.   .    15,731 
.   .    39,030 
.  .    11,035 
.   .    23,860 
.   .     2,106 
.   .    31,749 
.  .    10,732 
.   .    18,645 

62.  Mahaska  

63.  Marion  
64.  Marshall  
65.  Mills  

31.  Lawrence    .... 
32.  Little  River    .  .  . 
33.  Madison   
34.  Marion  
35.  Mississippi  .... 

66.  Mitchell   

67.  Monoua    
68.  Monroe     
69.  Montgomery  .  .  . 
70.  Muscatine   .... 
71.  O'Brien    

37.  Montgomery  .  .  . 
38.  Newton     
.39.  Ouachita  

52.  Walworth    .  . 
53.  Washington    . 
54.  Waukesna   .  . 
55.  Waupaeca    .  . 
50.  Waushara    .   . 
57.  Winncbago     . 
58.  Wood    .... 

Total.  .  .  . 

IOWA. 
1.  Adair    .... 

.   .    25,972 
.   .    23,919 
.   .    28,274 
.   .    15,539 
.   .    11,279 
.   .    37,279 
.   .      3,912 

.  1,054,070 

.   .     3,982 
4  014 

73.  Page  
74.  Palo  Alto    .... 
75.  Plymouth.   .... 
76.  Poeahontas     ... 
77   Polk  

41    Phillips    

42.  Pike    
43    Poinsett   

44    Polk  

78.  Pottawatomie    .  . 
79.  Powesliick  .... 

47.  Pulaski  

48.  Randolph     .... 
49.  St.  Francis  .... 

81.  Sac  

82.  Scott  
83    Shelby  

51.  Scott  

3.  Allamnkee  *  * 
4.  Appauoose  .  . 

.  .    17,868 
.   .    16,456 
.   .      1  21'' 

84    Sioux    ...... 

85    Story     

86.  Tama     
87    Taylor  

.   .    22  454 

7.  Black  Hawk    . 
8.  Boone    .... 
9.  Bronier     .  .  . 
10.  Buchanan     .  . 
11.  Biiena,  Vista    . 
12.  Butler   .  .  .  . 

.   .    21,700 
.   .    14,584 
.   .    12,5  .'8 
.   .    17,034 
.   .      1,5^5 
.  .      9,951 
.          1  W 

88.  Union    .       .... 
89.  Van  Buren  .... 
90.  Wapello   
91.  Warren    

50.  Union    
57.  Van  Buren  .... 
58.  Washington   .  .  . 
59   White   

92.  Washington    .  .  . 
93.  Wayne  
94    Ulster    ...... 

60.  Woodruff     .  .  .  . 
61    Yell    

14.  Carroll  .... 
15.  Cam  
16.  Cedar     .... 

.  .      2,151 
.  .     5,464 
.  .    19,731 

95.  Winnebago  .... 
90.  Wiunosluck    .  .  . 
97.  Woodbury  .... 
98.  Worth  
99.  Wright     

Total    

484,471 

6,601 
221 
538 
344 
25,106 
11,123 
706 
12,335 
8,311 
3,450 
28,802 
13,075 
53,090 
47,0135 
4,919 
1,122 
0,488 
10,709 
46,273 
37,979 
23,611 
13,195 
24,544 
7,087 
34,040 
12,372 
13.147 

WISCONSIN. 

17.  Cerro  Gordo  . 
18.  Cherokee  .  .  . 
19.  Chickasaw  .  . 
20   Clarke      .  .  . 

.   .      4,722 
.   .      1,907 
.   .    10,180 
.   .      8  735 

2.  Ashland   .  .  .  .  . 

Total  1, 

191,792 

24,237 
685 
9,582 
11,403 
8,895 
6,105 
8,461 
2,022 
10,309 
6,336 
6,140 
1,956 
2,925 
1,686 
2,969 
1,327 
15,309 
6,903 
4,572 
7,545 
2.S07 
430 

21.  Clay  

.   .      1  523 

CALIFORNIA. 

4.  Bayficld   

.   .    27,771 

23.  Clinton  .  .  .  . 
24.  Crawford     .  . 
25.  Dallas   .   .   .   . 
26.  Davis     .  .  .  . 

.   .    35,357 
.   .     2,530 
.   .    12,019 
.   .    15,505 
.        12  018 

6.  Buffalo  
7.  Burnett    
8.  Calumet   
9.  Chippewa     .  .  .  . 
10.  Clark  

4    Beetle    

28.  Delaware  .  .  . 
29.  DCS  Moines    . 
30.   Dickinson    .  . 
31.   Dubuque  .   .   . 

.   .    17,432 
.  .    27,25rt 
.  .      1,389 
.   .    38,96J 
1  392 

5.  Caluveras     .... 

11    Columbia  

12.  Crawford  

7.  Contra  Costa  .  .  . 
8.  Del  Monte  .... 
9.  El  Dorado   .... 
10.  Fresno  
11.  Humboldt    .  .  .  . 
12.  lugo  
13.  Kern  

14.  Dod^e   

15    Door  

33.  Fayette    .   .   . 
34    Floyd    .  .   .   . 

.   .    10,973 
.   .    10  768 

17.  Dunn  
18.  Eau  Claire  .  .  .  . 
19.  Foud  du  Lac  .  .  . 
20.  Grant    
21.  Green    
22.  Green  Lake     .  .  . 

35.  Franklin  .  .  . 
30.  Fremont  .  .  . 
37.  Greene  .   .   .   . 
38.  Grundy     .  .  . 
39.  Guthrie    .  .  . 
40.  Hamilton    .  . 
41.  Hancock  .  .  . 
42.  Hardin  .... 
43.  Harrison  .  .  . 
44.  Henry    .  .  .  . 
45.  Howard    . 

.   .     4,738 
.   .    11,174 
.   .     4,627 
.  .     6,399 
.   .      7,001 
.   .     6,055 
.   .         999 
.   .    13,C>84 
.   .      8,931 
.   .    21,465 
.     6,282 

15.  Lake  
10.  Lassen  
17.  Los  Angelos  .  .  . 
18.  Marain  ...... 
19.  Mariposa  
20.  Mendocino  .... 
21.  Merced  ..'.... 

25.  Jefferson  
26.  Juneau  

*  Xo  population. 


752 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


23.  Monterey    .  .  . 
24.  Nap*  
25.  Nevada  

.     9,876 

.     7.  !<>:; 
.    10,1  :!4 
,    11,:!67 

4  !>'.» 

48.  Pino    
49.  Polk  
50.  Pope  
51.  Ramsey    .... 
£>•>.  Redwvod  .... 
53.  Kenville    .... 
54.  Kice    
55.  Kock  
50.  Saint  Louis  .  .  . 
57.  Scott  
58.  Slierburnc    .  .  . 
59.  Sibley    
60.  Stearns  
61.  Steele    
62.  Stevens     .... 
63.  Todd  
04.  Traverse  .... 
05.  Wabashaw  .  .   . 

648 
»  

'.      2.IV.H 
.    23,085 
.      1,829 
.      3,219 
.    16,083 
138 
.     4,501 
.    11,042 
.     2,050 
.     0,7~'5 
.    14,206 
.      8,271 
174 
.      2,030 
13 
.    15,859 
0 

24.  "Ho  ward    .... 
25.  Jackson    .... 
2.6.  Jefferson  .... 
27.  Jewell  
28.  Johnson  .... 

.      2,794 
.      0,05:5 
.    12,0-^6 
207 
.    13.0,^4 

28.  Sacramento    .  • 
L".i.  S:m  l5<-rnurdino 
30.  San  Diego   .  .  . 
31.  San  Francisco   . 
:!•_•.  San  Jonquin   .  . 
33.  San  Luis  Obispo 
34.  San  Mateo  .  .  . 
36.  Santa  Barbara    . 
36.  Santa  Clara     .  . 
37.  Santa  Cruz  .  .  . 

.   2<i,.s30 
.     3,988 
.     4  ,'.';">  1 
.  149,473 
.    21,1160 
.     4,772 
.     6,635 
.     7,7f*4 
.    26,246 
.     8,743 
.     4,173 

2<J.  J.abeth  
30.  Leavemvorth  .  . 
:;l.  Lincoln     .... 

.     9,973 
.    32,444 
510 
.    12,174 
.     8,014 
738 
7(58 

33.  Lyon  
34.  McPherson  .  .  . 
35.  Marion  ..... 

36.  Marshall  .... 
37.  Miami    
38.  Mitchell    .... 
39.  Montgomery  .  . 
40.  Morris  

.     6,901 
.    11,725 

•1K5 
.     7,5<>4 
.     2,225 
.      7,339 

39.  Sierra    

.     5,019 

6,848 

16  871 

.    10,206 

*'•  *             

19  819 

.      7,854 

43.  Stanislaus    .  .  . 

.     6,499 
.     5  030 

68.  Washington  .  . 
69.  Watonwau  .  .  . 
70    Wilkin  

.    11,,  s«l 
.     2,426 
295 

44    Opa^e    

7  048 

:53 

3587 

.     2,1','7 

40.  Trinity  

.     3,213 
4  533 

71.  Wiuona     .... 

.    22,319 
.     9,457 

179 

48.  Pottawatomie    . 

.     7,848 
1  ''SI 

48.  Tuolumne  -  .  .  . 

.     8,150 
.     9,899 

Total.  .  .  . 

OREGON. 
1    Baker    ..... 

.  439,700 
.     2,804 

50.  Rice    
61.  Riley  

5 

.     5,105 

60   Yuba  

.    10,851 

Total    .  .  . 

MINNESOTA. 
1    Aitkon      .... 

150 

.560,247 
.        178 

53    Saline    

.      4,246 

1  0<J5 

.      4,584 

.    13,121 

3.  Clackamas  .  .  . 

.     5,993 
.      1,255 

56    Smith    

<>6 

22 

.     3  1)40 

58    Treo-o    

106 

.         SOS 

.      1,044 

59.  Wabaunsee  .  .  . 
60   Wallace    .... 

.     3,362 
.         538 

4    Boltrami  .... 

.          80 

509 

.      1,558 

61.  Washington   .  . 
62   Wilson         ... 

.     4,081 

.      6  i1'1.  4 

6.  Big  Stone     .  .  . 
7.  Blue  Earth  .  .  . 

24 
.    17,302 

9   Grant    ..... 

.     2,231 

.     4,778 

.     3  827 

11.  Josephine    .  .  . 

.      1,204 
.     6426 

64.  Wyandotte  .  .  . 
Total.  .  .  . 

NEBRASKA. 

.    10,015 

286 

10.  Carver  
11    Cass    ...... 

.    11,586 
.        380 

13.  Linn  

.     8,717 
9,905 

364,399 
.          19 

12.  Clrippewa    .  .  . 

.      1,467 
.     4  358 

15.  Multonomah  .  . 
16    Polk  

.    11,510 
.     4,701 

14   Clay   

92 

17.  Tillamook    .  .  . 
18   Umatilla  .  .  .  . 

408 
.     2  916 

15.  Cottonwood    .  . 
10.  Crow  Wing    .  . 
17.  Dakota  
18.  Dod^e   ..... 

534 
200 
.    16,312 

.     8,598 

2.  Black  Bird  .  .  . 
3    Buffalo      .... 

31 
193 

19    Union    

.     2,552 

20.  Wasco  

2,509 

4    Burt   ...... 

.     2  847 

21.  Washington  .  . 
22.  Yam  Hifl  .  .  .  . 

.     4,261 
.     5,012 

5    Butler    

1,290 

.     8,151 

20    Faribault 

9  :'  H  > 

Total    .  .  . 

KANSAS. 
1    Allen  

1  032 

21.  Fillmore  .... 

.    24  887 

.    90,923 
.     7022 

8.  Cheyenne     .  .  . 
9   Clay   

190 
.          54 

23.  Goodhue  .... 

10    Colfnx  

.      1,424 

.     2  %4 

25.  Henuepin    .  .  . 

.    31,566 

12    Dakota  

2,040 

2.  Anderson     .  .  . 
3.  Atchison  .  .  .  . 

.     5,220 
.    15,507 
.            2 

103 

27.  Isanti    

.     2  035 

14.  Dixon    
15    Dod^e   

.      1,345 
.      4,212 

28.  Itaska    

29.  Jackson    .  .  .  . 
30.  Kandiyohi  .  .  . 
31.  Kanabec   .  .  .  . 
32.  Lake  

.      1,825 
.     1,760 
93 

5.  Bourbon  .  .  .  . 
6.  Brown  
7.  Butler   
8.  Chase    

.    15,076 
.      6,823 
.      3,035 
.      1,975 
.    11  038 

16.  Douglas    .  .  .  . 
17.  Fillmore  .  .  .  . 
18    Franklin  .  .  .  . 

.    19,982 
298 
26 

19.  Gage  
20    Grant     .  .  .  .  . 

.     3,359 

.        484 

33.  Lac  qui  Parle     . 
34.  Lc  Sueur      .  .  . 

145 
.    11,607 

10.  Clay   
11    Cloud    

.     2,942 
.     2  323 

21.  Hall    
22.  Hamilton    .  .  . 
23.  Harrison  .  .  .  . 

.      1,057 
130 
631 
.             9 

36.  Martin  
37.  Meeker  
38.  MilleLac.  .  .  . 

.     3,867 
.     6,090 
.     1,109 

12.  Coffey    
13.  Cowley  .  .   .   .  . 

.     6,201 
.      1  175 

.      8  160 

.     2440 

39.  Monongalia    .  . 

.     3,161 

15.  Davis     

•     6  5^6 

.      3  429 

16.  Dickinson    .  .  . 
17.  Doniphan    .  .  . 
18   Douglas    . 

.     3,043 
.    13,909 

27.  Kearney   .  .  .  . 
28.  Lancaster    .  .  . 
29.  L'Eau  qui  Court 

58 
.     7,074 
261 
17 

42.  Murray  

43.  Nicollet    .   .  .  . 

.     8,362 

19.  Ellis'  
20.  Ellsworth    .  .  . 
21.  Ford  
22.  Frnnklin  .  .  .  . 
23.  Greenwood  .  . 

.      1,336 
.      1,185 
427 

.    10,385 

a  i  ^  i 

31.  Lyon  

78 
1  133 

46.  Otter  Tail    .  .  . 

.      1,968 
64 

33.  Mcrrick    .   .   .   . 

557 
235 

'  No  population. 


POPULATION   OF   COUNTIES. 


753 


35.  Nemahc    7  593 

Territory  unorgan- 
ized lying  west  of 
Madisou  County  . 

Total     

183 

COLORADO. 
1.  Arapahoe  
2.  Bent    

6,829 
592 
1,939 
1,596 

1.'779 
1,S8S 
987 
1,061 
5,490 
510 
2,250 

'522 
838 
4,27(3 
447 
2,205 
-      304 
258 

36.  Nucholls   8 

37.  Otoe    12,345 

38.  Pawnee     4,171 
39.  Pierce    152 

122,9'J3 

196 
1,215 
3,447 
1.553 
1,916 
2,815 
2,1)85 
1,837 
1,087 
3,6(58 
133 
11,359 
3,091 
7,189 

3.  Boulder    
4.  Clear  Creek     .  .  . 

40.  Pliitte    1,899 

NKVADA. 
1.  Churchill  

41.  Polk   1315 

42.  Richardson  ....     9,780 
43.  Saline     3,100 

44.  Sarpy     2,913 
45.  Saunders  4,547 
46.  Seward  2,953 

2.  Douglas   
3.  Elko  
4.  Esmeralda  .... 
5.  Humboldt   .... 

10.  Gilpin    

11.  Greenwood  .  .  .  . 
12.  Huerfano  

47.  Stanton     036 
48.  Taylor  97 

49.  Washington   .  .  .     4,452 
50.  Wayne  182 
51.  Webster   16 

14    Lake 

8.  Lyon  
9    Nye            ... 

10.  Las  Animas    .  .  . 

52.  York  604 

53.  Pawnee  Indian  R.         44 
54.  Winnebago  ....          31 
Territory    not   or- 
ganized into  coun- 
ties in  northwest 
of  the  State  ...         52 

t 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

1.  Georgetown  ....    11,384 
2.  Washington  ....  109,199 
Remainder  of  Dist.  11,117 

11.  Roop  

12.  Storey    
13.  Washoe    

19.  Saguache  

14.  White  Pine  .... 

21.  Weld  

Total  

42,491 

IES 

722 

39,804 

•150 
18,337 
0,786 
19 
2,512 
2,177 
12,203 
1.244 
3,004 
7,858 

~ri  "TT1  ~o  ~o  T  nn  r~\  ~r? 
-L   ±L<  JrC  JrC  J.  JL  Vj  JrC 

9.  Shoshone  

12.  Rio  Virgin  .  .  .  . 
13.  Salt  Lake     .  .  .  . 
14.  San  Pete  

Total  

14,999 

722 
38 
517 
177 
4,367 
1,578 
1,531 
5,040 
2,684 
1,387 

MONTANA. 

1.  Beaver  Head  .  .  . 
2.  Big  Horn     .... 

15.  Sevier    

17    Toocle 

18.  Utah  

ARIZONA. 
1.  Mohave  179 

19.  Wasatch   

4.  Dawson    

20.  Washington   .  .  . 

5.  Deer  Lodge     .  .  . 
6.  Gallatin    

Total  

86,786 

401 

408 
3,081 
730 
620 
1.208 
2,120 
8(50 
32!) 
888 
289 

1,40!) 
133 
599 
734 
2,240 
270 
5,300 
534 
432 
554 

2.  Pima    5,716 
3    Tavapai   2,142 

7.  Jefferson  
8.  Lewis  and  Clarke  . 

WASHINGTON. 
1.  Chehalis    

4.  Yuma  1,021 

10.  Meagher  

DAKOTA. 

1.  Bon  nomme  .  .  .        608 
2.  Broo  kings    ....         103 
3    Buffalo  246 

Total  

20,595 

7,591 
1,992 
5,804 
1,143 
1,803 
8,056 
9,294 
16,058 
2,599 
9,099 
0,003 
12,079 
9,093 

2.  Clallam     
3.  Clarke   

NEW  MEXICO. 

1.  Bernalillo    .... 
2   Colfax  

4.  Cowlitz  

7.  King  

4.  Charles  Mix   .  .  .        152 
5    Clay    2,021 

3.  Donna  Anna  ... 
4    Grant     ...       . 

9    Klikitat    

0    Duel    37 

7.  Hutchiuson    ...          37 

6.  Mora  

12   Pacific    

13.  Pierce    

9   Lincoln  712 

8.  San  Miguel  .... 
9.  Santa  Anna     .  .  . 
10    Santa  ¥6    

14.  Skamania     .  .  .  . 
15.  Suohomish  .  .  .  . 

10.  Minnehaha  ....         355 
11    Pembina  1,213 

12.  Todd  337 

13.  Union    3,507 
14.  Yankton  2,0i)7 

12.  Taos  

18.  Wahkiakam    .  .  . 
19.  Walla  Walla  .  .  . 
20.  Whatcom     .  .  .  . 

Unorganized     por- 
tion       2.001 

Total     

91,874 

2,007 
4,855 
8,229 
4,459 
2,277 
2,034 
1,513 
2,753 
1,972 
82 
1,955 

UTAH. 

22.  The  Dis.  Islands  . 
Total  

Total                       14  181 

IDAHO. 

1.  Ada  2  675 
2.  Altinas    68i) 
3.  Boisee  3  834 

23,955 

2021 

1,308 
2,957 
1,910 
856 

9,118 

2.  Box  Elder   .... 
3   Cache     ...... 

WYOMING. 

1.  Albany    ...... 
2.  Carbon    
3.  Laramie  
4.  Sweet  water   .  .  .  . 

4.  Davis     
5.  Iron    
6.  Juab  
7.  Kane      
8.  Millard  

5.  Lemhi  988 

6.  Nez  Perces    ....      1,607 

10   Piute  . 

Total  

8.  Onyhee   .  .                  1,713 

11.  Rich   . 

48 


754 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


COLONIAL,    STATE,    AND    TERRITORIAL 
GOVERNORS, 

FBOM  THE  EARLIEST  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  NOW  UNITED  STATES 
TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 


ALABAMA. 

1867,  Henry  H.  Haight. 

1871,  Marshall  Jewell. 

1817,  William  W.  Bibb,  (ap- 
iw>inted.) 

1871,  Newton  Booth. 
1875,  William  Irwin. 

1873,  Charles  R.  Ingersoll. 
187(5,  Richard  D.  Hubbard. 

1819,  Wm.W.  Bibb,  (elected.) 

Isai,   Israel  Pickens. 

1S25,  John  Murphy. 

18W,  Gabriel  Moore. 

COLORADO. 

CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS, 

1831,  John  Gayle. 
l-:fi,  Clement  C.  Clav. 
1837,  Arthur  P.  Bagly. 
1*41,  Benjiimiu  Fitzpatrick. 
>!.i,   .Joshua  L.  Martin. 
1^47,   Keuben  Chapman. 
1M'.',  Henrv  \V  .  Collier. 

1861,  William  Gilpin. 
1862,  John  Evans. 
1H55,  William  Gilpin. 
1806,  Alexander  Cumming. 
18C7.  A.  Cameron  Hunt. 
1871,  Edward  M.  McCook. 
1873,  Samuel  H.  Elbert. 

(  Presidents  of.) 

1774,   Peyton  Randolph. 
1775,  John  Hancock. 
1777,    Henry  Laurens 
1778,  John  Jay. 
1779,  Samuel  Huutington. 
1781,  Thomas  M'Kean. 

1853,  John  A.  Winston. 

1874,  Edward  M.  McCook. 

1781,  John  Hanson. 

1857,  Andrew  B.  Moore. 

1876,  John  L.  Routt. 

1782,   Elias  Bowditch. 

(Confederate.) 

1783,   Tliomas  Mifflin. 

1805,  R.  M.Patton. 

1784    R.  H.  Lee. 

1808,  William  H.  Smith. 
1870,  Robert  B.  Lindsay. 
l-*72,   David  P.  Lewis. 
1S74,  George  S.  Houston. 

CONNECTICUT. 
1655,  Thomas  Wells. 

1780,  Nathaniel  Gorhatn. 
1787,  Arthur  St.  Clair. 
1788,  Cyrus  Griffin. 

1050,  John  Webster. 

1057,  John  Winthrop. 

1658,  Thomas  Wells. 

DAKOTA. 

ARKANSAS. 

1819,  Jnmes  Miller. 
1825,  George  Izard. 
1829.   John  Pope. 
1835,  William  S.  Fulton. 
1836,  James  S.  Conway. 
1840,  Archibald  Yell. 
1*43,  Sam'l  Adams,  (acting.) 
1845,  Thomas  S.  Drew. 
1K4'J,  John  S.  Roane. 
1852,  Elias  N.  Conway. 
i860,  Henry  M.  Rector. 
(Confederate.) 
1805,  Isaac  Murphy. 
1»68,  Powell  Clayton. 
1871,  O.  A.  Hadley,  (acting.) 
1872,  Elisha  Baxter. 
1874,  Augustus  H.  Garland. 
1870,  William  R.  Miller. 

165'J,  John  Winthrop. 
1676,  William  Leek. 
1680,  Robert  Treat. 
1687,  Sir  Edmund  Andros. 
1689,  Robert  Treat. 
101X5,  Fitz-John  Winthrop. 
1707,  Gordon  Saltonstall. 
1724,  Joseph  Talcot.      • 
1741,  Jonathan  Law. 
1751,   Roger  Wolcott. 
1754,  Thomas  Fitch. 
1700,  William  Pitkin. 
1769,  Jonathan  Trumbull. 
17*4,   Matthew  Griswold. 
17*5,  Samuel  Huntington. 
1796,  Oliver  Wolcott,  Sen. 
1798,  Jonathan  Trumbull. 
1809,  John  Trcadwell. 
1811,  Roijcr  Griswold. 
1813,  John  Cotton  Smith. 

1801,  William  Jayne. 
18ft),  Newton  Edwards. 
1866,   A.  J.  Faulk. 
1871,  J.  A.  Burbank. 
1873,  John  L.  Pcanington. 

DELAWARE 
(provincial  some  as  those  of 
Pennsylvanin);  Presidents. 

1777,  John  McKinley. 
1777,   George  Read. 
1778,  Caesar  Hodney. 
1781,  John  Dickinson. 
1783,  John  Cook,  (acting.) 
1783,  Nicholas  Van  Dyke. 
1786,  Thomas  Collins. 
1787,  John  Davis,  (acting.) 

1817,  Oliver  Wolcott. 

1789,  Joshua  Clayton. 

1827,  Gideon  Tomlinson. 

1793,   Joshua  Clayton. 

1831,  John  S.  Peters. 

1790,   Gunning  Bedford. 

ARIZONA. 

1832,   Henry  W.  Edwards. 

17'.»8,   Richard  Bassett. 

1803,  John  N.  Goodwin. 
1*60,   R.  C.  McCormick. 
1^71,  A.  P.  K.  Safford. 

1&S4,   Samuel  A.  Foot. 
1835,   Henry  W.  Edwards. 
1838,  W.  W.  Eelsworth. 

ISO*.  David  Hall. 
1805,   Nathaniel  Mitchell. 
1808,  George  Truett. 

la7G,  Charles  E.  G.  French. 

1842,  C.  F.  Cleveland. 
1844,    Koger  S.  Baldwin. 

1811,  Joseph  Haslett. 
1814,    Daniel  Rodney. 

1846,    Isaac  Toncey. 

1817,   John  Clarke. 

1847,   Clark  Bissofl. 

1820,  Jacob  Stout,  (acting.) 

CALIFORNIA. 

1S49,   Bonnet  Rlley. 

1849,  Joseph  Trumbull. 
1850,  Thomas  H.  Seymour. 
1*53,  Charles  H.  Pond. 

1821,  John  Collins. 
1822,  Caleb  Rodney,  (acting.) 
1823,   Joseph  Haslett. 

IN1*,   Peter  H.  Burnett. 
1*51,  John  Bigler. 

1864,   Henry  Dutton. 
1*55,  William  T.  Miner. 

1824,   Samuel  Paynter. 
lv.7,   Charles  Polk. 

i.  Ntt'ly  Johnson. 

1857,  Alexander  H.  Holley. 

18:!0,   David  Hazzard. 

1857,  John  B.  Weller. 

1S58,  Win.  A.  Buckingham. 

18:«,   Caleb  P.  Bennett. 

Milton  S.  Latham. 
J8CO,  John  (J.  Downey. 
1801,    Le4and  Stanford. 

1806,  Joseph  R.  Hawley. 
1807,  James  E.  English. 
1«59,   Marshall  Jewell. 

1836,  Charles  Rolk,  (acting.) 
1838,   C.  P.  Comegys. 
1*41,  William  B.  Cooper. 

1863,   Fj-ederiek  F.  Low. 

1870,  James  E.  English. 

1845,  Thomas  Stockton. 

GOVERNORS. 


755 


1846,  Wm.  Temple,  (acting.) 

1801,  Josiah  Tatnall.' 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

1&47,   William  Thorp.  ' 
lt-50,   William  H.  Ross. 

1802,  John  Milledge. 
1806,  Jared  Irwin. 

1870,  Cyrus  Harris. 

1854,   Peter  F.  Causey. 

1809,  David  B.  Mitchell. 

1858,   William  Burton. 

1813,   Peter  Early. 

1802,  William  Cannon. 

1815,  David  B.  Mitchell 

1805,   Gove  Saulsbury. 

1817,  William  Rabun. 

IOWA. 

1870,  James  Ponder. 

1819,  John  Clarke. 

1838,  Robert  Lucas. 

1874,  John  P.  Coehran. 

1823,  George  M.  Troupe. 

1844,  John  Chambers. 

1827,  John  Forsyth, 

1847,  Ansel  Briggs. 

1829,  George  It.  Gilmer. 

1850,  Stephen  Hempstead. 

1831,  Wilson  Lumpkin. 

1854,  James  W.  Grimes. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

1837,  George  11.  Gilmer. 
1840,  Charles  J.  McDonald. 

1857,  Ralph  P.  Lowe. 
1859,  Samuel  J.  Kirkwood. 

1871,   Henry  D.  Cooke. 

1842,  George  W.  Crawford. 

1863,  William  M.  Stone. 

1873,  Alexander  R.Shepherd. 

1847,  George  W.  B.  Towns. 

1867,  Samuel  Merrill. 

1849,  HowellCobb. 

1871,  Cyrus  C.  Carpenter. 

1852,  Herschel  V.  Johnson. 

1875,  Samuel  J.  Kirkwood. 

1857,  Joseph  E.  Brown. 

1876,  Joshua  G.  Newbold. 

FLORIDA. 

(Confederate.) 

1566-1655,  The      Mendez' 

1865,  Charles  J.  Jenkins. 
1868,  Rufus  B.  Bullock. 

1655-l()7o,    Diego   de    Re-    •§" 
bcllo 

1871,  James  Milton  Smith. 
1870,  Alfred  H.  Colquitt. 

KANSAS. 

1675-1096,   Juan  Marquez     ST 
Cabrera  and  others,  f  : 
1696,   DC  Torres. 
1703,   Cuuija.                           a 

IDAHO. 

1854,  Andrew  H.  Reeder. 
1855,  Wilson  Shannon. 
1856,  John  W.  Geary. 
1857,  James  W.  Denver,  (act- 

1740,   Manuel  Monteano. 
1759,   Palazir. 
1703-70,  East  and  West  Flor- 
ida under  Spanish  and 
English  rule. 
1771,   Moultrie. 
1774,   Tonyu. 

1863,  William  H.  Wallace. 
1865,   Caleb  Lyon. 
1806,   David  W.  Ballard. 
1870,  Alexander  H.  Connor. 
1871,  Thomas  W.  Bennett. 
1876,   Mason  Brayman. 

1858,  Samuel  Medary. 
1861,  Thomas  Carney. 
1864,  Samuel  J.  Crawford. 
1808,  James  M.  Harvey. 
1872,  Thomas  A.  O  shorn. 
1876,  George  T.  Anthony. 

1783,  Ceded  to  Spain. 

1784,  Zispedez. 

1795,   Quesada. 

1814,   Maurequez.             [ed.) 

ILLINOIS. 

KENTUCKY. 

1821,  W.  P.  Duval,  (appoint- 

iNil,   Ceded  to  United  States. 

1809,  Winiau  Edwards. 
1818,   Shadraek  Bond. 

1792,  Isaac  Shelby. 
1796,  James  Garrard. 

1834,  John  H.  Eaton. 
1837,  Richard  It.  Call. 
1845,  William  D.  Mosely. 
1647,   Thomas  S.  Brown. 
1852,  James  E.  Broomc. 
1857,  Marshall  S.  Perry. 
1800,  John  Milton. 
(Confederate.) 
1865,   David  S.  Walker. 
1808,   Harrison  Reed. 
1872,   Ossian  B.  Hart. 
1874,  Mareellus  L.  Stearns. 
1670,   George  F.  Drew. 

1822,  Edward  Coles. 
1820,  Wiuian  Edwards. 
1831,  John  Reynolds. 
1835,  Joseph  Duncan. 
1839,  Thomas  Carlin. 
1843,  Thomas  Ford. 
1846,   Augustus  C.  French. 
1852,  Joel  A.  Matteson. 
1856,   William  H.  Bissell. 
1860,   Richard  Yates. 
1864,  Richard  J.  Oglesby. 
1868,  John  M.  Palmer. 
1872,   Richard  J.  Oglesby. 

1804,  Christopher  Greenup. 
1808,  Charles  Scott. 
1812,  Isaac  Shelby. 
1816,  George  Madison. 
1816,  Gabriel  Slaughter,  (act- 
ing.) 
1820,  John  Adair. 
1824,  Joseph  Desha. 
1828,  Thomas  Metcalfe. 
1832,  John  Breathitt. 
ia34,  J.  F.  Morehead,  (act'g.) 
1836,  James  Clark. 
1841,   Robert  P.  Letcher. 

1873,  John  L.  Beveridge. 

1844,  William  Owsley. 

1870,  Shelby  M.  Cullom. 

1847,  John  J.  Crittenden. 

1850,  J.  L.  Helm,  (acting.) 

GEORGIA. 

1851,  Lazarus  W.  Powell. 

1754,  John  Reynolds. 
1757,   Henry  Ellis. 
1700,  James  Wright. 

INDIANA. 

1855,  Charles  S.  Morehead. 
1859,  Beriah  McGoffin. 
1862,  James  F.  Robinson. 

1770,   Arch.  Bullock,  (acting.) 

1800,  William  H.  Harrison. 

1863,  Thomas  E.  Bramlette. 

1777,  Button  Gwinnet,(act'g.) 

1816,  Jonathan  Jennings. 

1807,  John  W.  Stevenson. 

1777,   John  A.  Trueitlcn. 

1822,  William  Hcndricks. 

1871,   P.H.Leslie. 

1778,  John  Houston. 

1825,  James  B.  Ray. 

1875,  James  B.  McCreary. 

1779-81,    Royal    government 

1831,  Noah  Noble. 

re-established    under 

1838,  David  Wallace. 

Sir  James  Wright. 

1841,  Samuel  Bigger. 

1782,  John  Martin. 

1844,  James  Whitcomb. 

LOUISIANA. 

1783,    Lyman  Hall. 

1849,  Joseph  A.  Wright. 

1784,  John  Houston. 

1856,  Ashbel  P.  Willard. 

1804,  C.  C.  Claiborne. 

1785,    Samuel  Elbert. 

1860,  Henry  S.  Lane. 

1812,  C.  C.  Claiborne. 

1780,   Edward  Telfair. 

1861,  Oliver  P.  Morton. 

1810,  James  Villers. 

1787,   George  Matthews. 

1867,  Conrad  Baker. 

1820,  T.  B.  Robertson. 

1788,  George  Handley. 

1872,  Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 

1828,  Peter  Deibiginy. 

1789,   George  Walton. 

1876,  James  D.  Williams. 

1829,  A.  Bauvais,  (acting.) 

1700,  Edward  Telfair. 

1830,  Jacques  Dupre. 

1793,   George  Matthews. 

1831,  A.  B.  Roman. 

1796,  Jared  Irwin. 

1835,   E.  D.  White. 

1798,  James  Jackson. 

1839,  Andre  B.  Roman. 

756 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


1S42,  Alexander  Mouton. 

1797, 

1847,  Isaac  Johnson. 

I788i 

I-!:',  JoKcph  Walker. 

l-OI, 

1852,  Paul  O.  Hcbert. 

180*. 

1855,    R.  C.  Wieklifle. 

1X05, 

165'J,  Thomas  O.  Moore. 

1809, 

(Confederate.) 

1811, 

1865,  J.  Madison  Wells. 

1812, 

1867,  Bonj.  F.  Flanders. 

1815, 

1868,  Harry  C.  Warmouth. 

1818, 

1873,  William  Pitt  Kellogg. 
1876,  Stephen  B.  Packard. 

IM'J, 
MSB, 

1826, 

1829, 

1830, 

MAINE. 

1831, 

1810,   William  King. 
l».'l,   Albion  K.  Parris. 

1832, 
1836, 
1839 

1820,  Enoch  Lincoln. 

1842 

1830,   Jonathan  G.  Hunton. 

1845, 

1831,   Samuel  E.  Smith. 

1848 

1834,   Robert  P.  Dunlap. 

1850 

1838,  Edward  Kent. 

1852 

1S31),  John  Fairfield. 

1843,  Edward  Kavanagh. 

186l' 

1-t'i.    Hugh  J.  Anderson. 

i  v,;  i 

l>4r,  John  W.  Dane. 

1CVT, 

1868 

1*49,  John  Hubbard. 

1071 

1854,  Anson  P.  Morrill. 

i   1  1, 
lt-74 

1855,  Samuel  Wells. 

1856,  Hannibal  Hamlin. 

lo/a, 

1357,  Lot  M.  Morrill. 

1860,   Israel  Washburn,  Jr. 

1802,  Abner  Coburn. 

1863,  Samuel  Cony. 

1805,  Joshua  L.  Chamberlain. 

1871,  Sidney  Perham. 
1873,  Nelson  Dingley,  Jr. 
1875,  Selden  Connor. 

1630, 
1034, 
1635, 
1030, 

1037, 

1040, 

MARYLAND. 

1641, 
1042, 

1637,  Leonard  Calvert. 

1044, 

1647,   Thomas  Green. 

1645, 

1048,  William  Stone. 

1040, 

1654-58,  Civil  war. 

1649, 

1658,  Josiah  Feudal. 

1650, 

1660,  Philip  Calvert. 

1651, 

1062,  Charles  Calvert,  (after- 

1054, 

wards  L'd  Baltimore  ) 
1678,  Thomas  Notlcy. 

1055, 
1065, 

1081,  Lord  Baltimore. 

1073, 

1689-92,  Coodeandthe  Prot- 

1679, 

estant  Association. 

1685, 

1692,  Lionel  Copley. 
1694,  Francis  Nicholson. 

108(5, 
1089, 

1696,  Nathaniel  Blackstone. 

1692, 

1703,  Thomas  Finch  (acting:  ) 
1704,  John  Seymour. 

1094, 

1709,  Edward  Lloyd  (actinar.) 
1714,  John  Hart. 

1702, 
1715, 

1720,  Charles  Calvert. 

1727,  Benedict  L.  Calvert. 

1716, 

1732,  Samuel  Ogle. 

1723, 

17*5,  Lord  Baltimore. 

1737,  Samuel  Ogle. 
1742,  Thomas  Bladen. 

1728, 
1729, 

1747,    Samuel  Ogle. 
1751,   Bonj.  Tasker,  (acting.) 
1753,  Horatio  Sharpe. 
1769,  Robert  Eden. 

17:iO, 
1741, 
1749, 

1777,  Thomas  Johnson. 
1779,  Thomas  Sim  Lee. 

1753, 
1757, 

1782,  William  Paca. 

1757 

1785,  William  Smallwood 

1760,' 

1788,  John  K.  Howard. 

1770,  ' 

1792,  George  Plater 
1792,  Thomas  8.  Lee. 

1774,  r 

1794,  John  H.  Stone. 

1774-7. 

John  TTenry. 
l!enj:imin  Ogle. 
John  F.  Mercer. 
Robert  Bowie. 
Robert  Wright. 
Edward  Lloyd. 
Robert  Bowie. 
Levin  Winder. 
Charles  Ridgeley. 
C.  W.  Goldsborough. 
Samuel  Sprigg. 
Samuel  Stevens. 
Joseph  Kent. 
Daniel  Martin. 
T.  K.  enroll. 
G.  Hayward. 
James  Thomas. 
Thomas  W.  Veazey. 
William  Grayson. 
Francis  Thomas. 
Thomas  G.  Pratt. 
Philip  F.  Thomas. 
Enoch  L.  Lowe. 
T.  Watkins  Ligon. 
Thomas  H.  Hicks. 
Augustus  W.  Bradford. 
Thomas  Swanu. 
Oden  Bowie. 
Win.  Pinckuey  WTiyte. 
James  B.  Groome. 
John  Lee  Carroll. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

John  Winthrop. 
Thomas  Dudley. 
John  Haynes. 
Henry  Vane. 
John  Wiuthrop. 
Thomas  Dudley. 
Richard  Bellingham. 
John  Winthrop. 
John  Endicott. 
Thomas  Dudley. 
John  Winthrop. 
John  Endicott. 
Thomas  Dudley. 
John  Endicott. 
Richard  Uellingham. 
John  Endicott. 
Richard  liellingham. 
John  Leverett. 
Simon  Bradstreet. 
Joseph  Dudley  (pres.) 
Sir  Edmund  Andros. 
Simon  Bradstrect. 
Sir  William  Phipps. 
Wm.  Stoughton,(acting 

lieutenant-governor.) 
Joseph  Dudley. 
William  Tailer,  (lieut.- 

governor.) 
Samuel  Shute. 
Wm.    Dummer,  (lieut.- 

sroyernor.) 
William  Burnet. 
William  Dummer. 
Jonathan  Belcher. 
William  Shirley. 
Spencer  Phipps,  (lieut.- 

trovernor.) 
William  Shirley. 
The  Council. 
Thomas  Pownall. 
Francis  Bernard. 
Thomas     Hutchinson, 

(lieut.-gov.  and  gov.) 
Thomas  Gage. 
'5,  Committee  of  Safety. 


ir/.V^.  The  Council. 

1780,  John  Hancock. 

1783,  James  Bowdoin. 

1787,  John  Hancock. 

1714,  Samuel  Adams. 

17'.>7,  Increase  Sumuer. 

1800,  Caleb  Strong. 

1B07,  James  Sullivan. 

1807,  Levi  Lincoln,  (acting.) 

1809,  Christopher  Gore. 

1810,  Elbridge  Gerry. 
is  12,  Caleb  Strong. 
1810,  John  Brooks. 
1823,  William  Eustis. 
1825,  Levi  Lincoln. 

1834,  John  Davis. 

1835,  S.  T.  Armstrong,  (act- 

ing.) 

1830,  Edward  Everett. 

1841,  Marcus  Morton. 

1842,  John  Davis. 

1843,  Marcus  Morton. 

1844,  George  N.  Briggs. 
1851,  George  S.  Boutwoll. 
1852-3,  John  H.  Clifford. 
185:;,  Emory  Washburn. 
1854,  Henry  J.  Gardner. 
1857,  Nathaniel  P.  Banks. 
I860,  John  A.  Andrew. 
18fi5,  Alexander  H.  Bullock. 

1808,  William  Claflin. 

1871,  William  B.  Washburn. 

1874,  William  Gaston. 

1875,  Alexander  H.  Rice. 


MICHIGAN. 

1805,  William  Hull. 

1814,  Lewis  Case. 

1832,  George  P.  Pater. 

1833,  S.  J.  Mason,  (acting.) 
1840,  William  Woodbridge. 
1843,  John  S.  Barry. 

1848,  Epaphroditus  Ransom. 

1849,  John  S.  Barry. 
1851,  Robert  McClelland. 

1853,  Andrew  Parsons. 

1854,  Kinsley  S.  Binghara. 
1858,  Moses  Wisner. 
1860,  Austin  Blair. 

1864,  Henry  C.  Crapo. 

1808,  Henry  P.  Baldwin. 

1872,  John  J.  Bagley. 

1876,  Charles  M.  Croswell. 


MINNESOTA. 

1849,  Alexander  Ramsay, 

l;sH,  Willis  A.  Gorman. 

1807,  Henry  H.  Siblcy. 

1859,  Alexander  Ramsay. 

1863,  Stephen  Millor. 

1865,  William  R.  Marshall. 

1869,  Horace  Austin. 

1873,  Cushman  K.  Davis. 

1875,  John  S.  Pillsbury. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

1798,  Winthrop  Sargent. 

1802,  William  C.C.Claiborne. 

1805,  Robert  Williams. 

1809,  David  Holmes. 

1817,  David  Holmes. 

1819,  George  Poindexter. 

1821,  Walter  Leake. 


GOVERNORS. 


757 


1825,  David  Holmes. 
18:52,  Abraham  Scott. 
1834,   Hiram  G.  Runnels. 
1837,   Alexander  McNutt. 
1843,   Albert  G.  Brown. 
1847,   Joseph  W.  Mathews. 
ls4U,  John  A.  Quitman. 
1851,   Henry  S.  Foote. 
185.5,   John  J.  McRea. 
1857,  William  McWillie. 
185J,  John    J.    Pettus. 

(Confederate.) 
1865,   Benj.  J.  Humphreys. 
1809,  James  L.  Alcorn. 
1871,   Kidney      C.    Powers, 

(acting.) 

1873,   Adelbert  Ames. 
1876,  John  M.  Stone,(acting.) 


MISSOURI. 

1805,  James  Wilkinson. 
1807,  Meriwether  Lewis. 
1810,   Benjamin  Howard. 
1813,  William  Clarke. 
1820,   Alexander  M'Nair. 
1824,  Frederick  Bates. 
1828,  John  Miller. 
1833,   Daniel  Dunklin. 
1837,   Lilburu  Boggs. 
1841    Thomas  W.  Reynolds. 
18-14,   John  C.  Edwards. 
1847,    Austin  A.  King. 
18-32,  Sterling  Price. 
185C,  Trusten  Polk. 
1857,  Robert  M.  Stewart. 

1860,  Claiborne    F.  Jackson. 

(Confederate.) 

1861,  Hamilton  R.  Gamble. 
1864,  Thomas  C.  Fletcher. 
18(58,  Joseph  W.  McClurg. 
1870,  B.  Gratz  Brown. 
1872,   Silas  Woodson. 

1874    Charles  H.  Hardin. 
1876,  John  S.  Phelps. 


MONTANA. 

1865,  Sidney  Edgerton. 

1806,  Green  C.  Smith. 

1869,  James  M.  Ashley. 

1871,  Benjamin  F.  Potts. 


NEBRASKA. 

1854,  Mark  W.  Izard. 
1857,  Wm.  A.  Richardson. 
1859,   Samuel  W.  Black. 
1861,  Alvin  Saunders. 
1866,    David  Butler. 

1871,  Wm.II.  James  (acting.) 

1872,  Robert  W.  Furnass 
1874,   Silas  Garber. 


NEVADA. 

1861,  James  W.  Nye. 
1864,   Henry  G.  Blasdell. 
1870,  L.R.Bradley. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

1680,   John  Cutts,  (acting.) 

1682,  Edward  Cranfield,(heu- 
lenant-governor.) 

1685,  Walter  Barefoote,  (lieu- 
tenant-governor.) 

1686-92,  (Re-annexed  to  Mas- 
sachusetts.) 

1692,  John  Usher,ilieutenant- 
governor.) 

1697,  William  Partridge,  lieu- 

tenant-governor.) 

1698,  Samuel  Allen,  (propri- 

etary and  governor.) 
1699-1741,  (Same  governor 

with   Massachusetts.) 
1702,  John  Usher,(lieutenant- 

governor.) 

1716,  George  Vaughan,  (lieu- 

tenant-governor.) 

1717,  John  Wentworth,  (lieu- 

tenant governor.) 

1733,  David  Dunbar,  (lieuten- 
ant-governor.) 

1741,  Benning  Wentworth. 

1767,  John  Wentworth. 

1775,  Mesheck  Weare. 

1785,  John  Langdon. 

1786,  John  Sullivan. 
1788,  John  Langdon. 
1790,  Josiah  Bartlett. 
1794,  John  Taylor  Gilman. 
1805,  John  Langdon. 

1809,  Jeremiah  Smith. 

1810,  John  Langdon. 

1812,  William  Plumer. 

1813,  John  Taylor  Gilman. 
1816,  William  Plumer. 
1819,   Samuel  Bell. 

1823,  Levi  Woodbury. 

1824,  Daniel  Morril. 

1827,  Benjamin  Pierce. 

1828,  John  Bell. 

IS'^,  Benjamin  Pierce. 
18:50,  Matthew  Harvey. 
1831,  Samuel  Dinsmore. 
1834,  William  Badger. 

1836,  Isaac  Hill. 

1837,  John  Page. 
1842,  Henry  Hubbard. 
1844,  John  H.  Steele. 
1846,  Anthony  Colby. 
1847    Jared  W.  Williams. 
1849,  Samuel  Dinsmore. 
1852,  Noah  Martin. 

1854,  Nathaniel  B.  Baker. 

1855,  Ralph  Metcalf. 
1857,  William  Haile. 

1860,  Ichabod  Goodwin. 

1861,  Nathaniel  S.  Berry. 
1863,  Joseph  A.  Gilmore. 
1805,  Frederick  Smyth. 
1867,  Walter  Harrimau. 
1809,  Onslow  Stearns. 

1871,  James  A.  Weston. 

1872,  Ezckiel  A.  Straw. 

1874,  James  A.  Weston. 

1875,  Person  C.  Cheeney. 


NEW  MEXICO. 
1849,  J.  M.  Washington. 
1854,  David  Merri wether. 
1858,  Abraham  Rencher. 
1801,  Henry  Connelly. 
1865,  Robert  B.  Mitchell. 
1870,  William  A.  Pile. 


1871,  Marsh  Giddings. 
1876,  Samuel  B.  Axtell. 


NEW  NETHERLAND. 
(Directors.) 

1624,  Peter  Minuets. 
1633,  Walter  Van  T  wilier. 
1638,  William  Kieft. 
L649,  Petrus  Stuyvesant. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

1700-38,    (Same    with    New 

York.) 

1738,  Lewis  Morris. 
1746,  John   Hamilton,  (act- 

1746,  John  Reading,  (acting.) 

1747,  Jonathan  Belcher. 
1758,  Francis  Bernard. 
1700,  Thomas  Boone. 
1761,  Josiah  Hardy. 
1763,  William  Franklin. 
1776,  William  Livingston. 
1791,  William  Patterson. 
1794,  Richard  Howell. 
1801,  Joseph  Bloomtteld. 

1812,  Aaron  Ogden. 

1813,  William  S.  Pennington. 
1815,   Mahlon  Dickerson. 
1817,  Isaac  H.  Williamson. 
1829,   Peter  D.  Vroom,  Jr. 
1831,  Ellas  P.  Seeley. 

1833,   Peter  D.  Vroom. 

1836,  Phil.  Dickerson. 

1837,  W.  S.  Penuington. 
1839,  William  Pennington. 
1842,  Daniel  Haines. 
1845,  Charles  C.  Stratton. 
1848,  Daniel  Haines. 
1850,  George  F.  Fort. 
1853,  Rodman  M.  Price. 
1856,  William  A.  Newell. 
1859,  Charles  S.  Olden. 
1802,  Joel  Parker. 

1865,   Marcus  L.  Ward. 
1868,  Theodore  F.  Randolph. 
1871,  Joel  Parker. 
1874,  Joseph  D.  Bedle. 


NEW  YORK. 

1664,  Richard  Nichols. 
1667,  Francis  Lovelace. 
1673-74,  (Dutch  regime  re-es- 
tablished.) 

1674,  Edmund  Andros. 
1681,  Anthony  Brockolst. 
1683,  Thomas  Dongan. 

1688,  Francis   Nicholson, 

(lieutenant-governor.) 

1689,  Jacob  Leisler,  (acting.) 

1691,  Henry  Sloughter. 

1691    Richard  Ingolsby,  (lieu- 
tenant-governor.) 

1692,  Benjamin  Fletcher. 
1698,  Earl  of  Bellamont. 

1701,  John  Nanfan,  (lieuten- 

ant-governor.) 

1702,  John  Cornbury. 

1708,  Lord  Lovelace. 

1709,  Richard  Ingolsby,  (lieu- 

tenant-governor.) 


T58 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


17  !0,  Robert  Hnntcr. 

ri-.i,    IVter  Schuylcr. 

720,  William  Burnct. 

7:>s,  John  Montgomery. 

;:;:,    i;i;>  Van  Ham,  (acting.) 

732,   William  Cosby. 

737,  George  ( 'lark. 

7-1:!,  George  Clinton. 

753,   Diuivcrs  Osborno. 
1:5:3,  James   Delanccy,  (lieu- 
tenant-governor.) 
3755,  Sir  Charles  Hardy. 
1757,  James  Delancey,  (lieu- 
tenant-govoruor.) 

1700,  Cadwallader  Colden, 

(acting.) 

1701,  Robert  Moncton. 
17iVj,  Caihvallader  Colden, 

i  lieutenant-governor.) 
17<V>,   Sir  Henry  Moore. 
170.',  Cadwallader  Colden, 

(lieutenant-governor.) 

1770,  Earl  of  Dunmore. 

1771,  William  Tryon. 
1773,  Cadwallader  Colden, 

(lieutenant-governor.) 
1775,  William  Tryon. 
17/5-77,   Provincial  Congress 

and  Com.  of  Safety. 
1777,  George  Clinton. 
1788,  George  Clinton. 
1795,  John  Jay. 
IsOl,  George  Clinton. 
IMJl,   Morgan  Lewis. 
1M)7,  Daniel  D.  Tompkins. 
1817,  De  Witt  Clinton. 
1>2-',  Joseph  Yates. 
lv>,   Nathaniel  Pitcher. 
1S29,   Martin  Van  Buren. 
1829,  Enos  T.  Throop. 
IKil,  William  L.  Marcey. 
1839,  William  H.  Seward. 
IM.i,  William  C.  Uouck. 
1845,  Silas  Wright. 
1847,  John  Young. 
1849,  Hamilton  Fish. 
1^50,   Washington  Hunt. 
1852,  Horatio  Seymour. 

1854,  Myron  II.  Clark. 
1800,  John  A.  King. 

1855,  Edwin  D.  Morgan. 
1802,  Horatio  Seymour. 
1865,  Kcuben  E.  Fenton. 
18G8,  John  T.  Hoffman. 
1872,  John  A.  Dix. 
1874.  Samuel  J.  Tilden. 
lt-70,  J.ucius  Robinson. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

16W,  William  Drummond. 
1067,  Samuel  Stevens. 
Ki74,  Cartwright. 
167(5-83,  Contested  authority. 
1083,  Seth  Sothel. 
1688-90,    Interregnum. 
1690,  Philip  Ludwell. 
1092,  Thomas  Harvey. 
1091,  Henderson  Walker. 
I"1.''.',    Robert  Daniel. 
1703,  Thomas  Cary. 
1708-11,  Contested  authority. 
1711,   Hyde. 
1715,  Charles  Eden. 
1723,  Burrington. 
1725,  Sir  Richard  Everard. 
731,  Burrington. 
17-'H,   Gabriel  Johnston. 
1753,  Michael  Rowan,  (act'g.) 


1754,  Arthur  Dobbs. 

OREGON. 

Ki'xi,  William  Tryon. 
177:i,  Joseph  Martin. 
1775-77,   Provincial  Congress 
and  Com.  of  Safety. 
1777,    Richard  Casewell. 
I7SO,    Abncr  Na>h. 
17S1,  Thomas  Burke. 
1784,  Alexander  Martin. 

1849,  John  P.  Gaines. 
1854,   George  L.  Curry. 
1859,  John  Whittaker. 
1802,  Addison  C.  Gibbs. 
1800,   George  L.  Woods. 
1871,    L.  F.  Grover. 
1870,  S.  F.  Chadwick. 

1785,   Richard  Caswell. 

1788,   Samuel  Johnston. 

1790,  Alexander  Martin. 

179:i,   Richard  D.  Haight. 

17'JC,   Samuel  A  she. 

1798,  William  It.  Davis. 

PLYMOUTH  COLONY. 

1799,  Benjamin  Williams. 
1802,  James  Turner. 
1805,  Nathaniel  Alexander. 
1807,  Benjamin  Williams. 
1808,   David  Stone. 
1810,   Benjamin  Smith. 
1811,  William  Hawkins. 
1814,  William  Millar. 
1817,  John  Branch. 
1820,  Jessie  Franklin. 
1821,   Gabriel  Holmes. 
1824,  Hutchens  Burton. 
1827,  James  Iredell. 
1828,  John  Owen. 
1830,   Monfort  Stokes. 
1834,  David  L.  Swain. 

1620,  John  Carver. 
1021,  William  Bradford. 
1633,  Edward  Winslow. 
1(134,  Thomas  Prince. 
1035,   William  Bradford. 
1030,   Edward  Winslow. 
1037,   William  Bradford. 
1638,  Thomas  Prince. 
1639,   William  Bradford. 
1044,  Edward  Winslow. 
1645,  William  Bradford. 
1057,   Thomas  Prince. 
1073,    Josiah  Winslow. 
1680,   Thomas  Hinckley. 
1686,   Annexed  to  Massachu- 

18:50, Edward  B.  Dudley. 
1841,  John  M.  Morehcad. 
1845,  William  A.  Graham. 
1849,  Charles  Manly. 

setts. 
1689,   Thomas  Hinckley. 
1692,  Incorporated   with 
Massachusetts. 

1850,  David  S.  Reid. 

1854,  Thomas  Bragg. 
1858,  John  W.  Ellis. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

18til,  Clark. 

1682,  William  Penn. 

(Confederate.) 

1084,   The  Council. 

1865,  Jonathan  Worth. 

1086,   Five  Commissioners. 

1808,  William  W.  Holden. 

1089,  John  Blaekwell. 

1871,  T.  R.  Caldwell,  (acting.) 

1090,   Thomas  Lloyd. 

1874,  Curtis  Brogdeu. 

109.'i,  Benjamin  Fletcher. 

1876,  Zebulon  B.  Vance. 

1095,   William  Markham. 

1G99,  AVilliam  Penn. 

1701,  Andrew  Hamilton. 

1703,   Edward  Shippeu,  (act- 

OHIO. 

ing.) 

1803,  E:lward  Tiffin. 
1808,  Samuel  Hunting. 
1810,   Return  J.  Meigs. 
1814,   Thomas  Worthington. 
1818,  Ethan  Allen  Brown. 
1822,  Allen  Trimble,  (acting.) 

1704,  John  Evans. 
1709,   Charles  Gookin. 
1717,   Sir  William  Keith. 
1730,  James  Logan,  (acting.) 
1738,   George  Thomas. 
1747,   Anthony   Palmer,  (act- 

1823, Jeremiah  Morrow. 
1820,   Allen  Trimble. 
1831,  Duncan  McArtlmr. 
1834,   Robert  Lucas. 
1830,   Joseph  Vance. 
1839,   Wilson  Shannon. 
1841,  Thomas  Corwin. 

ing-) 
1748,  James  Hamilton. 
1754,  Robert  11.  Morris. 
1756,  William  Denny. 
1759,  James  Hamilton. 
1763,  John  Penn. 
1771,  James   Hamilton,  (act- 

1841, Wilson  Shannon. 
1844,  Mordecrii  Bartley. 
1847,  William  Bebb. 
1849,  Seabury  Ford. 
1S50,  Reuben  Wood. 
1853,  William  Medill. 
1K>5,    Salmon  P.  Chase. 
1859,  William  Deunison,  Jr. 
1801,  David  Todd. 
1803,  John  Brough. 
1805,  Jacob  D.  Cox. 
1807,   Rutherford  B.  Hayes. 
1871,  Edward  F.  Noyes. 
1873,   William  Allen. 
1875,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes. 
1876,  Thomas  L.  Young. 

ing-) 
1771,  Richard  Penn. 
1773,   John  Penn. 
1777,   Thomas  Wharton. 
177s,  George    Bryan,     (vice- 
president.) 
1778,  Joseph  Reed. 
1781,  William  Moore. 
1782,  John  Dickinson. 
1785,   Benjamin  Franklin. 
1788,  Thomas  Miffliu. 
1790,  Thomas  Mifllin. 
1799,  Thomas  McKean. 
1808,  Simon  Snyder. 
1817,  William  Findlay. 
1820,  Joseph  Heister. 
1823,   Andrew  Shulze. 

1829,  George  Wolf. 

1835,  Joseph  Rituer. 

GOVERNORS. 


759 


1830,  David  R.  Porter. 

1843,  James  Fenner. 

1810, 

ll*15,    Francis  K.  Shunk. 

1845,  Charles  Jackson. 

1812, 

1847,  William    F.    Johnston, 

1840,   Byron  Diman. 

1814, 

(acting.) 

1847,  Elisha  Harris. 

1816, 

1851,  William  Bigler. 

1840,  Henry  B.  Anthony. 

1818, 

1854,  James  Pollock. 

1851,    Philip  Allen. 

1820, 

1857,   William  F.  Packer. 

1853,   Francis  At.  Dimond. 

1822, 

18(K),   Andrew  G.  Curtin. 

1854,  William  W.  Hoppin. 

1824, 

1806,   John  W.  Geary. 

1857,  Elisha  Dyer. 

1820, 

1872,  Joliu  F.  Hartranft. 

185!),   Thomas  G.  Turner. 

1828, 

1800,   William  Spragne. 

18.30, 

1803.  James  Y.  Smith. 

1833, 

1800,   Ambrose  E.  Burnside. 

1830, 

1809,   Set-h  Padelford. 

1839, 

1873,   Henry  Howard. 

1840, 

1875,  Henry  Lippitt. 

1841, 

PROVIDENCE  PLANTATIONS, 

1844, 

(Presidents  of.) 

1846, 

1047,  John  Coggeshall. 

1849, 

1048,  Jeremiah  Clarke. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

1850, 

1  oe.> 

1049,   John  Smith. 
1050,   Nicholas  Easton. 
Interregnum. 
1055,   Roger  Williams. 
1057,   Benedict  Arnold, 
1000,    William  Brenton. 
1002,   Benedict  Arnold.' 

lf.70,  William  Sayle. 
1071,  Joseph  West. 
1071,   John  Yeamans. 
1074,   Joseph  West. 
1083,  Joseph  Moreton. 
1084,   Joseph  West. 
1084,    Kichard  Kyrle. 

JcOi, 

1854, 
1856, 
1858, 
1860, 

1865, 
1868, 

1084,  Joseph  West. 

1872, 

RHODK  ISLAND  AND  PROVI- 
DENCE PLANTATIONS. 

1084,   Robert  Quarry. 
1085,  Joseph  Moreton. 
NM5,  James  Colleton. 

1874, 

1003,   Benedict  Arnold. 

1000,   Both  Sothel. 

10(50,   William  Brenton. 

1092,   Philip  Ludwell. 

KM)'.),   Benedict  Arnold. 

10i)3,   Thomas  Smith. 

1072,   Nicholas  Easton. 

1095,  John  Archdale, 

1075,   William  Coddington. 

1090,  Joseph  Blake. 

1/90, 

1""CUt 

10?;>,    Walter  Clarke. 

700,  James  Moose. 

/iM>, 

1077,    Benedict  Arnold. 

703,  Nathaniel  Johnson. 

1801, 

1  CAft 

1070,   John  Cranston. 

700,  Edward  Tynte. 

loUlf, 

1O1K 

1080,    Peleg  Sandford. 

710,   George  Gibbs  (acting.) 

ioio, 

1S-.M 

1083,  William  Coddington. 

712,   Charles  Craven. 

lQ*l) 

1085,    Henry  Bull. 

1710,   Robert  Daniel  (acting.) 

1827, 
18'-*9 

l!<86,   Walter  Clarke. 

1717,   Robert  Johnson. 

1QQ7 

1080-88,   Sir  Kdrnuud  Andros. 

1710,   James  Moore  (acting.) 

JO-J/, 

I  W  til 

108'.),    Henry  Bull. 

1721,   Sir  Francis  Nicholson. 

J.O1U, 

10J.1 

10UO,   John  Eastou. 

1725,  Arthur  Middleton  (act- 

loil , 
1C  -IK 

1095,   Caleb  Carr. 

ing.) 

loiO, 

l:  1)0,   Walter  Clarke. 

1730,   Robert  Johnson. 

1847, 

1  C.1Q 

1098,   Samuel  Cranston. 

17:35,  Thomas  Broughton 

JOi", 

1727,   Joseph  Jenckes. 
1732,   William  Wanton. 

(lieut.  gov.) 
1737,  William  Bull  (acting.) 

1851, 

1853, 

1R'*i7 

1734,   John  Wanton. 

1743,   James  Glen. 

iOu<  , 

1741,    Richard  Ward. 

1750,   William  H.  Littleton. 

icrte 

1743,   William  Greene. 

1700,  William  Bull  (lieut. 

1OUO, 

ICfttt 

1715,  Gideon  Wanton. 

gov.) 

JOUOj 

1740,   William  Greene. 

1702,   Thomas  Boone. 

18/1, 

1S"M 

1747,   Gideon  Wanton, 

1703,  William  Bull  (lieut. 

io^-i, 

1748,   William  Greene. 

gov.) 

1755,   Stephen  Hopkins. 

1700,   Lord  Chas.  Montague. 

17,7,  William  Greene. 

1709,   William  Bull  (lieut. 

1758,   Stephen  Hopkins. 

gov.) 

17>>2,   Samuel  Ward. 

1775,   Lord  Wm.  Campbell. 

1703,  Stephen  Hopkins. 

1775,  John  Rutledge  (pres.) 

1687, 

1705,    Samuel  Ward. 

1778,  Rawlins  Lowndes. 

1707,   Stephen  Hopkins. 

1779,  John  Rutledge. 

1689, 

1708,   Josiah  Lyndon. 

1782,  John  Mathews. 

17;">9i   Joseph  Wanton. 

1783,   Benjamin  Guerard. 

1691, 

1775,  Nicholas  Cooke. 

1785,   William  Moultrie. 

1778,   William  Greene. 

1787,   Thomas  Pinckney. 

1693, 

1780,   John  Collins. 

1780,    Charles  Pinckney. 

1789,   Arthur  Fenner. 

1790,   Charles  Pinckney. 

1714, 

1807,  James  Fenner. 

1792,   William  Moultrie. 

1811,   William  Jones. 

1704,   Arnoldus  Vanderhorst. 

1715. 

187.   Neheinmh  R.  Knight. 

1700,   Charles  Pinckney. 

1821,   W.  C.  Gibbs. 

170S,   Edward  Rutledge. 

1S24,   .lames  Fenner. 

1800,   John  Dayton. 

1735, 

18  ;0,    Samuel  H.  Arnold. 

1802,   James  B.  Richardson. 

1831,  John  15.  Francis. 

1804,    Paul  Hamilton. 

1803-' 

ls:x,   William  Sprague. 

1SOO,   Charles  Pinckney. 

1820, 

1831),   Sam'l  W.  King,  (act'g.) 

180S,  John  Dayton. 

Henry  Middleton. 
Joseph  Alston. 
David  R.  Williams. 
Andrew  Pickens. 
John  Geddes. 
Thomas  Benuet. 
John  L.  Wilson. 
Richard  Manning. 
John  Taylor. 
Stephen  D.  Miller. 
James  Hamilton,  Jr. 
Robert  Y.  Hayne. 
Pierce  M.  Butler. 
Patrick  Noble. 
John  P.  Richardson. 
James  M.  Hammond. 
William  Aikeu. 
David  Johnson. 
W.  B.  Seabrook. 
John  H.  Means. 
J.  L.  Manning. 
James  H.  Adams. 
Robert  F.  W.  A  listen. 
William  H.  Gist. 
Francis  W.  Pickens. 

(Confederate.) 
James  L.  Orr. 
Robert  K.  Scott. 
Franklin  J.  Moses,  Jr. 
Daniel  H.  Chamberlain. 


TENNESSEE. 

William  Blount. 
John  Sevier. 
Archibald  Roane. 
William  Blount. 
Joseph  McMinn. 
William  Carroll. 
Samuel  Houston. 
William  Carroll. 
Newton  Cannon. 
James  K.  Polk. 
James  B.  Jones. 
Aaron  V.  Brown. 
Neil  S.  Brown. 
William  Trousdale. 
William  B.  Campbell. 
Andrew  Johnson. 
Isham  G.  Harris. 

(Confederate.) 
William  G.  Brownlow. 
DeWitt  C.  Senter. 
John  C.  Brown. 
James  D.  Porter,  Jr. 


TEXAS. 

De  La  Salle  built  Fort 
St.  Louis. 

French  driven  out  by 
Spaniards. 

Spanish  governor  ap- 
pointed. 

Spanish  driven  out  by 
Indians. 

French  settlements 
founded. 

Spanish  rule:  Marquis 
de  Aguado  governor- 
general. 

French    settlement    on 

Red  River. 
20,  Disputed  boundaries, 

Granted  to  Moses  Aus- 
tin. 


7GO 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


1835,  Henry  Smith,  (gov.) 
1836,  Samuel  Houston,  (pres- 

1874, Asahcl  Peck. 
1870,  Horace  Fairbanks. 

1805,  William  H.  Cabell. 
1808,  Jolm  Tyler. 

ident  of  republic.) 

>  -.    M.  11.  Ijunar,  (pres.) 

1811,  James  Monroe. 
1811,  George  W.  Smith. 

1841,  Samuel  Houston,  (pres- 

- 

1812,  James  Barbour. 
1814,  Wilson  C.  Nicholas. 

1814,  A.  Jones,  (president.) 
1845,  Annexed     to      United 

VIRGINIA. 

1816,   James  P.  Preston. 
1819,  Thomas  M.  Randolph. 

States. 

1611,  Lord  de  War. 

1S22,   James  Peasants. 

IH:,,   1>.  K.  Miller. 

1611,  Sir  Thomas  Dale  (dep. 

18'.'5,  John  Tyler. 

1817,  George  T.  Wood. 
1M9,    Peter  H.  Bell. 

governor.) 
1611,  Sir  Thomas  Gates  (dep. 

1826,   W.  B.  Giles. 
1829,  John  Floyd. 

1853,  Eil  ward  M.  Pease. 

governor.) 

1834,   L.  W.  Tazewell. 

I8ft7,    i  La-din  K.  Runnells. 

1614,  Sir  Thomas  Dale  (dep. 

18.36,  W.  Robertson  (acting.) 

1859,  Samuel  Houston. 

governor.) 

1838,  David  Campbell. 

1861,  F.  It.  Lubbock. 

1616,  George  Yeardley  (dep. 

1840,  Thomas  W.  Gilmer. 

(Confederate). 
1865,   A.  J.  Hamilton. 

governor.) 
1617,  Sam'l  Argall  (dep.  gov.) 

1841,  J.  Rutherford  (actiug.) 
1842,  J.  M.  Gregory  (acting.) 

1800,  J.  W.  Throckmorton. 

1619,  Sir  George  Yeardley. 

1843,  James  McDowell. 

B.  M.  Pease. 

1621,  Sir  Francis  Wyatt. 

1840,    William  Smith. 

isi'.'.),   Edmund  J.  Davis. 

1626,  Sir  George  Yeardley. 

1849,  John  B.  Floyd. 

1873,  Richard  Coke. 

1627,  Francis  West  (acting.) 

18)2,  Joseph  Johnson. 

1876,  Richard  Uubbard. 

1629,  John  Potts  (acting.) 

1856,  Henry  A.  Wise. 

1629,  John  Harvey. 

1859,  John  Letcher. 

1035,  John  West  (acting). 

(Confederate.) 

1636,  John  West. 

1861,   Francis  H.  Pierpont. 

1639,   Sir  Francis  Wyatt. 

18ii8,  Henry  H.  Wells. 

1041,   Sir  William  Berkeley. 

1869,  Gilbert  C.  Walker. 

1652,  Richard  Bennet. 

1873,  Jauics  L.  Kemper. 

UTAH. 

1055,   Edward  Diggs. 

165(i,  Samuel  Mathews. 

1849,  Brigham  Young. 
18-74,  Edwin  J.  Steptoe. 
1857,   Alfred  Cummings. 

1660,   Sir  William  Berkeley. 
1662,  Francis   Moryson  (act- 
iu01.) 

WASHINGTON. 

1861,  John  W.  Dawson. 
1862,  Stephen  S.  Harding. 
18«3,  James  G.  Doty. 
1805,   Charles  Durkee. 
18i>y,  J.  W.  Shaffer. 
1870,  V.  H.  Vaughan. 
1871,  George  L.  Woods. 
1874,   S.  B.  Axtell. 

1663,   Sir  William  Berkeley. 
1677,  Herbert  Jeffreys  (lieut.- 
goveruor.) 
1678,  Sir    Henry    Chicheley 
(deputy-governor.) 
16SO,   Lord  Culpepper. 
1684,  Lord  Howard  of  Effing- 

1854,  Isaac  J.  Stevens. 
1857,  Fayette  McMellen. 
1861,  William  11.  Wallace. 
1862,  William  Pickering. 
1868,   Marshal  F.  Moore. 
1870,  Edward  S.  Salomon. 
1872,  Elisha  P.  Ferry. 

1875,  George  W.  Emery. 

1688,  Nathaniel   Bacon   (act- 

ing.) 

1690,  Francis  Nicholson(lieu- 

\VEST  VIRGINIA. 

tenant-governor.) 

1692,  Sir  Edmund  Audros. 

1863,  Arthur  J.  Bowman. 

1698,  Francis  Nicholson. 

1868,  William  E.  Stevenson. 

VERMONT. 

1705,  Edward     Nott    (lieut.- 

1871,  John  J.  Jacob. 

1790,  Thomas  Chittenden. 

governor.) 

1876,  Henry  M.  Matthews. 

171)7,  Isaac  Tichenor. 

1706,  Edmund  Jennings  (act- 

1807, Israel  Smith. 

ing.) 

1808,  Isaac  Tichenor. 

1710,  Alexander    Spotswood 

1809,  Jonas  Galusha. 
1813,   -Martin  Chittenden. 

(lieut.  -governor.) 
1722,  Hugh  Drysdale  (lieut.- 

WISCONSIN. 

1815,  Jonas  Galusha. 
18--0,   Richard  Skinner. 

governor.) 
1727,   William  Gouch  (lieut.- 

1836,  Henry  Dodge. 
1848,  Nelson  Dewey. 

1823,  C.  P.  Van  Ness. 

governor.) 

1851,  Leonard  J.  Farwell. 

1826,  Ezra  Butler. 

1749,    Thomas  Lee  (acting.) 

1853,   William  A.  Barstow. 

1828,  Samuel  C.  Crafts. 

1750,  Lewis  Burwell  (actiug.) 

1855,  Coles  Bashford. 

1831,  William  A.  Palmer. 
1,-.'50,  Sam'l  Jenison  (ai-.tiug.) 

1752,   Rob't  Dinwiddie  (.lieut.- 
governor.) 

1857,  Alexander  W.  Randall. 
1861,  Leonard  P.  Harvey. 

1841,  Charles  Paine. 

1758,  Francis  Fauquier(lieut.- 

18(i2,  Edward  Salomon. 

1843,  John  Mattocks. 

governor.) 

1803,  James  T.  Lewis. 

1841,  Willium  Slude. 

1768,  Lord  Boutetourt. 

1865,  Lucius  Fairchild. 

1840,   Horace  Eaton. 

1770,  Wm.  Nelson  (acting.) 

1871,  Cadwallader  C.  Wash- 

1849,  Carlos  Coolidge. 

1772,  Lord  Dunmore. 

burn. 

1850,  Charles  K.  Williams. 

1775-76,    Provincial   Conven- 

1873, William  R.  Taylor. 

1852,  Erastus  Fairbanks. 

tion. 

1875,  Harisou  Ludiugtou. 

1853,  John  S.  Robinson. 

1776,  Patrick  Henry. 

1854,  Stephen  Royec. 

1779,  Thomas  Jefferson. 

1856,  Ryland  Fletcher. 

1781,   Thomas  Nelson. 

185S,  Ililand  Hall. 

1781,   Benjamin  Harrison. 

I860,  KratttuH  Fairbanks. 
isiii,   Frederick  Holbrook. 

1784,   Patrick  Henry. 
1786,  Edmund  Randolph. 

WYOMING. 

1803,  James  Gregory  Smith. 
1805,   Paul  Dilliugham. 
1867,   Jolm  B.  Page. 

1788,  Beverly  Randolph. 
1791,  Henry  Lee. 
1794,   Robert  Brooke. 

1870,  James  A.  Campbell. 
1875,  John  M.  Thayer. 

1809,  Peter  T.  Washbura. 

1796,  James  Wood. 

;*r!,  John  W.  Stewart. 

1799,  James  Monroe. 

1872,  J  ulius  Converse. 

1802,  John  Page. 

INDEX. 


-A.. 

PAGE 

Abolition  society  formed  at  Philadelphia,  433 
Abolition  of  slavery,  petition  for    ....  493 
Abolition  of  slavery,  petition  from  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia 500 

Abolition,  President  refers  to 651 

Abolition  of  slavery  officially  announced  OCO 
Abolitionists,  riot  against,  in  New  York  .  572 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  in  Connec- 
ticut    486 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Philadel- 
phia    517 

Acadie,  colony  to 21 

Acadie,  name  given 21 

Acadie,  aided  by  MaHsachusetts 78 

Acarlie,  restored  to  the  French 121 

Acadie,  expedition  against,  from  Massa- 
chusetts    178 

Acadie,  French  in,  carried  away 246 

Ackworth,  Georgia,  occupied <H5 

Act  concerning  fugitives  from  service  .  .  45(5 
Act  prohibiting  importation    of  British 

goods  suspended, 501 

Actors,  English,  in  Williamsburg  ....  253 
Actors  classed  as  vagrants  in  South  Caro- 
lina      434 

Acts  of  Trade,  refused  in  Massachusetts  .  105 

Acts  of  parliament,  motion  to  revise  .  .  .  357 

Adams,  John,  sent  to  Holland 402 

Adams,  John,  presides  over  the  Senate  .  .  441 

Adams,  John,  inaugurated 468 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  reports  concerning 

weights  and  measures 538 

Address  to  people  of  Quebec 313 

Address  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain  .  .  313 

Adirondack  Iron  and  Steel  Company  .   .   .  508 

Adirondack  region,  blast-furnace  in  ...  589 

Admiral,  grade  of,  created 665 

Admiral,  grade  of,  abolished     ......  6S8 

Ad  valorem  duties  by  Khode  Island  .  .  .  411 
Adventurers,  London,  sell  out  to  asso- 
ciates    37 

Advertiser,  Weekly,  published  in  Phila- 
delphia    225 

Advertiser,    Independent,    published    at 

Boston 232 

Advertiser,  Boston  Weekly,  published    .  200 

Advertiser,  New  York  Daily 310 

Advertiser,  American  Daily,  published  in 

Philadelphia 413 

Advertiser,  New  York  Daily,  published  .  418 

Advertiser,  General,published 445 

Advertiser  published^  in  Mobile 570 

Affirm,  Quakers  allowed  to,  in  North  Caro- 
lina    185 

Affirm,  Quakers  not  allowed  to,  in  Penn- 
sylvania .  .  .^ 185 

Africa,  trade  to,  thrown  open 167 


PAGE 

Agamcuticus  grant  to  Gorges 35 

Agreement,    articles  of,   in   Providence, 

"llhode  Island 68 

Agreement  of  non-importation 270 

Agricultural  society  in  Massachusetts  .  .  452 
Agricultural  societies,  appropriation  for, 

in  New  York 539 

Agricultural  College  of  Michigan  opened,  613 

Agricultural  Colleges,  act  for 031 

Agricultural  machinery,  patents  for  ...  688 
Agriculture,  society  for  promotion  of  .  .  417 
Agriculture  and  manufactures,  appropria- 
tion for,  in  New  Hampshire 543 

Agriculture,  committee  on,  iu  Congress  .  549 
Agriculture,  application  of  chemistry  to, 

by  Professor  Johnston 590 

Agriculture,  Department  of,  established  .  628 
Aid  furnished  Massachusetts  by  Connec- 
ticut    195 

Aid    voted   Virginia  by  New  York    and 

Maryland 244 

Aillon,  Vasquczde,  visits  America  .  ...  14 

Alabama  Kivcr,  settlement  on 184 

Alabama  territory  formed  .  .  : 533 

Alabama  admitted  to  the  Union 547 

Alabama  protests  against  the  tariff    .  .  .  5  il 

Alabama  sunk 046 

Alabama  abolishes  slavery 659 

Alabama  claims  to  be  settled  by  commis- 
sion    659 

Alabama  admitted  to  representation  .  .  .  072 

Alabama  claims  paid C91 

Alabama  claims,  commission  for 61)5 

Alabama,  State  Board  of  Health  in    ...  097 

Alamo,  massacre  at,  by  Santa  Anna  .  .  .  576 

Alaska,  Kussiaii  traders  iu  . ;i53 

Alaska,  purchase  of 008 

Alaska,  United  States  laws  extended  to  .  673 

Albany,  fort  at 26 

Albany,  New  York,  settled 33 

Albany,  name  of 33 

Albany,  New  York,  settled 44 

Albany,  New  York,  given  a  charter  .  .  .  145 

Albany,  asks  aid  from  Connecticut .  ...  150 

Albany,  congress  with  Indians  held  at .  193 

Albany,  bricks  in 202 

Albany,  congress  at,  with  Indians  ....  232 
Albany,  convention  of  delegates  from  the 

colonies 243 

Albany  Register  published 485 

Albany  Argus  published 518 

Albany  regency,  organ  of 518 

Albany  Republican  published 518 

Albany,  Plough-Boy  published  in  ....  551 

Albany  Evening  Journal  published   .  .  .  603 

Albany  Cultivator  published 571 

Albany,  Dudley  Observatory  at 611 

Alden,  John,  one  of  the  associates  .  ...  37 

761 


7G2 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Ale  first  ma<1e 

Alexander  VI.,  Pope,  grants  lands  dis- 
covered   

Alexander,  Sir  W.,  grant  to 

Alexander,  Sir  W.,  expedition  by  .... 

Alexandria  surrendered '.  .  . 

Alexandria,  Louisiana,  captured 

Algiers  declares  war 

Algiers,  tribute  paid  to 

Alienage,  children  born  abroad  relieved 
from 

Aliens  allowed  to  hold  real  estate  .... 

Alhitoona  Pass,  Georgia,  battle  at .... 

Allcrton,  Isaac,  one  of  the  associates  .  .  . 

Almanac,  Poor  Richard's,  published  .  .  . 

Alniaiite,  Mexican  minister,  protests 
against  annexation  of  Texas  .... 

Amana,  Iowa,  community  at 

Amboy,  New  Jersey,  first  sloop  in  .... 

Ambrister,  executed  by  General  Jack- 
son   

Amelia  Island,  settlement  at,  suppressed, 

Amendment,  fourteenth,  adopted   .... 

America,  discovery  of,  by  Northmen  .  .  . 

America,  original  settlers  of 

America,  diwcovery  of,  by  Columbus .  . 

America,  name  of 

America,  independent,  proposed  in  Par- 
liament   

American  Philosophical  Society  at  Phil- 
adelphia   

American  Citizen  in  New  York  city  ... 

American  Botanical  Society  formed   .  .  . 

American  Patriot  published 

American  Antiquarian  Society  at  Wor- 
cester   

American  vessels  captured,  number  of.  . 

American  Colonization  Society  at  Wash- 
ington   

American  Farmer  published  at  Baltimore, 

American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  .  . 

American  Traveller  published  in  Boston  . 

American  Institute  in  New  York 

American  Institutcof  Instruction  founded, 

American  Bible  Union  in  New  York  .  .  . 

American  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  in 
New  York 

American  Art  Union  in  New  York  .... 

American  Short-horn  Herd-Book  pub- 
lished   

American  Bible  Union  in  New  York  .  .  . 

American  Nautical  Almanac  published  .  . 

American  Press  Association 

Americans  repulsed  at  La  Cole  River, 
Canada 

Americans,  rights  in  foreign  states    .  .  . 

Amherst  College,  Massachusetts,  founded, 

Amnesty  proclamation 

Amnesty  grunted 

Amnesty,  President's  right  to  proclaim, 
repealed  

Amnesty,  proclamation  of 

Amnesty,  complete,  proclaimed 

Andersonville  prison  opened 

Anclros,  Sir  Edmund,  head-quarters  at 
New  York 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  a  new  commission 


given  to  , 
adros 


Andros,  summoned  to  surrender  the  gov- 
ernment   

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  imprisoned  .... 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  sent  as  prisoner  to 
England 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia  

Animals,  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to,  So- 
ciety for 

Annapolis  made  the  capital  of  the  state 
of  Maryland 

Annapolis,  Maryland,  a  port  of  entry  .  . 

Annapolis,  Maryland,  printing-press  in  . 

Annapolis,  Maryland,  flag  of  truce  at   .  . 


310 

10 
35 

38 

527 
638 
421 

4M 

607 
442 
649 
37 
211 

593 
687 
172 

543 

540 

663 

9 

9 

10 

11 

373 

220 
485 
499 
505 

517 
533 

537 
541 
543 
555 
561 
564 
580 

580 
584 

595 
601 
605 
680 

525 
673 
537 
642 
657 

666 
670 
674 
644 

147 

147 

149 
150 

151 
156 
652 

161 
162 
222 
523 


Annapolis,  naval  school  at 

Ann    Arbor,  Michigan,  observatory  at    . 

Anthracite  coal  used  in  a  hot  blast .... 

Anthracite  coal  used  as  fuel  for  locomo- 
tives   

Antictam,  Maryland,  battle  at 

Antinomian  controversy 

Antioch  College  at  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio, 
founded 

Anti- Masonic  convention  at  LcRoy,  New 
York 

Anti-lottery  society  in  Philadelphia  .  .  . 

Anti-slavery  society  in  New  York  .... 

Anti -slavery  documents  destroyed  in  the 
mail 

Anti-slavery  National  Woman's  Conven- 
tion held  at  Philadelphia 

Anti-renters  in  New  York 

Appeals  to  the  king  refused 

Appomattox  Court  House,  Lee  surrenders 
at 

Apportionment,  new,  provided  for  .... 

Appraisement  at  custom-house  begun  .  . 

Apprentices,  death  penalty  against,  in 
Maryland 

Apprentices'  Library  in  Philadelphia    .  . 

Appropriation  for  increase  of  navy  .  .  .  . 

Arbitration  suggested  by  Massachusetts 
Peace  Society 

Arbitration  made  compulsory  in  Pennsyl- 
vania   

Arbitration,  Court  of,  in  New  York   .  .  . 

Arbutlmot  executed  by  General  Jackson 

Arctic  expedition  from  New  York  .... 

Arctic  expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin 

Argall,  Captain,  captures  Pocahontas    .  . 

Argall,  Captain,  destroys  French  settle- 
ments   

Argus,  the,  captures  vessels  in  the  British 
channel 

Argus,  the,  captured  by  the  Pelican  .  .  . 

Arizona  made  a  territory 

Arkansas  made  a  territory 

Arkansas  Gazette  published  at  Little 
Rock 

Arkansas  admitted  to  the  Union 

Arkansas,  Confederate  ram 

Arkansas  Post  captured 

Arkansas  admitted  to  representation  .  .  . 

Arkansas,  vote  not  counted 

Arkansas,  conflict  in 

Arkansas,  message  on  affairs  of 

Armistice,  plan  for,  modified 

Armistice  proposed 

Armistice  between  England  and  France  . 

Arms  made  in  Massachusetts 

Armstrong,  John,  resigns 

Army  of  observation  in  Rhode  Island  .  . 

Army  hospital  organized 

Army  reorganized 

Army  withdraws  to  Ticonderoga  .... 

Army,  another,  enlisted 

Army  withdrew  from  Newport 

Army,  condition   of 

Army,  depreciation  of  pay  made  good  .  . 

Army,  report  on  condition  of 

Army,  condition  of  south 

Army,  plan  of  organization 

Army,  condition  of 

Army,  meeting  in 

Army,  condition  of 

Army,  provisional 

Army  reduced 

Army,  addition  to 

Army  increased 

Army,  whipping  in,  abolished 

Army,  new  levies  consolidated  with  .  .  . 

Army,  liquor  prohibited  in 

Army  ordered  to  left  bank  of  Rio  Grande, 

Army  of  the  Potomac,  McClellan  in  com- 
mand   


594 
607 
570 

577 
632 

58 

603 

559 

568 
569 

573 

584 
590 
169 

654 
686 
542 

72 
547 
535 

533 

577 
696 
543 
601 

605 


25 

522 
5^2 
638 
547 

571 
577 
630 
636 
671 
688 
695 
697 
515 
516 
232 
232 
528 
321 
328 
333 
351 
359 
376 
381 
389 
390 
392 
394 
395 
396 
405 
472 
486 
503 
512 
513 
514 
541 
594 


622 


INDEX. 


763 


Army  of  the  Potomac,  McClellan  in  com- 
mand   

Army  not  to  restore  fugitive  slaves  .  .  . 

Army  of  Virginia,  Pope  in  command  .  . 

Army  of  Cumberland,  Thomas  given  com- 
mand   

Army,  peace  establishment  of 

Army,  grade  of  general  revived 

Arnold,  Benedict,  at  West  Point 

Arnold's  treachery 

Artesian  well  in  St.  Louis  completed    .  . 

Artillery  stores  made  in  Providence  .  .  . 

Ashburton  treaty,  terms  of 

Assembly  in  Virginia  orders  mulberry- 
trees  planted 

Assembly  in  Maryland 

Assembly  of  Maryland  divided 

Assembly  in  New  Jersey    ........ 

Assembly  in  South  Carolina 

Assembly  of  notables  in  Canada 

Assembly  in  New  York 

Assembly  called  in  New  York 

Assembly  in  New  York 

Assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  right  to  ori- 
ginate laws . 

Associated  Press  in  New  York 

Associates  buy  out  London  adventurers  . 

Associates,  Hundred,  purchase  Quebec  .  . 

Association  in  North  Carolina 

Assorting  Bureau  created 

Assumption  of  state  debts  objected  to  .  . 

Astor  Library  opened  in  New  York  ... 

Astor- Place  riot  in  New  York 

Asylum,  Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Hartford  .  . 

Athenaeum  Library  at  Providence,  Khode 
Island 

Athenaeum  Library  formed  in  Boston   .  . 

Athenian  Society  in  Baltimore 

Athens,  Missouri,  battle  at 

Atlanta  entered 

Atlantic  coast  blockaded 

Atlantic,  first  steam  passage  over   .... 

Atlantic  telegraph  laid 

Attorney-general  decides  a  citizen  can  re- 
nounce his  citizenship 

Aubert,  Thomas,  explores  St.  Lawrence  . 

Auburn,  New  York,  competition  of  mow- 
ers at 

Audience,  Royal,  given  government  of 
Mexico 

Augusta,  Georgia,  settled 

Augusta  deserted 

Augusta  captured 

Austin,  Foster  H.,  settles  Austin  in 
Texas  

Austria  frees  Martin  Koszta  as  an  Ameri- 
can citizen 

Auto-da-fe  in  Mexico 

Avcry  sborough,  North  Carolina,  battle  of 

Azores  made  starting-point  of  boundary, 


33 
55 
75 
122 

128 
133 
139 
150 
Ia5 

162 

000 
37 

37 
327 
095 
448 
(KX5 
001 
5:JO 

242 

495 
5()li 
022 
048 
518 
582 
0(J.j 

614 
12 

0(34 

15 
219 
373 
400 


18 

653 
10 


Bacon,  insurrection  in  Virginia 129 

Biiinbridge,  William,  commands  the  Con- 
stitution   518 

Bakers  regulated  in  New  York  city  .  .  .  146 
Baldwin,  J.  O.,  "Ancient  America  "...  9 
Ballou,  Hosea,  publishes  Uuiversalist 

Magazine 546 

Balls' Bluff,  battle  of 623 

Baltimore,   Maryland,   settled 203 

Baltimore  incorporated 228 

Baltimore,  lottery  in 241 

Baltimore,  brick  buildings  in 244 

Baltimore,  mills  in 257,  292 

Baltimore,  pottery  at 263 

Baltimore,  Niles'  Register  published  in  .   511 

Baltimore,  riot  in 511 

Baltimore,  Maryland,  commercial  associa- 
tion formed  in 539 


Baltimore,  first  savings  bank  in 

Baltimore,  national  convention  of  silk- 
growers  at 

Baltimore,  Sixth  Massachusetts  mobbed 
in 

Bancroft,  H.  H.,  "  Native  Races  of  Pa- 
cific States  " 

Bank  in  Boston,  Massachusetts 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  in  South  Carolina  . 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  in  Massachusetts  . 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  created  in  Rhode 
Island 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  in  Massachusetts  . 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  in  New  Hampshire, 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  created  by  Rhode 
Island 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  created  in  Rhode 
Island 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  created  by  Rhode 
Island 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  created  by  Rhode 
Island 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  created  by  Rhode 
Island 

Bank  of  Pennsylvania 

Bank  of  North  America  incorporated    .  . 

Bank  of  North  America  chartered  .... 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island   . 

Bank,  National,  created 

Bank-bills,  issue  of,  limited  in  Massachu- 
setts   

Bank,  National,  chartered 

Bank  of  Savings  formed  at  New  York  .  . 

Bank,  report  on  the  affairs  of 

Bank,  losses  reported 

Bank,  Suffolk,  system  introduced    .... 

Bank,  committee  report  in  favor  of  re- 
chartering  

Bank,  based  on  the  resources  of  the  coun- 
try, suggested  by  President 

Bank,  petitions  for  a  renewal  of  charter  . 

Bank,  charter  of,  vetoed 

Bank  claims  damages  from  United  States, 

Bank,  report  concerning  its  affairs  .... 

Bank,  government  directors  report  they 
were  excluded  from  knowing  its  con- 
dition   

Bank,  House  resolves  not  to  re-charter  .  . 

Bank,  committee  to  investigate,  appointed 
by  Senate 

Bank,  committee  reports  on,  to  the  House, 

Bank  wound  up 

Bank-notes,  denominations  of,  allowed  in 
the  states  

Bank  chartered  by  Pennsylvania  ..... 

Bank  continues  with  title  "  United  States 
Bank  of  Pennsylvania  " 

Bank  pays  off  shares  owned  by  govern- 
ment   

Bank  sends  agent  to  England 

Bank-notes  less  than  twenty  dollars  not 
received  by  government 

Bank,  president  of,  resigns 

Bank,  the  new,  forbidden  issuing  notes  of 
old 

Bank,  bills  of,  on  France,  protested    .  .  . 

Bank,  report  on  its  management 

Bank  of  California  failed 

Banking  schemes  in  Massachusetts  forbid- 
den   

Banking  system  of  New  York  reported 

Tt 


Banking  law,  free,  in  New  York 

Bankrupt  law  passed  in  Rhode  Island,  132, 

Bankrupt  law  passed 

Bankrupt  act  repealed 

Bankruptcy  law  in  Rhorle  Island    .... 
Bankruptcy  law  in  Rhode  Island  repealed, 

Bankruptcy  law  passed 

Bankruptcy  act  repealed 

Bankruptcy  law 

Bankruptcy  act  repealed 


541 
583 
621 

9 
146 

182 
184 

185 
187 
187 

192 
208 
213 
220 

227 
390 
404 
409 
423 
450 

503 
535 
536 
544 
550 
554 

562 

562 
566 
566 
563 
5(58 


570 
571 

571 

572 
572 

573 
575 

576 

580 
682 

582 
584 

585 
585 
586 
697 

223 

541 

584 
248 
480 
4!>4 
283 
290 
587 
589 
668 


704 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Banks  in  New  York  and  Massachusetts   .  416 

Hanks  in  United  States 451 

B.uiks  in  Dotted  States oL4 

Bunks,  specie-paying,  chartered  by  Penn- 
sylvania    6! 

Hanks,  specie-paying,  fail    ........  6. 

Banks  of  New  Orleans  suspended   .  ...  525 

Bunks  suspend  specie  payment ......  527 

Jjjinks  in  District  of  Columbia  suspend.  .  627 

Banks  chartered  in  Kentucky 640 

Bunks,  general  failure  of 657 

Bunk*  suspend  payment 6! 

Banks  resumed  payment 682 

Banks  of  Philadelphia  resumed 683 

Banks,  small  notes  of,  not  received  by 

government 583 

Banks  in  the  United  States 686 

Banks  in  Philadelphia  suspend  specie  pay- 
ments    685 

Banks  in  Philadelphia  run  on 686 

Bunks  in  Philadelphia  suspend  specie  pay- 
ments     686 

Banks  in  Philadelphia  resumed 688 

Banks  of  Philadelphia  suspend  payments,  013 

Banks  in  the  country  suspend 613 

Banks,  circulation  of 622 

Banks,  General,  at  New  Orleans 636 

Banks,  state,  circulation  taxed 653 

Baptist  Church  in  Providence 60 

Baptist  church  in  Boston 116 

Baptist  church  in  Boston 132 

Baptists,  Seventh-day 124 

Baptists  forbidden  to  meet  in  Boston  .  .  135 
Baptists  in  Massachusetts  allowed  to  pay 

taxes  for  their  own  ministers  ....  202 

Barataria  Bay,  settlement  at,  dispersed    .  529 

Barre,  Isaac,  speech  against  Stamp  Act .  264 

Baton  Rouge  captured 384 

Buton  Rouge,  battle  of 631 

Battle  of  Otumba,  in  Mexico 13 

Battle  of  Lexington 320 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill 326 

Battle  of  Great  Bridge 334 

Battle  of  Brooklyn  fought ........  353 

Battle  on  Lake  Champlain 355 

Buttle  of  White  Plains 356 

Battle  at  Trenton 360 

Battle  at  Princeton 360 

Battle  of  Bcnnington 365 

Battle  of  Brandy  wine 366 

Battle  of  Bemus'  Heights  fought ....  367 

Buttle  at  Gcrmantown  - 367 

Battle  of  Monmouth  Court  House  ....  375 

Buttle  of  Kettle  Creek,  Georgia 379 

Battle  at  Hanging  Rock 391 

Battle  at  Sanders  Creek 391 

Battle  at  Fish-Dam  Ford 395 

Battle  of  Cowpens 397 

Battle  of  Guilford  Court  House 399 

Battle  of  Camden 399 

Battle  of  Eutaw  Springs 402 

Battle  of  Tippecanoe 612 

Battle  at  Brownstown,  Michigan    ....  615 

Battle  of  Queenstown  Heights 516 

Buttle  of  Tallasehatche  fought 522 

Battle  of  the  Thames,  Upper  Canada  ...  522 

Battle  of  Lake  Erie 522 

Battle  of  Chrysler's  Field,  Canada,  fought,  523 

Battle  of  Luudy's  Lane  fought 526 

Battle  of  Chippeway  fought 626 

Battle  of  Bridgewater  fought 526 

Battle  of  Bladensburg 527 

Battle  of  Plattsburg  fought 528 

Battle  of  New  Orleans 530 

Battle  of  San  Jncinto 677 

Battle  of  Churubusco  fought 597 

Battle  of  Rcsaca  de  la  Palraa  fought  ...  597 

Battle  of  Palo  Alto  fought ........  597 

Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  fought    .  .  .597 

Battle  of  Buena  Vista  fought   ...          .597 

Buttle  of  El  Molino  del  Rey  fought    .      .  598 

Battle  of  Contreras  fought .  .  / 598 


Battle  of  Big  Bethel 621 

Battle  at  Booneville,  Missouri 621 

Battle  at  Centreville,  Virginia 622 

Battle  of  Manassas  Junction 622 

Battle  of  Bull  Run G22 

Battle  at  Athens,  Missouri 622 

Battle  of  Rich  Mountain,  Virginia  ....  622 

Battle  at  Carthage,  Missouri C22 

Battle  of  Bclmont,  Mississippi 623 

Battle  of  Carnifex  Ferry 623 

Battle  of  Ball's  Bluff fv^3 

Battle  of  Wilson's  Creek 023 

Battle  at  Mill  Spring,  Kentucky 624 

Battle  at  Middle  Creek,  Kentucky  ....  624 

Battle  at  Newbern,  North  Carolina    .  .  .  625 

Battle  at  Roanoke  Island 625 

Battle  at  Pea  Ridge,  Arkansas 626 

Battle  at  Winchester,  Virginia 027 

Battle  at  Pittsburg  Landing 627 

Battle  at  Shiloh 627 

Battle  at  Chancellorsville 628 

Battle  at  Hanover  Court  House 628 

Battle  of  Seven  Pines 628 

Battle  at  Williamsburg,  Virginia    ....  628 

Battle  at  Winchester,  Virginia 628 

Battle  at  Cross  Keys,  Virginia 628 

Battle  of  Frazier's  Farm 629 

Battle  at  Cold  Harbor 629 

Battle  at  Mechanicsville,  Virginia  ....  629 

Battle  at  Cerro  de  Borgo 629 

Battle  of  Savage's  Station,  Virginia  ...  629 

Battle  of  Malvern  Hill 629 

Battle,  Seven  Days',  at  Richmond  ....  629 

Battle  at  Secessionville 629 

Battle  of  Cedar  Mountain 631 

Battle  of  Baton  Rouge 631 

Battle  at  Manassas 632 

Battle  at  South  Mountain,  Maryland    .  .  632 

Battle  at  Groyeton,  Virginia 632 

Battle  at  Antietam,  Maryland 632 

Battle  at  Chantilly,  Virginia 632 

Battle  at  Ox  Hill,  Virginia 632 

Battle  at  Richmond,  Kentucky 632 

Battle  of  Corinth,  Mississippi 633 

Battle  at  luka,  Mississippi 633 

Battle  of  Perry  ville,  Kentucky 633 

Battle  at  Prairie  Grove,  Arkansas  ....  634 

Battle  at  Chickasaw  Bayou 634 

Battle  of  Stone  River,  Tennessee   ....  035 

Battle  (second)  of  Stone  River 635 

Battle  of  Cottage  Grove,  Tennessee   .  .  .  637 

Battle  at  Somerville,  Kentucky 637 

Battle  of  Raymond.  Mississippi 638 

Battle  of  Champion's  Hill,  Mississippi    .  638 

Battle  of  Chancellorsville 638 

Battle  of  Big  Black  River,  Mississippi .  .  633 

Battle  of  Port  Gibson 638 

Battle  at  Winchester,  Virginia 639 

Battle  of  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  640 

Battle  of  Hanover  Junction,  Virginia    .  .  640 

Battle  of  Lookout  Mountain 641 

Battle  of  Missionary  Ridge 641 

Battle  of  Chickamauga  Creek 641 

Battle  of  Campbell's  Station 641 

Battle  at  Olustee,  Florida 642 

Battle  at  Sabine  Cross  Roads 643 

Battle  of  Spottsylvania,  Virginia   .  .  .  .  6f4 

Battle  of  Resaca,  Georgia 644 

Battle   of  New   Hope   Church    Station, 

Georgia 645 

Battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Virginia 645 

Battle  of  Dallas,  Georgia 645 

Battle  at  Kent-saw  Mountain 646 

Battle  of  Jonesborough 648 

Battle  of  Decatur,  Georgia 648 

Battle  of  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Georgia     .  .  648 

Battle  at  Winchester 648 

Battle  of  Monocacy  River,  Maryland   .  .  648 

Battle  at  Cedar  Creek,  Virginia 649 

Battle  at  Allatoona  Pass,  Georgia  ....  649 

Battle  at  Holston  River,  Virginia   ....  649 

Battle  at  Fisher's  Creek,  Virginia  ....  649 


INDEX. 


765 


Battle  at  Peebles  Farm 649 

Battle  at  Nashville,  Tennessee 050 

Battle  at  Hatcher's  Run,  Virginia  ....    650 

Battle  at  Hatcher's  Run 652 

Battle  of  Averysborough,  North  Carolina  653 
Battle  of  Bcntonville,  North  Carolina  .  .  653 

Battle  of  Five  Forks,  Virginia 653 

Battle  of  Farmville,  Virginia 054 

Battles  of  the  Wilderness 644 

Bears,  bounty  on,  in  Rhode  Island  ....    216 
Beaumarchais  advances  to  colonies  .   .   .    343 
Beaumont,    William,    publishes    experi- 
ments on  digestion 569 

Beaver  Dam,  Americans  captured  at ...  521 
Beaverwyck,  Dutch  name  of  Albany  ...  33 
Bedford,  Duke  of,  head  of  colonial  affairs,  233 

Bee  published 474 

Beer  brewed  in  Pennsylvania 109 

Beer,  price  of,  in  New  England 120 

Beer,  price  fixed  in  Pennsylvania  ....    138 

Beer,  price  of,  in  Maryland 167 

Beer  in  Georgia 222 

Beer  in  Maryland 228 

Behring's  second  voyage  of  discovery  .  .  224 
Belcher,  governor  oif  New  Jersey  ....  230 
Belfast,  on  Penobscot  Bay,  captured  .  .  .  528 

Bell  cast  in  Philadelphia 239 

Bells  lirst  manufactured 218 

Bellamout,  Earl  of,  governor  of  New  Eng- 
land   164 

Bellarnont,  Earl  of,  in  New  York  city  .  .    Ifi5 

Belmont,  Mississippi,  battle  of 623 

Bentonville,  North  Carolina,  battle  of  .  .  653 
Berkeley,  Sir  W.,  governor  of  Virginia  .  105 
Berkeley,  Sir  VV.,  condition  of  Virginia  .  124 
Berkeley  sold  part  of  New  Jersey  ....  128 

Berlin  decree  issued 41)9 

Berlin  and  Milan  decrees  revoked  ....  509 
Berlin  and  Milan  decrees  repealed  ....  513 
Bernard,  Francis,  governor  of  New  Jersey  250 
Berwick,  Maine,  attacked  by  Indians  ...  151 
Bethel,  Missouri,  a  community  at  ....  591 
Betterment  law  in  Massachusetts  ....  503 
Bibb,  W.  W.,  first  governor  of  Alabama 

territory 538 

Bible,  Indian  version  of. 106 

Bible  printed  in  Indian 114 

Bible  in  German,  at  Germantown,  Penn- 
sylvania    ..    226 

Bible,  English,  printed  in  Boston  ....    239 

Bible  printed  in  Philadelphia 400 

Biddle,  president  of  Bank,  resigns  ....    584 

Big  Bethel,  battle  of 621 

Big  Black  River,  Mississippi,  battle  of .  .    638 
Bill  to  regulate  the  government  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay 301 

Bill  of  Rights  in  Virginia 347 

Bill  to  collect  the  revenue 568 

Bill  drawn  by  United  States  on  France 

protested 568 

Bill  to  secure  civil  rights 663 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Massachusetts  .    152 

Bills  of  credit  in  Carolina 172 

Bills  of  credit,  redemption  postponed  .  .    174 

Bills  of  credit  in  Carolina 177 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Rhode  Island  .  .  178 
Bills  of  credit  issued  by  New  Hampshire,  178 
Bills  of  credit  issued  by  New  York,  New 

Jersey,  and  Connecticut 179 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Massachusetts 

and  New  York 181 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  New  York  .  .  .  184 
Bills  of  credit  redeemed  by  Rhode  Island,  184 
Bills  of  credit  issued  by  New  York  .  .  185 
Bills  of  credit  issued  by  South  Carolina  185 
Bills  of  credit  issued  by  New  York  .  .  .  188 
Bills  of  credit  forbidden  in  the  colonies  191 
Bills  of  credit  issued  by  New  Jersey  .  .  192 
Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Pennsylvania  .  194 
Bills  of  credit  forbidden  in  South  Caro- 
lina   194 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Pennsylvania .  .    195 


Bills  of  credit  vetoed  by  council  in  South 
Carolina 

Bills  of  credit,  bank  of,  in  Rhode  Island  . 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Massachusetts  . 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  North  Carolina   . 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Pennsylvania  .  . 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  South  Carolina  . 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Maryland  .... 

Bills  of  credit  in  Louisiana 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  North  Carolina  . 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  New  York  .  .  . 

Bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

Bills  of  credit  forbidden  the  colonies  .  . 

Bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Massachusetts  . 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Massachusetts  . 

Bills  of  credit  burned  in  Rhode  Island  .  . 

Bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

Bills  of  credit  forbidden  in  New  England, 

Bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

Bills  of  credit  regulated 

Bills  of  credit  by  the  colonies 

Bills  of  credit  in  Georgia 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Maryland  .... 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Rhode  Island  .  . 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Pennsylvania  .  . 

Bills  of  credit  forbidden 

Bills  of  credit,  Franklin's  evidence  on  .  . 

Bills  of  credit  in  Massachusetts 

Bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

Bills  of  credit  by  New  Hampshire  .... 

Bills  of  credit  by  Congress 

Bills  of  credit  by  Rhode  Island 

Bills  of  credit  by  New  York 

Bills  of  credit  by  New  Jersey 

Bills  of  credit  issued 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Congress  .... 

Bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

Bills  of  credit 

Bills  of  credit  by  Congress 

Bills  of  credit 

Bills  of  credit  issued . 

Bills  of  credit  issued 

Bills  of  credit  counterfeited 

Bills  of  credit,  limit  placed  on 

Bills  of  credit  counterfeited 

Bills  of  credit,  repeal  of  legal  tender  ad- 
vised   

Bills  of  credit,  depreciation  of,  fixed  .  .  . 

Bills  of  credit,  change  in 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Pennsylvania  .  . 

Bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

Bills  of  credit,  preparation  for  new  ispue, 

Bills  of  credit,  depreciation  of 

Bills  of  credit  in  Pennsylvania 

Bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

Bills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

Binghampton,  New  York,  settled    .... 

Birney,  James  G.,  publishes  The  Philan- 
thropist   

Bishop,  Episcopal,  consecrated 

Bishops  ordained    .  .  . 

Black  Friday 

Black  Hawk  captured 

Black  Republican,  origin  of  term    .  .  .  . 

Black  Rock,  British  batteries  captured  at, 

Blackvvell,  John,  petitions  for  a  bank    .  . 

Bladen,  Thomas,  governor  of  Maryland  . 

Blanchard,  Thomas,  invents  tack-making 
machine 

Blank  books  made  in  Boston 

Blind,  Perkins  Institute  for,  in  Boston    . 

Block,  Adrien,  builds  a  vessel 

Block  Island  named 

Blockade  removed 

Blount,  trial  of 

Blue  laws  of  New  Haven 

Blue  Ridge  crossed 

Blue  Ridge  crossed 

Board  of  nine  men  in  New  York 

Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations  organ- 
ized   


199 
201 
202 
203 
204 
208 
214 
218 
218 
219 
220 
222 
222 
224 
228 
234 
236 
238 
238 
238 
245 
245 
248 
248 
249 
258 
284 
320 
321 
323 
327 
327 
330 
331 
334 
335 
338 
339 
343 
308 
372 
378 
379 


385 


388 
388 
388 
389 
391 
392 
395 
399 
407 
423 
431 

571 

416 
428 
678 
567 
518 
518 
14S 
226 

517 
210 
566 

25 

25 
656 
476 

63 
120 
180 

92 

163 


766 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Board  of  Trade  made  a  committee  .... 

Board  of  War  created  by  Congress  .... 

Board  of  War  organized 

Board  of  War,  change  in 

Board  of  Health  in  California 

Board  of  Health  in  Louisiana 

Board  of  Health  in  Maryland 

Boards,  price  of,  fixed  in  Rhode  Island  .  . 

Boan Is,  price  of,  in  Virginia 

Boards,  price  of,  in  Massachusetts  .... 

Boards,  price  of,  in  New  England  .... 

Boards,  price  of,  in  Maine 

Boards,  export  forbidden  by  New  Jersey 

Boats  seized  on  the  Muskingum  ..... 

Body  of  Liberties  adopted  in  Massachu- 
setts   

Bolting  cloth  in  Delaware 

Bonanza,  Big,  discovered 

Bonds  to  be  exchanged  for  notes     .... 

Bonds,  lost,  to  be  replaced 

Bonded  warehouse  system  inaugurated    . 

Book  of  Mormon  published 

Booksellers,  first  convention  of 

Booncville,  Missouri,  battle  at 

Boston  n  niiod 

Boston  made  capital  of  Massachusetts  . 

Boston,  houses  in 

Boston,  description  of 

Boston,  Baptist  church  in .  . 

Boston,  bank  in 

Boston  News-Letter 

Boston  Gazette  published 

Boston,  wind-mill  in 

Boston,  men  impressed  for  British  navy  . 

Boston,  Bible  printed  in 

Boston,  military  council  at 

Boston,  demonstration  in 

Boston,  troops  from  Halifax  arrived  .  .  . 

Boston  massacre 

Boston,  tea  destroyed  in 

Boston  port  bill  proposed 

Boston  port  bill  passed . 

Boston  port  bill  sent  to  assemblies  ... 

Boston  port  bill  in  operation 

Boston,  condition  of 

Boston  evacuated 

Boston,  position  of  affairs  in 

Boston  Daily  Advertiser  published    ... 

Boston  Manufacturing  Co.,  works  erected 

Boston,  1'rovident  Institution  for  Sav- 
ings, at 

Boston  Apprentices'  Library 

Boston,  Mercantile  Library  in 

Boston  Courier  published 

Boston  Transcript  published 

Boston  Atlas  published 

Boston  Daily  Journal  published 

Boston  Cochituate  Water  Works  built  .  . 

Boston  Public  Library  formed 

Boston  Public  Library  opened 

Boston,  fire  at 

Botanical  Society 

Boundaries  settled 

Boundaries  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode 
Island 

Boundaries  assigned  to  Pennsylvania   .  . 

Boundaries  of  Maryland 

Boundaries  of  New  Hampshire  and  Massa- 
chusetts settled 

Boundaries  of  Carolina  and  Florida  dis- 
puted   

Boundaries  of  Rhode  Island  and  Massa- 
chusetts   

Boundaries  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode 
Island  settled 

Boundaries  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode 
Island  confirmed 

Boundaries  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode 
Island  confirmed . 

Boundaries  of  New  York  and  Massachu- 
setts settled  

Boundaries  of  states  .  . 


347 

308 

373 
0--' 
ox> 

ftHj 

00 

94 

101 
131 
137 
101 
499 

73 

40C> 
&*•< 

003 

<X! 

509 

503 
1% 
02  1 
43 

47 

til 
102 
132 
140 
174 
1S9 
2-2-2 
231 
239 
219 
207 
2>0 
2*0 

2i.<7 

300 
300 
303 


536 

549 
549 
553 
502 
500 
509 
51)9 
603 
015 
08 
502 
93 

124 
144 
210 

219 
221 
222 
224 
227 
22.S 

298 
093 


Boundaries,  disputed,  in  Massachusetts  .  423 

Boundaries,  disputed,  in  New  York  .  .  .  423 
Boundaries,  question  of,  left  to  king  of 

the  Netherlands 559 

Boundary,  northern,  of  Massachusetts  .  .  57 
Boundary  between  Rhode  Island  and  Con- 
necticut     173 

Boundary  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode 

Island  settled 189 

Boundary  between  Rhode  Island  and  Con- 
necticut proclaimed 199 

Boundary  between  Rhode  Island  and  Con- 
necticut settled 199 

Boundary  between  New  York  and  New 

Jersey  settled 283 

Boundary,  marked,  of  Virginia  and  North 

Carolina 382 

Boundary  of  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania 

agreed  on 387 

Boundary  of  Florida 464 

Boundary,  eastern,  settled 476 

Boundary  between  the  United  States  and 

Spanish  territory 499 

Boundary  between  the  United  States  and 

British  America 545 

Boundary    between    Massachusetts    and 

Connecticut  settled 558 

Boundary,  north-eastern,  survey  of  ...  585 

Boundary,  north-western,  completed    .  .  58'J 
Boundary  of  Mexico  and  United  States 

settled 599 

Bounty  on  indigo 232 

Bounty  in  the  states 387 

Bowdoin  College  chartered 461 

Braddock,  General,  takes  command  of  ex- 
pedition    246 

Braddock's  expedition  defeated 247 

Bradford,  William,  governor  of   Plym- 
outh    31 

Bradford,  William,  one  of  the  associates  .  37 

Bradford,  William,  printer    . 14ii 

Bradford,  William,  imprisoned 157 

Bradford,  William,  press  in  New  York  .  .  159 
Bradford,    Andrew    Soules,     printer    in 

Philadelphia 18i 

Branches  of  United  States  Bank 536 

Brandy  made  in  New  York 69 

Brazos,  Santiago,  taken 041 

Brazos,  Texas,  skirmish  at 657 

Bread  riot  in  New  York 575 

Bremen,  discriminating  duties  against,  re- 
pealed    542 

Brewery  in  Massachusetts 71 

Brewster,  elder,  grace  by 32 

Brewster,  William,  one  of  the  associates  37 

Brick-house  built  at  Wicaco 167 

Brick-house  hi  Haddonneld,  New  Jersey  183 

Brick-kiln  in  Salem 41 

Brick-making  machine 482 

Bricks  sent  to  Boston 41 

Bricks,  price  of,  in  New  York 59 

Bricks,  price  of,  in  New  Amsterdam  .  .  .  107 

Bricks  made  in  Massachusetts 120 

Bricks  made  in  Maine 128 

Bficks,  duty  on,  in  New  York 147 

Bricks  in  Albany, 202 

Bricks,  price  of,  in  Charleston  ......  462 

Bricks  made  by  machinery  in  New  York  .  561 
Bridge  from  Charlestown  to  Boston  .  .  .  419 
Bridge,  railway  suspension,  at  Niagara   .  607 
Bridge,  wire  suspension  over  the  Missis- 
sippi   611 

Bridge,  suspension,  over  the  Ohio  ....  667 

Bridge,  suspension,  at  New  York    ....  090 

Bridge  over  the  Mississippi 695 

Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  settled C5 

Bristol  cannonaded 331 

British  troops  quartered  in  the  colonies  .  250 

British  troops  in  Boston,  condition  of  .  .  331 

British  vessels  declared  prizes 340 

British  fleet  enters  Boston  harbor  ....  343 

British  land  in  New  York 349 


INDEX. 


767 


British  enter  Jersey 357 

British  cross  the  Schuylkill 367 

British  at  Saratoga 368 

British  at  Saratoga  surrender 308 

British  provinces,  post-office  in 412 

British  goods,  importation  prohibited  .  .  498 
British  ships-of-war  ordered  from  Ameri- 
can waters 502 

British  minister  asks  his  passport  ....  507 

British  vessels  captured  on  Lake  Erie  .  .  516 

British  batteries  captured  at  Black  Hock  .  518 

British  bombarded  Lewiston 520 

British  posts  on  the  Niagara  evacuated    .  521 

Britisli  ships  in  the  Chesapeake 521 

British  repulsed  in  an  attack  on  Craney 

Island 521 

British  troops  land  at  Benedict 527 

British  troops  withdrawn  from  Georgia  .  532 

British  vessels  captured,  number  of  ...  633 

British  at  Vera  Cruz     624 

Britisli  consuls  dismissed  Confederacy     .  641 

British  government  revokes  recognition  658 

Brooklyn,  name  of 35 

Brooms  manufactured 473 

Brown  University,  in  Rhode  Island  .  .  .  2(50 

Brown  University,  first  class  graduated  .  282 

Brown,  Antoinette,  ordained  a  minister  .  604 

Brown,  John,  captures  Harper's  Ferry    .  616 

Brown,  John,  executed 616 

Browiistown,  Michigan,  battle  at    ....  515 
Brownsville,  on  the  Mouongahela,  Fort 

at 241 

Bruce,  D.  &  J.,  stereotype  founders  .  .  .  520 

Brunswick  destroyed 194 

Buchanan,  James,  negotiates  treaty  with 

Russia 566 

Buckuer,  John,  forbidden  to  print  in  Vir- 
ginia   137 

Buena  Vista,  battle  fought     597 

Buffalo  settled 486 

Buffalo,  trial  of  reapers  at 599 

Building  in  New  Amsterdam 88 

Buildings,  laws  for,  in  Massachusetts  .  .  157 
Bull,  William,  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina      219 

Bull  Run,  battle  of 622 

Bunker  Hill  monument,  corner-stone  laid  550 

Bureau  of  Freedmen's  Affairs 643 

Bureau,  National,  of  Education 667 

Bureau,  Freedmeu's,  act  to  continue  .  .  .  672 

Bureau  of  Labor  in  Massachusetts     ...  680 

Burgesses,  house  of,  in  Virginia 27 

Burlington,  New  Jersey,  settled 130 

Burlington,  Vermont,  settled 409 

Burlington,  Iowa,  settled 671 

Burlington  University  founded 571 

Burnet,  governor  of  Massachusetts  .  .  .  200 

Burnside,  General,  given  army  of  Potomac  634 

Burr,  Aaron,  arrested 500 

Burr,  Aaron,  acquitted 502 

Bustameute,  president  of  Mexico    ....  581 

Butler,  General,  in  New  Orleans 631 

Butler,  General,  sequestration  order     .  .  634 

Butler,  General,  in  command  at  New  York  650 


C. 

Cabinet  officers  removed 481 

Cabinet  appointed 484 

Cable,  direct  United  States,  opened    .  .  .  698 

Cabot,  John,  voyage  of 10 

Calef,  Robert,  on  witchcraft 168 

Calendar,  change  in 238 

Calhoun  prohibits  use   of  liquor  in  the 

army 541 

Calico  printing  aided  by  Pennsylvania  .  .  43i) 

Calico  printing 449 

California  discovered 16 

California,  movement  for  independence  of  59-1 

California,  gold  found  in 597 

California  ceded  to  the  United  States  .  .  .  599 


California  accepts  constitution 601 

California  admitted  to  Union 602 

California,  Board  of  Health  in 683 

California,  Bank  of,  failed 697 

Call  for  men  to  enlist 6'J1 

Call  for  men  by  the  President 630 

Call  for  men G39 

Call  for  volunteers 641 

Call  for  men 64;} 

Call  lor  men 648 

Callender,  J.  C.,  guilty  of  sedition  ....  481 

Callieus,  governor  of  Canada 1(17 

Calves  not  to  be  killed  in  Connecticut    .  .  74 

Calvert,  Philip,  governor  of  Maryland  .  .  105 

Cambridge,  Indian  college  at 100 

Cambridge,    Massachusetts,    glass    com- 
pany at 543 

Campbell,  John,  sends  news-letters  .  .  .  173 

Campbell,  John,  issues  first  newspaper    .  174 

Campbell's  Station,  battle  of 641 

Camp-meeting  in  Virginia 276 

Canada  asks  aid  from  New  England  ...  95 
Canada  transferred  to  West  India  Com- 
pany    lig 

Canada  reverted  to  the  French  crown  .  .  129 

Canada,  expedition  against 152 

Canada,  expedition  against .  179 

Canada,  expedition  against 181 

Canada,  condition  of 202 

Canada,  population  of 202 

Canada,  troops  raised  for  an  attack  on  .  .  229 

Canada  passes  to  the  English 257 

Canada  asked  to  join  colonies 340 

Canada,  army  retreats  from 349 

Canada  divided    . 449 

Canada  made  a  bishopric 450 

Canada  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  .  .  514 
Canada,    Papineau's    rebellion   in,    sup- 
pressed      581 

Canada,  Upper  and  Lower,  united  ....  5£5 

Canada,  clergy  reserves  abolished  in  ...  CI05 

Canada,  Grand  Trunk  railway  opened  .  .  611 

Canada,  last  parliament  of 651 

Canada,  Fenian  expedition  against ....  081 

Canada,  Dominion  of,  inaugurated  ...»  C<19 

Canal  in  Massachusetts 47 

Canal  in  Massachusetts 67 

Canal,  Erie,  Champlain,  and  Hudson,  in 

New  York 539 

Canal,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio,  chartered 

by  Virginia 553 

Canal,  Delaware  and  Chesapeake,  opened  5(H 

Canal,  Illinois  and  Michigan,  finished  .  .  599 

Canals  in  Massachusetts 452 

Canandaigua  land-office  opened 438 

Cannon  seized  in  Rhode  Island 314 

Cannon,  expedition  to  capture 318 

Cannon  secured 330 

Canso,  fort,  captured  by  French 228 

Cantonment,  Leavenworth,  built 546 

Capital  of  banks 512 

Cape  Breton  discovered  by  fishermen    .  .  11 

Cape  Ann,  settlement  at 35 

Cape  Breton  made  separate  government  .  413 

Cape  Cod,  settlements  on,  pay  ransom  .  .  628 

Cape  Breton  annexed  to  Nova  Scotia    .  .  549 

Capital  on  the  Potomac 446 

Cards,  machine  for  making 415 

Cards  made  in  Massachusetts 439 

Caribbee  Islands  captured 25(5 

Carnifex  Ferry,  battle  of 623 

Carolina  granted  to  a  company Ill 

Carolina  charter  of 118 

Carolina  divided  into  counties 137 

Carolina    assembly    rejects    the     Grand 

Model 145 

Carolina,  assembly  of,  refractory 147 

Carolina,  martial  law  in 148 

Carolina  abandons  the  Grand  Model .  .  .  159 

Carolina  coined  halfpence 161 

Carolina,  French  Protestant  settlers  nat- 
uralized    163 


768 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Carolina,  bills  of  credit  in 

Carolina,  churches  in    .......... 

Carolina,  expedition  from,against  St.  Au- 
"•nstinc 

Carolina,  Church  of  England  sustained    . 

Carolina  divided  into  parishes 

Carolina,  expedition  from,  against  *  lori- 
ila 

Carolina  issues  bills  of  credit 

Carolina,  charter  vacated 

Carolina,  proprietors  relinquish 

Carolina,  first  royal  governor  in 

Carpets  hi  New  York 

Carpets,  ingrain,  machine  for,  patented    . 

Carpets,  Brussels,  machine  for,  patented  . 

Carrera,  president  of  Mexico 

Carri.iges  manufactured  in  New  York  .  . 

Carthage,  Missouri,  battle  at 

Cartier,  Jaques,  visits  Newfoundland    .  . 

Cartier,  Jaques,  second  voyage  to  New- 
foundland   

Cartier  visits  Canada 

Castine,  on  Penobscot  Bay,  captured  .  .  . 

Castleton,  Staten  Island,  quarantine  de- 
stroyed by  a  mob 

Catechism,  Indian,  printed 

Caterpillar  in  Georgia 

Cathay,  America  supposed  to  be 

Catholic  church  in  Philadelphia 

Cattle  in  Virginia 

Cattle  introduced  into  Plymouth    .... 

Cattle  to  New  Netherlands 

Cattle  to  Massachusetts 

Cattle  to  New  Hampshire 

Cattle  in  Virginia 

Cattle,  fine,  to  Kentucky 

Cattle,  fine,  imported  by  Ohio  Company  . 

Cattle,  sale  of  short-horn 

Cattle-plague  in  Maryland 

Caucus  of  Republican  members  nominate  . 

Cedar  Mountain,  battle  of 

Cedar  Creek,  Virginia,  battle  at 

Censor  published  in  Boston 

Censorship  of  the  press  in  Massachusetts 

Census  in  Rhode  Island 

Census  of  New  York 

Census  in  Rhode  Island 

Census  taken 

Census  taken 

Census 

Centennial  to  be  celebrated 

Centennial  Exposition,  act  creating  board 
of  finance  

Centennial  Exhibition,  proclamation  con- 
cerning   

Centennial  Exhibition,  United  States' ex- 
hibit  

Ccntinel,  Mas8achusett8,pubUshed  in  Bos- 
ton   

Centinel  of  the  North-west  Territory  pub- 
lished   

Central  America  explored  by  Cortez  .  .  . 

Central  Park  in  New  York     ....... 

Centreville,  Virginia,  battle  at 

Cerro  Gordo,  battle  fought 

Cerro  de  Borgo,  battle  at 

Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania,  raid  on  .  . 

Charabersburg,  Pennsylvania,  captured  . 

Champion's  Hill,  Mississippi,  battle  of    . 

Champlain,  Lake,  name  of... 

Chancellorsville,  battle  at 

Chancellorsville,  battle  of 

Chancery,  court  of,  in  New  York  city   .  . 

Channel,  British,  vessels  captured  in,  by 
the  Argus 

Chantilly,  Virginia,  battle  at 

Chapultepec,  fortress  of,  captured  .... 

Charles  1 1. appoints  governors  for  colonies 

Charles  II.  proclaimed  at  Boston    .  .  .  . 

Charles  1 1 .  forbade  Quaker  persecution  .  . 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Dutch  settle- 
ment in 


172 
172 


in 

178 


176 
177 
191 
203 

253 

.V.i  1 
598 
607 
276 
622 
15 

15 
17 

528 

603 

98 

455 

10 

215 

28 

34 

36 

43 

48 

235 

460 

571 

692 

102 

553 

631 

649 

288 

193 

205 

209 

302 

452 

503 

602 

683 

686 
691 
693 
413 

458 
15 
619 
622 
597 
629 
634 
639 
638 
23 
628 
638 
165 

522 
632 
598 
94 
106 
106 

125 


Charleston,  South  Carolina,  named   .  .  . 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  royal  custom- 
house established  in 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  attacked  by 
French  and  Spaniards 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Gazette  pub- 
lished in 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  great  fire  in 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,   Society   Li- 
brary in 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Gazette  pub- 
lished in 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  invested    .  . 

Charleston,    South    Carolina,    siege    of, 
raised  

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  surrendered 

Charleston  evacuated 

Charleston  Mercury  published 

Charleston  harbor  blocked  up 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  bombarded    . 

Charleston  surrendered 

Charlestown,  navy-yard  at 

Charlotte,  mint  at 

Charter  of  Massachusetts  Company  trans- 
ferred   

Charter  of  privileges  and  exceptions  in 
New  York 

Charter  of  Providence  Plantations  .... 

Charter  of  Carolina 

Charter  of  Pennsylvania  granted  to  Penn 

Charter  of  privileges  for  Pennsylvania  .  . 

Charter  vacated  in  Carolina 

Charter  sent  to  Massachusetts 

Charter  issued  for  Georgia 

Charters  of  the  colonies  threatened  .  .  . 

Chase,  Judge,  acquitted 

Chase,  secretary  of  treasury,  resigns    .  . 

Chatte,  M.  de,  made  governor  of  Canada 

Chauvin,  M.  de,  takes  colony  to  Canada  . 

Chelsea,  Massachusetts,  incorporated  .  . 

Cherokee  nation  repeal  secession    .... 

Cherokees  move  west  of  the  Mississippi 

Chesapeake  Bay,  British  land  at 

Chesapeake,  the,  fired  upon 

Chesapeake,  British  agent  to  settle    .  .  . 

Chesapeake,  reparation  for,  accepted  .  .  . 

Chesapeake,  seamen  returned  to  her  .  .  . 

Chesapeake  Bay,  lights  on,  extinguished 

Chesapeake,  the,  captured  by  the  Shannon 

Chesapeake,  British  fleet  in 

Chicago  settled 

Chicago,  first  steamboat  at . 

Chicago  Times  suppressed 

Chicago  Times  suppressed 

Chicago,  bequest  for  a  library  left  to  ... 

Chicago,  fire  at 

Chickamauga  Creek,  Tennessee,  battle  at 

Chiekasaw  Bayou,  battle  at 

Children,  training  of,  in  Massachusetts  . 

Children  working  in  factories  to  go  to 
school  in  Massachusetts 

Chillicothe,  first  religious  newspaper  pub- 
lished at 

Chilpanzingo,  congress  at,  declares  Mexi- 
co independent 

China,  trade  opened  with 

Chippeway,  battle  of,  fought 

Chloroform  made  by  S.  Guthrie 

Christian  Register  published  in  Boston    . 

Christian  Intelligencer  published  iu  New 
York 

Chronicle,  Boston,  published 

Chronicle,  Pennsylvania,  and   Universal 
Advertiser,  published  in  Philadelphia 

Chronicle,  The  United  States,  published 
in  Providence,  Rhode  Island 

Chronicle,  New  York,  published     .... 

Chronicle,  Jersey 

Chrysler's  Field,  battle  of,  fought  .... 

Churubusco,  battle  of,  fought 

Church  in  Albany 

Church  of  stone  in  New  York  city  .... 


134 
144 
177 

203 
223 

233 

271 
380 


382 
3s<J 
40$ 
553 
624 
640 
652 
473 
572 

40 

70 
81 
118 
138 
169 
191 
•  '.«.» 
210 
167 
498 
647 
20 
20 
220 
636 
546 
366 
501 
502 
512 
515 
520 
521 
527 
526 
5C6 
636 
639 
673 
684 
641 
634 
74 

578 
531 

523 
411 
526 
564 
550 

562 
274 

276 

279 

2*0 

463 

523 

5'J7 

74 

75 


INDEX. 


769 


Church,  Colonel,  lends  expedition  against 

Indians 155 

Church  of  England  established  in  South 

Carolina      177 

Church  property,  taxation  of 698 

Churches,  support  of,  in  Massachusetts  .  61 

Churches  in  New  York 158 

Churches  in  Massachusetts 159 

Churches  in  New  England 159 

Church-members  only  allowed  freedom  in 

Massachusetts 45 

Cincinnati,  Order  of 410 

Cincinnati,  fort  at 438 

Cincinnati,  General  Pike  launched  at    .  .  546 

Cincinnati,  Prices  Current  in 572 

Circular  to  the  colonies  by  Massachusetts  265 
Circular  letter,  Massachusetts  refuses  to 

rescind  it 278 

Circular  letter  to  the  colonies 302 

Circulation  of  banks 512 

Circulation  of  banks     622 

Circulation  of  state  banks  taxed 653 

Citizenship,  right  to,  renounced 614 

City  Point  occupied 044 

City  Point  attacked 645 

City  offices,  bill  to  regulate  tenure  of    .  .  667 

Civil  code  for  Louisiana  adopted 554 

Civil  expenses,  act  to  pay 665 

Civil  service  reform 683 

Civil  service  reform,  report  of 686 

Civil  service  reform,  President  alludes  to  696 

Civil  Rights  Bill  passed 663 

Civil  Kights  Bill 697 

Claims,  Alabama,  to  be  settled  by  com- 
mission      659 

Clay-pipe  in  Virginia 148 

Clay,  Henry,  introduces  tariff  bill    ....  568 

Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty 601 

Clearing  house  established  in  New  York,  606 

Clergy  reserves  abolished  in  Canada  .  .  .  605 

Clermont,  the,  first  steamship 502 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  settled 467 

Clinch,  Colonel,  destroys  fort  on  the  Ap- 

palachicola 536 

Clinton,  George,  governor  of  New  York  .  227 

Clinton  superseded 404 

Clocks,  wooden,  made  in  Connecticut    .  .  443 

Cloth  in  Connecticut 67 

Cloth  in  Massachusetts 68 

Cloth,  bounty  on,  in  Massachusetts  ...  69 

Cloth  made  in  Massachusetts 70 

Cloth,  inspectors  of,  in  Connecticut  ...  82 
Cloth,  woollen,  in  Massachusetts    ....  83 
Cloth,  manufacture  of,  in  Virginia  ....  96 
Cloth,  manufacture  of,  opposed  in  Vir- 
ginia   105 

Cloth,  manufacture  of,  in  Rhode  Island  .  238 

Cloth  manufactured  in  Rhode  Island     .  .  437 

Cloth,  spinning  and  weaving,  first  united  521 

Clothing  for  the  army 335 

Clover  introduced 329 

Coal  in  Rhode  Island 276 

Coal,  anthracite,  used 323 

Coast  Pilot  published 466 

Coast  survey  ordered 500 

Coast  declared  blockaded  by  British  .  .  .  524 

Coast  of  United  States  blockaded    ....  525 

Coasting  trade  prohibited 523 

Coasting  trade  limited  to  Americans  .  .  .  534 

Cobbctt,  William,  warrant  against ....  470 

Cochituate  water-works  for  Boston    .  .  .  599 
Cockburn,  Admiral,  destroys  towns  on 

the  coast 518 

Cocoons,  bounty  on,  in  Georgia 257 

Coddington,  William,  governor  of  Rhode 

Island 95 

Coddington,  William,  submits 100 

Code,  civil,  adopted  for  Louisiana  ....  554 

Cod-fishery  at  Newfoundland 11 

Coeymans,  New  York,  settled 127 

Coffee,  General,  defeats  the  Creeks  in  Ala- 
bama      .....  522 

49 


Coffee,  duty  on,  repealed 

Cohoes  Company  in  New  York 

Coin  in  treasury,  amount  of 

Coin  requisition  on  the  states 

Coin,  gold,  government  paid  in 

Coinage  in  Boston 

Coinage,  metallic,  by  United  States    .  .  . 

Coinage  altered 

Coinage  of  United  States  altered 

Coinage,  gold  and  silver  , 

Coining,  right  granted  in  Rhode  Island   . 

Coins  valued .- 

Coins,  copper,  struck  in  Connecticut .  .  . 

Coins,  silver  three-cent  piece  added  to  .  . 

Coins,  silver,  made  legal  tender  for  five 
dollars 

Coins,  three-dollar  gold  piece  added  to     . 

Coins,  nickel  cent  added  to 

Coins,  five-cent,  added  to 

Cold  Harbor,  battle  at 

Cold  Harbor,  battle  at 

Colfax  Court-House,  collision  at 

Collector  of  customs  appointed  for  New 
England 

Collector  at  Boston  returned  to  England  . 

Collega,  Don  F.  M.,  viceroy  of  Mexico  .  . 

College  chartered  in  Virginia 

College,  Dickenson,  incorporated    .... 

Collins'  line  of  steamers 

Colonies,  supplies  for,  free  of  duty  .... 

Colonies,  affairs  of,  regulated  by  Parlia- 
ment   

Colonies,  union  of,  suggested 

Colonies  ordered  to  aid  New  York  .... 

Colonies,  population  of 

Colonies,  plan  for  the  government  of ... 

Colonies,  plan  for  the  government  of .  .  .. 

Colonies  complained  of  by  Board  of 
Trade  

Colonies,  union  of,  suggested 

Colonies,  population  of 

Colonies,  plan  for  the  government  of  .  . 

Colonies,  convention  of,  suggested  .... 

Colonies,  report  on  condition  of 

Colonies,  governors  of,  instructed  from 
England 

Colonies  forbidden  bills  of  credit 

Colonies  called  on  for  quotas 

Colonies  ordered  to  raise  troops  against 
Canada  

Colonies,  iron-mills  forbidden  in     .... 

Colonies,  plan  for  dividing 

Colonies,  plan  for  a  union  of 

Colonies,  plan  of  union  of,  by  Franklin    . 

Colonies  granted  their  expenses  by  Par- 
liament   

Colonies  called  on  for  twenty  thousand 
troops 

Colonies  raise  quota 

Colonies,  jealousy  of 

Colonies  paid  war  expenses  by  Parlia- 
ment   

Colonies  paid  war  expenses  by  Parlia- 
ment  

Colonies,  expenses  paid  by  Parliament    . 

Colonies,  paper  money  forbidden  in  ... 

Colonies,  union  of,  suggested 

Colonies  remonstrate  against  Stamp  Act . 

Colonies,  correspondence  of 

Colonies,  circular  letter  to,  by  Massachu- 
setts   

Colonies  ordered  to  treat  circular  letter 
with  contempt 

Colonies,  paper  mills  in 

Colonies,  independence  of 

Colonies,  first  act  of  resistance 

Colonies,  shipping  in 

Colonies,  independence  of 

Colonies,  feeling  for  Boston  in 

Colonies,  population  of 

Colonies,  petition  of,  presented 

Colonies,  ports  opened  to  commerce  .  .  . 


6S6 
557 
380 
3D7 
503 
96 
431 
572 
579 
624 
428 
174 
220 
602 

604 
604 
613 
663 
629 
645 
690 

134 
136 
520 
154 
410 
601 
79 

80 
154 
156 
107 
170 
170 

170 
184 
18G 
194 
l'J5 
205 

212 
222 
223 

228 
236 
240 
241 
243 

248 

250 
251 
252 

253 

256 
258 
260 
2(il 
263 
273 

275 

277 
285 
290 
290 
292 
293 
300 
314 
315 
341 


770 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


Colony  for  Carolina 

Colony  for  Pennsylvania  set  sail 

Colorado  made  a  territory 

Colori'lo.  Indians  hostile  In 

Colorado  admitted  to  Union 

Colored  volunteers,  payment  to  owners 
of,  suspended 

Colt's  revolver  patented 

Columbia  College  founded  in  New  York  . 

Columbia,    Lancaster,   and   Philadelphia 
Ituilroad  incorporated 

Columbia  captured 

Columbian  Agricultural  Society  formed  . 

Columbian  Institute  at  Washington,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia 

Columbus  discovered  land 

Columbus,  second  voyage  of 

Columbus,  third  voyage  of 

Columbus,  fourth  voyage  of 

Combs,  horn,  made  in  Massachusetts    .  . 

Commerce  restricted  in  the  colonies  .  .  . 

Commerce  defended  by  Massachusetts  .  . 

Commerce,  Congress  to  regulate 

Commercial  convention  with  Great  Britain 

Commercial  convention,  laws  Inconsist- 
ent with,  repealed 

Commercial  Register  published  in  Cincin- 
nati    

Commercial  failures  for  the  year    .... 

Commercial  failures 

Commissary    certificates    received     for 
taxes 

Commission,  English,  disbanded    .... 

Commission,  centennial,  created 

Commissioners  to  the  colonies 

Commissioners  to  Virginia 

Commissioners  of  colonies,  meeting  of, 
called 

Commissioners  to  France 

Commissioners  to  foreign  courts 

Commissioners  publish  a  manifesto    .  .  . 

Commissioners  to  Europe 

Commissioners  appointed 

Commissioners  for  peace  appointed   ... 

Commissioners,   Confederate,    President 
refuses  to  see 

Committee  of  Correspondence   In   New 
York 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Massa- 
chusetts   

Committee  of  Correspondence  In  Rhode 
Island 

Committee  of  Correspondence   in   New 
York 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  North 
Carolina 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Massa- 
chusetts   

•Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Virginia 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Rhode 
Island 

Committee  of  Correspondence,  sentence 
from 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Connec- 
ticut   

•Committee   of  Correspondence   in   New 
Hampshire 

•Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Georgia 

Committee  of  Correspondence  m  Massa- 
chusetts   

•Committee  of  Correspondence  in  South 
Carolina 

•Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Mary- 
land   t 

Committee  of  Correspondence  of  Massa- 
chusetts   

Committee  of  Correspondence  In'  De'la- 
ware 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  'North 
Carolina 

Committee  of  Correspondence   in   New 
York    .  .  . 


133 
136 
010 

I'rti 

607 

000 
574 
235 

557 
652 

507 

537 

10 

10 

11 

11 

253 

107 

126 

422 

533 

534 

557 
614 
619 

390 
479 
683 
90 
131 

100 
356 
362 
377 
384 
405 
523 

620 
253 
262 
262 
262 
263 

291 
2»3 

294 
294 
294 

294 
295 

295 
295 
296 
296 
296 
297 
299 


Committee  of  Correspondence  in   New 

Jersey 299 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Georgia  307 
Committee  of  Safety  in  Massachusetts  .  .  311 
Committee  of  Safety  in  Massachusetts  .  .  313 
Committee  of  Safety  in  Philadelphia  .  .  .  321 
Committee  of  Safety  in  Maryland  ....  3^9 
Committee  of  Foreign  Correspondence  .  .  :535 
Committee  in  absence  of  Congress  .  .  .  414 
Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  first  or- 
ganized    409 

Committees  of  Correspondence,  confer- 
ence of... 302 

Common  Sense  published 338 

Common-school  system  in  Illinois  ....  555 
Common-school  system  adopted  in  Penn- 
sylvania    583 

Commonwealth,  or  Pittsburg  Gazette    .  .  423 
Community  settled  at  Bethel,  Missouri    .  591 
Community  settled  at  Bishop  Hill,  Illi- 
nois    595 

Community  settled  at  Oneida,  New  York  595 

Community  at  Nauvoo,  Illinois 602 

Community  settled  at  Aurora,  Oregon  .  .  fX>8 

Community,  Progressive,  in  Kansas  .  .  .  683 

Commutation  in  New  Jersey 362 

Comoufort    confiscates  church   property 

in  Mexico 610 

Company  of  the  West  granted  Louisiana  188 
Compensation     of    government    officers 

raised 689 

Competition  of  reapers  and  mowers  at 

Syracuse 612 

Compulsory  education  law Oi>3 

Conciliation,  plan  of 318 

Conciliation,  plan  of,  in  Pennsylvania  .  .  321 

Conciliation,  plan  of,  in  New  Jersey  .  .  .  323 

Conciliation,  plan  of,  in  Virginia 326 

Conciliation,  plan    of,  rejected  by   Con- 
gress    328 

Conciliation,  plan  of 372 

Conciliation,  plan  of 373 

Concord,  Massachusetts,  settled 54 

Concord,  New  Hampshire,  settled  ....  199 
Confederate  congress  meets  at  Montgom- 
ery       619 

Confederate  commissioners,  President  re- 
fuses to  see 620 

Confederate  privateers  to  be  treated  as 

pirates 620 

Confederates  held  as  belligerents  by  Eng- 
land    621 

Confederation,  form  of,  in  Congress  ...  347 

Confederation,  copies  of  plan  to  states  .  .  368 

Confederation  ratified 375 

Confederation  agreed  to  by  Maryland   .  .  397 

Confederation  organized 3'J3 

Confederation,  articles  of,  amended    ...  410 

Confederacy,  flag  of 619 

Confederacy,  postal  communication  closed 

with 621 

Confederacy,   British  recognition  of,  re- 
voked      658 

Conference  with  the  Five  Nations  ....  141 

Conference  for  peace 652 

Confiscate,  bill  to,  property    ....*..  6^3 

Confiscation  of  Tory  property 369 

Confiscation  act  approved 630 

Congregational   ministers  in   Massachu- 
setts, taxes  paid  for  their  support  .  .  511 
Congressional  Library  at  Washington  .  .  602 
Congress  of  the  colonies,  first  call  for    .  .  151 

Congress  of  the  colonies  met 152 

Congress  of  governors  at  New  London  .  .  179 

Congress  of  governors  at  New  London  .  .  181 

Congress  with  Indians  held 193 

Congress  to  treat  with   Indians  held  at 

Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 227 

Congress  at  Albany  with  Indians   ....  232 

Congress  with  the  Indians 238 

Congress  of  delegates  advised  by  Massa- 
chusetts    265 


INDEX. 


771 


Congress  met  at  New  York 268 

Congress,  general,  proposed 295 

Congress,  Boston  Gazette  on 296 

Congress,  general,  proposed 300 

Congress  voted  in  Providence,  Rhode  Is- 
land    302 

Congress,  Philadelphia  for 303 

Congress,  New  York  for 303 

Congress,  Virginia  for 303,  304 

Congress,  Connecticut  for 305 

Congress,  New  York  for 305 

Congress,  Rhode  Island  for  .......  305 

Congress,  delegates  to,  from  Rhode  Is- 
land    305 

Congress,  Massachusetts  for 305 

Congress  convenes  at  Philadelphia     .  .  .  309 

Congress,  resolutions  of,  to  Boston  .  .  .  311 

Congress  approved  in  Maryland 314 

Congress  approved  in  Massachusetts    .  .  314 

Congress  approved  in  Delaware 314 

Congress  approved  in  New  Jersey  ....  314 

Congress  approved  by  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  315 

Congress  approved  by  South  Carolina  .  .  315 

Congress  approved  in  Rhode  Island  .  .  .  315 

Congress  approved  in  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  316 

Congress  approved  in  New  Jersey  ....  316 

Congress  approved  in  New  Hampshire  .  .  316 

Congress  approved  in  Georgia 316 

Congress,  petition  of,  refused 317 

Congress  approved  by  Delaware 318 

Congress  approved  by  Virginia 319 

Congress  approved  in  North  Carolina  .  .  319 

Congress,  delegates  from  New  York  .  .  .  320 

Congress,  letter  to,  from  Massachusetts  .  321 

Congress  met  at  Philadelphia 322 

Congress,  provincial,  in  New  York    .  .  .  323 

Congress  elects  officers 323 

Congress  commissions  officers 323 

Congress,  provincial,  in  New  Jersey  ...  324 

Congress  adopts  rules  for  the  army    .  .  .  324 

Congress  resolves  on  defence 324 

Congress,  provincial,  in  South  Carolina  .  325 

Congress,  representatives  for,  elected  .  .  327 

Congress  adjourned 329 

Congress,  petition  from 330 

Congress  refuses  to  admit  Transylvania  .  332 

Congress  advises  New  Hampshire  ....  332 

Congress  receives  news  of  its  petition  .  .  332 

Congress  pledges  secrecy 334 

Congress  on  state  petitions 335 

Congress  threatens  to  retaliate 336 

Congress  organizes  a  fleet 336 

Congress  appoints  a  marine  committee  .  .  337 
Congress  advises  the   colonies  to  form 

governments 344 

Congress,  resolutions  for  independence    .  345 

Congress  considered  independence  ....  350 

Congress  votes  on  independence 350 

Congress,  plan  of  confederation  reported 

to 352 

Congress  orders  Declaration  engrossed   .  352 

Congress  provides  for  soldiers 354 

Congress  proposed  a  convention 357 

Congress   gives  extraordinary  power  to 

Washington 358 

Congress  at  Baltimore 359 

Congress  proposed  conventions 361 

Congress,  places  of  its  meeting 362 

Congress  orders  an  inquiry 365 

Congress,  action  of 369 

Congress  refuses  to  treat 374 

Congress  declined  to  treat  with  commis- 
sion     376 

Congress  reorganizes  the  treasury  ....  376 

Congress  calls  upon  the  states 381 

Congress  approves  scale  of  prices  ....  386 
Congress    calls    for    supplies    from   the 

states 388 

Congress  calls  for  taxes 394 

Congress  asks  the  rijjht  to  lay  duties    .  .  397 

Congress  reorganized 401 

Congress  calls  on  the  states .  403 


Congress  reorganized 403 

Congress  calls  on  the  states 406 

Congress  accepts  lauds  from  New  York  .  406 

Congress  met 407 

Congress  commuted  officers'  half-pay    .  .  408 

Congress,  address  to  the  states 410 

Congress  resolves  on  places  to  hold  its 

sessions  in 411 

Congress  adjourns  to  Princeton 411 

Congress  ratines  treaty 412 

Congress  accepted  land  ceded  by  Virginia,  413 
Congress     apportioned    quotas    to    the 

states 414 

Congress  asked  power  to  regulate  foreign 

trade 414 

Congress  at  Trenton 415 

Congress  makes  a  requisition 421 

Congress  convenes .  421 

Congress  to  regulate  commerce 422 

Congress  calls  on  the  states 424 

Congress  accepts  lands  ceded  by  Connecti- 
cut    425 

Congress  sends  circular  to  states    ....  430 

Congress  sends  resolutions  to  the  states  .  436 

Congress  in  New  York  city 440 

Congress  accepts   territory  from  North 

Carolina 444 

Congress,  debates  of 449 

Congress,    letters   from    members,   pre- 
sented by  grand  jury 469 

Congress,  first  personal  encounter  in    .  .  472 
Congress  votes  a  sword  to  J.  D.  Elliot    .  516 
Congress  increases  pay  of  members  .  .  .  535 
Congress  of  nations  for  arbitration  sug- 
gested    538 

Congress  fixes  pay  of  members 540 

Congress,  right  of,  to  vote  money  for  in- 
ternal improvements 541 

Congress,  first  committee  on  agriculture  .  549 
Congress  of  representatives  from  South 

American  republics  and  Mexico  .  .  .  557 
Congress  informed  by  the  President  of 

South  Carolina's  action 567 

Congress  resolved  it  had  no  authority  to 

interfere  with  slavery 575 

Congress,  extra  session  of 581 

Congress  convened  by  proclamation  .  .  .  586 

Congress  increases  pay  of  its  members    .  609 

Congress  forbids  sale  of  gold  on  time  .  .  646 

Congress,  pay  of  members  raised   ....  665 

Connecticut,  population  of 56 

Connecticut,  code  of  laws  in 94 

Connecticut,  saw-mill  for 100 

Connecticut  charter 110 

Connecticut  petitions  the  king 145 

Connecticut,  charter  of,  hid  at  Hartford  .  147 

Connecticut  resumes  the  charter H9 

Connecticut  aids  Albany 150 

Connecticut,  charter  of,  not  revoked  .  .  .  152 

Connecticut,  assembly  divided 166 

Connecticut,  Yale  College  founded  ....  168 

Connecticut  issues  bills  of  credit 179 

Connecticut,    sects    allowed   to    support 

their  own  clergy 203 

Connecticut,  jaw  of  inheritance  confirmed,  204 

Connecticut,  iron-works  in 215 

Connecticut,  salt  in 229 

Connecticut,  towns  asking  to  be  received 

by 231 

Connecticut,  tinware  made  in 285 

Connecticut,   Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence in 294 

Connecticut  accepts  independence   ....  348 

Connecticut  refuses  to  treat  separately  .  .  373 

Connecticut  ravaged 382 

Connecticut  regiments  threaten  to  leave  .  389 

Connectjcut  cedes  territory   . 394 

Connecticut  ravaged 402 

Connecticut,  judges  to  give  written  opin- 
ions    414 

Connecticut,  slavery  abolished  in   ....  415 

Connecticut,  mint  in 419 


772 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Connecticut,  Bilk  mnnu failure  in 

Connect! t'lit  ratified  constitution 

<  •oniu'pticut,  wooden  clocks  in 

Connecticut  relinquishes  western  land 
claims  ........••••»««• 

Connecticut  Elver,  vessels  In,  burned  by 
I'.ritish 

Connecticut  ratifies  a  constitution  .... 

Connecticut,  geological  report  of 

Connecticut,  labor  oureau  in 

Conscription  act 

Consideration  paid  Indians  for  their  lands, 

n.iiMd.  -ration  paid  Indians  for  their  lauds, 

Consideration  paid  Indians  for  their  lands, 

('ousiiler.-itiou  paid  Indians  for  territory  . 

Constitution,  written,  for  Connecticut  .  . 

Constitution  of  New  Hampshire 

Constitution,  states,  accepted 

Constitution  to  be  submitted  to  conven- 
tions   

Constitution  sent  to  state  legislatures  .  . 

Constitution  accepted  by  Maryland    .  .  . 

Constitution  accepted  by  South  Carolina  . 

Constitution  accepted  by  New  Hampshire, 

Constitution  accepted  by  Virginia  .... 

Constitution  put  in  force .  . 

Constitution,  acceptance  celebrated    .  .  . 

Constitution  accepted  by  New  York   .  .  . 

Constitution  accepted  by  North  Carolina  . 

Constitution  accepted  by  North  Carolina . 

Constitution  accepted  by  Rhode  Island    . 

Constitution  accepted  by  Pennsylvania    . 

Constitution  accepted  by  Vermont .... 

Constitution  accepted  by  Cortez  for  Spain, 

Constitution  captures  Guerriere 

Constitution  destroys  the  Java    ..... 

Constitution  ratified  by  Connecticut  .  .  . 

Constitution  for  Mexico  framed 

Constitution  for  Kansas  .submitted  to 
Congress 

Consul  to  Paris 

Consuls,  American,  duties  of 

Continental  bills  made  legal  tender    ... 

Contraband  of  war,  slaves  held  to  be    .  . 

Contraction,  system  of,  begun 

Contraction  of  currency  suspended    ... 

Contreras,  battle  of,  fought 

Convention  of  booksellers . 

Convention  of  the  colonies  suggested    .  . 

Convention  at  Albany  of  delegates  of  the 
colonies 

Conventions,  town,  censured  by  House  of 
Lords 

Convention  in  Virginia  assumes  author- 
ity   7 

Convention  in  Pennsylvania  assumes  the 
power 

Convention  on  currency  in  Providence    . 

Convention  at  Yorktown 

Convention  in  New  Haven 

Convention  at  Hartford 

Convention  to  revise  confederation    .  .  . 

Convention  called  by  Virginia 

Convention  to  revise  confederation    .  .  . 

Convention  at  Philadelphia  to  form  a  con- 
stitution   

Convention  of  New  England  states  at 
Hartford 

Convention  in  South  Carolina  passes  nul- 
lifying resolves  

Convention  made  between  Mexico  and 
United  States 

Convention  in  Kansas  to  form  constitu- 
tion authorized 

Convention  of  governors 

Convention,  constitutional,  at  New  Or- 
leans   

Convention,  constitutional,  in  Louisiana  . 

Couway  resigns 

Cooper,  Thomas,  guilty  of  libel 

Copper-works  in  Massachusetts  .  .  .  .  , 

Copper  mine  opened 


4V, 

at 

413 

460 

5->r, 

M4 
SHI 

o<).-> 
036 

513 
f>41 
511 

01  r 
08 

:i:w 

431 

433 
433 
430 
4:!(1 
430 
437 
437 
437 
438 
438 
44-> 
44.5 
447 
4.V) 
513 
515 
518 
044 
553 

015 
403 
453 
.'!3U 
021 
GC>3 
670 
6'J8 
1% 


Copper  added  to  list  of  enumerated  articles  194 

Copper  mines  in  Connecticut 2US 

Copper  mines  at  Lake  Superior 691 

Copyright  law  passed  by  Rhode  Island    .  412 

Copyright  law  in  South  Carolina    ....  415 

Copyright  law  by  Congress 445 

Copyright  law 487 

Copyright  law  amended 671 

Copyright  law  extended  to  plays     ....  609 
Copyright  transferred  to  library  of  Con- 
gress      681 

Cordage  made  in  Boston 71 

Cordova,  Hernandez  de 12 

Corinth,  retreat  from 628 

Corinth,  Mississippi,  battle  of 633 

Corn  made  a  legal  tender  in  Massachu- 
setts    45 

Corn,  its  culture  in  Maryland 69 

Corn  exportation  forbidden  in  New  Am- 
sterdam    98 

Cornbury  removed  from  office 178 

Cornell  University  opened  to  students  .  .  673 

Corning,  Iowa,  Icarian  community  at  .  .  602 

Cormvnllis  surrenders 403 

Cortereal,  Gaspar,  voyage  of 11 

Cortez,  Hernando,  sails  on  expedition  .  .  12 

Cortez  sets  out  to  capture  Mexico  ....  13 

Cortez  lands  at  Vera  Cruz 13 

Cortez  marches  to  city  of  Mexico    ....  13 

Cortez  made  governor  of  New  Spain  ...  14 

Cortez  transports  his  fleet 14 

Cortez  lauds  in  Mexico 15 

Cortez  made  captain-general 15 

Cortez  returns  to  Spain 16 

Cortez  at  Cadiz,  Spain 508 

Cortez  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  accepts  a  consti- 
tution    .....  513 

Cosby,  William,  governor  of  New  York  .  210 

Cost  of  transportation 416 

Cost  of  Croton  aqueduct » 588 

Cost  of  Seminole  war 588 

Cottage  Grove,  Tennessee,  battle  of ...  637 

Cotton  in  Connecticut GS 

Cotton,  share  of  towns  in  Connecticut  .  .  75 

Cotton  in  South  Carolina 138 

Cotton  gin  in  Louisiana 225 

Cotton  shipped  from  colonies    ......  286 

Cotton  woven  in  Massachusetts 387 

Cotton  shipped  to  England  seized  ....  415 

Cotton  sent  to  England 420 

Cotton,  Madison's  prophecy  concerning  .  424 

Cotton,  Sea-Island,  in  Georgia 424 

Cotton  manufacture  in  Massachusetts    .   .  432 

Cotton  manufacture 449 

Cotton  gin  invented 454 

Cotton  sewing-thread 460 

Cotton  worm  in  South  Carolina 482 

Cotton  gin  purchased  by  South  Carolina  .  486 

Cotton  gin  purchased  by  North  Carolina  .  489 

Cotton  gin,  sale  of 491 

Cotton  gin  purchased  by  Tennessee   .  .  .  492 

Cotton  seed,  patent  for,  food  from  ....  547 

Council  of  the  Indies  constituted 13 

Council  elected  in  Massachusetts    ....  328 
Council  with  Indians  held  at  Dayton  .  .  .  524 
Courant,  New  England,  published  iu  Bos- 
ton       192 

Courant,  Wilmington,  published  in  Dela- 
ware    255 

Conrant,  Connecticut,  published 261 

Courant,  Constitutional,  in  New  York  .  .  268 

Courier,  Charleston,  published 483 

Court  of  Chancery  in  New  York  city  .  .  .  165 

Court  of  inquiry 393 

Court.  Federal,    decides  jurisdiction    of 

Wyoming 407 

Courts  of  vice-admiralty  in  the  colonies    .  164 

Courts  created  in  Massachusetts 405 

Courts  prevented  sitting   in    Massachu- 
setts   425 

Cows,  value  of,  in  Massachusetts    ....  45 

Cows,  treatment  of,  in  New  England    .  .  571 


INDEX. 


773 


Crnney  Island  attacked  by  the  British  .  .  521 

Credit  sales  of  public  lands  abolished   .  .  551 

Credit,  public,  act  to  strengthen 675 

Credit  Mobilier,  report  on C89 

Creeks  defeated  by  General  Coffee  ....  522 

Creek  war  ended  by  Jackson     524 

Creeks   defeated  by  General  Jackson  at 

Talladega 623 

Creeks  surrender  territory 527 

Crime,  penalties  for 447 

Croghau,  Lieutenant,  defends  Fort  Steven- 
son       522 

Cromwell  makes  grant  of  Nova  Scotia  .  .  101 
Cromwell,   Richard,  accession    acknowl- 
edged by  Virginia 101 

Crops,  failure  of 391 

Cross  Keys,  Virginia,  battle  at 628 

Croton  water,  company  to  supply  New 

York  with,  chartered 572 

Croton  aqueduct  finished 588 

Crown  Point  settled  by  French 209 

Crozat,  Anthony,  monopoly  of  trade  with 

Louisiana 182 

Crozat  relinquishes  Louisiana 187 

Cruisers  against  friendly  powers  forbid- 
den      535 

Crystal  Palace  in  New  York 605 

Cuba,  Moro  Castle  captured 256 

Cuba,  expedition  against,  forbidden  ...  601 
Cuba,  expedition  against,  forbidden  .  .  .  607 
Cuba,  leaders  of  expedition  against,  ar- 
rested    677 

Culpeper  deprived  of  office     137 

Cumberland  Mountains  crossed 231 

Cumberland  turnpike 509 

Cumberland    turnpike  to  Wheeling,  ap- 
propriation for 545 

Cumberland  Gap  occupied 629 

Cumberland  Gap  vacated 633 

Currency,  fractional,  issued   by    Massa- 
chusetts    193 

Currency,  convention  on,  in  Providence,  3(30 

Currency,  convention  on,  in  Philadelphia,  387 

Currency,  contraction  of 545 

Currency,  contraction  of,  suspended  ...  671 

Currier's  oil  made  in  New  Jersey   ....  387 

Custer,  General,  defeats  Indians 674 

Custom-house  appraisement  begun    .  .  .  542 

Customs  advised  in  Massachusetts     .  .  .  405 

Cutlery,  table,  first  made 571 


Dahlonega,  mint  at 572 

Daily  Advertiser  published  in  Rochester,  557 

Daily  Courier  published  at  Portland  .  .  .  561 
Daily  Evening  Advertiser  published  in 

Portland 564 

Daily  Morning  Post  published  in  Boston,  565 

Dakota  organized  as  a  territory 619 

Dalhousie  College,  in  Halifax,  founded  .  549 

Dallas,  Georgia,  battle  at 645 

Danbury,  stores  destroyed  at 363 

Dark  day 389 

Dartmouth  College  founded  in  Hanover, 

New  Hampshire 283 

Dartmouth  College  endowed 289 

Dartmouth  College,  name  changed  to 

University 535 

Daughters  of  Liberty  in  Providence  ...  272 

Davenport,  Iowa,  settled 575 

Davis,  Jefferson,  captured 657 

Davis,  Jefferson,  released  on  bail  ....  669 

Day's  work,  eight  hours  made  a 672 

Dayton,  council  held  at,  with  Indians  .  .  524 

Dean,  Silas,  agent  to  France 318 

Debt,  public,  payment  provided  for  .  .  .  448 

Debt,  public,  amount  of 450 

Debt,  public,  redemption  of 462 

Debt,  national 404 

Debt,  imprisonment  for,  abolished  ....  474 


Debt  of  the  United  States 

Debt,  actions  for,  in  Pennsylvania  .... 

Debt,  public,  extinguished 

Debt,  national 

Debt,  national 

Debt,  national,  maximum 

Debt,  national,  act  to  refund 

Decatur,  Captain,  captures  the  Macedo- 
nian   


Decatur  in  command  of  the  President  .  . 
Decatur  forces  the  Dey  to  sign  a  treaty    . 

Decatur,  Georgia,  battle  of 

Declaration  of  Rights   adopted  by  Con- 

Eress 
iration  of  Independence  before  Con- 
gress   

Declaration  of  Independence  accepted  by 
Congress 

Declaration,  news  of,  in  New  York   .  .  . 

Declaration,  copies  of,  to  each  of  the 
states  

Deed  of  Aquedneck  to  purchasers  .... 

Deer-skins,  export  forbidden  in  Pennsyl- 
vania   

Deerfield,  Massachusetts,  destroyed  by 
Indians 

De  la  Jonquiere,  governor  of  New  France, 

Delaware  Bay,  colony  of  Swedes  on  ... 

Delaware,  a  colony  of  Swedes  settles  at  . 

Delaware,  settlement  on,  destroyed  ... 

Delaware,  trade  of 

Delaware,  Swedish  settlement  at,  taken 
possession  of  by  the  Dutch 

Delaware,  saw  mill  in 

Delaware,  beer  brewed  in 

Delaware  exporting  bread 

Delaware,  assembly  in 

Delaware,  petitions  for  royal  governor  .  . 

Delaware,  paper-mill  in 

Delaware,  iron-works  in 

Delaware,  printing-press  in  Wilmington, 

Delaware,  committee  of  correspondence 
in 

Delaware  against  independence 

Delaware  accepts  independence   ..... 

Delaware  adopted  a  constitution  ..... 

Delaware,  the,  obstructions  in,  removed  . 

Delaware,  constitution  revised 

Delaware,  society  for  promoting  Ameri- 
can manufactures  formed  in  Wilming- 
ton   

Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  chartered  .  . 

Delaware  breakwater  begun 

Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal  opened  . 

Delaware,  geological  report  of 

Dclawares  removed  west  of  Mississippi . 

Delegates  elected  by  South  Carolina  .  .  . 

Delegates  to  Congress  to  be  presented  .  . 

Democracy  established  in  Rhode  Island  . 

Democrat  published  in  Chicago 

Democratic  societies  formed . 

Demologas,  battery  built  by  Fulton   .  .  . 

De  Montmagny,  governor  of  Canada  ... 

Dennys,  Jean,  map  of  St.  Lawrence  .  .  . 

Dentist,  first,  in  United  States 

Department  of  Foreign  Affairs 

Department  of  Foreign  Affairs 

Department  of  War 

Department  of  Treasury  organized   .  .  . 

Department  buildings  burned 

Department  of  the  Interior  created     .  .  . 

Department  of  Agriculture  established  . 

Department  of  Gulf  given  General  Banks 

Departments,  changes  in  government  of. 

Deposits,  public,  removed  from  the  Bank, 

Deposits,  reasons  given  by  Secretary  of 
Treasury  for  withdrawing  ...... 

Deposits,  Senate  censures  the  President 
for  removing 

Depreciation  of  pay  made  good 

Dermer,  Thomas,  explores  Long  Island 
Sound  


545 
574 

600 
602 
664 
682 

517 
530 
533 

648 

312 
349 

351 
351 

361 
97 

162 

174 
235 
30 
37 
47 
82 

100 
104 
109 
158 
173 
175 
184 
198 
255 

206 
340 
347 
354 
308 
453 


538 
554 
5G1 
501 
581 
544 
2(i(5 
315 
70 
570 
457 
524 
57 
12 
430 
402 
441 
441 
442 
483 
600 
628 
634 
670 
509 

570 

571 

389 

27 


774 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Designs  made  subject  to  patent  ..... 
Despard,  Lambert,  iron-furnace  in  Pem- 

broke   .......  .  ........ 

Detroit,  Michigan,  settled  ........ 

Detroit,  population  of  .......... 

Detroit,  council  held  at,  with  Indians  .  . 
D'Ibbervillc  makes  first  settlement  in 

Louisiana   .............. 

Dickenson  College  incorporated  ..... 

Digestion,    Beaumont   publishes  experi- 

ments on    .............. 

Discipline  in  Massachusetts  ....... 

Discontent  with  Bellamout's  administra- 

tion ................. 

Discriminations  in  trade  abolished  .... 

Dispatches,  telegraphic,  seized  ...... 

Dispensary  in  Philadelphia    ....... 

Dispensary  in  New  York   ........ 

Dispute  between  New  York  and  Vermont. 
Dispute  settled  between  Georgia  and 

South  Carolina    ........... 

Dissenters  in  South  Carolina  appeal  to 

House  of  Lords   ........... 

Distress,  public,  report  on,  in  Pennsyl- 

vania   ................ 

District  of  Columbia,  laws  of   ...... 

District  of  Columbia,  slavery  abolished  in 
District  of  Columbia,  right  of  suffrage  in, 
District  of  Columbia,  territorial  govern- 

ment for    .............. 

Dogs  used  in  Connecticut  in  hunting  In- 

dians   ................ 

Dollar,  the,  adopted  ........... 

Dollar,  gold,  authorized  by  Congress    .  . 
Dominion  of  Canada  inaugurated   .... 

Dorchester,  Carolina,  settled    ...... 

Dorr's  rebellion  in  Rhode  Island  ..... 

Double  eagle  added  to  gold  coin  ..... 

Dover.  New  Hampshire,  government  of  . 
Draft  in  New  England  .......... 

Draft  ordered   .............. 

Draft  riots  in  New  York  ......... 

Draft  ordered   .........  ..... 

Draining-tiles  in  New  York   ....... 

Dray  ton,  W.  H.,  charge  to  jury   ..... 

Dred    Scott   decision    by  the    Supreme 

Court   ................ 

Drinks,  intoxicating,  forbidden  in  Maine, 
Drought  at  Plymouth  .......... 

Drowne,  or  Pemaquid  patent  ....... 

Druukards,  common,    posted   hi   Rhode 

Island  ................ 

Drusius,  minister  at  Manhattan  ..... 

Dry-dock  in  Boston,  Massachusetts  ... 
Dubuque,  Iowa,  settled   ......... 

Duck,  bounty  on,  in  Rhode  Island  .... 

Duck  manufacture  ............ 

Dudley  imprisoned  in  Rhode  Island  ... 
Dudley,  Joseph,  appointed  Vice-Admiral, 
Dudley  Observatory  at  Albany    ..... 

Duel  of  Hamilton  and  Burr    ....... 

Du  Quesne,  governor  of  New  France    .  . 
Dutch  Reformed  Church  ......... 

Dutch  Reformed  Church  in  New  Amster- 

dam ................. 

Dutch  forbidden  trade  with  Indians  in 

Rhode  Island   ............ 

Dutch   Reformed   Church    chartered  in 

New  York  .............. 

Duties  on  exports  by  New  Jersey  .... 

Duties  repealed  in  New  Jersey  ...... 

Duties  on  exports  in  New  Jersey  ..... 

Duties,  Congress  asks  right  to  lay  .... 

Duties  increased  ........  ... 

Duties  raised  .........  ' 

Duties  on  imports  doubled    ....... 

Duties  on  imports  increased  ....... 

Duties,  discriminating,  repealed  for  the 

Netherlands  ..... 

Duties  raised    .... 

Duties  raised    ........  ,  *  ' 

Duties  on  imports  lessened    ...  I  I  !  I 


688 


50? 


Duties  to  be  paid  in  coin 668 

Duties  reduced 609 

Duties  increased 630 

Duty  on  wine  in  Massachusetts 84 

Duty  on  imports  by  Massachusetts  ...  91 

Duty  on  slaves  imported  in  Virginia  ...  215 

Duty  on  iron  in  Maryland 387 

Duty,  import,  laid  by  Rhode  Island  ...  419 

Duty  on  spirits 451 

Duty  on  spirits  protested  against    ....  451 

Duty,  additional,  laid 493 


E. 

East  New  Jersey,  assembly  of 130 

East  Jersey  purchased  by  Quakers  ....  137 

East  Jersey,  patent  for 140 

East  Jersey,  custom-house  in 168 

East  Florida  created 259 

East  bank  of  Mississippi  taken  possession 

of 509 

East  Florida  evacuated  by  the  Spaniards  .  520 

Easton,  Pennsylvania,  laid  out 220 

Eastport,  Maine,  taken  by  British  ....  523 

Ebenezer,  Georgia,  settled 216 

Economical  association  formed  in  Balti- 
more    539 

Eden,  governor  of  Maryland,  his  conduct,  345 

Editorials  introduced  in  newspapers  .  .  .  520 

Education,  free,  in  Pennsylvania,    ....  500 

Education  revival  in 539 

Education,  American  Journal  of 639 

Education,  national  bureau  of 667 

Education,  fifth  report  of  commissioner  of  698 

Edwards,  Jonathan 199 

Eighth  administration 580 

Eighth  census 618 

Eight  hours  made  a  day's  work 672 

Eight  hours,  strikes  for li'.K) 

Electors  to  designate  candidates 493 

Electors,  presidential,  day  for  choosing, 

fixed 593 

Eleventh  administration 604 

Eliot,  John 114 

Eliot,  Jared,  "  Essays  on  Husbandry  "  .  .  230 

Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey,  settled  .  .  .  106 

Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey,  colony  to  .  .  1 18 

Elizabethtown,  paper-mill  in 201 

Elkins,  Jacob,  explores  Hudson  River  .  .  26 
Elliot,  J.  D.,  captures  vessels  on  Lake 

Erie 516 

Elliot,  J.  D.,  voted  a  sword  by  Congress,  516 
Ellsworth,  Henry  L.,  first  commissioner 

of  patents 578 

Elmira,  New  York,  settled 378 

Elmira  Female  College  chartered  ....  608 
El  Molino  del  Rey,  battle  of,  fought ...  598 
Emancipated  slaves  to  be  sold  in  Virginia,  498 
Emancipation  allowed  by  Virginia  ....  407 
Emancipation  forbidden  in  North  Caro- 
lina    467 

Emancipation  proclamation  .......  633 

Emancipation  proclamation  issued  ....  635 

Embargo  laid  by  Congress 374 

Embargo  laid 460 

Embargo  laid 502 

Embargo,  act  supplementary  to  ...   503,  504 

Embargo  enforced 606 

Embargo  repealed 506 

Embargo  laid  by  Congress  . 513 

Embargo,  supplement  to .  513 

Emigration  to  Massachusetts 42 

Emigration  to  Massachusetts 44 

Emigration  into  Massachusetts 45 

Emigration  from  Massachusetts 52 

Emigration  from  Massachusetts  to  Con- 
necticut     65 

Emigration  to  New  England 67 

Emigrants  to  New  Netherlands  aided   .  .  93 

Enforcing  bill  passed  by  Congress  ....  668 

England  issues  letters  of  marque 516 


INDEX. 


775 


England,  Queen  proclaims  neutrality    .  .  621 

English  war-ship  fires  upon  vessel ....  499 

English  official  language  iu  Orleans  ...  510 

Enlistments  for  a  year 334 

Enlistments  suspended 480 

Enlistment,  term  of,  extended 523 

Enrolment  bill 647 

Enterprise,  steamboat,   ascends    Missis- 
sippi    536 

Enumerated  articles 126 

Enumerated  articles,  copper  added  to  .  .  194 

Enumerated  articles 238 

Envoy  returns  from  England 503 

Epidemic  in  New  England 87 

Episcopal  church  in  Slaryland 173 

Episcopal  church,  corporate  character  re- 
pealed in  Virginia 479 

Episcopal  Church  glebes  vacated  in  Vir- 
ginia    486 

Erie,  fort  built  at 241 

Erie,  Lake,  British  vessels  captured  on    .  516 

Erie,  Lake,  battle  of 522 

Erie,  Champlain,  and  Hudson  Canal  in 

New  York 539 

Erie  Canal  finished 556 

Erie  Railroad  completed 600 

Eruktor  Amphibolis 494 

Essex,  the,  captures  whalers 522 

Essex,  the,  captured  by  the  Phosbe  ....  524 

Estates  equally  divided  in  North  Carolina  415 

Ether  first  used 596 

Evans,  Oliver,  asks  monopoly  of  steam- 
engine  434 

Evans,  Oliver,  steam-engine  built  by  ...  512 

Evansville,  Indiana,  settled 538 

Evening  Post  in  New  York  city 485 

Exchange  on  England  below  par    ....  510 

Excise,  resolutions  against 453 

Excise,  resistance  to,  put  down 461 

Excise  repealed 486 

Execution  in  Plymouth 42 

Executive  committee  in  Georgia 338 

Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  government  of,  64 
Expedition  against  the  Indians  ....  57,  58 

Expedition  against  the  Dutch 100 

Expedition  against  Port  Royal 180 

Expedition  against  Canada 181 

Expedition  against  Canada  abandoned  .  .  181 

Expedition  against  West  Indies  defeated,  224 

Expedition  against  Cuba 224 

Expedition  from  Havana  against  Georgia 

and  Carolina 226 

Expedition  against  Louisburg 228 

Expedition  against  Canada  disbanded  .  .  230 
Expedition   by   the    French    to    Rocky 

Mountains 234 

Expedition  against  Port  Du  Qucsne  ...  245 
Expedition  against  the  forts  in  the  Bay 

ofFuudy .247 

Expedition  against  Louisburg 249 

Expedition  from  Boston 339 

Expedition  against  fort  on  the  Penobscot,  382 

Expedition  against  the  Indians 383 

Expedition  against  the  Indians 448 

Expedition  to  aid  New  Orleans 519 

Expedition   of  exploration   by   Colonel 

Fremont 594 

Expedition  against  Cuba  forbidden    .  .  .  601 

Expeditions,  military,  forbidden 82 

Expeditions  from  Charleston 390 

Expeditions  against  nations  at  peace  with 

the  United  States  forbidden   .....  542 

Expenditure  for  the  year 394 

Expenses,  national 477 

Exploring  expedition  sailed 683 

Exportation  by  land  or  sea  forbidden   .  .  523 

Express,  special 512 

Express  business  begun 584 

Extraordinary    expenses,    appropriation 

for 498 

Extravagance   in    apparel   forbidden   in 

Massachusetts 95 


Factories,  children  working  in,  to  go  to 

school  in  Massachusetts 578 

Failures,  commercial 019 

Fair  in  New  Netherlands 72 

Fairs  in  New  Jersey 1:59 

Fairs  in  Pennsylvania 146 

Fairmount  water-works  built  at  Philadel- 
phia    534 

Famine  in  Plymouth 31 

Faneuil  Hall,  Boston,  built 225 

Farewell  address  of  Washington 412 

Farmers'  Letters  published 275 

Farmers'  Weekly  Museum  published    .  .  454 

Farmers'  Exchange  Bank  in  Rhode  Island  500 

Farmville,  Virginia,  battle  of 654 

Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  settled  .  .  .  230 

Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  named  .  .  .  250 

Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  occupied  .  .  653 

Federal  court  asked  for  by  Pennsylvania  .  403 

Federal  courts 441 

Federal  Republican   published   in  Balti- 
more    .......  511 

Federalist  published 433 

Fees,  rate  of,  in  Maryland 287 

Felt  cloth  made  at  Norwalk,  Connecticut,   57(5 

Fenian  Society,  address  by 660 

Fenian  expedition 663 

Fenian  expedition  against  Canada  ....  681 

Fifteenth  amendment  submitted  to  states  676 

Fifteenth  amendment  ratified 681 

Fifteenth  administration 700 

Fifth  administration 554 

Fifth  report  of  commissioner  of  education  C98 

Finance,  superintendent  of 397 

Finance,  committee  report  against  change 

in 562 

Finance,  centennial  board  of,  created  .  .  .  686 

Financial  situation 399 

Financial  condition  of  the  United  States  .  416 

Financial  condition  of  the  United  States  .  418 

Financial  condition  reported 438 

Fire-engine  in  New  Jersey 245 

Fire-arms  in  Connecticut 325 

Fire-arms,  improved  manufacture  of .  .  .  421 

Fire-arms  manufactured 474 

First  book  printed  in  America 16 

First  English  colony 19 

First  English  child  born  in  America  ...  19 

First  marriage  in  Virginia 23 

First  coinage  for  America 24 

First  bricks  in  Virginia 24 

First  vessel  built 25 

First  sermon  in  America 28 

First  free  school  in  America 30 

First  cotton  raised 30 

First  shipment  to  England 31 

First  settlement  of  New  Hampshire  ...  J 

First  laws  of  Virginia 34 

First  mill  in  Manhattan 36 

First  Dutch  Reformed  church 39 

First  orchard  in  Massachusetts    .....  43 
First  meeting  of  court  of  assistants  in 

Massachusetts 43 

First  meeting  of  general  court  in  Massa- 
chusetts    43 

First  fire  in  Boston 44 

First  vessel  built  in  Massachusetts  .  ...  45 

First  mill  in  New  England 48 

First  sheep  in  Massachusetts ' 

First  school  in  New  York 50 

First  settlement  in  Connecticut 50 

First  representative  assembly  in  Massa- 
chusetts    51 

First  saw-mill  in  America 52 

First  Baptist  church 60 

First  brick-house  in  Boston 62 

First  publication  in  United  States  .....  65 

First  general  court  in  Maine 67 

First  book  composed  in  United  States  .  .  69 

First  tavern  in  New  York  city 76 


770 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


First  free  school  in  Hartford 

First  tailing-mill  iu  colonies  .  ...  .  .  . 

First  roimiieiuviiient.  at  Harvard  College, 

First  mill  iu  Pennsylvania 

First  .-.isting  made  in  colonies 

Fir>t  cruiser  of  the  colonies 

First  rice  raised 

First  bookseller  in  colonies 

FirM  forge  in  United  States 

First  bishop  of  New-  France 

First  wind-mill  in  Khode  Island 

FirM  ;issrinbly  in  Kliode  Island   .  .  .  .  . 

First  bookbinder 

First  Baptist  church  in  Boston 

First  assembly  in  North  Carolina   .... 

First  troop  ofhprse  in  Khode  Island  .  .  . 

First  assembly  in  New  Jersey 

First  settlement  in  South  Carolina  .... 

First  mill  in  New  Jersey 

First  church  of  Seventh  Day  Baptists  .  . 

First  assembly  in  South  Carolina    .... 

First  English  court  in  Pennsylvania  .  .  . 

First  vessel'on  Lake  Ontario 

First  vessel  on  Lake  Erie 

First  assembly  in  New  Hampshire  .... 

First  vessel  iu  New  Jersey . 

First  settlement  in  California 

First  Friends'  ineetiug-house  in  Philadel- 
phia   

First  meeting  of  council  of  New  England, 

First  British  troops  iu  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts   

First  press  in  Philadelphia     . 

First  Episcopal  church  in  Boston  .... 

First  whaling  voyage  from  Nantucket .  . 

First  call  for  a  general  congress  of  the 
colonies 

First  newspaper  in  America  suppressed  . 

First  bills  of  credit  issued  by  Massachu- 
setts   

First  paper-mill  in  America 

First  rice  planted  in  South  Carolina  .  .  . 

First  tannery  in  Newark,  New  Jersey  .  . 

First  ascent  of  the  Mississippi 

First  settlement  in  Louisiana 

First  iron-furnace  in  Plymouth 

First  bills  of  credit  iu  Carolina 

First  newspaper  in  America 

First  presbytery  in  Philadelphia 

First  census  of  Rhode  Island 

First  issue  of  bills  of  credit  by  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  and  Connecticut 

First  bills  of  credit  by  North  Carolina  .  . 

First  stone  quarry  at  Trenton,  New  Jer- 
sey   

First  convention  of  booksellers 

First  settlement  in  Vermont ,  . 

First  insurance  office 

First  newspaper  iu  Maryland 

First  royal  governor  in  Carolina 

First  printing-press  in  Virginia 

First  printing-press  in  South  Carolina  .  . 

First  newspaper  iu  South  Carolina  .... 

First  whaling  voyage . 

First  Freemasons'  lodge 

First  cotton  planted  iu  Georgia 

First  silk  raised  in  Georgia 

First  newspaper  in  Virginia 

First  bells  cast 

First  sugar-mill  in  Louisiana 

First  rolling-mill  in  Pennsylvania  .... 

First  "  Essays  on  Husbandry  " 

First  silk  woven  in  Connecticut 

First  muskets  made  iu  the  country  .... 

First  theatrical  performance  in  Boston  .  . 

First  use  of  granite  for  building 

First  professional  actors 

First  assembly  in  Georgia 

First  bills  of  credit  in  Virginia 

First  sugar-mill  in  Louisiana 

First  medical  school  at  Philadelphia  .  .  . 

First  fire-engine 


77 

77 

77 

80 

85 

85 

86 

97 

98 

101 

114 

116 

110 

110 

121 

122 

122 

123 

l-j:5 

124 

128 

131 

132 

133 

134 

139 

139 

142 
145 

145 
146 
148 
151 

151 

152 

152 

158 
102 
106 
107 
107 
171 
172 
174 
1?7 
178 

179 

184 

192 
193 
190 
190 
20'J 
205 
203 
204 
208 
213 
2!4 
215 
215 
218 
218 
225 
227 
230 
231 
233 
237 


239 
240 
244 
245 
252 
261 
271 


First  Methodist  society 

First  camp-meeting 

First  settlement  in  Tennessee 

First  settlement  in  Kentucky 

First  royal  instructions  adopted 

First  dally  paper 

First  steam-engine 

First  ale  and  porter  made 

First  naval  conflict 

First  fleet  sailed 

First  winno wing-machine 

First  glass-works 

First  ship  to  China 

First  law-school  at  Litchfield 

First  newspaper  in  Maine  ........ 

First  American  play 

First  metallic  coinage  of  the  United 
States  

First  dentist  in  the  United  States   .  .  .  . 

First  President  of  the  United  States  .  .  . 

First  saw-mill  in  Ohio 

First  wagon  to  the  West 

First  crop  of  Sea-Island  cotton 

First  American  voyage  round  the  world  . 

First  furnace  west  of  Alleghanies    .... 

First  furnace  in  Kentucky 

First  census 

First  issue  from  mint 

First  Merino  sheep 

First  sewing-thread  of  cotton 

First  silver  coined 

First  copyright .   .  . 

First  gold  coined 

First  use  of  screw  for  vessels 

First  national  vessel  on  Lake  Erie  .... 

First  mutual  insurance  company  in  Mas- 
sachusetts   

First  cast-iron  plough 

First  administration 

First  personal  encounter  in  Congress    .  . 

First  high-pressure  steam-engine    .   .  .  . 

First  meeting  of  Congress  at  Washing- 
ton   . 

First  mowing-machine 

First  cargo  of  ice  exported 

First  antljraeite  coal  shipped 

First  newspaper  west  of  the  Mississippi . 

First  newspaper  in  Indiana 

First  Western  steamboat 

First  steam-engine  builder 

First  naval  battle  of  War  of  1812 

First  rolling-mill  in  Pittsburg 

First  stereotype  foundery 

First  successful  daily  paper  in  Boston  .  . 

First  time  spinning  and  weaving  were 
united 

First  time  "  The  Star-spangled  Banner  " 
was  sung 

First  flour  exported  from  Rochester  .  .  . 

First  religious  newspaper  published  .  .  . 

First  newspaper  in  Illinois 

First  steam  paper-mill  at  Pittsburg   ... 

First  steamboat  built  at  Cincinnati     .  .  . 

First  deaf  and  dumb  asylum  at  Hartford  . 

First  savings  bank  in  Baltimore 

First  steamer  launched  on  Lake  Erie  .  .  . 

First  exhibition  of  Mechanics'  Associa- 
tion in  Massachusetts 

First  lodge  of  Odd-Fellows  instituted  .  . 

First  committee  on  agriculture  in  Con- 
gress   

First  use  of  anthracite  in  iron- works  .  .  . 

First  mill  built  in  Lowell,  Massachusetts, 

First  use  of  gas  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts 


272 
276 
279 
282 
280 
288 
2<J8 
310 
3^6 
339 
395 
396 
411 
417 
417 
423 

431 
436 
439 

439 
440 
440 
44<> 
448 
451 
452 
4.56 
409 
4(50 
461 
463 
400 
460 
408 

408 
470 
471 
472 
477 

482 
491 
490 
500 
504 
505 
511 
512 
515 
516 
520 
520 

521 

529 
531 
531 
531 
534 
535 
539 
541 
542 


543 
540 


First  American  settlement  in  Texas  ... 

First  native  gold  coined  at  mint 

First  paper  sold  in  the  streets  of  Boston, 
First  opera  troupe  in  New  York  ..... 
First  steamboat  on  Lake  Michigan  .  .  . 

First  slate  quarry  opened 

First  specimen  of  the  Morus  multicattlis  . 


549 
549 
551 

551 
552 
554 
555 
550 
557 
557 
558 


INDEX. 


777 


Firnt  locomotive  built  at  West  Point    .  . 

First  omnibus  in  New  York 

First  telescope  put  up  by  Yale  College  .  . 

First  institution  tor  the  education  of  the 
blind 

First  steamboat  at  Chicago 

First  newspaper  sold  lor  a  cent 

First  reaper  patented 

First  successful  use  of  anthracite  coal  in  a 
hot  blast 

First  table-cutlery  made  in  United  States, 

First  linen-mill  in  Massachusetts    .... 

First  house  in  San  Francisco,  California  . 

First  dniining-tilcs  in  New  York    .... 

First  observatory  built  at  Williams  College 

First  felt-cloth  in  Connecticut 

First  use  of  screw  in  navigation 

First  use  of  anthracite  coal  in  making 
iron 

First  zinc  made  in  United  States 

First  steam  passage  over  the  Atlantic  .  . 

First  express  trip 

First  white  settlement  at  San  Francisco  . 

First  normal  school  in  Massachusetts  .   . 

First  war-ship  as  a  propeller 

First  exploration  by  Colonel  Fremont .   . 

First  hydropathic  establishment  in  New 
York 

First  telegraph  line  built 

First  copper  mining  at  Lake  Superior  .  . 

Fir.st  opera-house  in  New  York 

First  use  of  ethor 

First  school  for  idiots 

First  spirit-rappings 

First  woman's  suffrage  national  conven- 
tion  

First  institution  for  the  co-education  of 
the  sexes ^ 

First  woman's  medical  college  at  Philadel- 
phia  

First  woman's  rights  journal 

First  steam  (ire-engine  in  Cincinnati  .   .   . 

First  theatrical  journal  published    .... 

First  woman's  college 

First  bridge  over  the  Mississippi     .... 

First  experiments  with  Bessemer  process 
of  making  steel 

First  steel  rined  cannon 

First  premium  on  gold 

First  time  negroes  voted  in  Tennessee  .  . 

First  narrow-gauge  railway 

First  train  through  the  Hoosac  Tunnel    . 

Fiscal  bank  of  the  United  States,  bill  for, 
vetoed 

Fishing-,  sea 

Fitch,  John,  steamboat  on  Delaware  .  .  . 

Five  Nations,  treaty  with  colonies  .  .  .  . 

Five-cent  coins  issued  . 

Five  Forks,  Virginia,  battle  of.  ..... 

Flags  used  in  army 

Flag  of  United  Colonies 

Flag  for  Massachusetts 

Flag  of  Thirteen  United  States 

Flag,  national,  fashion  of,  prescribed  .   .   . 

Flag  of  the  Confederates 

Flax  in  Virginia 

Flax  in  New  Jersey 

Flax -rust  appeared 

Fleet,  French,  from  Brest 

Fleet  advised  by  Rhode  Island 

Fleet,  English,  off  Boston 

Fleet,  British,  captured 

Fleet,  French,  off  Georgia 

Fleet,  French,  at  Newport 

Fleet,  French,  at  the  Chesapeake    .... 

Fleet  against  the  A Igerines 

Florida,  Ponce  de  Leon  lands  in 

Florida,  name  of 

Florida,  French  colony  for 

Florida  given  the  Seminoles 

Florida,  Spanish  in,  attacked  from  Caro- 
lina   


Flori  !a  attacked  by  South  Carolina    .  .   . 

Florida,  boundary  of 

Florida,  President  authorized  to  take  pos- 
session of 

Florida,  part  of,  joined  to  Louisiana  .   .   . 

Florida,  part  of,  joined  to  Mississippi  ter- 
ritory   

Florida,  invasion  of,  protested  against  .   . 

Florida  ceded  to  the  United  States      .  .   . 

Florida,  boundaries  of 

Florida,  act  for  the  settlement  of    .... 

Florida  admitted  to  the  Union 

Florida,  the,  captured 

Florida  abolishes  slavery 

Florida  admitted  to  representation  .... 

Flour  seized  in  New  York  city 

Flour  monopoly  repealed 

Flour,  monopoly  of,  in  New  York  city  .   . 

Flour,  exportation  of 

Flour,  licenses  for  its  transportation  .  .  . 

Flour  allowed  to  be  transported  to  Spain, 

Flour-mills,  improvements  in 

Flour-mills  in  North  Carolina 

Fly-shuttle  in  Khode  Island 

Foreign  courts,  sentiments  of 

Foreign  Affairs,  Department  of 

Foreign  relations,  report  on 

Forfeitures  under  non-importation  act  re- 
mitted   

Fort  Amsterdam  built 

Fort  Amsterdam,  exports  from 

Fort  in  Boston  harbor 

Fort  Amsterdam  burned 

Fort  Casimir  built 

Fort  Casimir  taken 

Fort  Frontcnac  built 

Fort  St.  Louis  built 

Fort  Rosalie  attacked  by  Indians    .... 

Fort  Du  Qiiosne  built 

Fort  at  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and 
Monongahc'la 

Fort  William  Henry  built 

Fort  William  Henry  surrenders  to 
French 

Fort  Froutenac  captured 

Fort  Du  Quesnc  deserted 

Fort  Schuyler  built 

Fort  Pownall  built 

Fort  at  Niagara  captured 

Fort  Loudouu  captured 

Fort  Pitt  settled 

Fort  William  and  Mary  dismantled  .   .  . 

Fort  Sullivan,  attack  on,  repulsed    .... 

Fort  Washington  captured 

Fort  Lee  evacuated 

Fort  Edward  abandoned 

Fort  Schuyler  attacked 

Fort  George  captured 

Fort  Jefferson  attacked 

Fort  MichilimacJdnack  captured 

Fort  at  Detroit  surrendered 

Fort  Dearborn  attacked 

Fort  Harrison  attacked 

Fort  Madison  attacked 

Fort  Meigs  attacked 

Fort  George  evacuated  by  the  British  .  . 

Fort  Stevenson  attacked 

Fort  Minims  captured 

Fort  Niagara  captured  by  British    .... 

Fort  at  Sandy  Creek  captured  by  British, 

Fort  Erie  captured 

Fort  Michilimackinack  attacked 

Fort  Mackinaw  attacked 

Fort  Erie  assaulted 

Fort  McHenry  bombarded 

Fort  Bowyer  attacked 

Fort  Erie,  siege  of,  raised 

Fort  Eric  abandoned 

Fort  Bowyer  captured  by  the  British    .  . 

Fort  on  the  Appalachicola  destroyed     .  . 

Fort  at  St.  Mark's  captured  by  General 
Jackson 


223 

404 

510 
5  13 

514 
543 
545 
545 
588 
5!)3 
0411 
CCO 
072 
155 
1(51 
166 
424 
504 
51(5 
370 
461 
439 
337 
402 
437 

519 

30 

47 

51 

55 

98 

90 

120 

135 

203 

242 

2-12 
247 

250 
3f,2 
252 
252 
252 
253 
254 
263 
315 
348 
357 
357 
o(i5 
365 

3;;* 

308 
514 
515 
515 
513 
51(5 
620 
521 
522 
5-J2 
523 
525 
520 
526 
520 
527 
528 
520 
520 
530 
531 
530 

542 


778 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Fort  Barancns  surrendered 

Fort  Snclling  built 

Fort  I  (omit--  attacked  by  Indians 

Fort  Surntor,  attack  on 

Fort  HattcTiis  captured 

Fort  Pickens  attacked 

Fort  Beaurogard  captured 

Fort  Walker  captured 

Fort  Henry  surrendered 

Fort  Donefson  surrendered 

Fort  Pulaski  surrendered 

Fort  Wagner,  siege  begun 

Fort  Gregg,  siege  begun 

Fort  Wagner  attacked 

Fort  De  Russy  captured 

Fort  Pillow  captured 

Fort  Morgan  captured 

Fort  < ;  .-lines  Hurrendered 

Fort  Powell  blown  up 

Fort  Harrison  captured 

Fort  Lyon.  Indians  massacred  at 

Fort  McAllister  captured 

Fort  Fisher,  attack  on 

Fort  Fisher  captured 

Fort  Steadman  captured 

Fort  Blakely  captured 

Fort  Sumter,  flag  restored  to 

Fort  Larned,  council  with  Indians  at    .  . 

Foster,  Miles,  granted  lot 

Fourth  administration 

Fourteenth  administration 

Fourteenth  amendment  adopted  ..... 

Fourt«enth  amendment,  votes  of  states  on 

Fourteenth  amendment  certified 

Fourteenth  amendment,  act  to  enforce  .  . 

Fractional  currency,  issue  of 

Framingham,  Mass.,  normal  school  in  .  . 

France  granted  a  loan 

France,  cost  of  war  to 

France,  envoys  to 

France,  failure  of  mission  to 

France,  commerce  with,  suspended     .  .  . 

France,  envoys  to,  recalled 

France,  merchant  ships  to  defend  them- 
selves from 

France,  treaties  with,  void 

France,  ministers  to 

France,  envoys  to 

France,  treaty  with 

France,  convention  with,  amended  .... 

France,  treaty  with 

France  proposes  mediation 

Franciscan  friars  in  Mexico 

Franciscan  missionary  station  on  IViiob- 
scot 

Francisco,  California,  captured 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Newspaper  in 
New  York 

Frankfort,  Pennsylvania,  mill  in     .... 

Franking  privilege  abolished 

Frankland,  government  of,  organized  .  . 

Frankland  asks  to  come  into  Union    .  .  . 

Frankland,  elections  in 

Frankland,  collision  in 

Franklin,  James,  printer,  iu  Boston  .  .  . 

Franklin  stove  invented 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  testimony  on  bills  of 
credit 

Franklin  Institute  incorporated  in  Phila- 
delphia   

Franklin,  Sir  John,  expedition  in  search 
of 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  expedition  in  search 
of 

Frazier's  Farm,  battle  of 

Frederioton  plundered  by  English  sailors, 

Fredericksburg,  Virginia,  bombarded  .  . 

Free  colored  inhabitants  petition  for  re- 
lief   

Free  banking  law  in  New  York    .  .  .  .  ! 

Free  banking  law  in  New  York  revised   . 

If  reedmen,  status  of,  in  Virginia 


543 
;.i<i 
577 
620 
623 
623 
624 
624 
625 
625 
627 
637 
637 
640 
643 
644 
648 
648 
648 
649 
650 
050 
651 
651 
653 
654 
655 
668 
172 
537 
674 
663 
670 
673 
684 
647 
584 
377 
424 
470 
472 
474 
474 

474 
475 
477 
478 
480 
483 
551 
634 
14 

85 
595 

606 
166 
689 
416 
421 
428 
436 
18-4 
228 

284 
553 
601 

605 
629 
520 
C34 

479 
584 
686 
659 


Freedmen's  bureau  created 643 

Freedmen's  Bank  established 653 

Freedmen 'a  bureau,  act  to  continue    .  .   .  664 
Freedmen's  bureau,  act  for  continuance  of  072 
Freedom  of  the  press  maintained  in  Mas- 
sachusetts    190 

Freedoms  and  exceptions  by  West  India 

Company 39 

Freeman's  oath  printed  in  Massachusetts  65 

Freemen  admitted  in  Massachusetts  ...  44 

Freemasons,  first  lodge  of 214 

Free  schools  in  Maryland   . 162 

Free  schools  in  Maryland 175 

Free  school  in  Philadelphia 233 

Free  negroes  to  be  sold  in  Kentucky  .  .  .  5(>i 

Free  trade  convention  at  Philadelphia  .  .  505 

Free  Soil  party two 

Free-school  society  in  New  York    ....  497 

Fremont,  Colonel,  first  expedition  west  .  587 
Fremont,  Colonel,  second  exploration  of 

west 590 

Fremont,  Colonel,  third  expedition  of  ex- 
ploration       594 

Fremont,  command  of  western  Missouri  622 

Fremont,  General,  relieved 029 

French  troops  to  Canada 143 

French,  peace  made  with  the  Indians    .  .  171 

French  war  with  the  Indians 221 

French,  designs  of  the 241 

French  fleet  arrived 375 

French  fleet  to  Boston 376 

French  consuls,  their  exequaturs  threat- 
ened    458 

French  armed  vessels  to  be  captured     .  .  475 

French  vessel  captured 470 

French  ships,  exclusion  of,  ended  ....  510 
French  ships,    tonnage     duties    on,    re- 
pealed    552 

French  at  Vera  Cruz (524 

French  repulsed  at  Puebla,  Mexico    .  •    .  028 

Frenchtown  plundered  by  English  sailors  520 

Friction  matches,  patent  for 578 

Friends  of  National   Industry  iu    New 

York 647 

Frigate  captured  by  Tripolitans 4yl 

Frigate  burned  in  Tripoli 494 

Frigates  ordered 337 

Frigates  launched  at  Providence,  Rhode 

Island 342 

Frolic  captured  by  the  Wasp 517 

Frolic  captured  by  the  Orpheus 525 

Frontenac,  governor  of  Canada 150 

Frothingham,  David,  tried  for  libel    .  .  .  471) 

Fugitive  slave  law  passed  by  Congress    .  002 

Fugitive  slave  law  repealed 646 

Fugitives  from  service,  act  concerning  .  .  456 
Fuller,  Margaret,  publishes  "  Woman  in, 

the  Nineteenth  Century  " 5'.H 

Fuller's  earth  in  Virginia  and  Maryland,  123 
Fulling-mill    in    Watertown,    Massachu- 
setts   108 

Fulling-mill  at  Dedham,  Massachusetts    .  1:55 
Fulling-mill  at  New  London,  Connecti- 
cut       158 

Fulling-mill  in  Pennsylvania KM 

Fulling-mill  in  New  Jersey 173 

Fulling-mill  in  New  London 183 

Fulton,  Robert,  patent  for  steamboat  .  .  506 
Fulton,  ferry-bouts  designed  by  him  .  .  .  511 
Fulton,  Robert,  batteries  by,  ordered  .  .  524 
Funding  bill  passed  by  Congress  ....  446 
Funerals,  scarfs  forbidden  at,  in  Massa- 
chusetts    197 

Funerals,  mourning  at 260 

Furloughs  granted  the  soldiers 411 

Furnace,  blast,  in  Adirondack  region    .  .  589 

Furs  shipped  from  Plymouth 32 

GK 

Gadsden  purchase  from  Mexico 605 

Gage,  General,  letter  of 26$ 


INDEX. 


779 


Gage,  General,  governor   of  Massachu- 
setts    303 

Galesburg,  Illinois,  Knpx  College  ia     .  .  581 
Gallauclet,  T.  H.,  principal  of  first  asylum 

for  deaf  and  dumb 539 

Galvestou,    Texas,   settlement  at,    sup- 
pressed      540 

Galveston,  Texas,  captured 6:35 

Galveston  opened  to  commerce 030 

Galveston,  Texas,  surrendered 657 

Garrison  of  Fort  Niagara  massacred  .   .  .  523 

Gas  made  from  wood 487 

Gas,  first  use  of,  in   Boston,  3Iassachu- 

setts 551 

Gaspee  captured 21)0 

Gaspee,  inquiry  in..... 290 

Gates  put  in  command 306 

Gazette,  London,  reprinted  in  New  York  .  153 

Gazette,  Boston,  published 189 

Gazette,  New  York,  published 197 

Gazette,  Maryland,  published  at  Annap- 
olis      200 

Gazette,  Pennsylvania,  published  in  Phil- 
adelphia    201 

Gazette,  South  Carolina,  published'    .  .  .  208 
Gazette,  Rhode  Island,  published  in  New- 
port    211 

Gazette,  Germautown,  published    ....  217 
Gazette,  Virginia,  published  at  Williams- 
burg 218 

Gazette,  Maryland,  published   at    Balti- 
more    228 

Gazette,  Boston,  and  Weekly  Advertiser, 

published 241 

Gazette,  Connecticut,  published  in  New 

Haven 244 

Gazette,  Boston,  or  Country  Gentleman, 

published 245 

Gazette,   North   Carolina,    published  in 

Newbern 246 

Gazette, 'New  Hampshire,  published   at 

Portsmouth 248 

Gazette,  South   Carolina,  and  American 

General,  published  in  Charleston    .  .  251 

Gazette,  New  York,  published 252 

Gazette,  Royal,  published  in  New  York 

city 256 

Gazette,  Providence,  and  Country  Jour- 
nal, published 257 

Gazette,  Connecticut,  in  New  London  .  .  258 
Gazette,  Cape  Fear,  and  Wilmington  Ad- 
vertiser, published 259 

Gazette,  and  Country  Journal  in  Charles- 
ton      271 

Gazette,  Virginia,  published 272 

Gazette,  Essex,  published  in  Salem,  Mas- 
sachusetts    279 

Gazette,  Albany,  published 289 

Gazette,  Salem,  iind  Newbury  and  Marble- 
head  Advertiser,  published 304 

Gazette,  Constitutional,  published  ....  329 

Gazette,  Newport,  published 363 

Gazette,  New  Jersey,  appeared 370 

Gazette,  Salem,  and  General  Advertiser, 

published 396 

Gazette,  the  Vermont,  published  in  West- 
minster      397 

Gazette,  Falmouth,  published 417 

Gazette,  Hampshire,  published 425 

Gazette,  Kentucky,  published 433 

Gazette  of  the  United  States  published  .  .  442 

Gazette,  National,  published 451 

Gazette,  State,  published 452 

Gazette,  Knoxville,  published 454 

Gazette,  Washington,  published 405 

Gazette,  Sciota,  published 400 

Gazette,  Porcupine's 469 

Gazette  published  in  Mobile 539 

Gazette  published  in  Cincinnati 558 

Geary,  John  W.,  governor  of  Kansas  .  .  610 

General  Fundamentals  at  Plymouth  ...  56 

General  Court  postponed  indefinitely   .  .  311 


General  Court  summoned  at  Salem,  Mas- 
sachusetts   

General  law  for  companies  to  manufac- 
ture in  New  York 

General,  grade  of,  revived 

Genesee  Farmer  published  in  Rochester, 
New  York 

Genet,  Citizen,  arrived ,    ... 

Genet,  his  recall  asked  for 

Geneva  College  admits  women  to  medical 
department 

Geological  survey  of  the  United  States    . 

Geological  survey  of  Maryland 

Geological  survey  of  New  York 

Geological  survey  of  Georgia 

Geological  survey  of  Kentucky 

Geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania  and 
New  Jersey 

Geological  survey  of  Virginia 

Geological  reports  of  states 

Geological  survey  of  Rhode  Island    .  .  . 

Geological  survey  of  New  Hampshire  .  . 

Geological  survey  of  Michigan 

Geology,  zoology,  and  botany  of  Massa- 
chusetts, report  on 

George  III.  to  Parliament 

Georgetown  plundered  by  English  sailors 

Georgia  charter  issued 

Georgia,  colony  arrives  at 

Georg-ia,  first  silk  raised  exported  .... 

Georgia,  cotton  planted  in 

Georgia,  slavery  forbidden  in 

Georgia,  conditions  for  settlement  of    .  . 

Georgia,  Moravian  settlement  in     .... 

Georgia,  discontent  in 

Georgia,  a  president  appointed  for  .... 

Georgia,  slavery  introduced  into  .  .  .  .  . 

Georgia,  bounty  on  silk 

Georgia,  silk-cultnre  in 

Georgia,  population  of 

Georgia  surrendered  to  the  crown  .... 

Georgia,  bills  of  credit  in 

Georgia,  bills  of  credit  in 

Georgia  and  South  Carolina  dispute  .  .  . 

Georgia  divided  into  parishes 

Georgia,  teaching  slaves  forbidden  in    .  . 

Georgia,  Committee  of  Correspondence 
in 

Georgia  for  independence 

Georgia  formed  a  constitution 

Georgia,  expedition  against 

Georgia  submitted 

Georgia,  royal  rule  restored 

Georgia,  militia  law  in 

Georgia  ratified  constitution 

Georgia  amends  constitution 

Georgia,  constitution  amended 

Georgia  ceded  claims  to  territory    .... 

Georgia,  report  on  cession  of  land  .... 

Georgia,  Yazoo  claims  in 

Georgia,  British  troops  withdrawn  from  . 

Georgia,  lands  in,  claimed  by  Indians    .  . 

Georgia  protests  against  tariff 

Georgia  annexes  Indian  territory  to  the 
state  

Georgia,  missionaries  to  the  Indians  ar- 
ited  i 


309 


510 
6155 

562 
456 
458 

598 
507 
572 
575 
575 
575 

578 
678 
581 
584 
585 


565 
2(5:2 
520 
210 
212 
215 
215 
217 
217 
217 
220 
227 
234 
234 
236 
240 
240 
245 
245 
249 
252 
285 

295 
341 
301 
378 
378 
379 
380 
435 
441 
475 
487 
489 
525 
532 
555 
560 


Georgia  disregards  the  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court 

Georgia,  a  survey  of 

Georgia  abolishes  slavery 

Georgia  admitted  to  representation    .  .  . 

Georgia  admitted  to  representation    .  .  . 

Georgia,  vote  not  counted 

Georgia,  state  board  of  health  in 

German  emigration  to  the  colonies     .  .   . 

German  Lutheran  church  in  Philadelphia 

(iermantovvn,  Pennsylvania,  settled   ... 

Germantown,  Pennsylvania,  newspaper 
in 

Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  battle  of  ... 

Gettysburg,  monument  at  ........ 


561 
565 

566 
575 
000 
672 
681 
688 
097 
180 
226 
142 

221 
640 
659 


780 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Gi<Hings,  Joshua,  censured  by  the  House  588 
Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  patent  to  ....  1« 
Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  takes  possession 

of  Newfoundland 18 

Gilbert,  Bartholomew,  arrives  at  Ameri- 
ca         20 

Oilman,    General,  given    department   of 

south 839 

Girant  College  opened  in  Philadelphia.  .  598 
Girls,  industrial  school  for  .......  681 

Glass  made  in  Massachusetts 67 

Gla«s  made  in  Massachusetts 72 

Glass-house  in  Pennsylvania  ........    139 

Glass  made  in  New  York 211 

Glass  factory  in  New  Jersey 236 

Glass  inuile  in  Massachusetts 240 

Glass-works  in  New  Hampshire 396 

Glass  made  in  New  York 429 

Glass  made  in  Massachusetts 431 

Glass  factory  in  Maryland 440 

Glass-works  in  New  York 455 

Glass-factory  in  Pennsylvania 468 

Glass-window,  bounty  on 492 

Glass  company  at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts, formed 543 

Glen,  James,  governor  of  South  Carolina,  227 

Globe  published  at  Washington 563 

Gloucester  fired  on 329 

Godfrey,  Thomas,  invents  the  quadrant  .  205 
Gold  and  silver  a  legal  tender  in  Rhode 

Island 258 

Gold  coined 464 

Gold  from  North  Carolina 494 

Gold,  native,  coined  at  Philadelphia  mint  554 

Gold,  premium  on 581 

Gold  mines  in  Virginia 584 

Gold  discovered  in  California 597 

Gold  coins,  double  eagle  and  dollar  added 

to 601 

Gold  in  New  Columbia 611 

Gold  discovered  at  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  616 

Gold  in  Nova  Scotia 620 

Gold,  sale  on  time  forbidden 646 

Gold,  product  of  United  States 685 

Gorges,  Robert,  grant  to 33 

Gorges,  Sir  Ferdmando,  grant  to  ....  35 
Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  takes  colony  to 

America 20 

Gospel,  propagation  of,  among  Indians    .     85 

Gosport  navy  yard  burned 621 

Gouch,  William,  governor  of  Virginia  .  .   200 
Gourges,  Dominic  de,  avenges  has  coun- 
trymen   18 

Government,  a  new,  made  for  Massachu- 
setts   143 

Government,  scheme  of,  proposed  by  Wil- 
liam Peun 165 

Government  of  the  colonies,  plan  for    . 
Government,  plan  of,  for  the  colonies    . 
Government  of  the  colonies,  plan  of  ... 
Governor  for  all  New  England  .appointed 
Governor's  Island  granted  Winthrop   . 
Governors  forbidden  to  show  letters  to 

assemblies 280 

Governors,  convention  of 633 

Grain  grown  in  Massachusetts 59 

Grain  made  a  legal  tender  in  Massachu- 
setts       70 

Grain-cutter  invented 491 

Grain-drill,  patent  for 536 

Granby,  Connecticut,  coppers  struck  in    .   220 
Grand  model  abandoned  by  Carolina  pro- 
prietors    159 

Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  settled 569 

Grand  Gulf  evacuated 638 

Grange,  National,  session  of 693 

Grant  by  Plymouth  Company 46 

Gnu*  in  command  of  Mississippi  division    641 
Grants  by  Connecticut  confirmed  by  Penn- 
sylvania   429 

Great  Britain,  payment  to 488 

Great  Britain  pays  claims 491 


Great  Britain,  war  with,  declared  by  Con- 
gress      514 

Great  Britain,  charges  against 514 

Great  Horse  Shoe,  Indians  defeated  at,  by 

Jackson '.  5J4 

Great  Falls  Manufacturing  Company  in- 
corporated    500 

Great  Western  crosses  the  Atlantic  by 

steam 582 

Green,  Samuel,  printer <J1 

Green,  Samuel,  granted  land 103 

Green,  Samuel,  prints  Indian  Psalms    .  .  104 

Green,  Bartholomew,  printer  in  Boston,  153 

Green  Bay  Intelligencer  published  ....  570 

Greenville,  Tennessee,  Morgan  defeated  at  643 

Greytown,  Nicaragua,  bombarded   ....  007 
Greytown,  Nicaragua,  General  W.  Walker 

surrenders  at 614 

Grijalva,  Juan  de,  sails  for  Mexico  ....      12 

Grist-mill,  Newcastle 103 

Grist-mill  tolls  in  Connecticut 104 

Grist-mill  in  Hadley 121 

Grist-mill  in  Newark,  New  Jersey  ....  122 

Grist-mill  in  New  York 4ti.J 

Grove,   Mary  S.,  lectures    on   woman's 

rights 

Groveton,  Virginia,  battle  at 0  j2 

Guadalupe,  Hidalgo,  treaty  made  at ...  O'.is 

Guano  imported 51*0 

Guano  imported 5'JJ 

Guerrero,  president  of  Mexico 501 

Guerriere  captured  by  Constitution    .  .  .  515 

Gulf  Stream  marked  on  charts 285 

Gunboats  built 4l>4 

Gunboats  ordered 4'JO 

Gunpowder,  export  forbidden 174 

Gunsmith  shops  in  Maryland 329 

Gun-stocks  in  New  York 2^3 

Guthrie,  Samuel,  obtains  chloroform    .  .  564 

H. 

Habeas  corpus  extended  to  Virginia     .  .  180 
Habeas  corpus  suspended  in  Massachu- 
setts    426 

Habeas  corpus  suspended 631 

Habeas  corpus  suspended 633 

Habeas  corpus,  suspension  justified  .  .  .  633 

Habeas  corpus  suspended 641 

Habeas  corpus,  right  restored >•'*> 

Haddonfield,  New  Jersey,  brick-house  in,  183 

"  Hail  Columbia  "  first  appeared 472 

Hale,  Nathan,  hanged  as  a  spy 3o4 

Halfpence  coined  by  Carolina 161 

Halfpence  coined  by  Virginia 298 

Half-pay  to  the  officers 374 

Halifax  settled 235 

Halifax,  bridewell  at 533 

Halifax,  chamber  of  commerce  at   ....  552 

Hallcck,  General,  in  command 0:,0 

Hallett's  Point,  explosion  of  mine     .  .  .  6th) 
Hamilton,  James,  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania      233 

Hamilton,  Oncida  Academy  founded  ...  455 
Hammond,  George,  minister  from  Eng- 
land    451 

Hampton  Sidney  College  founded  ....  .'550 

Hampton,  Virginia,  plundered 522 

Hampton  Roads,  Mcrrimac  at 6,'G 

Hancock,  John,  president  of  Congress  .  .  3'J4 

Hanover,  Vermont,  press  in 372 

Hanover  Court  House,  battle  at 62$ 

Hanover  Junction,  Virginia,  battle  at   .  .  640- 

Harmonists  settled  in  Indiana 532 

Harmony  Society  organized 4'.'5 

Harndcn,  W.  F.,  begins   express  busi- 
ness    >4 

Harper's  Ferry,  armory  at 472 

Harper's  Weekly  published 612 

Harper's  Ferry  captured  by  John  Brown,  016 

Harper's  Ferry  burned 6iX> 

Harper's  Ferry  captured 632 


INDEX. 


781 


Harris,  Benjamin,  issues  first  newspaper  153 
Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  settled  ....  214 
Harrison,  General,  in  command  of  Fort 

Meigs 520 

Harrison,  President,  death  of 580 

Harrison's  Landing,  army  retire  to    ...  0:50 

Hartford,  Connecticut,  settled 51 

Hartford,  convention  at 385 

Hartford  convention 529 

Hartford  convention  met 530 

Hartford  Convention,   Historv   of,  pub- 
lished     " 530 

Hartford  Times  published 531) 

Hartford  Asylum  for  Deaf  and  Dumb    .  .  539 

Harvard  College  founded 04 

Hatcher's  Run,  battle  at 600 

Hatcher's  Kun,  battle  at (55U 

Hatfield,  Connecticut,  grist-mill  in  ....  107 
Hats,  export  of,  forbidden  by  Parliament  209 

Hatters  in  Boston,  Massachusetts  ....  125 

Havana,  Cuba,  captured 250 

Haverhill  destroyed  by  Indians 178 

Havre  de  Grace  plundered    by    English 

sailors 520 

Hayne,  Isaac,  hanged 401 

Hayne,  governor  of  South  Carolina,  re- 

"plies  to  President's  proclamation   .  .  507 

Hebrew  immigrants  to  Khode  Island    .  .  245 

Helena  Herald  published 571 

Hell  Gate,  reef  at,  blown  up 699 

Hemp  cultivated  in  Massachusetts  ....  71 

Hemp  and  flax  in  Virginia  .   . 127 

Hemp,  bounty  on 174 

Hemp  and  flax  taken  for  taxes  in  Massa- 
chusetts    198 

Hemp,  bounty  on,  in  Pennsylvania    .  .  .  204 

Hemp  exported 204 

Hemp,  bounty  on,  in  New  Jersey    ....  271 
Hempstead,  Long  Island,  meeting  of  dep- 
uties    117 

Hendrickson,  Captain,  explores  coast   .  .  26 

Henncpin  explores  the  Upper  Mississippi,  135 
Henry,  Patrick,  resolutions  by,  in  Vifr 

giuia  House 265 

Herald,  American,  published  in  Boston  .  400 

Herald,  Pennsylvania,  published    ....  421 

Herald  of  Freedom  published 439 

Hessians  hired  for  America 331 

Hidalgo  y  Costilla  executed 511 

Hides  to  be  kept  in  Massachusetts  ....  69 

Hides,  exportation  forbidden 85 

Hides,  prices  regulated  in  Connecticut .  .  131 
Hides,  exportation  forbidden  in  New  Jer- 
sey      131 

Hides  made  subject  to  duty  in  Maryland  .  130 
Hides  exported  from  Charleston,  South 

Carolina 244 

Hides  ordered  preserved 355 

Hides  taken  charge  of 357 

High-pressure  steam-engine 485 

Historical  Society  of  Massachusetts  .  .  .  449 
Historical  society  formed  in  New  York   .  495 
Hitchcock,  Edward,  issues  report  on  geol- 
ogy of  Massachusetts 565 

Hoe,  R.  M,,  patents  revolving-press  ...  597 

Holland  declared  war  against  England  .  .  3'JO 

Holland  recognizes  United  States    ....  404 

Holly  Springs,  Mississippi,  captured    .  .  634 

Holston  River,  battle  at 649 

Home  Department  created 000 

Homestead  bill 631 

Homestead  bill,  provisions  extended    .  .  00-1 

Homoeopathic  Examiner  in  New  York  .  .  550 

Homoeopathy  introduced  by  Dr.  Gram  .  .  556 

Homespun  Society  in  South  Carolina    .  .  505 

Hooker,  General,  given  army  of  Potomws  030 

Hoosac  Tunnel  completed 697 

Hopkins,  Commodore,  suspended  ....  302 

Hopkins,  Commodore,  dismissed 371 

Hops,  duty  on,  in  Pennsylvania 175 

Horn  combs,  machine  for  making  ....  473 

Horuet  captures  the  Penguin 532 


Horse-stealing  in  Rhode  Island 290 

Horses,  epidemic  among 0«7 

Hospital  at  Quebec 59 

Hospital,  General,  in  Massachusetts  .  .  .  551 

Hostilities,  cessation  proposed 374 

Hostilities,  suspension  of,  proposed  .  .  .  515 

Hostilities,  suspension  of,  refused  ....  515 
House  of  Commons  resolved  against 

manufactures  in  the  colonies 190 

House  of  Representatives  expel  reporters 

from  the  floor 521 

House  of  Representatives,  number  fixed  .  602 

House  resolves  to  abolish  slavery  ....  646 

House  resolves  to  impeach  the  President  671 

Houses  in  East  New  Jersey 142 

Houses  in  New  York  and  Connecticut  .  .  443 

Houston,  Samuel,  president  of  Texas  .  .  576 

How,  William,  weaver 102 

Howe,  General,  succeeds  Gage 329 

Howe,  Admiral,  offers  pardon 348 

Howe,  Dr.  S.  G.,  instructor  of  the  blind  .  500 

Rowland,  John,  one  of  the  Associates  .  .  37 

Hudson,  Hendrich,  explores  the  Hudson  .  23 

Hudson  River,  name  of 25 

Hudson  River  explored 104 

Hudson,  the  posts  on,  surrendered  .  .  .  .  368 

Hudson,  the,  frozen 392 

Hudson  Observatory 583 

Huguenot  refugees  in  Massachusetts  .  .  141 

Hull,  William,  surrenders  to  British  ...  515 

Hull  court-martialled 515 

Hull,  Isaac,  commands  Constitution  .  .  .  515 

Hunter,  Robert,  governor  of  New  York  .  180 

Hunter,  General,  order  revoked 628 

Hunter,  General,  drafts  negroes 637 

Huron,  Lake,  explored  by  Jesuits  .  ...  72 

Hussey,  Obcd,  patents  first  reaper .  .  .  .  569 

Hutehinson,  Mrs.,  banished 58 

Hutchinsou,  Governor,  letters  of  ....  295 

Hydropathic  establishment  in  New  York  .  590 


I. 

Icarian  Community  at  Corning,  Iowa   .  .  602 

Idaho  made  a  territory 637 

Idiots,  schools  for .  . 599 

Iguala,  plan  of,  for  government  of  Mexi- 
co    550 

Illustrated  News  published  in  New  York,  604 

Illinois  made  a  territory 506 

Illinois,  first  newspaper  in 531 

Illinois  Intelligencer  published 531 

Illinois  becomes  a  state 542 

Illinois  admitted  to  the  Union 543 

Illinois,  common-school  system  organ- 
ized in 555 

Illinois  College  founded 561 

Illinois  accepts  Constitution 598 

Illinois  adopts  new  constitution 081 

Illinois,  railroad  commission  in 083 

Impeachment,  Senate  votes,  not  guilty  .  .  672 

Importation  by  foreign  vessels  limited    .  534 

Imports,  duties  on,  increased 542 

Imports,  duties  on,  reduced 687 

Impost  bill  by  Congress 409 

Impost  act  rejected  by  Rhode  Island  .  .  .  414 
Impressment  one    of    the  conditions  of 

peace 523 

Impressment  question,  commissioners  in- 
structed    526 

Impressments,  agents  to  investigate  .  .  .  465 
Imprisonment  for  debt  abolished  in  New 

York 565 

Incorporated  companies  forbidden  to  is- 
sue notes 508 

Independence  in  army 331 

Independence  of  Mexico  and  South  Amer- 
ican republics  recognized  by  Con- 
gress   551 

Indiana  Territory  created 480 

Indiana  becomes  a  state 536 


782 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Indiana,  geological  report  of 

Indianapolis  settled  ••••••••••• 

Indianapolis,  State  Library  founded  at .  . 

Iiuli;iii  war • 

Indian  college  at  Cambridge 

Indian  INiilius  printed 

Indian  wars 

Indian  war  in  Virginia 

Indian  war  with  Canada 

Indian  Hiblo  printed 

Indian  war  in  South  Carolina 

Indian  war  in  Louisian 

Indian  Bureau  organized 

Indians,  origin  o!  nnmo 

Indians,  Bliivery  of 

Indians,  tre-ity  with 

Indians  attack  settlement  in  Virginia    .  . 

Indians,  Jesuit  missions  among 

Indians,  small-pox  among 

Indians  begin  war 

Indians  sold  as  slaves 

Indians,  treatment  of 

Indians  forced  to  pay  wampum 

Indians,  peace  with,  in  Virginia 

Indians  make  a  treaty 

Indians  allowed  to  testify  in  Rhode  Is- 
land   

Indians  sold  into  slavery 

Indians  made  slaves  in  Virginia 

Indians,  baptized,  churches  of 

Indians  sent  to  galleys  in  France    .... 

Indians  make  peace  with  the  French  .  .  . 

Indians  attack  Canada 

Indians  attack  Berwick,  Maine 

Indians  attack  Schenectady,  New  York   . 

Indians,  expedition  against 

Indians  sued  for  peace 

Indians,  peace  made  with  the  French  .  .  . 

Indians  hunted  with  dogs  in  Connecti- 
cut  

Indians,  war  with  North  Carolina  .... 

Indians  sold  as  slaves 

Indians  conquered  by  an  expedition  from 
South  Carolina 

Indians  sold  as  slaves 

Indians  sold  as  slaves 

Indians  defeated  in  Louisiana 

Indians  in  Carolina  make  peace 

Indians,  war  with  the  French 

Indians,  treaty  with 

Indians  made  slaves  of 

Indians  attack  the  frontier 

Indians  cede  laud  south  of  the  Ohio  .  .  . 

Indians,  hostile,  in  Virginia 

Indians,  hostile,  in  Georgia 

Indians  begin  hostilities 

Indians  ceded  land  in  Tennessee 

Indians  desert  British  army 

Indians  attacked 

Indians,  Christian,  massacred 

Indians  cede  land  to  Georgia 

Indians  send  a  delegation 

Indians,  trade  with,  regulated 

Indians,  treaty  with 

Indians  begin  hostilities 

Indians  refuse  to  treat 

Indians  defeated 

Indians,  treaty  with 

Indians,  intercourse  with,  regulated  .  .  . 

Indians,  treaty  with 

Indians,  intercourse  with,  regulated  .  .  . 

Indians  cede  territory 

Indians  cede  territory 

Indians  cede  territory 

Indians  cede  territory 

Indians  cede  territory 

Indians  cede  territory 

Indians,  encounter  with 

Indians  taken  into  pay  of  the  government 

Indians  represented  at  council 

Indians  cede  territory 

Indians  attack  party  on  the  Appalachicola 


581 
547 
555 
S3 
100 
101 
104 
129 
140 
143 
185 
218 
425 
9 
12 
29 
31 
48 
52 
57 
58 
68 
85 
85 
124 

127 
130 
133 
147 
148 
148 
150 
151 
151 
155 
1C3 
171 

179 
182 
182 

183 
183 
204 
204 
205 
221 
242 
254 
259 
279 
311 
311 
35C 
300 
300 
4Q5 
405 
400 
442 
445 
447 
457 
458 
4(51 
403 
405 
466 
488 
488 
4'Jl 
495 
497 
498 
503 
512 
524 
5:53 
5:iO 
540 


Indians  cede  territory  to  the  United 

States 540 

Indians  cede  territory 543 

Indians  cede  territory 544 

Indians  cede  territory ,">!i 

Indians  cede  territory 546 

Indians  cede  territory  in  Illinois 547 

Indians    cede   territory    in    Georgia   to 

United  States 555 

Indians  cede  territory 656 

Indians    in    Georgia   appeal    to    United 

States 502 

Indians  to  be  moved  west  of  Mississippi  .  502 

Indians  to  come  under  state  jurisdiction  .  502 

Indians  cede  territory 502 

Indians  refused  injunction    by  Supreme 

Court  against  Georgia 564 

Indians,  missionaries  to,  arrested  in  Geor- 
gia    565 

Indians  driven  beyond  the  Mississippi  .  .  507 

Indians  of  Georgia  agree  to  move  west     .  574 

Indians  hostile 644 

Indians,  council  with,  at  Fort  Lamed  .   .  60S 

Indians,  commission  to  make  peace  with  609 

Indians,  defeated  by  General  Custer  .  .  .  674 

Indians,  intercourse  with,  regulated  .  .  .  084 
India-rubber,     vulcanized,  -  patent     for, 

granted 584 

Indigo,  wild,  planted  in  New  York     ...  93 

Indigo,  bounty  on 232 

Indigo-seed  distributed  in  South  Carolina  244 

Indigo  exported  from  South  Carolina  .  .  250 

Industrial  school  for  girls 681 

Industries,  most  considerable 446 

Industry  in  Virginia 36 

Industry;  society  for   promotion  of,    in 

Boston 234 

Industry,  Society  for  Promotion  of,  cele- 
brates its  anniversary 241 

Industry,  Friends  of,  National,  in  New 

York 547 

Inheritance,    law   of,   equal  division,  in 

Connecticut 204 

Inland  navigation  in  New  York 508 

Inland  transportation  forbidden 523 

Inoculation  for  small-pox  introduced  in 

Boston 192 

Inquisition  established  in  Mexico  ....  18 

Installation  of  Wasliington 456 

Instructions  sent  to    the    colonial  gov- 
ernors   212 

Instructions,  repeal  of,  asked  by  Massa- 
chusetts    212 

Instructions,  protest  against 288 

Instructions  to  South  Carolina 291 

Instructions  in  Georgia '.  292 

Instructions  in  Virginia 292 

Instructions  to  Governor  Gage 308 

Insurance  office,  first,  in  colonies    ....  196 

Insurance  convention  at  New  York    .  .  .  684 

Insurrection  in  Mexico 378 

Intelligencer,  Impartial,  published  ....  452 
Intercourse  of  Nova  Scotia  with  colonies 

forbidden 336 

Interest  paid  by  Plymouth  Colony  ....  39 

Interest  unpaid  by  states 591 

Internal  improvements,  report  on  ....  504 

Internal  taxes  repealed 540 

Internal  improvements,  right  of  Congress 

to  vote  money  for 541 

Internal  improvements,   reports  on,    or- 
dered      542 

Internal  revenue,  act  for 6-*J 

International  university  boat-race  ....  077 

Iowa  College  at  Davenport  founded  .  .  .  575 

Iowa  admitted  to  the  Union 693 

Iron-works  in  Virginia 27 

Iron-works  in  Virginia 30 

Iron,  export  forbidden  in  Virginia  ....  31 

Iron-works  in  Massachusetts 41 

Iron-works  in  Massachusetts    ......  80. 

Irou-works  in  Massachusetts S3 


INDEX. 


783 


Iron-works  in  Massachusetts 88 

Iron-works  at  New  Haven 100 

Iron-works  in  New  Jersey 130 

Iron  furnace  in  Plymouth 171 

Iron- works  in  Massachusetts 180 

Iron-works  in  Maryland 100 

Iron- works  in  Pennsylvania l!)l 

Iron -works  in  Virginia 197 

Iron-works  in  Delaware 198 

Iron-works  in  Pennsylvania 202 

Iron-works  iu  Connecticut 215 

Iron-works  in  Rhode  Island .  217 

Iron-works  in  Pennsylvania 218 

Iron-works  in  Massachusetts 221 

Iron-works  in  New  York 222 

Iron-works  in  New  Jersey 226 

Iron-works,  operatives  not  taxed  in  Vir- 
ginia    233 

Iron-mills  forbidden  in  the  colonies  .  .  .  23C 

Iron-works  in  New  York 238 

Iron-works  in  Pennsylvania 256 

Iron-works  in  New  Jersey 273 

Iron-works  in  New  Jersey 283 

Iron-works  in  Maryland 350 

Iron,  duty  on,  in  Maryland 387 

Iron-works  in  New  Jersey 415 

Iron-works  in  Vermont 451 

Iron-works  in  Pennsylvania 474 

Iron-works  at  Mauch  Chunk 548 

Iron  for  railroads  free  of  duty 566 

Iron  converted  to  steel 621 

Island  No.  10  surrendered 627 

Israelites  in  Rhode  Island 141 

Iturbidc,  president  of  regency  in  Mexico  550 

Iturbide,  plan  of  government  for  Mexico  550 

Iturbide,  regent  of  Mexico 551 

Iturbide  proclaimed  emperor  of  Mexico  .  552 

Iturbide  abdicated  throne  of  Mexico  ,   .  .  553 

luku,  Mississippi,  battle  at 633 


J. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  commands  militia  .  .  .  519 
Jackson,  General,  defeats  the  Creeks  at 

Talladcga 523 

Jackson,  General,  defeats  Indians  at  Great 

Horse  Shoe 524 

Jackson,  General,  in  command  at  New 

Orleans 530 

Jackson,  General,  takes  Pensaeola  ....  530 
Jackson,  General,  fined  for  contempt  of 

court 532 

Jackson,  General,  given  command  ....  540 
Jackson,  General,  captures  an  Indian  vil- 
lage    541 

Jackson,  General,  executes  two  Indian 

traders 543 

Jackson,  General,  on  the  law  of  nations  .  643 
Jackson,  President,  warns  South  Carolina 

of  the  results  of  nullification  ....  567 

Jackson,  Mississippi,  captured 638 

Jackson,  Mississippi,  evacuated 640 

Jacksonville,  Florida,  captured 637 

Jails  refused  by  North  Carolina 449 

Jails,  use  of,  by  United  States,  forbidden 

by  Massachusetts 524 

Jalapa,  Mexico,  captured 597 

Jamestown,  colony  at 22 

Janesvilli',  Wisconsin,  settled  575 

Japan,  treaty  with 606 

Japan,  embassy  from,  visits  United  States  617 

Jay,  John,  special  envoy  to  England  .  .  460 

Jefferson,  minister  to  France 418 

Jefl'erson,  Thomas,  President 484 

Jefierson,  Thomas,  President 496 

Jennings,  Jonathan,  first  state  governor 

of  Indiana 536 

Jersey  City,  pottery-works  at 537 

Jesuit  missionaries  on  Lake  Huron  ...  52 

Jesuit  college  at  Quebec  .  .  . 53 

Jesuit  missions  attacked  by  Indians  ...  88 


Jesuit  missions 100 

Jesuit  seminary  at  Quebec 100 

Jesuits  explore  Lake  Huron 72 

Jesuits  forbidden  to  enter  Massachusetts 

and  New  York 170 

Jews  disfranchised  in  New  York 220 

Johnson,  Marmaduke,  printer 106 

Johnson,  Andrew,  takes  oath  as  Presi- 
dent   655 

Johnson,  President,  suggestions  in  mes- 
sage   674 

Johnston,   Gabriel,    governor    of  North 

Carolina 215 

Johnston,  William,  finds  salt  spring  by 

boring 517 

Johnston,  Professor,  "  Lectures  on  Ap- 
plication of  Chemistry  to  Agricul- 
ture"   590 

Johnston,  General,  surrenders 655 

"  Join  or  die,"  motto  used     268 

Jonesborough,  battle  of 648 

Journal.  New  Kngland  Weekly,  published 

in  Boston 200 

Journal,  New  York  Weekly,  published    .   213 
Journal,  Connecticut,  and    New    Haven 

Post-Boy,  published 274 

Journal,  New  York,  or  General  Adver- 
tiser, published 274 

Journal,  Maryland,  and  Baltimore  Adver- 
tiser, published 295 

Journal,  Essex,  and    Merrimac    Packet, 

published 297 

Journal,  Continental,  published  in  Bos- 
ton  345 

Journal,  New  Jersey,  published 372 

Journal,  American,  published  at  Provi- 
dence   380 

Journal  of  Commerce  published  in  New 

York 558 

Journal  of  Commerce  suspended    ....    644 
Juarez  confiscates    church    property   ill 

Mexico 616 

Juarez,  president  of  Mexico 619 

Juarez,  dictator  of  Mexico 621 

Juarez  died 687 

Judges  to  give  written  decisions  in  Con- 
necticut   414 

Judges  in  New  York  agree  not  to  issue 

injunction  against  banks 613 

Judicial  system,  bill  to  amend 676 

Judiciary  reorganized 484 

Judiciary  act  repealed 486 

Judiciary  act  passed 487 

Juvenile  delinquents,  society  to  reform, 
iu  New  York 554 


K. 

Kansas  made  a  territory 606 

Kansas,  election  in ,   .  .  .  .  C07 

Kansas,  A.  H.  Ueeder,  governor  of    ...  607 

Kansas,  Wilson  Shannon,  governor  of .  .  608 

Kansas,  constitution  for,  accepted  ....  609 

Kansas  legislature  met 009 

Kansas,  message    concerning   difficulties 

in 009 

Kansas,  committee  on  reports _.  6iO 

Kansas,  legislature  of,  dispersed  by  mili- 

610 


tary 


Kansas,  free  state  legislature  met  at  To- 

'    peka 612 

Kansas  legislature  met  at  Lecomptou    .  .  612 

Kansas,  Topeka  legislature  met 613 

Kansas,  constitutional  convention  elected  613 
Kansas,  election  under  Lecomptou  con- 
stitution    614 

Kansas,  Lecompton  constitution  for,  pre- 
pared      614 

Kansas,     constitution     for,     framed    at 

Leavenworth 615 

Kansas  admitted  conditionally  to  Union  ._  615 


784 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


010 
in  n 

tea 

(XI 
(HO 


. 

OH 


•t  »>•- 

in 

•J.-.3 
47- 
.-,(4 


Kansas,  Lecompton  constitution  rejected 

by 

Kansas  admitted  to  Union  .   ....... 

Kansas  admits  women  to  practise  law  .  . 
Kansas,  Progressive  Community  in    ... 

Kearsarge  sinks  Alabama • 

Keith,  Sir  William,  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania     • 

Kencsaw  Mountain,  battle  at  ...... 

Kennebec,  settlement  at  mouth  of  .... 

Kentucky,  first  settlers  in 

Kentucky,  Indian  war  in 

Kentucky  asks  to  form  a  new  state  .... 
Kentucky  separated  from  Virginia  .... 
Kentucky,  petition  referred  to  new  Con- 
gress  

Kentucky  separated  from  Virginia  .... 

Kentucky  admitted  to  the  Union 

Kentucky,  constitution  of 

Kentucky,  constitution  in 

Kentucky,  free  negroes  to  be  sold  in  ... 

Kentucky,  banks  in,  chartered 540 

Kentucky,  geological  survey  of 575 

Kerosene  oil,  factory  for,  in  Long  Island  .  606 
Kidd,  Captain,  orders  for  his  capture  .  .  165 

Kidd,  Captain,  arrested 168 

Kilpatrick,  raid  of 643 

King  Philip's  war 128 

King,  speech  to  Parliament 314 

King  issues  proclamation 330 

King  recommends  pardon 332 

King,  address  to,  in  Parliament 404 

King's  College,  Nova  Scotia,  founded  .  .  441 
Knox,  General,  Secretary  of  War  .....  418 
Knox  College  at  Galesburg,  Illinois, 

opened 481 

Knoxville  settled 442 

Knoxville,  Tennessee,  occupied 640 

Knoxville,  Tennessee,  attacked 641 

Koszta,  Martin,  freed  as  an  American  citi- 
zen     605 


Labor,  bureau  of,  in  Massachusetts    .  .  .  679 

Labor  bureau  in  Pennsylvania 088 

Labor,  bureau  of,  in  Connecticut 696 

Labrador,  Cabot  visits 10 

Laconia  granted 32 

Ladies'  Magazine  published  in  Boston  .  .  559 

Lafayette  arrived 365 

Lafayette  lays  corner-stone   of   Bunker 

Hill  Monument 556 

La  Galissonniere,  governorof  New  France  231 

La  Jonquiere,  governor  of  New  France   .  229 

Lake  Superior  explored 120 

Lake  Ontario,  first  vessel  on 132 

Lake  George,  battle  of,  fought 247 

Lake  Erie,  first  steamer  launched  on  ...  543 

Lamar,  M.  B.,  president  of  Texas   ....  58? 

Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  settled 188 

Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  congress  held 

at 227 

Land  allotted  in  Plymouth 35 

Land  divided  by  Mason  and  Gorges  ...  41 

Land  granted  by  the  Plymouth  Company  42 

Land  granted  by  Plymouth  Company  .  .  45 

Laml  conveyed  by  Earl  of  Warwick   ...  46 

Land  deeded  by  Indians 61 

Laud,  title  to 350 

Laud  ceded  by  Connecticut  accepted  by 

Congress 425 

Land  cessions  by  states  to  be  modified  .  .  420 

Land,  sale  of,  to  Ohio  Company 432 

Land  question  in  Massachusetts 511 

L«0'.U  granted  by  Pope 10 

Lands,  ceded,  to  be  made  states 392 

Lands  oedod  by  Virginia  accepted  by  Con- 
gress      413 

Lands,  sale  of 453 

Lands,  public,  specie  to  be  paid  for  them .  578 


Lands,  public,  proceeds  of  sale  to  be  de- 
posited with  the  states 587 

Lands,  public,  granted  to  railroads     .  .  .  Oil) 

Lands,  imblic,  given  for  colleges o:it 

Land-oUhse  opened  in  Tennessee '.'M) 

Land-offices  opened 480 

Landtag  in  New  Amsterdam it) 

La  Salle  authorized  to  explore  the  Missis- 
sippi    131 

La  Salle  descends  the  Mississippi    ....  130 

La  Tour,  grant  of  Nova  Scotia 101 

Laurcns  captured 393 

Lawrence,  Captain,  in  command  of  the 

Chesapeake .".21 

Lawrence,  Major,  defends  Fort  Bowyi-r  .  520 
Lawrence,  Kansas,  Free  State  Hotel  burn- 
ed by  sheriff 609 

Lawrence,  Kansas,  sacked WO 

Law  school  opened  at  Litchfleld,  Connec- 
ticut    417 

Laws  of  Virginia  revised 40 

Laws  of  Plymouth 56 

Laws  of  Virginia  revised 80 

Laws,  code  of,  in  Massachusetts 91 

Laws,  code  of,  in  Connecticut 94 

Laws  printed  in  Massachusetts 99 

Laws  of  Massachusetts  printed 125 

Laws  of  North  Carolina  revised 185 

Laws  of  colonies  to  receive  royal  assent  .  185 
Lawyers  in  Rhode  Island  forbidden  being 

deputies 202 

Lead  mine  in  Connecticut 95 

Lead  mines  discovered  in  Missouri    .  .  .  190 

Lead  mines  opened  in  Missouri 191 

Lead  in  New  York 215 

Lead  mines  in  Virginia 244 

Lead  mine  opened 271 

Lead  mines  worked 308 

Lead  mines  in  Iowa US 

Leather,  sealers  of,  in  Massachusetts    .  .  62 
Leather,  manufacture  regulated  in  Massa- 
chusetts    73 

Leather,  sealers  of,  at  New  Haven  ....  101 

Leather,  sealers  of,  at  Connecticut ....  101 

Leather  examined  in  Virginia 155 

Leather,  exportation  forbidden  in  Penn- 
sylvania    173 

Leavemvorth,  Colonel,  explores  the  west  540 
Leaven  worth,  constitution  for    Kansas, 

framed  at 615 

Lebanon,  Illinois,  McKendree  College  at  575 
Lecompte,  Judge,  charge  to  grand  jury 

in  Kansas 609 

Lectures  on  application  of  chemistry  to 

agriculture 590 

Ledger,  Pennsylvania,  published     ....  333 
Ledger,  independent,  published  in  Bos- 
ton      374 

Ledger  published  in  Mobile 587 

Lee,  R.  E.,  put  in  command 628 

Lee,  General,  surrenders 654 

Legal  tender  act 025 

Legal  tender  act,  Supreme  Court  on  ...  683 
Legislature  of  Kansas  dispersed  by  the 

military 610 

Lehigh  Coal  Company  formed 455 

Leislcr,  Jacob,  assumes  the  government 

in  New  York 149 

Leisler  arrested  for  high  treason 154 

Leislcr,  Jacob,  executed 154 

Lennox  public  library 680 

Leon,  Juan  Ponce  de,  lands  in  Florida  .  .  12 

Letters  of  marque  in  England 361 

Letters  of  marque  issued  by  England    .  .  516 
Letters  of  marque,  Jefferson   Davis  to 

issue 020 

Lewis  and  Clarke's  expedition 4i>5 

Lewiston,  on  the  Delaware,  settled    ...  44 

Lewiston,  on  the  Delaware,  bombarded  .  520 

Lexington,  battle  of 320 

Lexington,  Kentucky,  settled 336 

Lexington,  block-house  at 360 


INDEX. 


785 


Lexington,  Missouri,  captured 62.3 

Lexington,  Kentucky,  evacuated C32 

Lexington,  Kentucky,  taken 634 

Lexington,  Kentucky,  taken  by  Morgan  .  634 

Lexington,  Kentucky,  captured 615 

Libel,  law  of,  in  New  York 497 

Liberator  published  in  Boston  .......  504 

Liberty  of  conscience  permitted 147 

Liberty  of  conscience  m  Pennsylvania  .  .  169 
Liberty  of  conscience  in  New  Jersey  .  .  . 
Liberty  of  conscience  in  North  Carolina    . 

Liberty  cents  coined 

Libraries,  township,  money  appropriated 

for,  by  New  York  and  other  states  .  . 
Library,  Congressional,  at  Washington  . 
Library,  Boston  Public  City,  formed  .  .  . 

Library,  Boston  Public,  opened 615 

Library,  Lennox  public 680 

Licenses  to  sell  liquor  in  Massachusetts  .  58 

Lieutenant-general,  grade  revived  ....  642 

Light-house  at  Cape  Henry 288 

Lightning-rod,  invention  of 241 

Lime  made  in  New  England 88 

Lime  iu  Rhode  Island >  .  .  .  109 

Lime  in  Rhode  Island 119 

Lincoln,  President,  assassinated 655 

Linen,  premiums  for,  in  Massachusetts   .  71 

Linen  manufactory  in  New  York 179 

Linen  manufactured  in  Massachusetts  .  .  191 

Linen,  bounty  on,  in  Massachusetts  .  .  .  193 

Linen,  bounty  on,  in  Maryland 209 

Linen-mill  at  Fall  River,  Massachusetts  .  572 

Linseed  oil  made  in' New  York 185 

Linseed  oil  in  Connecticut 189 

Liquor  selling  to  Indians 131 

Liquor  selling  to  Indians  prohibited  in 

Canada 133 

Liquor,  price  of,  fixed  by  Pennsylvania    .  188 
Liquor,  price  and  quantity,  fixed  in  Salem 

County,  New  Jersey 203 

Liquors,  tax  on,  laid  in  Pennsylvania   .  .  142 

Liquors,  use  of,  prohibited  in  army    .  .  .  541 

Litchfield,  Connecticut,  law  school  at   .  .  417 

Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  settled 548 

Live-oak  used  for  ships 236 

Liverpool,  Nova  Scotia,  settled 255 

Livingston,  Edward,  prepares  code   for 

Louisiana 554 

Loan  opened 355 

Loan  authorized 371 

Loan  from  France 402 

Loan  by  France    . ' 408 

Loan  authorized 525 

Loan  authorized 532 

Loan  negotiated 532 

Loan  authorized  by  Congress 548 

Loan  authorized  by  Congress 550 

Loan  authorized  by  Congress 587 

Loan  authorized 615 

Loan  authorized 617 

Loan  authorized 619 

Loan  authorized 620 

Loan,  national,  authorized 622 

Loan  authorized 636 

Loan  Act,  supplement  to 643 

Loan  authorized 647 

Loan  authorized 653 

Loan,  temporary,  certificates  for 673 

Loan,  temporary,  certificates  redeemed    .  682 

Loan- office  in  Pennsylvania 221 

Loan-office,  certificates  authorized  ....  360 

Locusts  iu  Minnesota 695 

London  Company  chartered 21 

London  Company,  new  charter  to  ....  23 

London  Company,  new  charter  to  ....  24 

London  Company,  expenses  of 26 

London  Adventurers  sell  to  Associates   .  37 

Londonderry,  New  Hampshire,  settled   .  189 

Long  Island  settled 35 

Long  Island  evacuated 412 

Lougworth,  Nicholas,  makes  wine  from 

native  grapes 559 

50 


Looking-glasses  in  Philadelphia ..... 

Lookout  Mountain,  battle  of 

Los  Angeles,  California,  captured  .... 

Lotteries  forbidden 

Lotteries  suppressed  in  Rhode  Island   .   . 

Lottery  in  Rhode  Island 

Lottery  in  Baltimore 

Lottery  in  Rhode  Island 

Lottery  established 

Louisburg,  at  Cape  Breton,  built 

Louisburg  surrendered 

Louisiana  named 

Louisiana,  first  settlement  in    ...... 

Louisiana,  slavery  in 

Louisiana,  trade  with,  granted  to  An- 
thony Crpzat 

Louisiana  relinquished  by  Crozat   .... 

Louisiana  granted  to  Company  of  the 
West 

Louisiana,  Indians  defeated  in 

Louisiana  surrendered  to  French  crown  . 

Louisiana,  Indian  war  in 

Louisiana,  bills  of  credit  in 

Louisiana,  sugar-mill  in 

Louisiana,  sugar  made  in 

Louisiana  ceded  to  France 

Louisiana  purchased 

Louisiana,  purchase  of,  ratified 

Louisiana  made  a  territory 

Louisiana  Courier  published 

Louisiana,  laws  of,  printed 

Louisiana  admitted  to  the  Union     .... 

Louisiana,  part  of  Florida  joined  to   ... 

Louisiana  adopts  civil  code 

Louisiana,  constitution  for 

Louisiana,  slavery  abolished  in 

Louisiana,  state  convention  met 

Louisiana  abolishes  slavery 

Louisiana  admitted  to  representation    .  . 

Louisiana  asks  aid  from  military     .... 

Louisiana,  board  of  health  in 

Louisiana,  vote  not  counted 

Louisiana,  collision  in 

Louisiana,  turbulent  in,  ordered  to  dis- 
perse   

Louisiana,  violence  in . 

Louisiana,  military  regulate  legislature    . 

Louisiana,  action  of  President,  approved 

Louisville,  Kentucky,  settled    '. 

Louisville,  Kentucky,  named 

Louisville  Journal  published 

Lowell,  Massachusetts,  settled 

Lower  Canada,  population  of 

Lowndes,  of  South  Carolina,  introduced 
tariff  bill 


Loyalists  defeated 

Loyalists  paid  for  indemnity  by  England 

Lygonia,  or  plough  patent 

Lynchburg,  Virginia,  settled 

Lynn,  Massachusetts,  shoes  made  in    .  . 


209 
641 
595 
30 
213 
227 
241 
255 
365 
191 
237 
136 
167 
182 

182 
187 

188 
204 
211 
218 
218 
252 
467 
481 
490 
491 
490 
•11)9 
505 
513 
513 
554 
594 
643 
043 
648 
672 
673 
OS3 
688 
090 

690 
696 
097 
698 
372 
395 
504 
551 
514 

534 
394 
410 
44 
424 
235 


Mace,  Samuel,  visits  America 20 

McClellan,  G.  B.,  commander-in-chief  .  .  623 

McClellan  resigns 650 

M'Enery  militia  iu  New  Orleans 689 

McKeudree  College  at  Lebanon,  Illinois  .  575 
Machinery,  export  of,  forbidden  by  Penn- 
sylvania    436 

Madison,  James,  President 506 

Madison  made  capital  of  Wisconsin   .  .  .  57<> 
Madison,    Wisconsin,    State    University 

founded 602 

Magazine,  General,  issued 22* 

Magazine,  American,  issued 224 

Magazine,  American,  published 285 

Maidstone,  boat  of,  burned 266 

Mail,  weekly,  from  Boston  to  Virginia    .  158 

Mail  from  New  York  once  a  week  ....  246 

Maine,  name  of 67 


786 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


Maine  granted  to  Sir  F.  Gorges 

Maii>'  .  "ovcrnnu'iit  of 

Maine  under  authority  of  Massachusetts  . 

Maine  Hold  to  Massachusetts 

.Main.  Mki-u  possessiou  of  by  Massachu- 
setts   

Maine  surrendered  by  Massachusetts    .  . 

Maine,  ownership  orpine  trees 

Main.-,  fir*t  newspaper  iu 

Maine  independent  of  Massachusetts  .  .  . 

MiiiiH-  admitted  to  the  Union 

Maine,  geological  survey  of 

Maine,  geological  report  of .  • 

Maine,  use,  sale,  or  manufacture  of  spirits 
forbidden  in 

Malt,  duty  on,  in  Boston 

Malt,  duty  on,  in  Massachusetts 

Mult-house  in  Perth  Amboy,  New  Jer- 
sey  

Malt-house  in  Pennsylvania 

Malvern  Hill,  battle  of 

Manassas  Junction,  battle  at 

Manassas  Junction  evacuated 

Manaasas,  battle  at • 

Manchester,  New  Hampshire,  settled  .  . 

Manhattan,  fort  at 

Manhattan  Island  purchased 

Manhattan,  condition  of 

Manhattan  Company  iu  New  York     .  .  . 

Mann,  Horace,  president  of  Antioch  Col- 
lege   

Manual  on  silk  culture  in  Massachusetts  . 

Manufactories  in  the  colonies  resolved 
against  by  House  of  Commons  .  .  .  . 

Manufacture  of  cloth  in  New  York  .  .  .  . 

Manufactures,  woollen,  in  the  colonies, 
forbidden 

Manufactures,  report  of,  in  the  colonies, 

Manufactures  in  the  colonies 

Manufactures,  British,  imported 

Manufactures  promoted  by  Virginia  .  .  . 

Manufactures  promoted  in  North  Caro- 
lina  

Manufactures  encouraged  by  Pennsyl- 
vania   

Manufactures  aided  in  Pennsylvania  .  .  . 

Manufactures,  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of,  in  New  England 

Manufactures,  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of,  in  Philadelphia 

Manufacturers'  and  Farmers'  Journal 
published 

3Ianufacturiug  companies  incorporated  in 
New  York 

Marblehead  incorporated . 

March  to  the  sea  ended 

Mariana  granted  to  John  Mason 

Marietta  settled 

Marine  Society  in  Salem 

Market  in  Boston 

Marque,  letters  of,  issued  by  England 
against  France 

Marque,  letters  of,  issued  by  England  .  . 

Marque,  letters  of,  found  on  captured 
whalers 

Marriage  performed  by  all  ministers  in 
.Rhode  Island 

Martha's  Vineyard  settled 

Martial  law  in  Massachusetts 

Martial  law  in  Nova  Scotia 

Martial  law  hi  Missouri 

Maryland  given  to  Lord  Baltimore     .  .  . 

Maryland  named 

Maryland,  colony  to 

Maryland,  assembly  in 

Maryland  assembly  refuses  the  proprie- 
tary's laws 

Maryland,  mint  in 

Maryland,  laws  of 

Maryland,  government  of 

Maryland,  records  of,  destroyed 

Maryland,  martial  law  in 


67 
119 
122 
130 

130 
140 
187 
417 
426 
549 
577 
581 

602 
100 
127 

142 
144 
629 
622 
627 
632 
205 
26 
3d 
61 
478 

603 
565 

190 
175 

167 
205 
259 
259 
319 

319 

436 

439 

556 
553 
643 

510 
92 

653 
31 

436 

272 
51 

247 
516 

522 

213 

77 

326 

335 

623 

47 

47 

50 

55 

62 
65 
73 

78 
81 


Maryland,  amnesty  in 

Maryland,  government  of 

Maryland,  government  of 

Maryland,  affairs  of 

Maryland,  mint  in 

Maryland,  tonnage  duty  in 

Maryland,  slavery  in 

3Iaryland,  opposition  to  duties  in    .... 

Maryland  proclaims  William  and  Mary    . 

Maryland,  Church  of  England  established 
in 

Maryland  and  New  York 

Maryland,  free  schools  in 

Maryland,  cloth  in 

Maryland,  licenses  to  sell  liquor 

Maryland,  price  of  beer  in 

Maryland,  Episcopal  church  in 

Maryland,  free  schools  iu 

Maryland,  duty  on  rum 

Maryland  restored  to  Lord  Baltimore    .  . 

Maryland,  slavery  in 

Maryland,  assembly  in 

Maryland,  iron-works  in 

Maryland,  schools  in 

Maryland  forbids  importations  from 
Pennsylvania 

Maryland,  printing-press  in 

Maryland,  poor  taught  gratis 

Maryland,  proprietor  in 

Maryland  issues  bills  of  credit 

Maryland,  grist-mills  in 

Maryland  voted  aid  to  Virginia 

Maryland  issues  bills  of  credit 

Maryland,  mills  in 

Maryland,  committee  of  correspondence 
in 

Maryland,  convention  in 

Maryland  supports  Massachusetts  .... 

Maryland  against  independence 

Maryland,  governor  of,  flees 

Maryland  accepts  independence 

Maryland  adopted  a  constitution     .... 

Maryland  quit-rents  abolished 

Maryland  agreed  to  confederation  .... 

Maryland,  Washington  College  in  .... 

Maryland  forbids  importation  of  slaves    . 

Maryland  accepts  constitution 

Maryland  Institute  at  Baltimore 

Maryland  State  Library  at  Annapolis    .  . 

Maryland,  geological  survey  of 

Maryland  fails  to  pay  interest   ...... 

Maryland  resumed  payment . 

Maryland  abolishes  slavery 

Maryland,  new  constitution  for    ..... 

Maryland,  state  board  of  health  in  .... 

Marysville,  Kentucky,  settled 

Mason  and  Dixon's  line  completed     .  .  . 

Mason  and  Slidell  captured 

Mason  and  Slidell  surrendered 

Massachusetts  Hay,  colony  at 

Massachusetts  Bay,  charter  to  company 
of 

Massachusetts  authorities  appealed  to  .  . 

Massachusetts,  protection  of,  sought    .  . 

Massachusetts  divided  into  counties  .  .  . 

Massachusetts  legislature  divided   .... 

Massachusetts,  code  of  laws  iu 

Massachusetts,  general  court  of,  on  spin- 
ning   

Massachusetts,  general  court  of,  on  salt- 
making  

Massachusetts  general  court,  excuses  of, 
for  executing  Quakers 

Massachusetts  censorship  of  the  press  .  . 

Massachusetts  declaration  of  rights  .  .  . 

Massachusetts  charter  recognized  by 
Charles  II 

Massachusetts  censorship  of  the  press  .  . 

Massachusetts,  shipping  in 

Massachusetts  general  court  refuses  to 
send  agents 

Massachusetts,  citizenship  in    ...... 


87 
96 
100 
103 
107 
100 
112 
14* 
150 

157 
102 
MB 
16* 
167 
107 
173 
175 
184 
186 
180 
186 
190 
195 

195 
11)1) 
202 
211 
214 
221 
2f4 
248 
253 

296 
306 
315 
336 
318 
349 
357 
387 
397 
405 
411 
4:36 
557 
553 
572 
5S8 
600 
64(5 
649 
6U8 
417 
275 
624 
024 
38 


40 
72 
76 
77 
82 
91 

101 
101 

106 
103 
108 

110 
116 
118 

119 
110 


INDEX. 


787 


Massachusetts,  shipbuilding  in    .....    121 
Massachusetts  resists  acts  of  trade  ....    131 

Massachusetts,  charter  modified 137 

Massachusetts,  charter  anuulied 141 

Massachusetts  resumes  the  government  .  149 

Massachusetts,  bills  of  credit  issued  by    .  152 

Massachusetts,  charter  for,  issued  ....  155 

Massachusetts,  pine-trees  in 158 

Massachusetts,  weekly  mail  in 158 

Massachusetts  asks  aid  from  the  colonies,  164 
Massachusetts  forbids  Jesuits  from  com- 
ing- in 170 

Massachusetts  sends  an  expedition  against 

Acadie 178 

Massachusetts,  Indian  slaves  forbidden   .  183 

Massachusetts,  Bank  of,  bills  of  credit  in,  184 

Massachusetts,  Bank  of,  bills  «of  credit  in,  187 
Massachusetts  maintains  the  freedom  of 

the  press 190 

Massachusetts,  taxes  paid  in  produce   .  .  191 

Massachusetts,  manufacture  of  linen  in   .  191 

Massachusetts,  bounty  on  linen 193 

Massachusetts  issues  fractional  currency  193 
Massachusetts  furnished  aid  by  Connec- 
ticut    195 

Massachusetts  suggests  a  convention  of 

the  colonies 196 

Massachusetts  receives  charter 199 

Massachusetts,  Episcopalians  allowed  to 

support  their  own  clergy 200 

Massachusetts,  paper-mill  in 201 

Massachusetts  issues  bills  of  credit   ...  202 
Massachusetts,  Baptists  and  Quakers  al- 
lowed to  support  their  ministers  ...  202 
Massachusetts,  dispute  with  the  gover- 
nor      204 

Massachusetts,  governor  refuses  to  allow 

issue  of  bills  of  credit 208 

Massachusetts,  petitions  for  recall  of  in- 
structions     212 

Massachusetts,  petition  of,  refused  ....  213 
Massachusetts  refuses  bills  of  Rhode  Is- 
land    213 

Massachusetts,  banking  schemes  in,  for- 
bidden    223 

Massachusetts  issued  bills  of  credit    .  .  .  224 

Massachusetts  issues  bills  of  credit    .  .  .  228 
Massachusetts  establishes  a  circulation  of 

coin 232 

Massachusetts,  arms  made  in 232 

Massachusetts,  specie  circulation  in    ...  237 

Massachusetts  forbids  export  of  sheep  .  .  244 

Massachusetts,  gold  made  a  legal  tender  .  257 
Massachusetts  assembly  asks  governor's 

removal 281 

Massachusetts,  slavery  abolished  in  ...  283 
Massachusetts,  Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence in 291 

Massachusetts,  Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence in 295 

Massachusetts,  petition  dismissed  ....  300 

Massachusetts,  slave-trade  suppressed  in,  300 

Massachusetts  assembly  adjourned    .  .  .  303 

Massachusetts,  feeling  in 308 

Massachusetts  consults  Congress   .  322 

Massachusetts  for  independence  .  .  343 

Massachusetts  sanctions  Declaration  353 

Massachusetts  militia  drafted  in  .  .  366 

Massachusetts  accepts  Constitution  386 

Massachusetts,  slavery  abolished  in  402 

Massachusetts,  courts  in 405 

Massachusetts  refuses  Congress  .....  406 

Massachusetts,  premium  on  wolves    .  .  .  409 
Massachusetts  cedes  land  to  the  United 

States 416 

Massachusetts    deeds    territory   to    the 

United  States 418 

Massachusetts  courts  prevented  sitting  .  425 

Massachusetts,  habeas  corpus  suspended  .  426 

Massachusetts  establishes  a  mint    ....  427 

Massachusetts  asks  aid 428 

Massachusetts  accepts  constitution    .  .  .  436 


Massachusetts,  sects  to  support  their  own 

ministers 511 

Massachusetts,  land  question  in 511 

Massachusetts  remonstrates  against  the 

war 522 

Massachusetts    forbids   use   of   jails  to 

United  States 524 

Massachusetts  appoints  delegates  to  Hart- 
ford convention 529 

Massachusetts  Peace  Society  suggests  ar- 
bitration   538 

Massachusetts,  association  of  mechanics 

in,  hold  an  exhibition 543 

Massachusetts,  constitution  for 548 

Massachusetts,  suffrage  in 548 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital 051 

Massachusetts,  report  on  geology,  zool- 
ogy, and  botany  of 565 

Massachusetts,  religious  liberty  in  ....  570 
Massachusetts,  railroad  commissioners  in  678 
Massachusetts,  state  board  of  health  in  .  680 

Massacre  at  Boston 286 

Massacre  at  Wyoming 375 

Massacre  at  Frenchtown 519 

Matampras  declared  blockaded 665 

Maximilian  accepts  rule  of  Mexico  ....  641 
Maximilian  accepts  crown  of  Mexico  .  .  643 

Maximilian  shot 669 

Mayflower  brings  colony 29 

Meade,  General,  put  in  command   ....    639 

Mechanics  to  Virginia 22 

Mechanics'  association  in  New  Hampshire,  489 
Mechanics,  association  of,  in  Massachu- 
setts   543 

Mechanics  Institute  in  Boston 558 

Mechanics  Institute  in  New  York  ....  568 
Mechanicsville,  Virginia,  battle  at  ....  629 
Mecklenburg  County  passes  resolutions  .  324 
Medary,  Samuel,  governor  of  Kansas  .  .  616 

Mediation,  attempt  at 321 

Mediation  offered  by  empress  of  Russia  .    397 

Mediation  offered  by  Russia 520 

Mediation  proposed  by  France 634 

Mediation  by  France  declined 636 

Medical  school  at  Philadelphia 261 

Medical  Repository  published  ......   471 

Megapolenis,  minister  at  Manhattan  .  .  .    100 

Memorial  to  colonies 313 

Memphis,  Tennessee,  settled 549 

Memphis  surrendered 628 

Mendoza,  Don  Antonio   de,  viceroy   of 

Mexico 16 

Mercantile  Library  in  New  York  ....  549 
Merchandise,  importation  forbidden  ...  95 
Merchandise,  American,  permitted  in 

England 505 

Merchants'  Bank  chartered 490 

Merchants  in  Boston  protest  against  the 

tariff 561 

Merchants  of  New  York  advise  measures 

for  relief 581 

Mercury,  American  Weekly,  published  in 

Philadelphia 189 

Mercury,  New  York,  published 236 

Mercury,  New  Port,  published 251 

Mercury,  Portsmouth,   and  Weekly  Ad- 
vertiser, published,  New  Hampshire  .   271 
Mercury,  Pennsylvania,  published  ....   333 
Mercury,  Massachusetts,  published   .  .  .   454 

Merino  sheep  imported 459 

Merino  sheep  imported 507 

Merino  sheep  in  Massachusetts 508 

Merino,  Society  of,  Middle  States  ....    512 
Merrimac   Manufacturing  Company   or- 
ganized     551 

Merrimac  at  Hampton  Roads 626 

Meteorological  observations  instituted  by 

Smithsonian  Institute 603 

Methodist  society  at  Savannah,  Georgia  .   219 

Methodist  society  in  New  York 272 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church  organized  .  417 
Metric  system  authorized 665 


788 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Mexican  United  States  organized    ....  553 

Mexican  congress  protest 634 

..us,  records  of 

M.-xii-o  rtrst  heard  of : 

Mf.xii'o  surrenders 

Mrxico,  inquisition  In 

Mexico  divided  into  provinces * 

.,  viceroy  deposed 505 

Mexico,  population  of 609 

Mexico,  insurrection  in    .  . 509 

Mexico,  independence  of,  declared  ....  523 

Mexico  rebels  against  Spain 635 

.  viceroy  deposed 550 

Mexico,  plan  of  government  by  Iturbide,  550 
Mexico,  independence  of,  recognized  by 

Congress     . 551 

Mexico,  republican  form  of  government 

guaranteed 552 

Mexico,  Iturbide  proclaimed  emperor  .  .  552 

Mexico,  cortes  met 652 

Mexico,  constitution  for,  framed 553 

Mexico,  slavery  abolished  in 554 

Mexico,  Spaniards  expelled  from    ....  559 

Mexico,  Guerrero  president  of 561 

BIcxico,  Spaniards  invade  ........  561 

Mexico,  Santa  Anna  president 570 

Mexico,  revolution  in 570 

Mexico,  congress  in 572 

Mexico,   message  on   her  treatment  of 

United  States 580 

Mexico,  Bustamente  president  of  ....  581 

Mexico,  war  against,  declared  by  France,  583 

Mexico,  constitution  for 590 

Mexico,  Santa  Anna  president 590 

Mexico,  Herrera  made  president 591 

Mexico,  squadron  sent  to  coast  of  ....  593 

Mexico,  war  with,  proclaimed 594 

Mexico,  sale  of  church  property  ordered  .  596 
Mexico,  city  of,  reached  by  General  Scott,  597 

Mexico,  city  of,  captured 598 

Mexico,  Herrera  president 699 

Mexico,  Gadsden  purchase  from 605 

Mexico,  Carrera  president  of 607 

Mexico,  General  Comonfort  president  .  .  610 
Mexico,  church  property  confiscated  by 

Juarez 616 

Mexico,  Liberal  party  defeated  by  Mira- 

mon 617 

Mexico,  Juarez  president  of 619 

Mexico,  Juarez  dictator  of 621 

Mexico  suspends  payment  to  foreign  na- 
tions    622 

Mexico,  monarchy  for,  suggested  ....  626 

Mexico,  French  army  in 632 

Mexico,  French  army  march  for 636 

Mexico,  French  army  enters 639 

Mexico,  Maximilian  accepts  rule  of  ...  641 
Mexico,  Monterey  made  seat  of  govern- 
ment       643 

Mexico,  attitude  of  United  States  to  ...  656 

Mexico,  blockade  of  ports  void 665 

Mexico,  French  embark  from 668 

Mexico,  Juarez  president  of 685 

Mexico,  Lerdo  de  Tejada  president    ...  688 

Mexico,  laws  of,  reform  in 692 

Miami  exporting  company  formed  ....  491 

Micanopy,  Flonda,  attacked  by  Indians  .  577 

Michigan  surrendered  to  the  British  ...  515 

Michigan  evacuated  by  the  British  .  .  .  .  522 

Michigan,  lands  annexed  to 541 

Michigan,  Lake,  first  steamboat  on    ...  557 

Michigan  admitted  to  the  Union 579 

Michigan,  geological  survey  of 598 

Michigan  Agricultural  College  opened .  .  613 

Michigan,  fires  in 685 

Michigan,  state  board  of  health  in  ....  690 

Middle  Creek,  Kentucky,  battle  at ....  624 

Middlesex  Canal  opened 490 

Middletown,    Wesleyan    University   at, 

opened 565 

Middletown,  Connecticut,  girls'  industrial 

school  at 681 


Milan.    (See  Berlin.) 513 

Military  departments  organized 340 

Military,  governor  to  call  on,  in  Massa- 
chusetts ....; 429 

Military,  condition  reported 437 

Militia,  volunteer,  in  Pennsylvania    .  .  .  247 

Militia  enrolled  in  Virginia 317 

Militia  law  by  Congress 452 

Militia  called!  for 4(H 

Militia,  quotas  called  from  the  states    .  .  526 

Milk,  patent  for  condensing 611 

.A!  ill  in  Albany 45 

Mill  in  Massachusetts 49 

Mill  in  Plymouth 49 

Mill  in  Massachusetts 51 

Mill  in  Massachusetts 52 

Mill  in  Maryland 55 

Mill  in  Plymouth* 57 

Mill  in  Massachusetts 59 

Mill  in  Uhode  Island 02 

Mill  in  Maryland 65 

Mill  on  Governor's  Island 67 

Mill  in  Delaware 79 

Mill  at  Beaverwyck 86 

Mill  in  Maryland 88 

Mill  in  Connecticut 94 

Mill  in  Connecticut 99 

Mill  in  Maine 100 

Mill  in  Delaware 125 

Mill  in  Maine 12(5 

Mill  in  Massachusetts 126 

Mill  in  Pennsylvania 132 

Mill  in  Newbury,  Massachusetts     ....  133 

Mill  in  Watertown,  Massachusetts    .  .  .  1*5 

Mill  in  Pennsylvania 133 

Mill  in  West  Jersey 136 

Mill  at  Plymouth,  Massachusetts    ....  135 

Mill  in  Norwich,  Connecticut   ......  135 

Mill  in  Hoboken,  New  Jersey 138 

Mill  in  Philadelphia 141 

Mill  at  Perth  Amboy,  New  Jersey  ....  144 

Mill  in  Newbury,  Massachusetts    ....  145 

Mill  in  Groton,  Massachusetts 145 

Mill  in  Waterbury,  Connecticut 157 

Mill  in  York,  Maine 157 

Mill  in  Boston,  Massachusetts 170 

Mill  in  New  London 182 

Mill  in  New  London 1W 

Mill  in  Wilmington,  Delaware 225 

Mill  in  New  York 439 

Mill  machinery  in  New  Hampshire    .  .   .  440 

Mill  in  Pennsylvania 466 

Mill  Spring,  Kentucky,  battle  at 624 

Miller,    Colonel,    first    governor  of  Ar- 
kansas    547 

Miller,  E.  L.,  supervises  the  first  locomo- 
tive      563 

Millions  for  defence,  &c.,  origin  of     ...  472 

Mills  on  Manhattan 50 

Mills  in  Massachusetts 57 

Mills  regulated  in  Massachusetts    ....  61 

Mills  in  Maine 77 

Mills  in  New  York 83 

Mills  in  Massachusetts 84 

Mills  in  Maine 127 

Mills  in  Delaware 12S 

Mills  in  Maine  taxed 138 

Mills  in  Pennsylvania IGiJ 

Mills  in  Maryland 221 

Mills  in  Baltimore 292 

Mills  in  Pennsylvania 424 

Mills  in  New  Jersey 466 

Mjlls  in  New  Jersey 473 

Mill-stones  to  New  England 38 

Milton,  Massachusetts,  paper-mill  in    .  .  201 

Minerva,  The,  published 458 

Mines  in  Massachusetts  granted 59 

Mines,  discovery  of,  in  Connecticut    ...  95 

Mines  on  Lake  Superior 299 

Minister  to  Russia 402 

Minister  to  Great  Britain 417 

Minister  from  Spain 421 


INDEX. 


789 


Minister  to  England , 
Minister  to  France  , 


451 

400 


Minister  to  England  to  return 509 

Minister  from  England 510 

Ministers  to  Virginia 77 

Ministers'  law  of  settlement  in  Massachu- 
setts    95 

Ministers  in  Virginia 102 

Ministers    from   abroad    arrested  as  va- 
grants in  Connecticut 226 

Ministers  in  Massachusetts,  contributions 

to  support  of,  made  voluntary  ....  570 
Minneapolis,  wire  suspension  bridge  over 

the  Slississippi 611 

Minnesota  made  a  territory 601 

Minnesota  authorized  to  form  a  state  gov- 
ernment    612 

Minnesota  admitted  to  Union 615 

Minnesota,  Indian  massacre  in 631 

Minnesota,  fires  in 685 

Minnesota,  state  board  of  health  in    ...  690 

Minnesota,  locusts  in 695 

Mint  in  Maryland 65 

Mint  in  Maryland 108 

Mint  set  up  by  Vermont 419 

Mint  set  up  by  Connecticut 419 

Mint  established 427 

Mint  established  by  Massachusetts    .  .  .  427 

Mint  established 452 

Mint,  steam-power  introduced 570 

Mint  laws,  a  code  of,  enacted 580 

Mint  at  San  Francisco,  California   ....  603 

Mint  lawR  revised 688 

Mints  in  New  Jersey 423 

Mints  at  New  Orleans,  Charlotte,  and  Dah- 

loncga 572 

Minute-men  enrolled  in  Massachusetts  .  .  317 

Miramon,  General,  President  of  Mexico  .  616 

Miramon  defeats  Liberal  party  in  Mexico  617 

Miramon  besieged  Vera  Cruz 617 

Miramon  defeated  in  Mexico  by  Liberal 

party 617 

Miscellany,  Exeter  Federal,  published  .  .  443 
Missionaries  arrested  in  Georgia  appeal  to 

Supreme  Court 565 

Missionary  Ridge,  battle  of 641 

Mississippi,  the.  discovered 126 

Mississippi  explored  by  Hennepin  ....  1.T5 

Mississippi  descended  by  La  Salle  ....  130 

Mississippi  territory  created 472 

Mississippi  granted  an  assembly 480 

Mississippi  closed 489 

Mississippi  territory,  claims  concerning  .  490 
Mississippi    territory,    part    of    Florida 

joined  to 514 

Mississippi  lands,  money  from  sale  of  .  .  525 

Mississippi  becomes  a  state 538 

Mississippi  abolishes  slavery 659 

Mississippi,  constitution  submitted  to  .  .  670 

Mississippi  admitted  to  representation  .  .  681 

Mississippi,  disturbers  ordered  to  disperse  690 

Mississippi,  South  Pass  of,  to  be  opened  .  697 

Mississippi  asks  aid  from  government .  .  698 

Missouri,  lead  mines  in,  discovered    .  .  .  190 

Missouri  lead  mines  opened  .......  191 

Missouri  Gazette 504 

Missouri,  name  given 514 

Missouri  Compromise 549 

Missouri  admitted  to  the  Union 549 

Missouri  Compromise  repealed 606 

Missouri,  western,  command  of,  by  Fre- 
mont       622 

Missouri,  martial  law  in 623 

Missouri  abolishes  slavery 640 

Missouri  abolishes  slavery 651 

Mobile  settled  by  French 171 

Mobile,  fort  at,  taken  possession  of   ...  520 

Mobile,  Alabama,  incorporated 547 

Mobile  surrendered 654 

Modocs  executed 090 

Moieties  abolished 695 


Money  paid  into  treasury  by  states    .  .  .  429 

Money-order  postal  system  established    .  045 

Moniteur  published 491 

Monocacy  River,  Maryland,  battle  of   .  .  648 

Monroe,  James,  minister  to  France    .  .  .  400 

Montana  made  a  territory 04: j- 

Monterey,  Mexico,  captured 595 

Monterey,  seat  of  Juarez'  government .  .  643 

Montgomery,  Alabama,  settled 538 

Montgomery,  Alabama,  Confederate  con- 
gress at 619 

Montigny,  bishop  of  New  France    ....  104 

Montreal  named 15 

Montreal  made  a  missionary  station  ...  74 

Montreal  surrendered 254 

Monts,  Sieur  de,  granted  Acadie 21 

Monument  at  Gettysburg  to  soldiers  ...  659 

Moore,  Sir  Henry,  on  manufactories     .  .  273 

Moravian  brethren,  emigration  of  ....  234 

Moreloe,  Jose  Maria,  executed 533 

Morgan,  Justin,  foaled 459 

Morgan,  William,  disappears 559 

Morgan,  John,  raid  of 629 

Morgan,  raid  in  Ohio 6o9 

Mormon  sect  founded 563 

Mormons  settle  at  Nauvoo,  Illinois  .    583,  585 

Mormon  temple  at  Nauvoo  begun  ....  586 

Mormons,  polygamy  established  among  .  591 

Mormons  driven  from  Nauvoo 593 

Mormons  settle  Salt  Lake  City 598 

Mormons  submitted  to  United  States    .  .  615 
Morning    Chronicle    published    in    New 

York 487 

Morning  Courier  published  in  New  York,  558 

Morocco  leather  made  in  Massachusetts  .  285 

Morrill  tariff  passed 617 

Morris,  Lewis,  governor  of  New  Jersey  .  220 

Morris  and  Essex  Canal  chartered  ....  554 

Morris  Island  occupied 640 

Morse,  S.  E.,  edited  the  Recorder  ....  534 
Morse,  S.  F.  B.,  takes  out  caveat  for  tele- 
graph      581 

Morton  arrested 39 

Morus  multicaulis,  first  specimen  of ...  558 

Mount  Wollaston,  settlement  at 35 

Mountain  City,  Rocky  Mountain  Gold  Re- 
porter published 616 

Mower  and  reaper  patented 588 

Mowers,  competition  of,  at  Auburn  .  .  .  664 
Mulberry-trees  ordered  planted   in  Vir- 
ginia       33 

Mulberry-trees  in  Virginia 33 

Mulberry-trees,  bounty  on,  in  Massachu- 
setts    2a3 

Mumfordsville,  Kentucky,  surrendered   .  633 

Munitions  of  war  purchased 512 

Munitions  of  war  surrendered 656 

Murray,  John,  founder  of  Universalism  .  299 

Muscles  forbidden  to  be  used  for  lime  .  .  197 

Muskets  made  in  Providence 335 

Mutiny  in  army 396 

Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company    ....  408 


3ST. 

Nail-machine  in  Massachusetts 427 

Nail-machine 402 

Nails  by  machinery 467 

Nails,  machine  for  making 473 

Nantucket,  whale  fishery  oegun  in     ...  151 

Nantucket  robbed  of  vessels 380 

Nautucket  to  remain  neutral 528 

Napoleon,  abdication  of 520 

Narragansett  territory  given  Rhode  Is- 
land    147 

Nashville  settled 381 

Nashville  University  founded 420 

Nashville  Union  published     .......  573 

Nashville,  Tennessee,  occupied 625 

Nashville,  Tennessee,  battle  at 650 


790 


ANXALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Nassau,  fort,  settlement 

Nassau  occupied  .  ...  . « 

Natchez,  Mississippi,  fort  at 187 

Natchez  Gazette  published * 

>-at.-hez,  expedition  gathers  at 619 

National  bank  created   •  •  •  •  • * 

National  lutelligencer  published 4* 

National  Advocate  published 5: 

National  bank  chartered  .........    5Jo 

National  flag,  fashion  of,  prescribed  ...   542 
National  Journal  published  iu  Washing- 
ton     s52 

National  debt  extinguished 674 

National  Era  published  at  Washington    .   597 

National  debt '•;•   612 

National  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Wash- 
ington   637 

National  Bank  Act 637 

National  Bank  Act  amended 645 

National  debt,  maximum 664 

National  debt,  act  to  refund 682 

National  bank  notes,  increase  of 682 

National  debt,  act  to  refund  amended   .  .    683 

Natives  only  to  be  seamen 619 

Natural  history,  society  for,  in  Boston  .  690 
Naturalization,  Congress  legislates  on  .  .  444 

Naturalization  act  amended 462 

Naturalization  laws 474 

Naturalization  act  passed 487 

Naturalization,  time  for,  lessened   ....   553 

Naumkeag,  colony  at 40 

Nautilus  captured  by  British  fleet  ....  515 
Nauvoo,  Illinois,  Mormons  settle  at  .  583,  585 

Nauvoo,  Mormon  temple  at 586 

Naval  code  by  Congress 334 

Naval  conflict  of  the  Chesapeake  ....  399 
Naval  engagement  in  West  Indies  ....  404 

Naval  engagement  off  the  coast 511 

Naval  engagement  by  the  Wasp  and  the 

Frolic 517 

Naval  engagement  between  Constitution 

and  Java 518 

Naval  engagement  between  Hornet  and 

Peacock 619 

Naval   engagement  between  the  Enter- 
prise and  the  Boxer 522 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Essex  and 

Phoebe 524 

Naval  force  of  United  States 624 

Naval   engagement  between  Frolic   and 

Orpheus 525 

Naval  engagement  between  Peacock  and 

Epervier 525 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Wasp  and 

Reindeer 526 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Wasp  and 

the  Avon 528 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Wasp  and 

theAtalanta 528 

Naval  engagement  on  Lake  Champlain  .  628 
Naval  engagement  on  Lake  Borgne  .  .  .  630 
Naval  engagement  between  the  President 

and  the  Endymion 630 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Constitu- 
tion and  Cyaue  and  Levant    .....   K32 
Naval  engagement  between  the  Hornet 

and  the  Penguin 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Peacock 

and  British  ship 

Naval  school  at  Annapolis,  Maryland  .  . 

Navigation,  inland  monopoly  or 

Navy  increased 475, 

Navy  vessels  sold 

Navy  increased 

Navy  yard  at  Gosport  burned 


Navv,  grade  of  admiral  created 
Neafe,  Thomas,  post-routes  in  A 
Nebraska  made  a  territory  .  . 


•  iu  America 

itory  , 

Nebraska  forbids  slavery 

Nebraska  admitted  to  the  Union .  .  . 

Nebraska,  storm  in 

Negroes'  vote  refused  by  Connecticut 


5:i2 

638 

6114 
47:! 
470 
4*4 
635 
621 

157 

619 
666 
690 
660 


Nelson,  Thomas,  governor  of  Virginia   .  401 
Netherlands,        discriminating        duties 

against,  repealed 542 

Neutral  ships  to  be  seized  by  England  .  .  5'*) 

Neutrality  proclaimed 455 

Neutrality  defined  by  Congrews 400 

Neutrality,  violations  of,  forbidden   .  .  .  582 

Nevada  made  a  territory Oil) 

Nevada  admitted  to  the  Union <MH 

New  Amstel  named 102 

New  Amsterdam  attacked  by  Indians  .  .  100 

New  Amsterdam  attacked  by  Indians  .  .  114 

New  Amsterdam,  convention  at  .....  114 

Now  Amsterdam,  cloth  iu 121 

New  Bedford  burned 377 

New  Bedford  given  a  charter 4:;4 

New  Berne,  J»  orth  Carolina,  settled  ...  181 
New   Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  incorpo- 
rated       218 

New  Brunswick  made  separate  govern- 
ment    413 

New  Castle  settled 40 

New  Castle  chartered 125 

New  Columbia,  gold  in Oil 

New  England,  name  of 25 

New  England's  First  Fruits  published     .  75 
New  England,   propositions  of  commis- 
sion    117 

New  England,  plot  to  divide  the  Union  in  513 

New  England  Glass  Company  established  643 

New  England  Farmer  published 552 

New  England,  nursery  for  fruit-trees  in  .  555 

New  France  named 15 

New  France,  governor  of 48 

New  France,  company  of,  dissolved  .  .  .  106 

New  France,  La  Jonquiere,  governor  of.  229 

New  Hampshire  named 41 

New  Hampshire  separatee!  from  Massa- 
chusetts    134 

New  Hampshire  petitions  for  Cranfleld's 

removal 142 

New  Hampshire,  representatives  for    .  .  157 

New  Hampshire  issues  bills  of  credit   .  .  178 

New  Hampshire,  Bank  of,  bills  of  credit  in  187 
New  Hampshire,  sects  allowed  to  support 

their  own  clergy 203 

New  Hampshire,  suffrage  in 200 

New  Hampshire  Mercury  published  in     .  271 

New  Hampshire,  counties  in 292 

New    Hampshire,    committee  of  corre- 
spondence in 294 

New  Hampshire  consults  Congress    .  .  .  324 

New  Hampshire,  governor  retreats    .  .  .  328 

New  Hampshire  against  independence  .  .  337 

New  Hampshire,  constitution  of 338 

New  Hampshire  accepts  independence  .  .  348 

New  Hampshire,  glass-works  in 396 

New  Hampshire,  census  in 407 

New  Hampshire  adopts  constitution  .  .  .  409 
New  Hampshire,  remission  of  tuxes  de- 
manded     426 

New  Hampshire  accepts  constitution    .  .  436 

New  Hampshire,  constitution  of 453 

New  Hampshire  legislature  changes  trus- 
tees of  Dartmouth  College 535 

New  Hampshire,  appropriation  for  agri- 
culture and  manufactures 543 

New  Hampshire,  geological  survey  of  .  .  585 

New  Hampshire,  geological  survey  of  .  .  609 

New  Harmony  bought  by  Robert  Owen  .  553 

New  Haven  settled 59 

New  Haven  government  organized    .  .  .  63 

New  Haven,  iron-works  at 100 

New  Haven  appeals  against  Connecticut 

charter Ill 

New  Haven,  Yale  College  at 187 

New  Haven,  bells  made  at 218- 

New  Hope  Church  Station,  Georgia,  bat- 
tle of 645 

New    Jersey   granted    to  Carteret    and 

Berkeley 116 

New  Jersey,  settlement  of 118 


INDEX. 


791 


New  Jersey,  assembly  in 

New  Jersey,  first  mill  la 

New  Jersey,  part  of,  bought  by  Quakers  . 

New  Jersey  formally  divided 

New  Jersey,  iron-works  in 

New  Jersey  claimed  by  Duke  of  York  .  . 

New  Jersey  given  tbe  proprietors  .... 

New  Jersey/printer  for 

New  Jersey  forbids  export  of  boards    .  . 

New  Jersey,  cloth  in 

New  Jersey,  Friends'  meeting-house  at 
Salem 

New  Jersey,  Lord  Cornbury  governor  .  . 

New  Jersey,  assembly  in 

New  Jersey,  printing  in 

New  Jersey  ceded  to  the  crown 

New  Jersey,  fulling-mill  in 

New  Jersey  petitioned  for  separate  gov- 
ernment  

New  Jersey  issues  bills  of  credit    .... 

New  Jersey,  duties  on  exports 

New  Jersey,  duties  repealed 

New  Jersey  copper  mine 

New  Jersey  issues  bills  of  credit    .... 

New  Jersey,  price  of  liquor  fixed  in  ... 

New  Jersey  petitions  for  separate  gov- 
ernor   

New  Jersey,  governor  of,  appointed  .  .  . 

New  Jersey,  iron-works  in 


122 
123 
128 
129 
130 

132 
1*1 
100 
101 

164 

168 
171 
171 
172 
172 
173 

178 
171) 
181 
1*7 
190 
192 
203 

211 
220 
22(i 
227 

228 

231 
23<i 
2:i7 
20(> 
273 

299 
307 
331 
335 
3-15 
340 
351 
377 
41.3 
423 
554 
578 


New  Jersey,  duties  on  exports 

New  Jersey,  steam-engine  in 

New  Jersey,  proprietors  appeal  against 

assembly  of 

New  Jersey,  glass  factory  in 

New  Jersey,  laws  of,  printed 

New  Jersey  assembly  replies  to  circular  . 

New  Jersey,  iron-works  in 

New  Jersey,   committee  of  correspond- 
ence in 

New  Jersey  for  the  Congress 

New  Jersey  against  independence  .... 
New  Jersey  against  independence  .... 
New  Jersey  assembly  summoned  .... 
New  Jersey  accepts  independence  .... 
New  Jersey  adopts  a  constitution  .... 

New  Jersey,  raid  in 

New  Jersey,  iron-works  in 

New  Jersey,  mints  in 

New  Jersey  charters  canals 

New  Jersey,  geological  survey  of    .... 
New  Jersey,  general  railroad  law  in  ... 
New  Lights  building  churches  in  Connec- 
ticut   227 

New  London,  Connecticut,  settled  ....  82 
New  London,  Connecticut,  fulling-mill  at,  158 

New  London,  printing-press  at 179 

New  London,  convention  of  governors  at  179 
New  London,  congress  of  governors  at  .  181 

New  London,  grist-mill  in 182 

New  London,  fulling-mill  in 183 

New  London,  sail-cloth  made  in 197 

New  Mexico  ceded  to  the  United  States  .  599 
New  Mexico  petitions  for  protection 

against  slavery 600 

New  Mexico  made  a  territory 602 

New  Mexico,  peonage  abolished  in    ...   667 

New  Netherland,  trade  of 25 

New  Netherlands,  cost  of  settlement .  .       82 
New  Netherlands  surrendered  to  the  Eng- 
lish     115 

New  Orleans  settled 188 

New  Orleans,  condition  of 195 

New  Orleans,  deposit  in,  forbidden  .  .  .  489 
New  Orleans  received  from  France  .  .  .  492 
New  Orleans,  banks  of,  suspended  ....  525 
New  Orleans  threatened  by  the  British  .  530 
New  Orleans,  second  attack  upon  ....  531 

New  Orleans,  third  attack  upon 531 

New  Orleans  Prices  Current  issued    .  .  .    552 

New  Orleans  Bee  published 557 

New  Orleans,  mint  at 572 

New  Orleans  Picayune  published    ....   579 


New  Orleans  captured 

New  Orleans,  state  convention  at   .... 

New  Orleans,  M'Enery' militia  in    .  .   .  . 

New  Orleans,  disturbers  ordered  to  dis- 
perse   

New  Testament  printed  in  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts 

New  York  entered  by  Champlain    .... 

New  York,  privileges  granted  in     .... 

New  York,  price  of  bricks  in 

New  York,  wind-mill  in 

New  York  granted  Duke  of  York   .... 

New  York,  religious  freedom  in 

New  York,  slavery  in 

New  York,  charter  of 

New  York  surrendered  to  the  Dutch     .  . 

New  York  restored  to  England 

New  York,  assembly  in 

New  York  city,  monopoly  of  flour  .... 

New  York  city,  bakers  regulated     .... 

New  York,  assembly  in 

New  York,  flour  seized  in 

New  York,  churches  in 

New  York  laws  printed   .• 

New  York,  monopoly  of  flour  repealed    . 

New  York,  British  soldiers  sent  to    .... 

New  York  city,  progress  of  ....... 

New  York,  factions  in 

New  York  forbids  Jesuits  from  entering 
in 

New  York,  Lord  Cornbury  governor    .  . 

New  York  assembly  refuses  appropria- 
tions   

New  York,  dissenting  missionaries  ac- 
quitted   

New  York  issues  bills  of  credit 

New  York,  linen  manufactory  in 

New  York,  German  settlers  in 

New  York,  insurrection  of  slaves  .... 

New  York  issues  bills  of  credit 

New  York,  linseed  oil  in  ......... 

New  York  bills  of  credit  issued 

New  York  issues  bills  of  credit 

New  York  forbids  trading  with  the 
French  

New  York,  census  in 

New  York,  glass  made  in 

New  York  city,  provision  for  the  poor  .  . 

New  York,  lead  in 

New  York,  rival  governors  in 

New  York  issues  Dills  of  credit 

New  York,  Jews  disfranchised 

New  York,  iron-works  in 

New  York,  gun-stocks  in 

New  York,  houses  in 

New  York  city,  lottery  in 

New  York,  iron-works  in 

New  York  voted  aid  to  Virginia 

New  York  city,  convention  of  governors 

New  York,  town  meetings  in 

New  York,  acts  of  assembly  printed  .  .  . 

New  York,  Congress  met  at 

New  York,  paper-mill  in 

New  York,  committee  of  correspondence 
in 

New  York,  imports  to 

New  York,  water-works  for 

New  York  consults  Congress 

New  York  against  independence 

New  York  refuses  independence 

New  York  sanctions  Declaration     .... 

New  York  evacuated 

New  York  taken  by  British 

New  York,  fire  in 

New  York  formed  a  constitution     .... 

New  York,  slavery  in 

New  York  evacuated 

New  York  cedes  land  to  United  States  .  . 

New  York  cedes  territory 

New  York  evacuated 

New  York,  ship  from,  to  China 

New  York  accepts  the  Constitution   .  .  . 


628 
C43 

089 


107 
23 
24 
107 
109 
115 
118 
118 
119 
127 
128 
139 
141 
146 
155 
155 
158 
160 
161 
161 
163 
170 

170 
171 

173 

178 
179 
179 
ISO 
182 
184 
185 
185 
188 

191 
209 
211 
214 
215 
217 
219 
220 
222 
223 
233 
235 
23S 
244 
247 
257 
263 
208 
277 

299 
307 
308 
322 
330 
346 
351 
353 
354 
354 
303 
367 
385 
387 
39!) 
412 
413 
438 


792 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


New  York  renounces  claim  over  Vermont,  448 

i  .irk,  slavery  abolished  in 478 

New    York,   appropriation     for     public 

schools 517 

New   York  legislature    resolves    against 

terms  proposed  for  pence 529 

Now  York,  bank  of  saving  at 530 

New  York,  imprisonment  for  debt  abol- 
ished       *•» 

New  York,  slavery  abolished  in 638 

New  York,  society  for  the  encouragement 

of  American  manufactures 539 

New  York,  appropriation  for  county  agri- 
cultural societies 539 

New  York  banking-system  reported  "out- 
rag-eons"    541 

New  York,  society  for  the  prevention  of 

pauperism 541 

New  Y'ork  observer  published 548 

New  York,  Mercantile  Library  in   ....  549 

New  York  Gaslight  Co.  incorporated    .  .  553 

New  Y'ork,  slavery  abolished  in 558 

New  York  abolishes  imprisonment   for 

debt t 565 

New  York  Globe  published 567 

New  York,  Croton  water  in 572 

New  York,  riot  in,  against  Abolitionists  .  572 

New  York  Herald  published 573 

New  York,  geological  survey  of 575 

New  Y'ork,  bread  riot  in 575 

New  York  Express  published 677 

New  York,  free  banking  law  in 584 

New  York  free  banking  law  revised  .  .  .  686 

New  Y'ork  Tribune  published 587 

New  York,  Astor  Place  riot  in 601 

New  York  Ledger  published 603 

New  York  Times  published 603 

New  York  Clipper  published 606 

New  York  World  published 617 

New  Y'ork  Central  Park 619 

New  York,  attempt  to  fire 650 

New  York,  salvage  corps  organized  in  .  .  669 

New  York,  suspension  bridge  at 690 

New  Y'ork  stock  exchange  closed    ....  691 

New  York,  court  of  arbitration  in  ....  696 

New  York,  bill  for  specie  payments  in  .  .  697 

Newark,  New  Jersey,  settled 120 

Newark,  New  Jersey,  tannery  in    ....  106 

Newark  Advertiser  published 666 

Newborn,  houses  in 468 

Newborn,  North  Carolina,  battle  at    ...  625 

Newbern,  North  Carolina,  captured  .  .  .  625 
Newbold,     Charles,     invents     cast-iron 

plough 470 

Newburyport  settled 53 

Newfoundland,  settlement  in 16 

Newport.  Rhode  Island,  settled 63 

Newport^  danger  from  Indians 65 

Newport,  uprising  in 267 

Newport,  British  ships  leave 341 

Newport  taken  possession  of 358 

Newport  relieved 376 

News-letters 173 

News-placard  printed  in  Boston 148 

Newspapers  to  pay  postage 250 

Newspapers  in  mourning  for  Stamp  Act .  270 

Newspapers  in  the  colonies 317 

Newspapers  in  New  York 358 

Newspapers  in  foreign  languages  in  the 

United  States 557 

Niagara  mentioned 88 

Niagara  mentioned  by  Hcnndpln 133 

Niagara,  fort  at 147 

Niagara  visited 147 

Niagara  visited  by  Charlevoix 191 

Niagara,  attack  on,  deferred 247 

Niagara,  railway  suspension  bridge  at .   .  607 

Nilt-s'  Register  published  in  Baltimore  .  .  511 

Ninety-SiXj  siege  of 40! 

Ninth  administration 591 

Ninth  Census 682 

Nitre  factory  in  Virginia 359 


Non-importation  league  formed  in  North 
Carolina 

Non-importation  league  formed  in  Vir- 
giuia  

Non-importation  in  the  colonies 

Non-importation  in  Virginia 

Non-importation  accepted  by  Congress    . 

Non-importation  in  New  York 

Non-iinportation  in  Virginia ,  . 

Non-importation  act  in  force 

Non-importation  act  revised 

Non-importation  act  repealed. 

Non-intercourse  in  Maryland    ...... 

Non-intercourse  in  Boston     

Non-intercourse  in  Pennsylvania    .... 

Non-intercourse  in  Virginia 

Non-intercourse  act  , 

Non-intercourse  ended  by  proclamation  . 

Non-intercourse  act  repealed 

Norfolk  captured 

Norfolk  bombarded 

Norfolk,  Virginia,  occupied 

Normal  school  system  in  MasBachusetts  . 

Normal  school  in  Massachusetts 

Normal  school  in  Albany 

Normal  schools,  number  of 

Norridgewock  destroyed 

Norridgewock  pillaged 

North  American  Review  published  .... 

North  Carolina,  assembly  in 

North  Carolina  assembly 

North  Carolina,  German  settlers  in    ... 

North  Carolina,  Indian  war  in 

North  Carolina  issues  bills  of  credit .  .  . 

North  Carolina,  laws  of,  revised 

North  Carolina  issues  bills  of  credit .   .  . 

North  Carolina  assembly  complains  of 
governor  

North  Carolina,  quit-rents  resisted    .  .  . 

North  Carolina  issued  bills  of  credit .  .  . 

North  Carolina,  dispute  concerning  quit- 
rents  

North  Carolina,  population  of 

North  Carolina,  dispute  with  governor    . 

North  Carolina,  quit-rents  in 

North  Carolina,  paper-mill  in 

North  Carolina  non-importation  league,  . 

North  Carolina,  committee  of  correspond- 
ence in 

North  Carolina  for  Congress 

North  Carolina  desires  independence    .  . 

North  Carolina  against  independence    .  . 

North  Carolina  for  independence     .... 

North  Carolina  proclaimed  in  rebellion    . 

North  Carolina  adopted  a  constitution  .  . 

North  Carolina  adopts  a  constitution    .  . 

North  Carolina  and  Virginia  boundary 
marked 

North  Carolina,  estates  equally  divided  in, 

North  Carolina  ceded  territory 

North  Carolina,  duty  on  slaves 

North  Carolina,  act  of  oblivion 

North  Carolina  accepts  Constitution  .  .  . 

North  Carolina  cedes  territory  to  the 
United  States 

North  Carolina  refuses  jails  to  United 
States  

North  Carolina  protests  against  the  tariff, 

North  Carolina,  silver  mine  in 

North  Carolina,  reconstruction  of  .... 

North  Carolina  abolishes  slavery    .... 

North  Carolina  admitted  to  representation 

North  Carolina  asks  aid  from  military  .  . 

North,  Lord,  resigns 

Northern  Pacific  Railroad  chartered  .  .  . 

Northmen,  discovery  of  America   .... 

Northwest  territory,  ordinance  for  .... 

Northwest  territory  organized 

Norwich,  Connecticut,  settled 

Norwich,  Connecticut,  paper-mill  in  ... 

Notes  forbidden  companies 

Notes,  treasury,  receivable  for  dues  .  .  . 


282 

2S3 

287 
308 
312 
313 
319 
507 
510 
532 
304 
304 
307 
307 
5(Ki 
507 
532 
334 
339 
628 
509 
5&i 
591 
092 
194 
19(5 
5:!4 
121 
123 
181 
182 
184 
185 
203 

210 
217 
218 

219 

221 
230 
233 

272 
282 

297 
308 
330 
336 
341 
342 
355 
359 

382 
415 
415 
423 
439 
438 

443 

449 
561 
578 
658 
660 
672 
673 
404 
681 
9 

432 
442 
104 
280 
494 
623 


INDEX. 


793 


Notes  to  be  exchanged  for  bonds  ....  603 
Kotos,  compound  interest,  act  for  payment 

of t  ....  607 

Nova  Scotia  granted 31 

Nova  Scotia  charter  confirmed 35 

Nova  Scotia  asks  aid  from  Massachusetts,  237 

Nova  Scotia,  custom-house  in 273 

Nova  Scotia,  reception  of  circular  letter,  277 

Nova  Scotia,  troops  withdrawn  from  .  .  279 

Nova  Scotia,  Tories  settled  in 410 

Nova  Scotia,  iirst  settlement  in  Sydney 

County  . 414 

Nova  Scotia,  gold  in 020 

Nova  Scotia  rejects  plan  of  confederation  053 

Novella,  General,  at  head  of  Mexico  .  .  550 

Nullilication  in  South  Carolina 567 

Nullification,  states  express  themselves 

concerning 567 

Nullification  ordinance  repealed  by  South 

Carolina 568 

Nursery  for  fruit-trees  hi  New  England,  555 


O. 

Oath  of  allegiance  taken  in  Massachu- 

setts .................  133 

Oatli  taken  by  royal  governors     .....  270 

Oath  of  allegiance  required    .......  390 

Observatory  in  Philadelphia  .......  259 

Observatory  built  at  Williams  College  .  .  570 

Observatory  at  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan    .  .  607 

Observatory,  Dudley,  at  Albany  .....  Oil 

Ocean  crossed  by  the  steamship  Savan- 

nah   .................  546 

Odd-Fellows,  first  lodge  instituted  ....  546 

O'Donoga,   General,   makes    treaty  with 

Iturbide  ...............  550 

Office,  tenure  of,  bill  to  regulate  .....  6:6 

Officers  appointed  by  Congress    .....  340 

Officers  in  army  ask  for  pay  .......  408 

Officers  of  army,  meeting  called  by  W.ish- 


Ogle,  governor  of  Maryland  .......  231 

Oglcthorpe  made  treaty  with  Indians    .   .  221 

Oiflethorpe  returns  to  England    .....  227 

Ohio  Company  granted  land  .......  234 

Ohio  explored  ..............  239 

Ohio  Company,  sale  of  land  .......  432 

Ohio,  first  saw-mill  in  ..........  439 

Ohio  made  a  state   ............  488 

Ohio  organized  as  a  state    ........  489 

Ohio,  geological  report  of  ........  581 

Ohio  rejects  extension  of  suffrage  ....  60S 

Oil  from  cotton-seed  ...........  477 

Olustee,  Florida,  battle  at  ........  612 

Oucida,  New  York,  community  at  ....  595 

Ontario,  Lake,  territory  on,  claimed  by 

English   ...............  191 

Ontario,  Lake,  first  American  vessel  on   .  473 

Oracle  of  Dauphin  published    ......  451 

Orders  in  council  to  be  withdrawn  ....  509 

Orders  in  council  revoked  ........  514 

Ordinance  for  the  Northwest  territory  .  .  432 
Ordinance  of  1787,  its  extension  west  of 

Mississippi  proposed    ........  547 

Ordinaries  licensed  in  Virginia     .....  122 

Oregon  question  settled  by  treaty  ....  595 

Oregon  accepts  a  constitution   ......  612 

Oregon  admitted  to  Union  ........  616 

Organ  made  in  Massachusetts  ......  226 

Organ  made  in  Massachusetts  ......  243 

Orleans  territory  to  form  state  constitu- 

tion   .................  510 

Orleans,  the  first  western  steamboat  .  .  .  511 

Orphan  house  in  Savannah  ........  223 

Orrery  made  in  Philadelphia  .......  276 

Osceola  captured     ............  582 

Ostend  manifesto  issued   .........  607 

Oswego,  New  York,  fort  at    .......  200 

Oswego,  forts  at,  surrendered  ......  248 

Oswego  destroyed  by  British  ......  525 


Otis,  James,  argues  against  writs  of  as- 
sistance     255 

Owen,  Robert,  starts  his  community  .  .  .    553 

Ox  Hill,  Virginia,  battle  at 632 

Oxy-hydrogen  blow-pipe  invented  ....   482 


Packenham  killed  at  New  Orleans  ....  531 
Packet,  Norwich,  published  in  Connecti- 
cut    296 

Packet,  Pennsylvania,  or  General  Adver- 
tiser, published 333 

Packet,  New  York,  and  American  Adver- 
tiser published 338 

Packets  on  the  Ohio 461 

Paine,    Thomas,    offered    a    passage   to 

United   States 485 

Paint,  use  of,  in  Massachusetts 65 

Painters'  colors  on  sale  in  Boston  ....  184 

Painting  portraits 261 

Palisade  built  at  Plymouth 31 

Pulisade  built  at  New  Amsterdam  ....  78 

Palladium  published 484 

Palo  Alto,  battle  of,  fought 5U7 

Pamphlets  against  taxation 262 

Panama,  congress  at,  of  representatives 

from  South  American  republics  .  .  .  557 

Panic,  commercial 580 

Panic,  commercial,  begins  in  New  York  .  613 

Panic,  commercial,  in  New  York 6,"7 

Panic,  commercial 691 

Paper-hangings 271 

Paper  made  in  Massachusetts 210 

Paper-mill  in  Pennsylvania 158 

Paper-mill  in  Delaware 184 

Paper-mill  in  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey  201 

Paper-mill  in  Milton,  Massachusetts  .  .  .  201 

Paper-mill  in  Pennsylvania 211 

Paper  mill  in  lihode  Island 271 

Paper-mill  in  North  Carolina 273 

Paper-mill  in  New  York 277 

Paper-mill  in  Connecticut 280 

Paper-mill  in  Connecticut 357 

Paper-mill  in  PittsnVld 583 

Paper-mill  in  New  York 456 

Paper-mills  in  colonies :>5 

Paper-mills  in  New  England 320 

Paper-mills  in  colonies 429 

Paper-mills  established  by  Franklin  .  .  .  435 

Paper-mills  in  Massachusetts 467 

Paper  money  issued  by  Massachusetts  .  .  153 

Paper,  scarcity  of.  in  colonies  .."....  233 

Paper,  scarcity  of 400 

Papineau,  L.  J.,  heads  rebellion  in  Can- 
ada      581 

Parchment  made  in  Philadelphia    ....  292 

Paredes,  President  of  Mexico 594 

Parish  vestries  in  Virginia  to  elect  their 

rectors ' 2-33 

Parker,  Henry,  president  of  Georgia    .  .  239 
Parliament  regulated  the  currency     ...  178 
Parliament  pays  colonies  expenses    .  .  .  230 
Parliament     grants   colonies    their    ex- 
penses    248 

Parliament  renounced  right  to  tax  colo- 
nies      375 

Passamaquoddy  Bay,  islands  in 526 

Passport  system  introduced 623 

Patent  law 455 

Patent-office  reorganized 578 

Patent-office  burned 57S 

Patents  granted 494 

Patents,  standing  committee  on,  created,  581 

Patterson  founded 451 

Patterson,  Commodore,  disperses  settle- 
ment at  Batavia  Bay 529 

Paulus  Hook  captured 383 

Pauperism,  society  for  the  prevention  of, 

at  New  York 541 

Pay  of  members  of  Congress  increased   ,  535 


794 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


540 
408 

622 
535 
530 
537 

540 


85 


183 

1! 

205 

235 

353 

404 

400 

407 


Pay  of  members  of  Congress  fixed    .  .  . 
IVivni.  'lit  by  the  states  ......  .  .  .  . 

Payment    to    foreigners    suspended    by 

Mexico    ............... 

Payments,  specie,  voted  by  Congress    .  . 
I'uym.'iits  to  Inilinns     .......... 

Payments,  specie,  resumed     ....... 

Pazos,   Vinccnte,    agent    from    Spanish- 

American  republics    ......... 

1'i'si  Ki'luv,  Arkansas,  battle  nt  ...... 

Peabody,  George,  contributes  fund  for  ed- 

ucation   ............... 

Peace  made  with  Acadie  ......... 

Peace  of  Ryswiek  ............ 

Peace  between  Kngland,  and  France  and 

Spain    ................ 

Peace  made  with  the  Indians    ...... 

Peace  made  with  Indians  in  Carolina     .  . 
Peace  made  with  Indians    ........ 

Peace,  an  effort  for     ........... 

Peace,  instructions  for  .......... 

Peace,  negotiations  for  .......  ... 

Peace  preliminaries  signed  ........ 

Peace     between     England,    Spain,    and 

France  ................    408 

Peace,  news  of,  in  Philadelphia  .....   409 

Peace  proclaimed  by  Congress  ......   409 

Peace  proclaimed   ............   411 

Peace,  confirmation  proclaimed    .....   413 

Peace  with  Tripoli  ............   496 

Peace,  proposal  of,  at  Annapolis,  Mary- 

land .................   533 

Peace,  commissioners  for,  appointed  .  .  .   623 
Peace  with  Creeks  made  by  Jackson  .  .  .   524 
Peace  commissioners  meet  at  Ghent  .  .  .   527 
Peace,  treaty  of,  signed   .........   530 

Peace  between  Mexico  and  France  ....   684 

Peace  meeting  in  New  York  .......   659 

Peace,  conference  for    ..........    052 

Peace,  proclamation  of  ..........   662 

Peace  establishment  of  army  .......   665 

Peace  commission  with  Indians  .....    669 

Peace  commissioners  massacred  .....   689 

Peach-Tree  Creek,  Georgia,  battle  of    .  .   648 
Peacock  captured  by  the  Hornet  .....   515) 

Peacock,  the,  captures  the  Epervier  .  .  .   525 
Peebles  Farm,  battle  at  .........   649 

Peekskill,  stores  destroyed  at  ......   363 

Pemaquid  captured  by  the  Indians  ....    103 

Pembroke,  resolves  of  ..........    291 

Pence  coined  by  South  Carolina   .....    195 

Pence  coined  by  South  Carolina  .....   214 

Peninsula  campaign  begun  ........   627 

Penitentiaries,   use    ol,    granted    United 

States  by  Pennsylvania    .......   524 

Penn,  William,  restored  to  authority    .  .    101 
Penn,  William,  proposes  scheme  of  gov- 

ernment ...............    165 

Penn,  William,  agent  of  Rhode  Island.  .    172 
Penn,   William,  threatened    to    sell   the 

province  .  .  .  -.  ...........    180 

Pennsylvania,  beer  brewed  in   ......    109 

Pennsylvania,    charter    of,    granted   to 

1'enn  .................    130 

Pennsylvania,  first  assembly  in   .....    138 

Pennsylvania,  a  colony  for  ........    i:)8 

Pennsylvania,  fairs  in  ..........    146 

Pennsylvania,  negro  slaves  in  ......    ifls 

Pennsylvania,  fulling-mill  in  .......    109 

Pennsylvania,  charter  for   ........    109 

Pennsylvania,  assembly  for   .......    109 

Pennsylvania,  exportation  of  leather  for- 

bidden ................    173 

Pennsylvania,  assembly  of,  accuses  Penn  .    175 
Pennsylvania,  assembly  of,  complains  of 

governor  ...............   177 

Pennsylvania,  governor  settles  in  ....    ISO 

Pennsylvania  laws  printed     .......    182 

Pennsylvania,  duty  laid  on  negroes  and 

Indians    ...............    183 

Pennsylvania  issues  bills  of  credit  .  ...    194 

Pennsylvania  issues  bills  of  credit  ....    195 


249 
252 

255 
203 

88 

331 

333 


Pennsylvania,  iron-works  in 202 

Pennsylvania  issues  bills  of  credit ....    204 

Pennsylvania,  paper-mill  in L'll 

Pennsylvania,  silk  in L'lO 

Pennsylvania,  religious  freedom  in  ....    215 

Pennsylvania,  iron-works  in 218 

Pennsylvania,  loan-office  in 221 

Pennsylvania,  type-foundery  in 222 

Pennsylvania  votes  money  for  the  king    .    2i5 

Pennsylvania,  rolling-mill  in 229 

Pennsylvania,  secret  instructions  to  the 

governor     

Pennsylvania,  James  Hamilton  governor, 

Pennsylvania,  bills  of  credit  in 

Pennsylvania  complains  of  secret  instruc- 
tions   

Pennsylvania,  proprietary  estates  tux"<l   . 
Pennsylvania,  right  to  tax    proprietary 

estates  supported 

Pennsylvania  petitions  for  royal  govern- 
ment   

Pennsylvania  Packet,  or  General  Adver- 
tiser, published 

Pennsylvania,  proclamation  in 

Pennsylvania  against  independence    .  .  . 
Pennsylvania  refuses  to    recall    instruc- 
tions to  delegates 343 

Pennsylvania  accepts  independence  .  .  .  346 
Pennsylvania  accepts  independence  .  .  .  :',48 
Pennsylvania  adopted  a  constitution  .  .  .  354 
Pennsylvania,  new  government  organized,  362 

Pennsylvania  abolishes  slavery 3*0 

Pennsylvania,  quit-rents  vested  in  stato    .    :;^ 

Pennsylvania  abolishes  slavery 386 

Pennsylvania  forbids  export  of  machin- 
ery      436 

Pennsylvania  buys  territory 438 

Pennsylvania  accepts  a  constitution  .  .  .  447 
Pennsylvania,  resistance  in,  to  taxes  .  .  473 
Pennsylvania  charters  specie-paying  banks,  5^4 
Pennsylvania  grants  use  of  jails  to  United 

States 524 

Pennsylvania  incorporates  railroad  com- 
pany   552 

Pennsylvania  promotes  culture  of  silk  .  .  566 
Pennsylvania  amends  constitution  ....  575 

Pennsylvania  charters  bank 575 

Pennsylvania,  geological  survey  of  ...    578 
Pennsylvania  adopts  common-school  sys- 
tem     5S3 

Pennsylvania  fails  to  pay  interest  ....   588 

Pennsylvania  resumed  payment 592 

Pennsylvania,  labor  bureau  in 688 

Penobacot,  post  on,  captured  by  French  .  54 
Peusacola,  Florida,  fort  erected  at,  by 

Spaniards 163 

Pensacola  taken  possession  of  by  Span- 
iards  195 

Pensacola  captured 398 

Pensaeola,  British  troops  at 527 

Pensacola  taken  possession  of 530 

Pensacola  captured  by  General  Jackson    . 
Pensacola,  restoration  to  Spain  offered  .  . 
Pensacola,  seizure  of,  disapproved  by  Con- 
gress      

Pensions  voted  to  the  soldiers  of  the  Revo- 
lution     

Peonage  abolished  in  New  Mexico  .... 
"  People,  God  save  the,"  first  use  of  .  333, 

Pequot  war  began 

Perfectionists  settle  at  Oueida.  Xew  York, 

Periodicals,  number  of .  .  .  .' 

Perkins  Institute  for  the  Blind  in  Boston, 

Pcrote,  castle  of,  captured 

Perry,   Oliver  H.,  gains  battle  of  Lake 

Erie 

Perry  ville.  Kentucky,  battle  of 

Perth  Ainboy,  New  Jersey,  malt-house 


Petersburg,  Virginia,  attacked  . 
Petersburg,  Virgin ja,  invested  .  , 
Petersburg,  Virginia,  assault  on  , 


543 
545 

541 
067 
339 
57 
595 
680 
566 
597 

522 
633 

142 
645 
646 

64? 


INDEX. 


795 


Petition  to  the  king 313 

Petition  to  suspend  ordinance  of  1787    .  .  495 

Petitions  for  abolition  of  slavery 454 

Petroleum  obtained  in  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  594 
Petroleum  obtained  at  Titusville,  Penn- 
sylvania    616 

Petroleum,  borings  for 618 

Philadelphia  settled 139 

Philadelphia,  printing-Dress  in 140 

Philadelphia,  size  of .  '. 148 

Philadelphia,  public  high-school  in    ...  148 

Philadelphia,  wages  in .105 

Philadelphia,  charter  for 109 

Philadelphia,  shipping  of 189 

Philadelphia  Mercury  published 189 

Philadelphia,  linseed"  exported 203 

Philadelphia  Library  organized 211 

Philadelphia,  lottery  in 231 

Philadelphia  Academy 233 

Philadelphia  Hospital 2*3 

Philadelphia,  shipping  of 233 

Philadelphia,  silk-lilature  in 236 

Philadelphia,  mills  in 254 

Philadelphia  Company 270 

Philadelphia,  meeting  in,  on  tea  .....  290 

Philadelphia  thanks  Boston 297 

Philadelphia,  convention  at 300 

Philadelphia  captured 300 

Philadelphia  for  Union 345 

Philadelphia  evacuated 375 

Philadelphia,  convention  in,  on  currency  .  387 

Philadelphia,  type-foundery  in 417 

Philadelphia,  dispensary  In 418 

Philadelphia,  stages  from 407 

Philadelphia    Fairmount    Water   Works 

built 534 

Philadelphia,  Saving  Fund  Society  at    .  .  536 
Philadelphia,  Society  for  the  Promotion 

of  Public  Economy  in 539 

Philadelphia,    Franklin    Institute   incor- 
porated      553 

Philadelphia,  Girard  College  opened  in  .  .  508 

Philadelphia  banks  suspended 013 

Philadelphia,  centennial  exposition  at .  .  686 

Philanthropist  published  at  Cincinnati .  .  571 

Philip  killed 129 

Phipps,  Sir  William,  .expedition  against 

Canada 152 

Phipps,  Sir  W.,  dispute  with  Rhode    Is- 
land    156 

Phipps,  Sir  William,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts    156 

Phipps,  governor,  summoned  to  England,  101 

Phosphate,  South  Carolina 687 

Pianoforte  in  Philadelphia 319 

Pianoforte  in  Philadelphia 418 

Picolata,  fort  of,  captured 221 

Picton,  Nova  Scotia,  settled 270 

Picton  made  a  free  port 500 

Pictures  for  the  capitol  ordered 538 

Pierce,  Richard,  printer  in  Boston  ....  141 
Pierce,  Richard,  prints  first  newspaper  in 

America 152 

Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  gold  discovered  at,  010 

Pilgrims,  compact  of 29 

Pillory  in  Boston 4S6 

Pine-trees  reserved    for    the   public    in 

Massachusetts 122 

Pine-trees  in  Massachusetts 15S 

Pine-trees  protected  by  a  penalty    ....  181 

Pinnace  built  at  Plymouth 30 

Pipes,  tobacco,  price  of 190 

Pirates  tried  and  executed 108 

Pirates  executed 1^8 

Pirates  executed 189 

Pitch,  bounty  on 173 

Pitt,  William,  on  the  Stamp  Act 273 

Pittsburg  claimed  by  Virginia 298 

Pittsburg  laid  out 413 

Pittsburg,  first  steamboat  built  at  ....  511 

Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  rolling-mill  in  .  516 

Pittsburg,  price  of  salt  at 517 


Pittsburg,  steam  paper-mill  in 534 

Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  convention  from 

free  states  in 609 

Pittsburg  Lauding,  battle  at 627 

Plan  of  action 393 

Plan  of  campaign 401 

Plan  of  campaign  arranged 402 

Plaster-mill  in  New  York 491 

Plattsburg  stores  burned  by  the  British    .  522 

Play  represented  in  Boston 237 

Play,  first  American 423 

Plays,  copyright  law  extended  to   ....  609 

Plough  in  Massachusetts 59 

Plough,  wooden,  description  of 532 

Plough,  small,  introduced  in  Illinois     .   .  532 
Plough,  steam,  gains  premium  at  fair  at 

Freeport,  Illinois 616 

Ploughing  in  Salem 62 

Ploughs  patented 495 

Plough-Boy  published  in  Albany    ....  551 

Plymouth  Company  chartered 21 

Plymouth   Colony,    expedition   to    New 

England 26 

Plymouth  Colony  set  out 28 

Plymouth  Company  superseded 28 

Plymouth  Colony,  deed  of  land 31 

Plymouth,  land  of,  conveyed 32 

Plymouth  purchases  land 32 

Plymouth,  population  of 34 

Plymouth  Council  divides  by  lot 35 

Plymouth  Council  grants  land  in  Massa- 
chusetts    36 

Plymouth  Colony,  trade  of,  purchased  .  .  37 
Plymouth  Colony  obtains  a  patent ....  41 
Plymouth,  governor  fined  for  not  accept- 
ing ofHce 48 

Plymouth  Company  divide  their  territory,  54 

Plymouth,  charter  given  to  freemen  ...  72 
Plymouth  Colony,  sale  of  their  tract  at 

mouth  of  the  Kennebec 101 

Plymouth  laws  printed 127 

Point  Comfort,  fort  at 44 

Polhemus,  minister  at  Long  Island  ...  101 

Police,  Metropolitan,  in  New  York     .  .  .  614 

Pontgrave  ascends  the  St.  Lawrence  ...  20 
Poor,  provision  made  for,  in  New  York 

city 214 

Pope  appoints  apostolic  vicar 425 

Pope,  General,  not  entitled  to  mercy  .  .  .  631 

Pope,  General,  retreats 631 

Popular  uprisings  in  the  colonies    ....  207 

Population  of  colonies 132 

Population  of  the  United  States 447 

Porcelain  made  at  Jersey  City 537 

Port  Folio  published 480 

Port  Gibson,  Mississippi,  battle  of    ...  6:38 

Port  Hudson,  assault  on 628 

Port  Hudson,  attack  on 639 

Port  Hudson  surrendered 040 

Port  Royal,  supplies  for 17 

Port  Royal,  colony  at 22 

Port  Royal  captured 38 

Port  Royal  recaptured  by  the  French    .  .  155 

Port  Royal  surrendered IbO 

Port  Royal,  an  expedition  against  ....  180 

Portland,  Maine,  settled 48 

Portland,  Maine,  incorporated 424 

Portland,  Maine,  great  fire  in 664 

Ports  of  Spain  opened  to  trade 285 

Ports  in  British  possessions  opened   to 

American  vessels 542 

Ports  closed  to  British  colonial  vessels    .  542 
Ports  closed  to  British  vessels  from  West 

Indies 549 

Ports  opened  to  British  ships  from  colo- 
nial ports 552 

Ports  free  to  British  colonial  vessels     .  .  563 

Ports,  southern,  blockaded 620 

Ports,  southern,  opened 657 

Ports  of   United  States  opened  to  com- 
merce   659 

Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  settled  .  .  33 


796 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Portsmouth,  Rhode  Island,  settled    .  .  . 

Portsmouth,  wind-mill  for     ....  ... 

Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  * ort  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  dismantled      

Portsmouth,  New  HampBhire,  destroyed, 

Portsmouth,  Virginia,  navy-yard  at  ... 

Foot,  New  York  Evening,  published  .  .  . 

Post,  Pennsylvania  Evening,  published   . 

Post  published  in  Pittsburg 

Post,   convention  to    improve,   between 

England  and  United  States 

.  rates  of 

Postage,  rate  of,  reduced 

Postage  stamps  for  currency 

Postal  service  organized  . 

Postal  communication  closed  with  Confed- 
eracy     

Postal  money-order  system  established    . 

Post-Boy,  Boston  Weekly,  published   .  . 

Postmaster-general  appointed 

Post-office,  British  system  extended  to 
America 

Post-office  organized 

Potatoes,  Irish,  introduced 

Potomac,  army  of,  McCIellan  in  command 

Potomac,  army  of,  in  Wilderness    .... 

Pottery  in  New  Netherlands 

Pottery  in  New  Jersey 

Pottery  at  Baltimore 

Pottery-works  at  Jersey  City 

Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  settled  .... 

Poughkeepsie,  Vassar  College  at     .... 

Pound  sterling  rated  for  customs  by  Con- 
gress  

Powder  made  in  Massachusetts 

Powder,  export  forbidden  from  England, 

Powder  in  Connecticut 

Powder-mill   at   Dorchester,    Massachu- 
setts   

Powder-mill  in  Connecticut 

Powder-mills  in  Pennsylvania 

Powder-mills  in  New  York 

Prairie  du  Chien  established 

Prairie  du  Chien  captured  by  Canadians  . 

Prairie  Grove,  Arkansas,  battle  at  .... 

Prairies,  timber-growing  on 

Premium  on  coin 

Premium  on  gold 

Premiums  for  saltpetre 

Presbyterian    Church    on    abolition   of 
slavery 

Presbyterian  Church,  union  of 

President,  election  or,  regulated 

President  inaugurated 

President,  the,  tired  into  by  the  Little 
Belt 

President  authorized  to  sell  stock  .... 

President,  the,  captured    by  the    Endy- 
mion 

President,  day  for  choosing  electors  fixed, 

President,  House  resolves  to  impeach  .  . 

Presidential  levees  discontinued 

Press,  censorship  of,  in  Massachusetts    . 

Press  censorship  in  Massachusetts  .... 

Press,  censorship  of,  in  Massachusetts  .  . 

Press  in  Hanover,  Vermont 

Press,  Associated,  in  New  York 

Price  of  tobacco  in  Virginia 

Price  of  bricks  in  Plymouth 

Prices,  scale  of,  fixed 

Prices  in  Providence 

Prices  in  lihode  Island 

Prices  Current,  Boston,  published  .  .  . 

Prices,  reduction  of 

Prices  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  ! 

Prices  Current  in  Cincinnati 

Prince,  Thomas,  one  of  the  Associates  .  , 

Prince  of  Wales  visits  United  States     . 
'rincetou  College  formed 

Pring,  Martin,  arrives  at  America  . 

Print  emblematic  of  Stamp  Act   .  . 

Printing  prohibited  in  the  colonies  .  .  . 


BO 

107 


TO 


022 
044 

w 

253 
203 
537 
151 


687 
H 


135 

337 
335 
350 

525 
525 

oyi 

OIK) 
527 
027 

335 

437 
077 
453 


511 
51'J 

530 
5'.»3 
071 
4N4 

105 

110 

122 

372 

000 

20 

77 

371 

376 

880 

K>1 

515 
5<>0 
572 

37 
017 
2:;o 

20 
271 
Hi 


Printing  in  New  Jersey 

Printing-press  in  Massachusetts 

Printing-press  to  New  England 

Printing-press  for  Massachusetts    .... 

Printing-press  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 

Printing-press  forbidden  in  Virginia  .   .   . 

Printing-press  forbidden  in  New  York  .   . 

Printing-press  in  Philadelphia 

Printing-press  at  New  London,  Connecti- 
cut   

Printing-press  at  Annapolis,  Maryland    . 

Printing-press  in  Virginia 

Printing-press  in  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina   

Printing-press  in  Annapolis,  Maryland    . 

Printing-press  in  Woodbridge,  New  Jer- 
sey  

Printing-press  in  Wilmington,  Delaware, 

Printing-press  In  Hhode  Island 

Printing-press  at  Savannah,  Georgia  .  .  . 

Printing-press  for  Canada 

Prison  hulks  in  New  York  Bay 

Prisoners  exchanged  with  French  in  Can- 
ada   

Prisoners  to  be  sent  to  England  for  trial, 

Prisoners,  exchange  of 

Prisoners,  embarkation  of,  suspended  .  . 

Prisoners  sent  to  Virginia 

Prisoners  of  war  discharged 

Prisoners  discharged 

Prisoners  released 

Prisoners,  southern,  released 

Private  bills  introduced  in  Congress  .  .  . 

Privateer,  French,  seized 

Privateers  authorized  by  Congress    .  .  . 

Privateers  authorized  by  Massachusetts  . 

Privateers,  success  of 

Privateers,  French  captures  by 

Privateers,  Confederate,  to  be  treated  as 
pirates  

Privileges  in  British  possessions  in 
America  not  secured  by  treaty .  .  . 

Privy  Council  on  action  of  Congress  .  .  . 

Prizes  captured 

Proclamation  of  pardon 

Proclamation  against  resistance  to  the 
excise 

Proclamation  against  foreign  invasion  .  . 

Proclamation  against  Fenian  expedition  . 

Property,  bill  to  confiscate 

Property,  confiscation  act  for 

Proprietary  rule  ceased  in  Delaware  .  .  . 

Proprietors  relinquish  Carolina 

Protestants,  French,  surrender  Quebec    . 

Protestants,  French,  sell  Quebec  to  Catho- 
lics   

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  settled  .... 

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  printing-press 
in 

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  passes  resolu- 
tions   

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  votes  for  a 
congress 

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  man  whipped 
publicly  in 

Provident  Institution  for  Savings  at  Bos- 
ton .  .  .  . 

Provincial  congress  in  Massachusetts  .  . 

Provision  for  soldiers  recommended  .  .  . 

Provision  for  generals 

Provisions  of  peace 

Prussia,  treaty  with 

Psalms  published 

Psalms  printed  in  Indian 

Public  debt  to  be  funded 

Public  debt,  appropriation  for 

Public  debt 

Public  debt  of  the  United  States 

Public  debt,  amount  of 

Public  debt 

Public  debt 

Public  debt 


172 
68 
lol 
107 
127 
140 
143 
14(5 

179 
190 
203 

204 

222 

237 
255 
257 
259 
XJO 
350 


170 
StoO 
301 
371 
877 
525 
045 
o.> 
059 
503 
457 
318 
334 
364 

460 

020 

534 
316 
383 
390 

454 

4.K.> 

003 
023 
630 
320 
203 
37 

37 
56 

257 
267 
302 
581 

536 
311 
383 
392 
407 
421 
93 
179 
443 
Off 
512 
548 
589 
GOO 
602 
013 


INDEX. 


797 


Public  debt 619 

Public  debt 619 

Public  debt 600 

Public  debt,  statement  of 679 

Public  lands  surveyed 405 

Public  lands,  sales  on  credit  abolished  .  .  551 

Public  schools  in  New  York 402 

Public  schools,  appropriation  for,  in  New 

York 517 

Public  schools,  legislation  suggested  for  .  698 

Public-house  in  Boston 52 

Public  spinning-school  in  Boston    ....  219 
Public  admitted  to  house  of  Massachu- 
setts        272 

Public  buildings  burned 527 

Public  distress,  report  on,   in    Pennsyl- 
vania       548 

Public  Ledger  published  in  Philadelphia,  576 

Public  City~Library  at  Boston  formed  .  .  603 

Puebla,  Mexico,  French  repulsed  at  ...  628 

Puebla  surrendered 638 

Purrysburg  settled 205 

Purrysburg,  colony  to 214 


Q. 

Quadrant  invented 205 

Quakers,  laws  against 102 

Quakers,  laws  against,  in  Massachusetts  .  103 

Quakers  hanged 104 

Quakers  executed  in  Massachusetts  ...  106 

Quakers  in  Virginia 112 

Quakers  purchase  part  of  New  Jersey  .  .  128 
Quakers,  school  established  by,  in  Phila- 
delphia      146 

Quakers'  meeting-house  in  Salem,  New 

Jersey 168 

Quakers,  laws  against,  in  Connecticut,  de- 
clared void 176 

Quakers  forbidden  to  affirm  in  Pennsyl- 
vania   185 

Quakers  forbidden,  to  affirm  in  New  Jer- 
sey       187 

Quakers  in  Massachusetts  allowed  to  pay 

taxes  to  their  own  ministers 202 

Quakers  in  South  Carolina 237 

Quakers  advocate  peace 331 

Quakers  put  in  prison 360 

Quakers  executed  for  treason 377 

Quakers  emancipate  their  slaves 435 

Quakers  petition  concerning  slavery  .  .  .  444 
Quarantine  buildings  destroyed  by  mob  at 

Castleton,  New  York 603 

Quarantine  buildings  burned  on  Staten 

Island 614 

Quebec  settled 23 

Quebec  passes  to  the  Hundred  Associates  37 

Quebec  captured .  40 

Quebec,  Jesuit  college  at 53 

Quebec,  Ursuline  convent  in 59 

Quebec,  hospital  in 59 

§  uebec,  Jesuit  seminary 108 

uebec,  population  of 202 

8  uebec  surrendered 253 

uebec  attacked 254 

Quebec,  province  of,  created 259 

Quebec,  act  passed 300 

Quebec,  attack  on 337 

Quebec,  convention  of  delegates  at    ...  04'J 

Queenstown  Heights,  battle  of 516 

Queratauo,  Mexico,  siege  of 668 

Quit-rent  in  Virginia 25 

Quit-rents  objected  to  in  New  Jersey  .  .  .  123 

guit-rcuts  in  New  Jersey 126 
uit-rents,  collection  resisted  in  North 

Carolina .  .  . 217 

Quit-rents  abolished  in  Maryland  ....  387 

Quo  warrnnto,  writ  of,  against  Virginia  .  34 

Quotas  of  colonies  fixed 160 

Quotas  assessed  by  Congress 368 

Quotas  of  the  states  appointed 414 


Rags  purchased  in  Boston 285 

Rags  in  Massachusetts 395 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  charter  to 18 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  assigns  his  patent   .  19 
Railroad  company  incorporated  in  Penn- 
sylvania    552 

Railroad,  Hudson  and  Mohawk,  chartered 

by  New  York 557 

Railroad  at  Quiucy,  Massachusetts    ...  558 

Railroad,  Mauch  Chunk,  built 558 

Railroad,  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  chartered  .  55S 

Railroad,  South  Carolina,  chartered  ...  559 

Railroad,  Boston  and  Lowell,  chartered  .  563 
Railroad  from  New  Orleans  to  Lake  Pont- 

chartrain 563 

Railroad,   Beaver  Meadow,  uses  coal  as 

fuel 577 

Railroad,  Erie,  completed 600 

Railroad  route  to  the  Pacific  surveyed  .  .  604 
Railroad,  Grand  Trunk,  from  Quebec  to 

Toronto,  Canada 611 

Railroad  Commissioners,  board  in  Mas- 
sachusetts    678 

Railroad,  general  law  in  New  Jersey    .  .  6-8 

Railroads  advocated  by  John  Stevens  .  .  517 

Railroads,  iron  for,  free  of  duty 506 

Railroads  in  the  United  States 508 

Railroads,  public  lands  granted  to  ....  6iO 

Railway,  narrow-gauge 686 

Rambouillet  Decree  by  France 508 

Ratliffe,  John,  bookbinder 117 

Rattlesnake  captured  by  British 526 

Raymond,  Mississippi,  battle  of 638 

Read,  J.,  patents  reaper  and  mower  ...  588 

Reaper  and  mower  patented 588 

Reaper-machine  patented 569 

Reapers,  trial  of,  at  Buffalo 0'J9 

Reapers,  competition  of 603 

Reapers  and  mowers,  competition  of,  at 

Syracuse 612 

Reapers,  competition  of,  at  Auburn,  New 

York 664 

Reasons  given  for  withdrawing  the  de- 
posits from  the  Bank  by  secretary  of 

treasury 570 

Rebellion  in  Albemarle,  Carolina    ....  132 

Receipts  of  the  United  States 483 

Reconstruction  bill 617 

Reconstruction  of  North  Carolina  ....  658 

Reconstruction  of  Arkansas  recognized  .  600 

Reconstruction  Act,  supplement  to    ...  663 

Reconstruction,  act  supplementary  to  .  .  609 

Recorder,  the,  published  in  Chillicothe,  •• 

Ohio 531 

Recorder  published  in  Boston 534 

Red  River,  settlement  on 184 

Reeder,  A.  H.,  governor  of  Kansas,  re- 
moved    608 

Reeve,  Tapping,  opens  first  law-school,  417 

Reform,  laws  of,  in  Mexico 692 

Refugees  supported  in  Nova  Scotia    .  .  .  332 
Regicide  judges  take  refuge  in  Massachu- 
setts    106 

Regiments,  six,  raised  in  Connecticut  .  .  321 
Register   published    in    Raleigh,    North 

Carolina 477 

Register  published  in  Mobile 551 

Regulars,  twenty  regiments,  to  be  en- 
listed      519 

Regulating  act  passed 301 

Regulating  act  received  in  Boston  ....  302 

Regulators  in  North  Carolina 287 

Regulators  in  South  Carolina 287 

Regulators  executed  .  .  .  .  : 283 

Regulators  appeased 289 

Religious  liberty  in  Massachusetts  ....  40 
Religious  disputes   forbidden   in  Mary- 
land    63 

Religious  liberty  in  Rhode  Island  ....  68 

Religious  freedom  in  Rhode  Island    ...  70 


793 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Religious  liberty  petitioned  for  in  Massa- 
chusetts    °7 

Religious  liberty  hi  Maryland b9,  90 

Religious  freedom  in  New  York 112 

Religious  freedom  in  Rhode  island    ...  112 

Religion!  freedom  in  New  York 118 

Religious  toleration  in  Pennsylvania    .  .  139 
Religious  dispute  between  Quakers  and 

Puritans  .  .  , 148 

Religious  toleration  in  Massachusetts  .  .  165 

Religious  toleration  in  Virginia 166 

Religious  liberty  in  Connecticut .  . 
Religious  condition  of  Louisiana  . 
Religious  liberty  in  Georgia  .... 
Religious  freedom  in  Pennsylvania 
Religious  liberty  in  Massachusetts  . 
Religious  freedom  act  in  Virginia  . 

Religious  revival • 484 

Religious  liberty  suit  in  Massachusetts   .  497 

Religious  freedom  in  Connecticut  ....  544 

Religious  liberty  in  New  Hampshire  ...  647 

Religious  liberty  in  Massachusetts    .  .  .  570 

Religious  liberty  in  California 601 

Remonstrance  against  the  war  by  Massa- 
chusetts .  .  .' 622 

Rensselaerwyck,  government  of 61 

Reparation  for  the  Chesapeake  accepted,  512 

Repertory  published  in  Boston 488 

Report  on  condition  of  the  colonies  .  .  .  205 
Report  on  silk  printed  by  Congress   ...  659 
Reporter  published  in  Lexington,  Ken- 
tucky      497 

Reporters  in  Congress 440 

Reporters  given  seats  in  the  House   .  .  .  485 
Reporters    expelled    from  the   floor   of 

House 521 

Representation  inaugurated  ,in  Virginia,  27 

Representation  in  Plymouth 64 

Representation,  ratios  of,  fixed 602 

Representatives  for  New  Hampshire    .  .  157 
Republic  published  in  Washington    ...  600 
Republican  form  of  government  guaran- 
teed to  Mexico 552 

Republican  party,  origin  of .  609 

Requisition  in  coin  on  the  states   ....  397 

Requisition  made  by  Congress 421 

Resaca  de  la  Palma,  battle  of,  fought ...  597 

Resaca,  Georgia,  battle  of 644 

Resolutions  adopted  by  burgesses  of  Vir- 
ginia    280 

Resolutions  sent  to  states  by  Congress    .  436 

Restrictions  on  commerce 112 

Retaliation  act  of  Congress 386 

Retaliation  authorized 476 

Retaliation,  President  authorized  to  prac- 
tise      519 

Revenue  acts  enforced  in  Rhode  Island    .  268 

Revenue  acts  passed  by  Parliament   ...  273 
Revenue  surplus   to   be  deposited  with 

states 577 

Revere,  Paul,  engraver 271 

Revolution  in  South  Carolina 190 

Revolution  in  South  Carolina  confirmed  .  192 

Revolutionary  soldiers,  act  for  relief  of, .  641 

Revolver,  Colt's,  patented  ........  574 

Rhode  Maud,  name  of 60 

Rhode  Island,  towns  in,  united 68 

Rhode  Island,  name  of 81 

Rhode  Island,  government  of,  forbidden  .  83 

Rhode  Island  government  organized  ...  87 
Rhode  Island  asks  to  be  one  of  United 

Colonies gg 

Rhode  Island  agents  to  England 95 

Rhode  Island  united  under  charter    ...  97 

Rhode  Island,  two  assemblies  in 98 

Rhode  Island,  government  of 99 

Rhode  Island  OH  Quakers 102,  103 

Rhode  Island,  wampum  a  legal  tender  .  .  108 

Rhode  Island,  lime  in 109 

Rhode  Island,  charter  of m 

Rhode  Island  charter  received ill 


Rhode  Island,  wind-mill  In 114 

Rhode  Island,  first  assembly  in 116 

Rhode  Island  assembly,  pay  of  members,    120 

Rhode  Island  assembly  divided 122 

Rhode  Island  passes  a  bankrupt  law  .  .  .    132 

Rhode  Island,  Israelites  in 141 

Rhode  Island  humbly  petitions 145 

Rhode  Island,  suffrage  in Ho 

Rhode  Island,  charter  of,  concealed  ...  147 
Rhode  Island  resumes  the  charter  ....  149 

Rhode  Island  charter  valid 159 

Rhode  Island  assembly  divided 103 

Rhode  Island,  violations  of  acts  of  trade,    168 
Rhode  Island,  command    of  militia  re- 
fused     172 

Rhode  Island,  Penn  agent  of 172 

Rhode  Island  issues  bills  of  credit ....    178 

Rhode  Island,  first  census  in 178 

Rhode  Island  redeems  bills  of  credit  .  .  184 
Rhode  Island  creates  bank  of  bills  of 

credit 185 

Rhode  Island  creates  a  bank  of  bills  of 

credit 192 

Rhode  Island,  common  drunkards  posted 

in 192 

Rhode  Island,  bounty  on  duck 193 

Rhode  Island,  right  of  suffrage  in  ....  196 
Rhode  Island,  tearing  the  bills  of  credit  to 

make  change  forbidden 197 

Rhode  Island  bank  of  bills  of  credit  cre- 
ated    201 

Rhode  Island,  lawyers  forbidden  being 

deputies 203 

Rhode  Island,  census  in 206 

Rhode  Island,  bounty  on  wolves 211 

Rhode  Island  creates  bank   of  bills    of 

credit 213 

Rhode  Island  suppresses  private  lotteries,   213 
Rhode  Island,  bills  of,  refused  by  Massa- 
chusetts   213 

Rhode  Island,  marriage  performed  by  all 

ministers 213 

Rhode  Island,  bounty  on  bears 216 

Rhode  Island,  mills  in,  regulated   ....   216 

Rhode  Island,  iron-works  in 217 

Rhode  Island,  bills  of  credit  in 222 

Rhode  Island,  bank  of  bills  of  credit  cre- 
ated   227 

Rhode  Island,  lottery  in 227 

Rhode  Island  returns  enslaved  Spaniards,   229 

Rhode  Island  laws  printed 230 

Rhode  Island  bills  of  credit  burned  ...   234 

Rhode  Island,  bills  of  credit  in 236 

Rhode  Island,  bills  of  credit  in 238 

Rhode  Island,  bills  of  credit  in 248 

Rhode  Island,  lottery  in 255 

Rhode  Island,  theatricals  prohibited  in  .  257 
Rhode  Island  protests  against  Sugar  Act,  262 

Rhode  Island  assembly  resolves 267 

Rhode  Island  stamp-distributer  resigned,  2/0 
Rhode  Island,  bankruptcy  law  in  ....  288 
Rhode  I  sland  repealed  bankruptcy  law  .  290 
Rhode  Island,  horse-stealing  in  .....  290 
Rhode  Island,  committee  ot'  correspond- 
ence in 294 

Rhode  Island  abolishes  slavery 299 

Rhode  Island,  census  in 302 

Rhode  Island  slave-trade  abolished    .  .  .    304 

Rhode  Island  for  independence 342 

Rhode  Island  sanctions  the  Declaration  .  352 
Rhode  Island  forbids  state  bills  of  credit,  374 

Rhode  Island,  scarcity  in 378 

Rhode  Island  suffering  for  food 379 

Rhode  Island  relieved  from  tax 379 

Rhode  Island,  sale  of  slaves  forbidden  .  .    S--5 

Rhode  Island,  bills  of  credit  in 391 

Rhode  Island  refuses  Congress 406 

Rhode  Island  lays  a  tariff 403 

Rhode  Island,  ad  valorem  duties  by  ...  411 
Rhode  Island  passes  copyright  law  .  .  .  412 
Rhode  Island  rejects  linp'ost  Act 414 


INDEX. 


799 


Rhode  Island,  slavery  abolished  in  ...  415 
Rhode  Island  lays  import  duty  .....  419 

Rhode  Islaud,  tariff  laid 420 

Rhode  Island  accords  tariff  to  Congress  .  422 
Rhode  Island  forbids  slave-trade  .  .  .  ,  .  434 
Rhode  Island  avoided  by  Washington  .  .  443 
Rhode  Islaud  considers  the  Constitution  .  413 
Rhode  Island  accepts  Constitution  .  .  .  .  445 
Rhode  Island  appoints  delegates  to  Hart- 
ford convention 530 

Rhode  Island,  geological  survey  of  ...  584 
Rhode  Island  accepts  Constitution  ....  589 

Rhode  Island  laws  revised 612 

Rice  raised  in  Virginia 86 

Rice  made  an  "  enumerated  "  article  .   .   .    175 
Rice  made  a  legal  tender  in  South  Caro- 
lina     104 

Rich  assessed  for  poor  in  New  Orleans    .    6:>1 

Richmond,  Virginia,  settled 225 

Richmond  burned 396 

Richmond  evacuated 400 

Richmond  Inquirer  published 494 

Richmond,  Kentucky,  battle  at 032 

Richmond,  Virginia,  evacuated 654 

Rifled  cannon,  steel,  made 622 

Right  of  suffrage  in  Pennsylvania  ....  169 
Right  of  suffrage  in  ilhode  Island  ....  196 

Right  of  suffrage  in  Connecticut 544 

Rio  Grande,  army  ordered  to  left  bank  of,    594 

Riot  act  iu  Massachusetts 426 

Riot  against  Abolitionists  in  New  York  .    572 

Riots,  draft,  in  New  York 640 

Roads,  appropriations  for 4S9 

Roanoke,  landed  at 18 

Roanoke  colony  lost 19 

Roanoko  colony  returns 19 

Rounoke,  second  colony  at 19 

Roanoke  Island,  colony  at 19 

Roanoke  Island,  battle  at 625 

Robinson,  Charles,  governor  of  Kansas  .  609 
Robinson,  governor  of  Kansas,  arrested 

for  treason 609 

Robinson,    governor    of    Kansas,    nolle 

proseqm  entered  on  his  case  ....    613 
Roche,  Marquis  de  la,  commission  to  con- 
quer Canada  .. 19 

Rochester,  New  York,  mill  at 507 

Rochester  settled 508 

Rochester,    New    York,    first   flour   ex- 
ported   531 

Rocky    Mountain    Gold    Reporter    pub- 
lished at  Mountain  City 616 

Rogers,     Moses,    commands    steamship 

Savannah 547 

Rolling-mill  in  Pennsylvania 229 

Rome,  Georgia,  captured 644 

Rope  made  in  Charlestown,  Massachu- 
setts   108 

Rope-walk  in  Boston 75 

Rope-walk  in  New  York  city 189 

Rose,  Ernestine  I,.,  lectures 575 

Rosecrans,  General,  given  army  of  Ken- 
tucky     634 

Roseeraus,  General,  drives   Confederate 

government  from  Tennessee 641 

Rosecraus,  General,  relieved 641 

Rowley,  Massachusetts,  settled 62 

Royal  commission  for  New  England  re- 
ported   140 

Royal  instructions  adopted 286 

Rum,  duty  on,  iu  Maryland 185 

Rumseian  Society  formed 436 

Rumscy,  James.  (See  Steamboat) ....  414 
Rush,  ' Richard,  secures  the  legacy  of 

Smithson 583 

Russell's  Echo  published  in  Maine  ....  473 
Russell,  John,  makes  first  table-cutlery  .  671 
Russia,  Empress  of,  offers  mediation  .  .  .  397 
Russia  and  United  States,  treaty  between,  553 
Rutger's  College,  in  New  Jersey, 

founded 288 

Rye  raised  iu  Massachusetts  .......     49 


S. 

Sabine  Cross  Roads,  battle  at 643 

Sackett's  Harbor  attacked 521 

Saco,  Maine,  attacked  by  Indians    ....    128 

Sag  Harbor,  stores  destroyed  at 303 

Sail-cloth  made  in  New  London 197 

Sail-cloth,  a  bounty  on,  in  Massachusetts  198 
Sail-cloth,  English-made,  ordered  ....  229 

Sail  duck  in  Massachusetts 439 

Sailors,  shipwrecked,  house  for 492 

St.  Albans,  Vermont,  raid  at 619 

St.  Albans,  raiders,  claim  for,  abandoned  654 
St.  Augustine,  Ponce  de  Leon  lands  at  .  12 
St.  Augustine,  expedition  against  ....  172 
St.  Augustine,  expedition  against  ....  377 

St.  Domingo,  agent  sent  to 540 

St.  John's  captured 84 

St.  John's  captured 322 

St.  John's  captured 332 

St.  John's  College,  Maryland,  founded    .   415 
St.  John's,  name  changed  to  Prince  Ed- 
ward's Island 476 

St.  Juan  d'lllloa  captured  by  French  fleet   58-3 

St.  Louis  given  its  name 258 

St.  Louis  attacked 398 

St.  Louis,  circulation  in 494 

St.  Louis,  deepest  artesian  well  in  the 

world 606 

St.  Louis,  bridge  over  the  Mississippi  at .    696 

St.  Mark's  College  founded 669 

St.  Mary's  threatened 55 

Salary  paid  by  crown 292 

Salary  grab,  act  for 689 

Salary  grab  repealed 693 

Salaries  in  Rhode  Island 102 

Salem,  Massachusetts,  settlement  at ...     38 

Salem,  New  Jersey,  settled 129 

Salem,  general  court    of  Massachusetts 

called  at 202 

Salt,  price  of.  in  Albany 44 

Salt  exported  from  Virginia 50 

Salt  made  in  Massachusetts 57 

Salt  made  in  Massachusetts 71 

Salt  made  in  Delaware 77 

Salt  in  Massachusetts 86 

Salt  in  Massachusetts 89 

Salt  springs  in  New  York 99 

Salt,  duty  on,  in  New  Amsterdam  ....     99 

Salt,  price  in  Delaware 106 

Salt  in  New  Netherlands 108 

Salt  made  in  Massachusetts 124 

Salt  and  wine  were  made  subject  to  act  of 

1663 200 

Salt  in  Connecticut 229 

Salt,  Tortudas,  not  to  be  used 253 

Salt,  the  supply  of 363 

Salt,  duty  on,  repealed 502 

Salt  springs  found  by  boring 617 

Salt,  supply  of,  for  the  Northwest ....  517 
Salt  Lake  City  settled  hy  Mormons  .  .  .  598 

Salt- making  in  Virginia 27 

Salt-makin<f  in  Massachusetts 39 

Salt-making  iu  Massachusetts 371 

Salt-works  in  Virginia 44 

Salt-works  in  Massachusetts 97 

Salt-works  at  New  Amstel 103 

Salt-works  in  Pennsylvania 413 

Salt-works  in  New  York 434 

Salt-works  in  New  York 468 

Saltonstall,  Gordon,  governor  of  Connec- 
ticut   178 

Saltpetre  to  be  made  in  Massachusetts  .  74 
Saltpetre,  premium  on  in,  Maryland  .  .  .  337 
Salvage  corps  organized  in  New  York  .  .  609 

Sandemanians  at  Boston 260 

San  Francisco  named 573 

San  Francisco,  first  house  in 573 

San  Francisco,  mint  at     603 

San  Luis  de  Potosi,  Juarez  retreats  from    642 
Santa    Anna   heads    an    insurrection    in 
Mexico 552 


800 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


Santa  Anna  captures  Spanish  army    .  .  . 

Santa  Auna  president  of  Mexico     .... 

Santa  Anna  deposed 

Santa  Anna  banished  from  Mexico     .  .  . 

Santa  Anna  president  of  Mexico     .  .  .  . 

Santa  Anna  MBtabed 

Santa  Anna  president  of  Mexico     .... 

Santa  Anna  abdicates  in  Mexico 

Saratoga  attacked  by  Indians 

Savage's  station,  Virginia,  battle  at  ... 

Savannah,  Georgia,  settled 

Savannah,  colony  at 

Savannah,  Georgia,  Methodist  society  at 

Savannah,  orphan  house  in 

Savannah,  Georgia,  printing-press  at    .  . 

Savannah  captured 

Savannah  assaulted 

Savannah,  expedition  to 

Savannah,  battle  near 

Savannah  evacuated 

Savannah  occupied 

Savannah,  peace  resolutions  at 

Saving  fund  society  at  Philadelphia  .  .  . 

Saw-mill  in  Delaware 

Saw-mill  to  New  England 

Saw-mill  in  Maine 

Saw-mill  at  Scituate 

Saw-mill  in  Connecticut 

Saw-mill  in  New  York 

Saw-mills  in  Maine 

.Saws  made     

Saybrook  platform  approved  by  Connec- 
ticut  

Scalps,  Indian,  premium  for,  in  Carolina 

Schenectady,  New  York,  settled 

Schenectady,  New  York,  attacked  by  In- 
dians   

Schotield,  John  M.,  nominated  secretary 
of  war 

School  in  Massachusetts 

School  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island  .... 

Schools  in  Massachusetts 

Schools  in  Maryland 

School  fund  in  New  York 

Schools  to  teach  culture  of  silk  in  Penn- 
sylvania   

Schools,  lands  in  Michigan  reserved  for  . 

Schools  for  idiots 

Sciota  Gazette  published 

Scituate,  saw-mill  at 

Scituate,  Massachusetts,  plundered  by 
British 

Scott,  Winfleld,  at  battle  of  Chippeway  . 

Scott,  General,  enters  Jalapa 

Scott,  General,  captures  city  of  Mexico    . 

"Scourge  of  Aristocracy  "published     .  . 

Screw  propeller 

Sea  Island  cotton  in  South  Carolina  .  .  . 

Sea  Island  cotton,  crop  of 

Sea-coast  towns  prepare  to  defend  them- 
selves   

Seal  of  United  States 

Sealed  ballots  in  election 

Seamen,  regulated  by  Congress 

Seamen,  act  for  the  benefit  of 

Seamen,  impressed,  restored 

Seamen,  impressed,  returned  to  the  Ches- 
apeake  

Seamen,  impressed,  cases  of 

Seamen,  only  Americans  to  be  employed 
as 

Secession  ordinance  passed  by  South 
Carolina 

Secession  ordinances  passed  by  states  .  . 

Secessionville,  battle  at 

Second  administration 

Second  administration 

Sects  allowed  to  support  their  own  clergy 
in  Connecticut  and  New  Hampshire  . 

Sect*  allowed  to  support  their  own  min- 
isters in  MaMMBOMtta 

Securities  of  United  States  free  of  tax  .  . 


561  Sedition  act,  trials  under 470 

5'JO  Sedition  act,  resolutions  against -17;') 

591  Selectmen  In  Massachusetts 85 

592  Selectmen,  term  first  used 87 

596  Sclraa,  Alabama,  captured 05  > 

599  Seminary,  Transylvania,  incorporate;!  .   .  110 

605  Seminole  war  ended ">4.{ 

607  Seminole  war  began 57j 

228  Seminole  war  ended .>.: 

629  Seminole  war,  cost  of 588 

212  Scminoles  given  Florida !7>> 

218  Senate,  sessions  to  be  public 44'J 

219  Senate,  proceedings  made  public 45J 

223  Senate  expels  a  member 470 

259  Senate  censures  president  for  removing 

378            the  deposits 571 

385  Senate  "  expunges  "  resolution  of  censure 

:;-;;            on  President     571 

405  Senate  committee  reported  favorably  to 

406  bank 571 

651  Senate  elect  Vice-President 581 

651  Senate  adopts  slavery  amendment  ....  tH-i 

536  Seneca  Falls,  New  York,  woman's  rights 

10            meeting  at 599 

38  Separatists  settle  in  Ohio £» 

52  Servants,  indentured,  set  free 43 

102  Servants,  indentured,  made  free,  on  enlist- 

121            ment,  in  Pennsylvania 223 

461  Servitude,     involuntary,     abolished     in 

137            Rhode  Island 97 

487  Seventh  administration 578 

Seven  Pines,  battle  at 'Us 

178  Sewing-machine  patented ;>7 

254  Sewing-machine,  patent  for :>-•-.> 

107  Sewing-machines  patented 51M 

Shaker  society 453 

151  Shakers,  sect  of,  founded 395 

Shannon,  the,  captures  the  Chesapeake    .  521 

671  Shays,  Daniel,  insurrection  in  Massachu- 

61            setts 428 

68  Shays'  insurrection  suppressed 428 

92  Sheep  in  Massachusetts 49 

195  Sheep  exempted  from  taxation  in  Con- 

496            necticut 106 

Sheep,  pasturage  for,  in  Connecticut ...  124 

566  Sheep,  export  of,  forbidden 244 

579  Sheep-raising,  order  concerning 102 

599 .  Shenandoah  Valley,  Confederates  in  ...  646 

489  Sheridan,  General,  removed 670 

102  Sherman,  General,  sets  out  from  Vicks- 

burg 642 

526  Sherman,  General,  begins  Atlanta  cam- 

526             paign 644 

597  Sherman  begins  his  march 650 

598  Sherman,  march  through  Carolinas  .  .  .  651 

467  Sherman,  General,  ends  march  to  the  sea  Gj3 

501  Shiloh,  battle  at C27 

435  Ship  built  at  Marblehead 57 

446  Ship  from  New  York  to  China 413 

Ship-carpenter  in  Plymouth 33 

528  Ship-builders  incorporated  in  Massachu- 

405             setts 81 

63  Ship-building  in  Connecticut 76 

445  Ship-building  in  New  England 77 

475  Ship-building  in  Massachusetts 121 

512  Shipping  to  New  England  prohibited   .  .  61 

Shipping  encouraged  in  England    ....  107 

515  Shipping  in  Massachusetts 118 

516  Shipping  of  Philadelphia 1S9 

Shipping,  increase  of,  complained  of .  .  .  1% 

519  Shipping  in  Connecticut 1148 

Ships  to  Massachusetts 53 

618  Ships  built  at  Boston 76 

618  Ships  of  Khode  Island  and  North  Caro- 

629            lina  exempted  from  duty 442 

468  Shirley,  William,  governor  of  Mussachu- 

483  setts 2H 

Shoe-pegs  invented 542 

203  Shoes,  prices  of 173 

Shoes,  price  of,  regulated  by  Rhode  Island  177 

511  I  Shoes  made  in  Lynn,  Massachusetts  .  .  .  235 

647  !  Shop  in  Boston 52- 


INDEX. 


801 


"  Short-horn  Herd-Book  "  published    .  .  505 

Short-horn  cattle,  sale  of 692 

Short,  Thomas,  printer  at  New  London   .  179 
Shreve,  H.'  M.,  breaks  up  monopoly  of 

river  navigation 536 

Shurtleff  College,  Alton,  Illinois,  begun  .  575 
Shute,  Samuel,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts    187 

Sidney  made  a  free  port 560 

Signal  Service  Bureau,  meteorological  ob- 
servations given  to 603 

Signal  Service  stations  at  light-houses  .  .  689 

Silk  raising  in  Virginia 28 

Silk,  culture  of,  in  New  Netherlands  ...  103 

Silk  culture  in  Virginia 119 

Silk  culture  in  Louisiana .  188 

Silk  in  Pennsylvania 215 

Silk,  bounty  in  Georgia  for  reeling    .  .  .  234 
Silk  free  ol  duty  from  Georgia  and  Car- 
olina    234 

Silk  filature  in  Philadelphia 230 

Silk  culture  in  Georgia 236 

Silk  from  South  Carolina 246 

Silk  filature  at  Savannah 251 

Silk  culture,  experiments  on,  by  President 

Stiles 251 

Silk  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island 251 

Silk-throwsters 271 

Silk  filature  in  South  Carolina 273 

Silk  factory  in  Boston .  .  .  28C 

Silk,  premium  for  piece  of,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania       286 

Silk,  premiums  on 292 

Silk  machinery,  export  forbidden  in  Eng- 
land    305 

Silk,  premium  on,  in  Connecticut    ....  409 

Silk  manufacture  in  Connecticut 435 

Silk  raising  in  Connecticut 446 

Silk,  report  on,  printed  by  Congress  .  .  .  559 
Silk  culture,  premiums  by  a  society  in 

Pennsylvania 560 

Silk  culture,  manual  on,  in    Massachu- 
setts    565 

Silk,  culture  of,  promoted  by  Pennsyl- 
vania       566 

Silk,  bounty  on,  in  Massachusetts,  Maine, 

and  New  Jersey 577 

Silk,  report  to  Congress  on  culture  of  .  .  682 

Silk,  bounty  on,  in  Pennsylvania 582 

Silk,  national  society  organized  at  Balti- 
more       583 

Silver  mine  in  North  Carolina  opened  .  .  578 
Simsbury,    Connecticut,     copper    mines 

worked 177 

Sinking  fund,  appropriation  for 537 

Sir  Edmund  Andros,  his  government  in 

New  Kngland 145 

Sirius  crosses  the  Atlantic  by  steam  .  .  .  582 

Six  Nations,  treaty  with 415 

Sixth  administration 500 

Sixth  Massachusetts  mobbed  in  Baltimore  621 

Slate  quarries  in  the  United  States     .  .  .  557 

Slave  trade  to  West  Indies  begun   ....  17 

Slave  trade  thrown  open 237 

Slave  trade,  bill  to  suppress,  in  Massachu- 
setts    276 

Slave  trade  suppressed  in  Massachusetts  300 

Slave  trade  abolished  in  Rhode  Island  .  .  304 

Slave  trade  forbidden  by  Rhode  Island    .  434 

Slave  trade  prohibited  ..........  489 

Slave  trade  prohibited 500 

Slave  trade  abolished  by  Congress  ....  542 

Slave  trade  suppressed 545 

Slave  trade  in  District  of  Columbia  abol- 
ished       602 

Slave,  fugitive,  law  passed  by  Congress  .  602 

Slave  laws  in  Kansas 608 

Slave  law,  fugitive,  repealed 646 

Slavery  in  Virginia 27 

Slavery  in  New  York 87 

Slavery  in  Maryland 113 

Slavery  in  Virginia 121 

51 


Slavery  of  Indians 130 

Slavery  in  Virginia 137 

Slavery  in  Virginia 176 

Slavery  of  the  Indians     182 

Slavery  insurrection  in  New  York  ....  182 

Slavery  in  Louisiana 182 

Slavery  in  South  Carolina 182 

Slavery  forbidden  in  Georgia 217 

Slavery  introduced  into  Georgia 234 

Slavery  in  South  Carolina 237 

Slavery  abolished  in  Massachusetts   .  .  .  283 

Slavery,  Lord  Mansfield's  decision  ....  290 

Slavery  abolished  in  Rhode  Island    .  .  .  299 

Slavery  in  Rhode  Island 332 

Slavery  abolished  in  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  380 
Slavery  abolished  in  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  386 
Slavery  abolished  in  Massachusetts  .  .  .  402 
Slavery  abolished  in  Connecticut  ....  415 
Slavery  abolished  in  Rhode  Island  ....  415 
Slavery,  Presbyterian  Church  on  aboli- 
tion of 437 

Slavery,  Quakers'  petition  concerning  .  .  444 

Slavery,  Congress  resolves  concerning    .  444 

Slavery,  petitions  for  its  abolition  ....  454 

Slavery,  convention  for  the  abolition  of  .  459 

Slavery  abolished  in  New  York 478 

Slavery  abolished  in  New  Jersey    ....  493 

Slavery  abolished  in  New  York 538 

Slavery,  laws  concerning,  in  Mississippi .  538 
Slavery,  meetings  against  its  introduction 

west  of  the  Mississippi 547 

Slavery  west  of  the  Mississippi,  states 

voting  its  prohibition 54S 

Slavery  abolished  in  Mexico  .......  554 

Slavery  abolished  in  New  York 558 

Slavery,  petition  for  the  abolition  of,  from 

District  of  Columbia 560 

Slavery,    Governor  McDuffie,   of    South 

Carolina,  on 574 

Slavery,  Congress  resolved  it  had  no  au- 
thority to  interfere  with 575 

Slavery  in  District  of  Columbia,  petitions 

for  its  abolition 575 

Slavery,  petitions  for  its  abolition  in  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  to  be  laid  on  table  .  583 
Slavery,  resolutions  by  Joshua  Giddings  588 
Slavery,  abolition  of,  advocated  by  Cas- 

sius  M.  Clay 593 

Slavery,    petition     from    New    Mexico 

against,  in  that  territory 600 

Slavery,  President  Pierce  hopes  it  is  set- 
tled      605 

Slavery,  societies  to  prevent,  and  to  aid 

its  introduction  into  Kansas 606 

Slavery,  Dred  Scott  decision  by  Supreme 

Court 612 

Slavery,  laws  on,  in  Lecompton  constitu- 
tion    614 

Slavery  forbidden  in  Nebraska 619 

Slavery  abolished  in  District  of  Columbia  627 

Slavery  abolished  by  Cherokee  nation  .  .  636 

Slavery  abolished  by  Missouri 640 

Slavery  abolished  in  Louisiana 643 

Slavery  abolished  by  Maryland 646 

Slavery,  abolition  of,  resolved  by  House  .  646 

Slavery  abolished  in  Louisiana 648 

Slavery  abolished  in  Missouri 651 

Slavery,  amendment    abolishing,  in  the 

House 652 

Slavery  abolished  by  Mississippi    ....  659 

Slavery  abolished  by  South  Carolina  ...  659 

Slavery  abolished  by  Alabama 659 

Slavery  abolished  by  Georgia 660 

Slavery  abolished  by  North  Carolina    .  .  660 

Slavery,  abolition  of,  officially  announced  660 

Slavery  abolished  by  Florida 6(50 

Slavery  abolished  by  Texas 602 

Slavery  abolished  by  Virginia 677 

Slaves  imported  into  New  York 37 

Slaves  in  Pennsylvania 168 

Slaves  to  be  landed  yearly 183 

Slaves,  duty  on,  forbidden 211 


802 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Slaves,  insurrection  in  New  York  city     .  224 

Slaves  not  to  be  taught  in  Georgia  ...  285 
Slaves  in  North  Carolina  freed  only  with 

consent  of  county  court 3t 

Slaves  enlisted  in  Rhode  Island 371 

Slaves  forbidden  imported  in  Virginia  .  .  371 

Slaves  set  free  in  Massachusetts 372 

Slaves,  importation  forbidden  by  Mary- 
land  •  •  *" 

Slaves,  duty  on,  in  North  Carolina  ....  423 

Slaves  emancipated  by  Quakers 435 

Slaves  contraband  of  war 6, 

Slaves,  fugitive,  army  not  to  restore  ...  627 
Slaves  armed  by  the  Confederate  con- 

CT088       •••••••••••••**•     653 

Slaves,  conditionjOf,  defined 656 

Sloop     Liberty     seized     at     Newport, 

Rhode  Island 278 

Sloop  Liberty  sunk 282 

Sloops  of  war  ordered 518 

Smnll-pox  in  Rhode  Island H 

Small-pox  in  Massachusetts 192 

Smith,  John,  exploring  voyage 25 

Smith,  Mormon  leader,  killed  by  a  mob   .   591 

Smith-on,  James,  leaves  legacy 583 

Smithsonian  Institution  founded    ....   583 

Smithsonian  Institute  founded 596 

Smithsonian  Institute,  library  burned  .  .  651 
Society  Library  at  New  York  founded  .  .  243 
Society  for  promotion  of  arts  at  New 

York  city 260 

Society   to   encourage  manufactures    in 

New  York 271 

Society  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture  .  417 
Society  for  encouragement  of  arts  in 

Pennsylvania 428 

Society  for  promoting  useful  arts  ....  455 
Society  for  encouraging  manufactures  .  .  501 
Society  of  mechanics  in  Connecticut .  .  .  602 
Society  for  the  prevention  of  pauperism 

at  New  York 536 

Society  for  the  encouragement  of  Ameri- 
can manufactures  in  New  York    .  .  .   539 
Society  for  the  promotion  of  public  econ- 
omy in  Philadelphia 539 

Saciety  for  the  prevention  of  pauperism 

in  New  York 541 

Society  to   reform  juvenile   delinquents 

formed  in  New  York 554 

Society  for  the  promotion  of  manufac- 
tures in  New  England    . 556 

Society  for  the  promotion  of  manufac- 
tures in  Philadelphia 558 

Soxsiety  to  promote  silk  culture  in  Penn- 
sylvania offer  premiums  .......   560 

Society  lor  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Ani- 
mals   652 

SoJdiers  from  England  arrived  .....  248 
Soldiers  to  be  clothed  by  colonies  ....  348 
Soldiers,  treasury  notes  to........  410 

Soldiers  demand  their  pay 411 

Soldiers,  furloughs  granted  to 411 

Soldiers  of  the  Revolution,  act  for  relief  of  541 

Somerville,  Kentucky,  battle  at 637 

Son,  double  share  of  eldest 204 

Sons  of  Liberty,  origin  of  term 264 

Sons  of  Liberty 270 

Boto,  Ferdinand  dc,  visits  Florida  ....     16 

Soup-kitchen*  in  the  chief  cities 604 

South  America,  commissioners  to  ....  640 
South  American  republics,  independence 

of,  recognized  by  Congress 551 

South  Mountain,  Maryland,  battle  at    .  .   632 

South,  relief  for  the  destitute  in 668 

South,  report  on  condition  of 686 

Southampton,  Long  Island,  settled  ...  69 
Southern  department,  Gates  in  command  391 
"Southern  Agriculturist"  published  in 

Charleston     559 

Southern  ports  blockaded 020 

South  Carolina,  first  settlement  in  ....  123 
South  Carolina,  assembly  in  .......  128 


South  Carolina,  cotton  and  indigo  there  .  138 

South  Carolina,  machines  in 155 

South  Carolina,  cotton  in 171 

South  Carolina,  Church  of  England  es- 
tablished in 177 

South  Carolina,  slave  code  In 182 

South  Carolina  creates  a  bank  of  bills  of 

credit 182 

South  Carolina,  expedition   against  the 

Indians 183 

South  Carolina,  Indian  war  in 185 

South  Carolina,  bills  of  credit 186 

South  Carolina,  parishes  made  election 

districts 186 

South  Carolina,  appeals  against  propri- 
etors      : 187 

South  Carolina  declared  the  proprietary 

rights  forfeited 190 

South  Carolina,  revolution  confirmed    .  .  192 

South  Carolina,  rice  a  legal  tender  in    .  .  194 

South  Carolina  forbidden  bills  of  credit  .  194 

South  Carolina  coins  pence 195 

South  Carolina,  salt-making  encouraged  .  198 
South   Carolina    council   vetoes  bills  of 

credit 199 

South  Carolina  planters   refused  to  pay 

taxes 200 

South  Carolina,  condition  of 202 

South  Carolina,  printing-press  in    ....  204 

South  Carolina,  cotton  in 208 

South  Carolina,  bills  of  credit  issued    .  .  208 

South  Carolina  coined  pence 214 

South  Carolina  demands  return  of  run- 
away slaves 220 

South  Carolina,  cotton  in 221 

South  Carolina  attacks  Florida 223 

South  Carolina  exports  indigo 230 

South  Carolina  cotton  shipped  to  England  232 

South  Carolina,  Quakers  in 237 

South  Carolina,  slave  code  revised  ....  237 

South  Carolina  exports  indigo 250 

South  Carolina  elects  delegates 266 

South  Carolina,  silk  filature  in 273 

South  Carolina  refuses  quarters  for  troops  285 
South  Carolina,  committee  of  correspond- 
ence in 295 

South  Carolina  for  Congress 306 

South  Carolina  fosters  manufactures     .  .  335 

South  Carolina  against  independence    .  .  340 

South  Carolina  sanctions  declaration     .  .  353 

South  Carolina  constitution  amended    .  .  372 
South  Carolina   assumes  tax  of  Rhode 

Island 379 

South  Carolina,  copyright  law  in    ....  415 
South  Carolina,  law  classing  actors   as 

vagrants 434 

South  Carolina  accepts  constitution  .   .  .  436 

South  Carolina,  constitution  of 445 

South  Carolina  forbids  emancipation     .  .  481 

South  Carolina  College  founded 4S(3 

South    Carolina   repeals   prohibition    of 

slave  trade 493 

South  Carolina  protests  against  the  tariff  501 

South  Carolina,  nullification  in 5(57 

South  Carolina  repeals  nullification  ordi- 
nance   568 

South  Carolina  passes  the  secession  ordi- 
nance     ' 618 

South  Carolina  abolishes  slavery    ....  659 

South  Carolina  admitted  to  representation  C7i 

South  Carolina,  bands  ordered  to  disperse  685 

Sovereigns  of  Industry  organized  ....  692 
Spain    protests    against    cruisers    from 

United  States 535 

Spain,  treaty  with 544 

Spaniards   refuse   demand   for  runaway 

slaves 220 

Spaniards,  enslaved,  returned  by  Rhode 

Island 229 

Spaniards  evacuate  East  Florida 520 

Spaniards  expelled  from  Mexico     ....  559 

Spaniards  invade  Mexico 561 


INDEX. 


803 


Spanish  possessions,  foreigners  forbidden 

to  visit 156 

Spanish  ports  opened  to  trade 285 

Spanish  American  republics,  petition  re- 
fused      540 

Spanish  army  invading  Mexico  captured 

by  Santa  Anna 561 

Spanish  fort  evacuated 654 

Specie  circulation  in  Massachusetts   .  .  .  237 

Specie  payments  suspended  in  England   .  510 

Specie  in  banks 512 

Specie    payments    suspended  in   Phila- 
delphia      527 

Specie  payments  voted  by  Congress  ...  535 

Specie  payments  resumed 537 

Specie  circular  issued  by  treasury  ....  578 

Specie  circular  repealed 582 

Specie    payments    suspended   in    Phila- 
delphia      585 

Specie    payments    suspended  in   Phila- 
delphia      586 

Specie  payments  suspended 613 

Specie  payments  suspended 624 

Specie  payments,  act  for  resumption  of    .  697 

Specie  payments,  bill  for,  in  New  York   .  698 
Spinning   ordered   by  general   court   of 

Massachusetts 102 

Spinning-jenny  in  Philadelphia 324 

Spinning-jenny  in  Providence 429 

Spinning-machines  in  Massachusetts  .  .  .  424 

Spinning-school  in  Boston,  Massachusetts  209 

Spinning-school  in  Boston 219 

Spinning-school  in  Massachusetts  ....  257 

Spinning-schools  established 191 

Spinning-schools  in  Massachusetts   .  .  .  241 
Spirit  of  the  Times  published  in  New 

York 564 

Spirit-rapping,  first  manifestation  of ...  599 

Spirits,  duty  on,  in  Virginia,  repealed  .  .  195 

Spirits  forbidden  in  Maine 602 

Spottsylvania,  battle  of 644 

Springfield,  Massachusetts,  settled  ....  53 

Springfield  Republican  published   ....  598 

Springfield,  Missouri,  battle  of 636 

Spy,  Massachusetts,  published  in  Boston,  286 
Spy,  Western,  published   at   Hamilton, 

Ohio. 477 

Stage-coach  between  Halifax  and  Annap- 
olis      560 

Stages  between  Boston  and  New  York  .  .  211 

Stages  from  Boston  to  Newport 218 

Stamp  Act  resolved  on  in  Parliament   .  .  260 

Stamp  Act  imposed 263 

Stamp  Act  repealed 272 

Stun  dish,  Miles,  one  of  the  Associates  .  .  37 

Stanton,  E.  M.,  secretary  of  war 624 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.,  resignation  requested  670 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.,  report  on  removal  of  670 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.,  Senate  sustains  .  .  .  670 

Stauton,  Edwin  M..  retires  from  office  .  .  672 

Star,  Eastern,  published 466 

"Star-spangled  Banner"  first  sung    ...  529 

Star  of  the  West  fired  on 619 

State  bills  received  for  loan  certificates    .  362 

State  debts  assumed  by  United  States  .  .  444 

State  Bank  in  New  York 490 

State  library  formed  at  Indianapolis  .  .  .  555 

State  library  at  Annapolis,  Maryland    .  .  558 
State  laws  extended  in  Georgia  to  Indian 

territory 561 

State  prisoners  released 634 

States  called  on  for  quotas 384 

States  called  on  for  quotas 3S6 

States  appealed  to 389 

States  appealed  to  for  quotas 389 

States  to  modify  their  cessions  of  land    .  426 

States  accepted  the  Constitution 431 

States  express  opinions  concerning  nulli- 
fication      567 

States,  insurrectionary,  governments  for  666 

Staten  Island,  British  army  in 391 

Steam  navigation,  monopoly  of 490 


Steam  ferry-boats  designed  by  Fulton  .  .  511 

Steam  ferry-boat  in  New  York 521 

Steam  paper-mill,  first,  at  Pittsburg  .  .  .  634 
Steam  introduced  into  the  mint  at  Phila- 
delphia      576 

Steam  fire-engine  in  Cincinnati 605 

Steamboat  on  the  Potomac 422 

Steamboat  on  the  Delaware 424 

Steamboat  on  Delaware  by  John  Fitch  .  .  430 

Steamboat  on  the  Potomac 435 

Steamboat,  first  western 511 

Steamboat    Enterprise    ascends   Missis- 
sippi    536 

Steamboats,  number  of 511 

Steam-engine  in  New  Jersey 228 

Steam-engine  in  Philadelphia 298 

Steam-engine,  model  of 424 

Steam-engine,  high-pressure 477 

Steam-engine,  high-pressure 485 

Steam-engine  for  boat 492 

Steam-engines  built  by  Oliver  Evans    .  .  512 

Steamer  launched  at  Cincinnati 546 

Steamers,  line  of,  to  England 601 

Steam-packet 448 

Steam-plough  patented 616 

Steam-propeller  built 495 

Steamship  Savannah  crosses  the  ocean  .  .  546 
Steel,  first  experiments  with  Bessemer 

?rocess  of  making 611 

,  iron  made  into 621 

Steel  rifled  cannon  made 622 

Steel-making,  monopoly  of,  in  Connecti- 
cut       201 

Stevens,  John,  advocates  railways  ....  517 
Stevens,  John,  contracts  to  build  railroad 

in  Pennsylvania 552 

Stiles,  President,  on  silk  culture 251 

Stone  River,  Tennessee,  battle  of  ....  635 

Stone  River,  second  battle  of .......  635 

Stonington  settled = 92 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  bombarded  by 

British  fleet 527 

Stony  Point  captured 382 

Strangers  not  to  be  entertained  in  Massa- 
chusetts    58 

Straw  bonnets  braided 473 

Strickland,  William,   engineer    of  Dela- 
ware breakwater 561 

Strikes  for  eight  hours 690 

Stuyvesant,   Petrus,   governor   of  New 

Amsterdam 80 

Stuyvesant  issues  proclamation  against 

conventicles 101 

Stuyvesant  against  Quakers 101 

Sub-treasury  organized 585 

Sub-treasury  repealed 587 

Sub-treasury  re-established 595,  596 

Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts,  resolu- 
tions by 311 

Suffolk  Bank  system  introduced 554 

Suffrage,  law  of,  in  Virginia 103 

Suffrage  in  Virginia 124 

Suffrage  in  Pennsylvania 139 

Suffrage  in  Rhode  Island 145 

Suffrage,  right  of,  in  New  Jersey    ....  171 

Suffrage  in  Vermont 420 

Suffrage,  woman's,  first  national  conven- 
tion     602 

Suffrage,  restrictions  on,  in  the  states    .  .  601 

Suffrage,  right  of,  in  District  of  Columbia  665 

Suffrage  in  the  territories  regulated   ...  660 

Suffrage  in  Ohio,  extension  of,  rejected    .  668 

Suffrage  granted  to  women  in  Wyoming  .  680 

Suffrage  granted  to  women  in  Utah  .  .  .  680 

Sugar  made  in  Louisiana 467 

Suits  of  ejectment 289 

Suits  against  the  states 458 

Summary,  New  London,  published  ....  251 
Sumner,    Charles,    assaulted    in    Senate 

chamber 609 

Sun  published  in  New  York 568 

Sunday  Courier  published  in  New  York  .  555 


804 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


17; 


5:55 


001 


•411 


Sunday  Morning  News  published  in  New 

Sunday  MonTing  Atlas  published  in  New 
York 

Superintendent  of  finance 

Superior  court  in  Connecticut 

.Supplies  from  New  Hampshire 

Supplies  called  for  from  the  states  .... 

Supplies,  embezzlers  to  be  shot 

Supplies  called  for  . 

Supplies  seized  for  use     .  .  .  .  .  .  •  •  • 

Supreme  court  in  Pennsylvania  estab- 
lished   •.;•••••* 

Supreme  Court  declines  an  opinion  .  . ,  .  . 

Supreme  Court,  chief  justice  appointed  .  . 

Supreme  court  decides  case  of  Dart- 
month  College >  •  • 

Supreme  court  decides  against  steamboat 
monopoly ,*,'•• 

Supreme  Court  refuses  Indians  an  injunc- 
tion   •  •  • 

Supreme  Court  decides  against  Georgia  . 

Supreme  Court,  Dred  Scott  decision  by  . 

Supreme  Court  regulated    ......  .  . 

Surplus  revenue  to  be  deposited  with 
states  

Surveyors  of  ship-building 

Suspension  bridge  over  the  Ohio 

Susquehanna  Company 

Swanzey  attacked  by  Indians 

Sweden,  treaty  with •  •  • 

Synagogue  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island  .  . 

Synod  in  Massachusetts 

Synod  iq  New  England 

Synod  in  Massachusetts 

Synod  asked  for  in  Boston 

Synod,  Presbyterian 

Synod,  Presbyterian,  met 

Syracuse  settled 

Syracuse,  competition  of  mowers  and 
reapers  at 

Syren  captured  by  the  British 


T. 

Tack-making  machine  invented 517 

Tactics,  uniform  system,  introduced  .  .  .  373 

Talladega,  Creeks  defeated  at 523 

Taney,  Roger  B.,  made  secretary  of 

treasury 509 

Tanners  prohibited  in  New  York  ....  130 
Tapia,  Christoval  de,  sent  from  Spain  .  .  H 

Tariff  imposed  by  Rhode  Island 406 

Tariff  accorded  to  Congress  by  Rhode 

Island 422 

Tariff  imposed  by  Virginia 435 

Tariff  passed 442 

Tariff  bill  passed 534 

Tariff  revised 554 

Tariff  protested  against  by  Georgia  .  .  .  560 

Tariff  act  passed,  raising  duties 560 

Tariff,  Virginia  protests  against 561 

Tariff,  North  Carolina  protests  against  .  561 

Tariff,  Alabama  protests  against 561 

Tariff,  South  Carolina  protests  against  .  561 
Tariff,  merchants  in  Boston  protest 

against 561 

Tariff  convention  in  New  York 565 

Tariff  bill  passed,  reducing  duties  ....  668 

Tariff  passed,  raising  duties 588 

Tariff  act  for  revenue  passed 595 

Tariff,  Merrill,  passed 817 

Tauntou,  Massachusetts,  settled 60 

Taylor,  Zachary,  defends  Fort  Harrison  .  516 
Taylor,  General,  captures  Monterey, 

Mexico 696 

Taylor,  President,  died 601 

Tax  on  liquor  in  New  York 82 

Tax  on  beer  resisted  in  New  York  ....  84 

Tax  on  imports  partly  repealed 286 

Taxation,  protest  against,  at  Boston ...  261 


Taxation  of  salaries 289 

Taxation  recommended  by  Congress    .  .   369 

Taxation,  internal,  reduced 681 

Taxation  of  church  property  recommend- 
ed   699 

Taxes  to  be    laid  by  assembly  of  Vir- 
ginia       46 

Taxes  paid  in  produce 130 

Taxes  paid  in  produce  in  Massachusetts    191 

Taxes  allotted  among  the  states 379 

Taxes,  remission  of,  demanded  in  New 

Hampshire 426 

Taxes,  internal,  repealed 540 

Tea  to  be  exported 294 

Tea  to  the  colonies 295 

Tea  arrives  at  Boston 296 

Tea  destroyed  in  Boston 297 

Tea,  consignees  of,  in  Boston 299 

Tea  not  to  be  landed  in  New  York  ....  299 
Tea  not  to  be  landed  in  Charleston  ....  299 
Tea  in  Boston  spoken  of  by  king  ....  300 
Tea  sent  back  from  Portsmouth,  New 

Hampshire 306 

Tea  arrived  at  Annapolis,  Maryland  .  .  .    311 

Tea,  duty  on,  repealed 686 

Teachers  in  Massachusetts 86 

Tecumseh  killed 522 

Telegraph,   American  Electro-Magnetic, 

caveat  for,  issued 581 

Telegraph,  appropriation    for,  by   Con- 
gress     589 

Telegraph,  experimental  line  finished  .  .   590 

Telegraph  cable,  aid  for  laying 609 

Telegraph,  ocean,  despatches  received  by   613 

Telegraph,  Atlantic,  laid (565 

Telegraphic  despatches  seized 621 

Temporary  loan  certificates  issued  ....  t>73 
Tender,  legal,  act,  Supreme  Court  on  .  .  633 

Tennessee,  first  settlement  in 279 

Tennessee,  constitution  of 464 

Tennessee  admitted  to  Union 465 

Tennessee  restored  to  Union 664 

Tennessee,  suffrage  in fi<W 

Tenth  administration 600 

Tenure  of  civil  offices,  bill  to  regulate  .  .   6C7 

Tenure  of  office,  bill  to  regulate 676 

Territories,  suffrage  in,  regulated  ....   666 
Territory  on  the  Lakes  granted  by  the  In- 
dians      199 

Territory  between  the  Ohio  and  Tennes- 
see      279 

Territory  disputed  by  New  York  and  Mas- 
sachusetts decided 427 

Territory  from  France  divided 492 

Territory  of  Michigan  organized    ....   496 

Territory  of  Orleans  organized 4'JC 

Territory  of  Orleans  to  form  state  consti- 
tution   510 

Territory  ceded  by  Indians 536 

Territory  of  Mississippi  divided 538 

Texas,  military  posts  in 195 

Texas  rebels  against  Spain 535 

Texas,  first  American  settlement  in  ...  552 
Texas  declares  independence  of  Mexico  576 
Texas,  independence  of,  recognized  by 

Senate 580 

Texas  annexed  to  United  States 592 

Texas,  annexation  of,  protested  against   593 

Texas,  annexation  of,  completed 5!>3 

Texas  accepts  terms  of  annexation  .  .  .  593 
Texas,  military  force  stationed  on  border 

of  .  .  . 5M 

Texas,  boundaries  of,  settled 602 

Texas,  Confederates  in,  surrender  ....   657 

Texas  abolishes  slavery 662 

Texas,  constitution  submitted  to 676 

Texas  admitted  to  representation  ....    6S1 

Thanksgiving' appointed 43 

Theatre,  the  Boston,  opened 459 

Theatres  opened  in  various  towns  ....   240 

Theatres  opened 420 

Theatricals  forbidden  in  Pennsylvania  .  .   423 


INDEX. 


805 


Theatricals  permitted  in  Pennsylvania .  .  442 

Theodolite  invented 217 

Theological  Seminary  at  Andover  ....  504 

Third  administration 505 

Thirteenth  administration 617 

Thomas,  General,  given  command  ....  641 
Three  lower  counties  on  the  Delaware  dis- 
contented      148 

Three  southern   counties    seceded  from 

Pennsylvania 153 

Ticonderoga  attacked 251 

Ticonderoga  surrendered 253 

Ticonderoga  surrenders 322 

Ticonderoga  evacuated 364 

Ticonderoga  attacked 364 

Ticonderoga  besieged 367 

Tide-mill  in  Connecticut 298 

Timber-growing  on  the  prairies 690 

Timber-growing  on  prairies,  act  for  ...  693 

Time  Piece  published 468 

Tin-ware  made  in  Connecticut 285 

Tippecanoe,  battle  of 512 

Title  disputed  between  New  Hampshire 

and  Massachusetts 200 

Title  to  land 350 

Titles  to  western  lands  in  Pennsylvania  445 
Titusville,  Pennsylvania,  petroleum  ob- 
tained at 616 

Tobacco,  spade  used  in  culture  of  ....  24 

Tobacco  in  Virginia 26 

Tobacco,  culture  of,  restricted 34 

Tobacco,  its  culture  forbidden 41 

Tobacco,  public  use  forbidden 48 

Tobacco  the  currency  of  Maryland    ...  62 

Tobacco,  currency  in  Virginia 65 

Tobacco,    a   "  stint "   in    Virginia   peti- 
tioned for 137 

Toleration  demanded  in  Massachusetts    .  134 

Tonnage  duty  by  Congress 446 

Topeka,  Kansas,  convention  at 608 

Tories  disarmed 315 

Tories  to  be  disarmed 318 

Tories'  estates  confiscated  in  .Rhode  Is- 
land    332 

Tories  placed  under  inspection 348 

Tories,  sale  of  estates  of 382 

Tories  and  Indians  defeated 394 

Tories  settled  in  Nova  Scotia 410 

Tories'  property  confiscated 462 

Toronto,  Upper  Canada,  captured  ....  520 

Torpedoes 370 

Torped_oes,  reward  promised  inventors  of  518 

Town  jurisdiction  in  Connecticut   ....  64 

Town  jurisdiction  in  Plymouth 64 

Town  meetings  in  New  York 257 

Towns  regulated  in  Massachusetts    ...  56 

Towns  submit  to  Massachusetts 72 

Townsend,  Charles,  speech  in  Parliament  272 
Trade    between    New    Amsterdam   and 

Plymouth 36 

Trade  with  rebellious  colonies  forbidden  .  93 

Trade-sale  of  books 488 

Trade-dollar  created 688 

Trades  incorporated  in  Massachusetts  .  .  88 

Trades  incorporated  by  Philadelphia    .  .  189 

Trading-house  on  the  Counecticut ...»  50 

Trading-post  rifled 48 

Trading-station  rifled 50 

Trains,  fast  mail     699 

Transit  of  Venus  observed  at  Providence  282 

Transportation,  cost  of 416 

Transportation,  report  of  committee  on  .  694 

Transylvania  sends  delegate  to  Congress  330 

Transylvania  Seminary  incorporated    .  .  410 

Treason,  act  defining 475 

Treasurers  appointed  by  Congress  ....  329 

Treasury,  committee  for 339 

Treasury  reports  to  Congress 381 

Treasury  Board  reorganized 383 

Treasury,  payments  from 403 

Treasury  notes  to  soldiers 410 

Treasury  Board, 414 


Treasury,  money  paid  in  by  states  ....   429 

Treasury  Department  organized 442 

Treasury  notes  issued  by  Congress     .  .  .    514 

Treasury  notes  issued 519 

Treasury  notes  issued 525 

Treasury  notes  funded 532 

Treasury  notes  transferable 532 

Treasury  notes  issued  as  a  currency  .  .  .   532 

Treasury  notes  issued 532 

Treasury  notes  to  be  received  in  payment   682 

Treasury  notes  issued 585 

Treasury  notes  issued 595,  596 

Treasury  notes  issued 614 

Treasury  notes  issued 618 

Treasury  notes  receivable  for  dues  ....  623 
Treasury  notes,  issue  authorized  ....  651 
Treasury  notes,  conversion  extended  to 

banks 673 

Treaties  with  France 371 

Treaties  with  France,  news  of 374 

Treaties  with  the  Indians 422 

Treaty  of  colonies  with  Five  Nations  .  .  160 
Treaty  with  Indians  by  Oglethorpe  .  .  .  221 
Treaty  of  peace  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  .  .  .  .  232 

Treaty  with  the  Indians 250 

Treaty  of  Fontainebleau 257 

Treaty  signed  at  Paris 411 

Treaty  of  peace  received 412 

Treaty  ratified  by  Congress 412 

Treaty  with  Sweden •.  .  .  .   414 

Treaty  with  Six  Nations 415 

Treaty  with  the  Indians 417 

Treaty  with  Prussia 421 

Treaty  with  Algiers  purchased 459 

Treaty  with  England  printed 463 

Treaty  with  England  ratified 463 

Treaty  with  Spain 464 

Treaty,  correspondence   concerning,   re- 
fused     464 

Treaty  with  France 480 

Treaty  of  peace  signed 630 

Treaty  of  peace  arrives  at  New  York  .  .  .   531 

Treaty  of  peace,  terms  of 531 

Treaty  of  peace  ratified 531 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Algiers 533 

Treaty  made  with  Spain 544 

Treaty  with  England  ratified 545 

Treaty  between  Spain  and  Mexico  ....  550 
Treaty  between  France  and  the  United 

States 551 

Treaty  between  Russia  and  the  United 

States 553 

Treaty  between  Great   Britain   and   the 

United  States 559 

Treaty  between  Mexico  and  the  United 

States 564 

Treaty  between  France  and  the  United 

States 565 

Treaty  between  Russia  and  United  States,  506 
Treaty  between  Mexico  and  Texas  ....  577 

Treaty  with  Mexico 589 

Treaty  between  Mexico  and  the  United 

States 590 

Treaty  with  Texas  refused  by  Senate  .  .  590 
Treaty  with  Texas  made  by  Secretary  of 

State 590 

Treaty  between  England  and  the  United 

States 595 

Treaty  of  peace  'between    Mexico   and 

United  States 598 

Treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  United 

States 601 

Treaty  with  Japan 606 

Treaty  of  reciprocity  with  Great  Britain,    600 

Treaty,  reciprocity,  ratified 607 

Treaty  between  China  and  United  States  616 
Treaty  between  Japan  and  United  States  616 
Trent  boarded  by  Captain  Wilkes  ....  624 

Trenton,  New  Jersey,  settled 1; 

Trenton,  New  Jersey,  stone  quarry  opened    192 

Trenton,  congress  at 415 

Trespass  Act  void  in  New  York 426 


806 


ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA. 


Tri-cockade,  Frenchmen  to  wear 467 

Trinity  Church,  New  York  city " 

Trinity  College,  at  Hartford,  chartered  . 
Tripoli,  squadron  for    .......... 

Troops  from  Halifax  arrived  iu  Boston    . 

Troops  sent  to  Boston 

Troops  raised  by  Massachusetts  .... 
Troops  called  out  to  aid  Massachusetts  . 
Troup,  governor  of  Georgia,  threatens 

violence g 

Troy,  Hrst  house  in •.•,*•    ? 

True  Inspiration  Congregation  settled  .  .   687 
True  American  published  in  Lexington, 

Kentucky 593 

Trimibull,  John,  pictures  by &' 

Tryon,  Governor,  palace  for 270 

Turf  Magazine  published 641 

Turnpike  road  built 463,  4CO 

Turnpike  from  Cumberland  to  Wheeling, 

appropriation  for 645 

Tweed,  William  M.,  arrested 685 

Tweed,  W.  M.,  found  guilty 092 

Twelfth  administration 611 

Twenty-cent  pieces  coined 697 

Type-foundery  iu  Germantown 222 

Type-foundery  in  Boston 279 

Type-foundery  in  Connecticut 283 

Type-foundery  in  Philadelphia 326 

Type-foundery  in  Philadelphia 417 

Type-foundery  in  New  York 463 

Type-revolving  press  patented 697 


TJ. 

Una  published  at  Providence 604 

Unadilla  destroyed 377 

Union  of  the  colonies  suggested 164 

Union  of  colonies  suggested  .......  184 

Union  College  founded 462 

Union,  dissolution  of,  threatened    ....  610 

Union,  plot  to  divide,  in  New  England  .  .  613 
Union    Theological    Seminary  in    New 

York 576 

Union  Pacific  Railroad 630 

Union  Pacific  Railroad  completed   ....  676 

Uuitarianism  founded 492 

Unjted  colonies  of  New  England 78 

United  colonies,  war  with  Indians  ....  83 

United  colonies,  message  to  Quebec  ...  89 
United  colonies  of  New  England  fit  out  a 

cruiser 101 

United  Colonies,  the  Thirteen 330 

United  States  of  America  suggested  .  .  .  349 
United  States  frigate  captures   Macedo- 
nian    617 

United  States  Bank  organized 636 

United  States  exploring  expedition  sailed  583 

United  States  notes  receivable  for  duties  .  625 

United  States  notes,  issue  of 630 

United  States  notes,  limit  of 617 

United  States  notes,  amount  fixed  ....  695 

Universalism,  founder  of 299 

Universalist  Magazine  published    ....  546 

University  in  Mexico 17 

University  of  Pennsylvania 233 

University  of  Maryland  founded 415 

University  of  Georgia  organized 417 

University,  Nashville,  founded 420 

University  of  Vermont 450 

University  of  Virginia  opened 555 

University,   Wesleyau,    at    Middletown, 

opened '  555 

Upper  Canada,  population  of 514 

Upper  Alton.  Illinois,  Shurtleff  College  at  575 

Lsher,  Hezekiah,  bookseller 97 

Usher,  H.,  printer 125 

Utah  made  a  territory 601 

1  tali  Brants  suffrage  to  women    ...      .  680 

Utica,  New  York,  settled 

Utica  settled 

Utrecht  treaty  signed ,  ,  183 


V, 

Vaccination  introduced 380 

Vaccination  advocated 477 

Vaccination  practised 482 

Valley  Forge,  army  in  winter-quarters  at  370 

Van  Buren,  Arkansas,  captured 634 

Van  Rensselaer  wounded  at  Queenstown 

Heights 510 

Vane,  Sir  Henry,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts    60 

Vassar  College  at  Poughkeepsie 621 

Vaudreuil  de  Cavagnal,  governor  of  New 

France 249 

Venus,  transit  observed  at  Providence  .  .  2S2 

Vera  Cruz,  Cortez  lands  at 13 

Vera  Cruz,  charter  to 26 

Vera  Cruz  captured 597 

Vera  Cruz  besieged  by  Miramon 617 

Vera  Cruz  captured JK>4 

Vera  Cruz,  French  embark  from 668 

Vermont  seeks  to  enter  the  Union  ....  ;«H 

Vermont  applies  for  admission  to  Union  .  401 

Vermont  claims  admission 404 

Vermont,  iron  mine  in 418 

Vermont,  mint  in 419 

Vermont  constitution  amended 420 

Vermont,  suffrage  in 420 

Vermont  ratifies  constitution 450 

Vermont  admitted  to  Union 450 

Vermont  amends  her  constitution  ....  575 

Verplanck's  Point  captured 382 

Verplanck's  Point  evacuated 385 

Verrazzaui  visits  America 15 

Vespucius,  Americus,  voyages  of  ....  11 

Vessel  built  in  Massachusetts 49 

Vessel  built  in  Massachusetts 71 

Vessel  captured  by  Rhode  Island    ....  326 

Vessels  in  Pennsylvania 139 

Vessels,  American,  lawful  captures    .  .  .  46'J 

Vessels  built  by  voluntary  subscriptions  474 
Vessels  in  Connecticut  River  burned  by 

British 525 

Vesta,  first  steamboat  at  Cincinnati   ...  535 

Vestries  established  in  Virginia 75 

Vestries,  election  of,  in  Virginia 84 

Vicar,  apostolic,  appointed  by  Pope  ...  425 

Vice-admiralty  courts  in  colonies    ....  164 

Vice-President  elected  by  Senate    ....  581 

Vicksburg  bombarded 629 

Vicksburg,  siege  of,  abandoned 635 

Vicksburg  assaulted 638 

Vicksburg  invested 638 

Vicksburg  surrendered 640 

Vicksburg,    disturbers    ordered    to    dis- 
perse       696 

Victoria,  Guadalupe,  heads  an  insurrec- 
tion in  Mexico 552 

Vincennes,  Indiana,  settled  by  French  .  .  171 

Vineennes  captured 379 

Vines  planted  on  the  Delaware 74 

Vines  planted  in  New  York 74 

Vines  planted  in  South  Carolina 128 

Vineyard  in  Virginia 27 

Virginia,  origin  of  name 19 

Virginia,  instruction  for  government  of  .  22 

Virginia,  population  of 23 

Virginia,  supplies  to 24 

Virginia,  accessions  to 28 

Virginia,  written  constitution  for   ....  29 

Virginia  Company,  records  seized  ....  32 

Virginia,  proclamation  concerning     ...  35 

Virginia,  condition  of 3t5 

Virginia  divided  into  counties 52 

Virginia,  population  and  trade  of   ....  69 

Virginia,  monopolizers  denounced  ....  72 

Virginia,  Indian  war 81 

Virginia,  description  of DO 

Virginia,  Puritan  church  in 91 

Virginia,  right  to  impress  men  confirmed  92 

Virginia,  right  of  suffrage  to  freemen  .  .  103 

Virginia,  mulberry  trees  in 103 


INDEX. 


807 


Virginia,  laws  of 104 

Virginia,  assembly  assumes  command  .  .    106 
Virginia,  legislature  of,  encouraging  in- 
dustry   110 

Virginia,  laws  of Ill 

Virginia,  Quakers  in 113 

Virginia,  slavery  in 121 

Virginia  assigned  to  Culpepper  and  Ar- 
lington     127 

Virginia,  Bacon's  insurrection 129 

Virginia,  slavery  in 137 

Virginia  encourages  industry 138 

Virginia  encourages  manufactures  ....    142 

Virginia  assembly  dissolved 144 

Virginia,  discontent  in 148 

Virginia  proclaims  William  and  Mary  .  .    149 

Virginia,  college  chartered  in 154 

Virginia,  post-office  established  in  ....    158 

Virginia  aids  New  York 162 

Virginia,  manufacture  of  cloth  opposed 

m 165 

Virginia,  imports  of 165 

Virginia,  College  of  William  and  Mary    .    166 

Virginia,  religious  toleration  in 166 

Virginia  given  the  Earl  of  Orkney  ....    176 

Virginia  laws  revised 176 

Virginia,  slavery  in 176 

Virginia  laws  repealed  by  proclamation  .    187 

Virginia  repeals  duty  on  spirits 195 

Virginia  lays  duty  on  spirits 196 

Virginia  printing-press 203 

Virginia  laws  printed 203 

Virginia  vestries  to  elect  their  rectors  .  .   233 

Virginia,  cattle  in 235 

Virginia,  laws  of,  declared  void 239 

Virginia  complains  of  fees  for  land  grants   242 
Virginia  asks  aid  from  neighboring  col- 
onies      242 

Virginia,  lead  mines  in 244 

Virginia,  first  bills  of  credit  in 245 

Virginia,  duty  on  slaves 254 

Virginia  burgesses  adopt  resolutions    .  .   280 

Virginia,  slave  trade  in 292 

Virginia,  committee  of  correspondence  in   293 

Virginia  advises  manufactures 307 

Virginia  committee,  address  of 322 

Virginia  asks  the  governor  to  return     .  .    327 

Virginia  for  independence 341,  342 

Virginia  for  independence 343 

Virginia,  new  government  of 347 

Virginia,  bill  of  rights  of 347 

Virginia  divides  counties 356 

Virginia  constitution  revised 357 

Virginia,  import  of  slaves  forbidden     .  .   371 

Virginia  raided  in 381 

Virginia   and  North  Carolina  boundary 

marked 382 

Virginia,  bounties  in     394 

Virginia  cedes  territory 395 

Virginia  assembly,  members  captured  .  .   400 

Virginia  allowed  emancipation     407 

Virginia  forbids  forming  new  states  .  .  .   421 
Virginia  considers  the  formation  of  Ken- 
tucky     422 

Virginia,  religious  freedom  act  in   ....   422 
Virginia  sends  delegates  to  convention    .   427 

Virginia  imposes  a  tariff 435 

Virginia  accepts  constitution 437 

Virginia  acts  declared  void 455 

Virginia  laws  repealed  concerning  Episco- 
pal church 479 

Virginia  protests  against  the  tariff .....    521 
Virginia     legislature     resolves     against 

terms  proposed  for  peace 530 

Virginia   charters    the   Chesapeake   and 

Ohio  Canal 553 

Virginia  requests  South  Carolina  to  re- 
peal nullification  ordinance 567 

Virginia,  geological  survey  of 578 

Virginia,  constitution  submitted  to    ...   676 

Virginia  abolishes  slavery 677 

Virginia  admitted  to  representation  .  .  .   680 


Virginia,  state  board  of  health  in   ....  688 

Virginia,  Social  Freedom  Community  in  .  698 

Volunteer  system  abandoned 519 

Volunteers,  call  for 620 

Volunteers  called  for 641 

Volunteers  called  for 650 

Volunteers,  colored,  payment  to  owners 

of,  suspended 666 

Vote,  electoral,  counted  by  Congress     .  .  675 

Vote,  electoral ,  counted 688 


Wadeworth,  Captain  Joseph,  conceals  the 

charter 147 

Wages  fixed  in  Massachusetts 43 

Wages  regulated  in  Massachusetts  ...  49 
Wages,  regulation  of,  in  Massachusetts  .  69 

Wages,  rate  of,  in  New  York 84 

Wages  in  New  Jersey 134 

Wages  in  New  Jersey 142 

Wages  in  Philadelphia 148 

Waldo  patent  in  Massachusetts 511 

Walker,  Joseph,  invents  shoe-pegs    ...   542 
Walker,  William,  surrenders   at   Grey- 
town,  Nicaragua 614 

Wampum   not   receivable    for  taxes  in 

Massachusetts 95 

War  with  the  Indians 101 

War  between  England  and  France  and 

Spain 171 

War  declared  with  France  by  England  .  .   248 

War  declared  with  Spain 256 

War  between  England  and  France  ....  373 
War  declared  between  Spain  and  England  382 
War  declared  against  England  by  Holland  396 

War  declared  by  Algiers     421 

War  declared  against  Great  Britain  ...  514 
War  declared  by  France  against  Mexico  .  583 

War  with  Mexico  proclaimed 594 

War-ships,  French  and  English,  excluded  508 
Wareham,  Massachusetts,  plundered  by 

British 526 

Warehouse  bill  passed 596 

Warren,  Admiral,  declares  coast  block- 
aded   524 

Warwick,  Rhode  Island,  settled 78 

Warwick  surrenders  to  Massachusetts  .  .  79 
Washington  in  command  of  Virginia 

forces 248 

Washington  to  aid  Boston 307 

Washington,  George,  elected  commander- 

in-chief 326 

Washington  takes  command 327 

Washington's  life-guard 347 

Washington  has  the  declaration  read  to 

the  army 351 

Washington  in  Trenton 358 

Washington  at  Wilmington 366 

Washington  at  White  Plains 375 

Washington  College  founded 405 

Washington,  farewell  address 412 

Washington  returns  his  commission  to. 

Congress 412 

Washington  elected  President 439 

Washington  takes  oath  of  office 441 

Washington,  its  site  selected 450 

Washington's  second  term 454 

Washington,  buildings  at 466 

Washington's  farewell  address 467 

Washington  made  lieutenant-general    .  .    476 

Washington  died 479 

Washington  Federalist  published  ....  482 
Washington,  municipal  government  for  .  488 

Washington  captured 527 

Washington,  American  Colonization  So- 
ciety at 537 

Washington,  Columbian  Institute  at ...  537 
Washington,  National  Journal  published 

in 552 

Washington  Union  published 593 


808 


ANNALS  OE  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Washington  territory  created 

W:i<hui'.,rtoii,  review  of  armies  at    .  .  .  . 

Wa-hiii'-hon  Treaty  ratified 

Wa*|i,  the,  captures  the  Frolic 

AV;i>]>-  tin-,  captures  the  Reindeer    .... 

Waspi  the,  captures  the  Avon 

"Wasp,  the,  captures  the  Atalanta    .... 

Wai^ies  made  by  machinery 

Watchman  and  Reflector  published     .  .  . 

Waterbury,  Connecticut,  settled 

Waterbury,  Connecticut,  mill  in  ...  .  . 

Watertoira.  Massachusetts,  second  full- 
ing-mill built  «t 

Water  introduced  into  Boston 

Water-works  for  New  York  city 

WatiT-worka  for  Boston 

Weaving  in  Virginia 

Webster,  Daniel,  first  speech  in  Con- 
gress   

Webster's  Dictionary  published 

Weekly  Rehearsal  published  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts 

Weights  and  measures,  report  concerning 

Weights  and  measures,  metric  system  au- 
thorized   

Weldon  Railroad,  attack  on 

Weldon  Railroad  captured 

Wellesley  College  opened 

Wentworth,  Benning,  governor  of  New 
Hampshire 

Wesleyan  University  at  Middletown 
opened •• 

West,  price  of  salt  in 

West,  the,  explored  by  Colonel  Leaven- 
worth  

West  Florida  created 

West  India  Company  chartered 

West  India  Company  take  possession  of 
the  Delaware 

West  India  produce,  duty  laid  on    .... 

West  Indies,  ports  of,  opened  to  Ameri- 
can vessels  

West  Jersey  granted  to  the  proprietors, 

West  Point  bought  by  United  States    .  . 

West  Point,  professorships  established 
at 

West  Point  supported  by  private  contri- 
butions  

West  Virginia  for  the  Union 

West  Virginia  admitted  to  Union   .... 

Western  Spy  published 

Weymouth,  George,  arrives  at  America 

Whalers,  British,  captured  by  the  Essex 

Wheeling  turnpike  to  Cumberland,  ap- 
propriation for 

Whig  published  in  Richmond 

Whig  published  at  Elizabethton,  Tennes- 
see   

Whipping  abolished  in  the  army 

Whipping,  public,  in  Rhode  Island    .  ... 

Whipping  on  shipboard  abolished  .... 

Whipping-post  in  Boston 

Whiskey  Rebellion 

White  House,  Virginia,  raid  at 

Whittemore,  Amos,  inventa  card  ma- 
chine   

Wilderness,  battles  of 

Wilkes,  Commodore,  commands  explor- 
ing expedition 

William  and  Mary  proclaimed  through 
New  England 

Williams,  Roger,  banished 

Williams  College  founded 

Williamsburg,  Virginia,  settled 

Williamsburg,  Virginia,  college  of.   .  .  . 

Williamsburg,  Virginia,  battle  at   .... 

Willis,  Nathaniel,  printed  The  Recorder 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  settled 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  shipping  in  ... 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  mill  in 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  captured    .... 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  shipping  in   ... 


r.nr, 

(MS 
C.sl 
517 
520 
528 
528 
014 
5 1C. 
122 
157 


221 

505 

518 

540 

25i> 
27 

101 
214 

549 
130 
447 

513 

528 
021 
035 
4S8 
21 
522 

54o 
557 

5S5 
513 
581 
002 
402 
451 
029 

470 
014 

583 

140 

54 
455 
46 

100 
02S 
534 
210 
222 
225 
307 
440 


Wilmington,  Delaware,  Society  for  Pro- 
moting     American       Manufactures 

formed  in 538 

Wilmot  proviso 600 

Wilson,  Henry,  died 699 

Wilson's  Creek,  battle  of 623 

Winchester,  Virginia,  battle  at 627 

Winchester,  Virginia,  battle  at 628 

Winchester,  Virginia,  battle  at     .....  639 

Winchester,  battle  at 648 

Wind-mill  in  New  York 110 

Wind-mill  in  Rhode  Island 114 

Wind-mill  in  Boston 222 

Winder,  General,  in  command  of  tenth 

district 526 

Window-glass,  New  Jersey 405 

Window-glass  in  Pennsylvania 402 

Windsor,  Connecticut,  settled 50 

Wine  from  native  grapes  in  Virginia  ...  24 

Wine  sent  from  Virginia 31 

Wine  in  Virginia 88 

Wine  made  in  Illinois 285 

Wine  made  in  Pennsylvania 487 

Wine  made  in  Cincinnati 559 

Winnowing-machine  in  New  York  ....  395 
Winslow,  Edward,  agent  to  England    .  .  32 
Winslow,  Edward,  one  of  the  Associates  37 
Winslow,   Edward,   governor  of  Plym- 
outh   49 

Wiuthrop,  John,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts    42 

Winthrop,  John 01 

Wire-drawing  in  Massachusetts 120 

Wire  made  in  Connecticut 33-1 

Wisconsin  admitted  to  the  Union   ....  598 
Wisconsin,  State  University  founded  at 

Madison 602 

Wisconsin,  fires  in 685 

Witchcraft,  execution  for 90 

Witchcraft,  execution  for 103 

Witchcraft,  trials  for,  in  Massachusetts  .  156 

Witchcraft  persecution  denounced  ....  108 

Wives  sent  to  Virginia 30 

Wolves,  premium  on,  in  Rhode  Island  .  .  76 
Wolves,  bounty  on,  in  Massachusetts  .  .  89 
WolveSj  bounty  on,  in  Rhode  Island  .  .  211 
Wolves,  premium  on,  in  Massachusetts  .  407 
Woman's  rights  meeting  at  Seneca  Falls  599 
Woman's  suffrage  convention  at  Worces- 
ter   602 

Woman's  suffrage  convention   at  Syra- 
cuse    603 

Woman's  suffrage,  argument  for 680 

Woman's  suffrage,  memorial  to  Congress  682 

Women  sold  as  wives  in  Virginia   ....  27 
Women  admitted  to  medical  department 

of  Geneva  College 598 

Women,  rights  to  hold  property  in  Cali- 
fornia      601 

Women  admitted  to  practice  law  in  Kan- 
sas    680 

Women  suffrage  in  Wyoming1 680 

Women,  suffrage  granted  in  Utah  ....  680 

Women,  Wellesley  College  for 699 

Wool,  exportation  forbidden   by  Massa- 
chusetts    128 

Woollen  cloth,  manufactory  of 455 

Woolwich,  Maine,  settled 105 

Woolwich,  Maine,  attacked  by  Indians  128 

Worcester,  Massachusetts,  settled  ....  126 

Worcester,  Massachusetts,  settled  ....  141 

Worcester,  Massachusetts,  settled  ....  183 

World  suppressed 639 

World,  New  York,  suspended 644 

Wright,  Frances,  emancipates  slaves  at 

Memphis 560 

Writ   of  quo  warranto    issued    against 

Carolina . 144. 

Writs,    quo    warranto,    issued    against 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut.  East  and 

West  Jersey,  and  Maryland 143 

Writs  of  assistance  granted  .......  255 


SUPPLEMENTARY  INDEX. 


809 


Wyoming  under  Connecticut 298 

Wyoming,  jurisdiction  of,  decided  ....  407 

Wyoming  laud-titles  secured 478 

Wyoming  Territory  organized 673 

Wyoming  grants  suffrage  to  women  .  .  .  680 


Y. 

Yale  College,  Connecticut,  founded   ...  168 

Yale  College  named 187 

Yale  College  puts  up  first  telescope    ...  564 

Ynzoo  claims  provided  for 525 

Yellow  fever  in  Philadelphia    ......  459 

Yellow  Springs,  Ohio,  Antiocb  College  at, 

incorporated 603 

Yellowstone  Park  set  aside C86 

York,  Maine,  mill  in 157 


York,  Upper  Canada,  captured 520 

York,  stores  captured  by  the  Americans  .  522 

Yorktown,  Coruwallis  at 401 

Yorktown,  Virginia,  besieged 627 

Yorktown  evacuated 644 

Young's  Poiut  occupied 636 


Z. 

Zenger,  John  Peter,  trial  for  libel  in  New 

York 216 

Zinc  made  at  Washington 582 

Zinc,  manufacture  of,  in  New  Jersey    .  .  602 
Ziuzendorf,  Count,  heads  settlement  of 

Moravians 217 

Zuloaga,  president  of  Mexico 615 

Zwaueudal  sold 51 


SUPPLEMENTARY  ESDEX. 


[1876-1877.] 


-A.. 


Ames,  Adelbert,  resigns 701 

Association,  American  Library,  formed    .  703 

Association,  American  Bankers',  formed  704 
Association,  American   Fish  Culturists', 

formed 704 

Augur,  general  orders  from  President  to  708 

B. 

Bankers,  American  Association  formed    .  704 

Bclknap,  W.  W.,  resigns 701 

Belknap,  W.  W. ,  suit  against,  discontinued  712 

Brooklyn  theatre  burned 706 

Bureau  of  Education,  report  of  libraries  .  707 


C. 

Centennial,  celebration  of 700 

Centennial  exhibition  opened 702 

Chamberlain,  Governor,  ordered  sustained  705 

Clearing-houses 700 

Coin,  silver,  act  for  the  issue  of 702 

Coinage,  double  standard  for,  report  con- 
cerning      712 

Commercial  failures 700 

Commercial  failures 707 

Commission,  Presidential,  created  ....  709 

Comptroller  of  currency,  report  of    .  .  .  704 

Continental  Life  Insurance  Co.  suspended  703 

Cremation  of  Baron  de  Palm 707 

Currency,  fractional,  act  for  payment  of.  701 

Currency,  report  of  comptroller  of .  .  .  .  704 

Custer,  George  A.,  killed  by  Sioux    .  .  .  702 


Debt,  national,  statement  of 706 

Double  standard  for  coinage,  report  con- 
cerning     712 


E. 

Enforcement   Act,  Supreme  Court  con- 
cerning     701 


Failures,  commercial,  number  of 700 

Failures,  commercial,  number  of 707 

Fifteenth  administration 713 

Fish,  American  Culturists'  Association  of  704 

Fractional  currency,  act  for  payment  of  .  701 


GS-. 

Gold  and  silver,  report  concerning  use  in 

currency 712 


H. 

Hayes,  R.  B.,  inaugurated  President    .  .    713 


Impeachment  trial  of  W.  W.  Belknap  .  .   701 
Insurance,  Continental  Life,  suspends  .  .    703 


r,. 

Library,  American  Association,  formed  .  703 

Libraries,  report  of  Bureau  of  Education  707 

Louisiana,  two  legislatures  in 708 

Louisiana,  two  governors  inaugurated  in  708 

Lynde  Brook,  dam  at,  gives  way    ....  701 

2VL 

Massachusetts,    railway    accounts   regu- 
lated in 703 

Mexico,  revolution  in 705 

Mississippi,  Governor  Ames  resigns    .  .  701 


Palm,  Baron  dc,  body  cremated 707 

Precious  metals,  yearly  product  of.  ...  700 
Presidential  Commission,  action  of  ...  710 
President's  salary,  act  concerning,  vetoed  702 
President's  annual  address 706 


810 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


703 

712 
707 


Railroad  accounts  regulated  in  Massaehu 

- :  •  •  • 

Railroad  caws,  decisions  concerning  .  . 
Railway s  foreclosed  •  •••:••••• 
Itichest  men  in  the  country,  death  orthrcc  /( 
Rifle  clubs  in  South  Carolina  to  disperse  .   703 

S. 

Silver  coin,  act  for  Issue  of    ....  .  .  .  702 

Sioux,  expedition  against,  massacred  by  .  /02 

Sixteenth  administration .  7 

South  Carolina,  rifle  clubs  in,  to  disband  .  703 
South  Carolina,  Governor  Chamberlain 

sustained •  705 

South  Carolina,  troops  in  possession  of 

State  House 705 

Southern  States,  use  of  troops  in  ....  /! 

Specie  resumption,  repeal  of  act  for  ...  702 
Suffrage,  woman's,  petition  for,  to  Con- 


gress 


712 


Supreme  Court,  decisions  in  railroad  cases  712 
Syndicate,  second,  formed 702 

T. 

Telephone,  first  public  exhibition  of .  .  .  712 

Theatre,  Brooklyn,  burned 706 

Troops  in  possession  of  State  House  in 

South  Carolina 705 

Troops  stationed  at  Petersburg,  Va. .  .  .  705 

Troops,  use  of,  in  Southern  States    .  .  .  70S 


•V. 

Vanderbilt,  Cornelius,  death  of  .....  708 
Veto  of  act  concerning  President's  salary  702 
Virginia,  troops  stationed  at  Petersburg  .  705 


Woman  suffrage,  petitions  for  ......   712 

Worcester,  Mass.,  dam  at,  gives  way    .  .   701 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


Form  L9-32m-8,'57 (,C8680s4)444 


OR 


A  001  239  646 


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